The Language of Medicine: Cardiovascular System

The Language Of Medicine
Cardiovascular System
Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Learning Objectives
 Name the parts of the heart and associated
blood vessels and their functions in the
circulation of blood.
 Trace the pathway of blood through the heart.
 Identify and describe major pathologic
conditions affecting the heart and blood
vessels.
Learning Objectives (cont’d.)
 Define combining forms that relate to the
cardiovascular system.
 Describe important laboratory tests and
clinical procedures pertaining to the
cardiovascular system, and recognize
relevant abbreviations.
 Apply your new knowledge to understand
medical terms in their proper context, such as
in medical reports and records.
Introduction
 Cardiovascular System: delivers oxygen
and nutrients to cells of body tissue
 Heart (muscular pump)
 Blood vessels (fuel line and transportation
network)
• What are three types of blood vessels in the body?
• What are the primary differences between them?
BLOOD VESSELS AND THE
CIRCULATION OF BLOOD
 Arteries are the vessels that lead away from
the heart.
 Veins are thinner walled vessels compared to
arteries. They move deoxygenated blood
toward the heart from the tissues.
 Capillaries are the smallest vessels. They
form the point of exchange for oxygen and
nutrients into body cells and waste products
coming from body cells.
BLOOD VESSELS
Blood circulation / systemic circulation
Major vessels
Anatomy of the heart
Major valves of the heart
 tricuspid valve (cusps are flaps of the
valves): between right atrium and right
ventricle
 pulmonary valve: between right ventricle
and pulmonary artery
 mitral valve: between left atrium and the left
ventricle
 aortic valve: between left atrium and aorta
COMBINING FORMS
AND TERMINOLOGY
Combining Form Meaning
 angi/o vessel
 aort/o aorta
 arter/o artery
 arteri/o artery
 ather/o yellowish plaque
 atri/o atrium
Pathology
 Aneurysm: Local widening of an artery caused by
weakness in the arterial wall
 Angina: chest pain caused by decreased blood supply
to heart muscle
 Arrhythmia: abnormal heart beat
 Atherosclerosis: hardening of arteries with a collection
of cholesterol –like plaque
 Congestive heart failure: inability of the heart to pump
its required amount of blood
 Hypertension: High blood pressure
 Myocardial infarction: heart attack (infraction is an
area of dead tissue)
 Shock: a group of signs and symptoms indicating
inadequate blood supply to tissues
Laboratory Tests and Diagnostic
Procedures
 Angiography: recording blood vessels after the
injection of contrast into bloodstream.
 Cardiac catheterization: introducing a catheter into
a vein or artery to measure pressure and flow
patterns of blood
 Cardiac enzyme tests: measurements of enzymes
released into the bloodstream after a heart attack
 Echocardiography: producing images of the heart
via sound waves or echoes
 Electrocardiography: recording electrical activity
flowing through the heart
Treatment Procedures
 Cardioversion: brief discharge of electricity passing
a cross the chest to stop a cardiac arrthymia
 Coronary artery bypass grafting (CABAG):
vessels taken form the pt’s legs or chest are
connected to coronary arteries to make a detours
around blockages.
 Endarterectomy: surgical removal of the innermost
lining of an artery to remove fatty deposit or clots.
 Heart transplantation: a donor heart is transferred
to a recipient.
 Thrombolytic therapy: drugs are injected into a pt’s
bloodstream to dissolve clots that may cause a heart
attack
COMBINING FORMS
AND TERMINOLOGY
 cardi/o heart
 cholesterol/o cholesterol
 coron/o heart
 cyan/o blue
COMBINING FORMS
AND TERMINOLOGY
 ox/o oxygen
 pericardi/o pericardium
 phleb/o vein
 sphygm/o pulse
 steth/o chest
 thromb/o clot
COMBINING FORMS
AND TERMINOLOGY
 valvul/o valve
 valv/o valve
 vas/o vessel
 vascul/o vessel
 ven/o, ven/ivein
 ventricul/o ventricle
REVIEW SHEET
COMBINING FORMS
angi/o ______________
aort/o ______________
arter/o ______________
arteri/o ______________
ather/o ______________
atri/o ______________
REVIEW SHEET
COMBINING FORMS
 angi/o vessel
 aort/o aorta
 arter/o artery
 arteri/o artery
 ather/o yellowish plaque
 atri/o atrium
REVIEW SHEET
COMBINING FORMS
cardi/o ______________
cholesterol/o ______________
coron/o ______________
cyan/o ______________
REVIEW SHEET
COMBINING FORMS
 cardi/o heart
 cholesterol/o cholesterol
 coron/o heart
 cyan/o blue
REVIEW SHEET
COMBINING FORMS
ox/o ______________
pericardi/o ______________
phleb/o ______________
sphygm/o ______________
steth/o ______________
thromb/o ______________
REVIEW SHEET
COMBINING FORMS
 ox/o oxygen
 pericardi/o pericardium
 phleb/o vein
 sphygm/o pulse
 steth/o chest
 thromb/o clot
REVIEW SHEET
COMBINING FORMS
valvul/o ______________
valv/o ______________
vas/o ______________
vascul/o ______________
ven/o, ven/i ______________
ventricul/o ______________
REVIEW SHEET
COMBINING FORMS
 valvul/o valve
 valv/o valve
 vas/o vessel
 vascul/o vessel
 ven/o, ven/i vein
 ventricul/o ventricle
REVIEW SHEET
SUFFIXES
Suffix Meaning
-constriction ______________
-dilation ______________
-emia ______________
-graphy ______________
-lysis ______________
-megaly ______________
REVIEW SHEET
SUFFIXES
Suffix Meaning
 -constriction narrowing
 -dilation widening; stretching; expanding
 -emia blood condition
 -graphy process of recording
 -lysis breakdown; separation;
destruction; loosening
 -megaly enlargement
REVIEW SHEET
SUFFIXES
Suffix Meaning
 -meter ______________
 -oma ______________
 -osis ______________
 -plasty ______________
 -sclerosis ______________
 -stonosis ______________
 -tomy ______________
REVIEW SHEET
SUFFIXES
Suffix Meaning
 -meter measure
 -oma tumor; mass; fluid collection
 -osis condition; usually abnormal
 -plasty surgical repair
 -sclerosis hardening
 -stonosis tightening; structure
 -tomy process of cutting
REVIEW SHEET
PREFIXES
Prefix Meaning
a-, an ______________
brady- ______________
de- ______________
dys- ______________
endo- ______________
hyper- ______________
REVIEW SHEET
PREFIXES
Prefix Meaning
 a-, anno; not; without
 brady- slow
 de- lack of; down; less; removal of
 dys- bad; painful; difficult; abnormal
 endo-in; within
 hyper- above; excessive
REVIEW SHEET
PREFIXES
Prefix Meaning
hypo- ______________
inter- ______________
peri- ______________
tachy- ______________
tetra- ______________
tri- ______________
REVIEW SHEET
PREFIXES
Prefix Meaning
 hypo- deficient; below; under; less than
normal
 inter- between
 peri- surrounding
 tachy- fast
 tetra- four
 tri- three

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