IEEE Standard 1459-2010

Single Phase Power Definitions

RA/TA Kahraman Yumak

September 12, 2012 Electrical Engineering Department

Outline

1. Single Phase Power Definitions Under Sinusoidal Conditions

2. Single Phase Power Definitions Under Nonsinusoidal Conditions

3. Numerical Study

4. References

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1. Single Phase Power Definitions Under Sinusoidal Conditions

The well-known and universally accepted concept.

Let the voltage and current:

𝑣 = 2𝑉 sin 𝜔𝑡 and 𝑖 = 2𝐼 sin 𝜔𝑡 − 𝜃 (1)

The instantaneous power 𝑝,

consists of instantaneous active power and instantaneous reactive power.
𝑝 = 𝑣𝑖 = 𝑝𝑎 + 𝑝𝑞 (2)

𝑝𝑎 = 𝑉𝐼𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2𝜔𝑡 = 𝑃 1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2𝜔𝑡 (3)

Instantaneous active power 𝑝𝑎

is the rate of unidirectional flow of the energy from the source to the load.
Its steady state rate of flow is not negative.
Consists of active 𝑃 and intrinsic power −𝑃𝑐𝑜𝑠 2𝜔𝑡 .
Intrinsic power is always present .
This oscillating component does not cause power loss.

Active power 𝑃 ;
𝜏+𝑘𝑇 𝜏+𝑘𝑇
1 1
𝑃= 𝑝𝑑𝑡 = 𝑝𝑎 𝑑𝑡 = 𝑉𝐼 cos 𝜃 (4)
𝑘𝑇 𝑘𝑇
𝜏 𝜏

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 Instantaneous reactive power 𝑝𝑞

SINGLE PHASE POWER DEFINITIONS UNDER SINUSOIDAL CONDITIONS

oscillates between the source and load
where the net transfer of energy to the load is nil.
These power oscillations cause power loss in the conductors.

𝑝𝑞 = −𝑉𝐼𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃𝑠𝑖𝑛 2𝜔𝑡 = −𝑄𝑠𝑖𝑛 2𝜔𝑡 (5)

Reactive power Q ;
due to the phase shift between voltage and current

𝑄 = 𝑉𝐼𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 (6)

The apparent power S ;

is the product of the rms voltage and the rms current.
Maximum active power that can be transmitted through the same line
while keeping load rms voltage and rms current are constant.

𝑆 = 𝑉𝐼 = 𝑃2 + 𝑄2 (7)

𝑃
Power factor: 𝑃𝐹 =
𝑆
the ratio between the energy transmitted to the load over the max. energy that could be
transmitted provided the line losses are kept same

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2. Single Phase Power Definitions Under Nonsinusoidal Conditions

Let the voltage and current:

the power system frequency components 𝑣1 , 𝑖1 and
the remaining terms; harmonic components 𝑣𝐻 and 𝑖𝐻 .

𝑣 = 𝑣1 + 𝑣𝐻 and 𝑖 = 𝑖1 + 𝑖𝐻 (8)

where

𝑣1 = 2𝑉1 sin 𝜔𝑡 − 𝛼1 (9)

𝑖1 = 2𝐼1 sin 𝜔𝑡 − 𝛽1 (10)

𝑣𝐻 = 𝑉0 + 2 𝑉ℎ sin ℎ𝜔𝑡 − 𝛼ℎ (11)

ℎ≠1

𝑖𝐻 = 𝐼0 + 2 𝐼ℎ sin ℎ𝜔𝑡 − 𝛽ℎ (12)

ℎ≠1

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 SINGLE PHASE POWER DEFINITIONS UNDER SINUSOIDAL CONDITIONS
Voltage and current is divided into two components,
fundamental and harmonic parts.
rms values are calculated.
𝜏+𝑘𝑇
1
𝑉2 = 𝑣 2 𝑑𝑡 = 𝑉12 + 𝑉𝐻2 (13)
𝑘𝑇
𝜏

𝜏+𝑘𝑇
1
𝐼2 = 𝑖 2 𝑑𝑡 = 𝐼12 + 𝐼𝐻2 (14)
𝑘𝑇
𝜏
where
𝑉𝐻2 = 𝑉02 + 𝑉ℎ2 = 𝑉 2 − 𝑉12 (15)
ℎ≠1

𝐼𝐻2 = 𝐼02 + 𝐼ℎ2 = 𝐼 2 − 𝐼12 (16)

ℎ≠1

Total harmonic distortion (THD) for voltage and current is defined

2
𝑉𝐻 𝑉
𝑇𝐻𝐷𝑉 = = −1 (17)
𝑉1 𝑉1

2
𝐼𝐻 𝐼
𝑇𝐻𝐷𝐼 = = −1 (18)
𝐼1 𝐼1

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 Active power 𝑃;

IEEE’S POWER DECOMPOSITION

𝜏+𝑘𝑇
1
𝑃= 𝑝𝑑𝑡 = 𝑃1 + 𝑃𝐻 (19)
𝑘𝑇 𝜏

𝑃1 = 𝑉1 𝐼1 cos 𝜃1 (20)

𝑃𝐻 = 𝑃 − 𝑃1 = 𝑉ℎ 𝐼ℎ cos 𝜃ℎ (21)
ℎ≠1

Only fundamental reactive power definition is given and no explanation is made.

Distortion powers for individually voltage, current and harmonics are defined by using THD.
But there is not any physical interpretation and also a definition for total distortion power.

Reactive power is related to energy oscillations.

Distortion powers are related to waveform distortions.

Fundamental reactive power:

𝑄1 = 𝑉1 𝐼1 sin 𝜃1 (22)
Fundamental apparent power:

2 2 (23)
𝑆11 = 𝑉1 𝐼1 = 𝑃11 + 𝑄11

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 IEEE’S POWER DECOMPOSITION
Current distortion power:
𝐷𝐼 = 𝑉1 𝐼𝐻 = 𝑆1 𝑇𝐻𝐷𝐼 (24)

Voltage distortion power:

𝐷𝑉 = 𝑉𝐻 𝐼1 = 𝑆1 𝑇𝐻𝐷𝑉 (25)

Harmonic apparent power:

𝑆𝐻 = 𝑉𝐻 𝐼𝐻 = 𝑆1 𝑇𝐻𝐷𝐼 𝑇𝐻𝐷𝑉 (26)

Harmonic distortion power:

𝐷𝐻 = 𝑆𝐻2 − 𝑃𝐻2 (27)

Finally, apparent power becomes as;

𝑆 2 = 𝑉𝐼 2
= 𝑆12 + 𝐷𝐼2 + 𝐷𝑉2 + 𝑆𝐻2 (28)

Nonfundamental apparent power:

𝑆𝑁2 = 𝑆 2 − 𝑆12 = 𝐷𝐼2 + 𝐷𝑉2 + 𝑆𝐻2 (29)

Nonactive power:
𝑁= 𝑆 2 − 𝑃2 (30)

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 IEEE’S POWER DECOMPOSITION
Fundamental Power Factor (Displacement Power Factor):
𝑃1
𝑃𝐹1 = (31)
𝑆1

Power Factor : Line utilization

𝑃
𝑃𝐹 = (32)
𝑆

max. utilization of the line is obtained when 𝑆 = 𝑃

Harmonic Pollution : Harmonic injection produced by consumer

𝑆𝑁
𝐻𝑃 = (33)
𝑆1

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3. Numerical Study

v  t   2V1 sin t  1   2V3 sin  3t   3   2V5 sin  5t   5   2V7 sin  7t   7 
(34)
i  t   2I1 sin t  1   2I 3 sin  3t  3   2I 5 sin  5t  5   2 I 7 sin  7t   7 

Table 1. RMS Values and Phase Angles Table 2. IEEE’s Power Definitions
𝑉1 100 𝐼1 100 𝑆 10517.55
𝑉3 8 𝐼3 20 𝑆11 10000
𝑉5 15 𝐼5 15 𝑆𝐻 477.13
𝑉7 5 𝐼7 10 𝑆𝑁 3256.88
𝑉 101.56 𝐼 103.56 𝑃 8632.54
𝑉ℎ 17.72 𝐼ℎ 26.926 𝑃11 8660
𝛼1 0° 𝛽1 30° 𝑃𝐻 -27.46
𝛼3 70° 𝛽3 165° 𝑄11 5000
𝛼5 -141° 𝛽5 -234° 𝐷𝐼 2692.58
𝛼7 -142° 𝛽7 -234° 𝐷𝑉 1772
𝐷𝐻 476.34
𝑁 6008.17
𝑇𝐻𝐷𝑉 0.177
𝑇𝐻𝐷𝐼 0.269
𝑃𝐹1 0.866
𝑃𝐹 0.821
𝐻𝑃 0.3257
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6. References

1. IEEE Standard Definitions for the Measurement of Electric Power Quantities Under
Sinusoidal, Nonsinusoidal, Balanced, or Unbalanced Conditions, IEEE Std. 1459-
2010, Feb. 2010.

2. E. Emanuel, “Power Definitions and the Physical Mechanism of Power Flow”, John
Wiley & Sons Ltd., UK, 2010

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THANK YOU.

September 12, 2012 Electrical Engineering Department