Presentaciones Prof Jin-Keun Kim PDF

Presentation for Research Works
on Concrete in KAIST
Prof. Jin-Keun Kim
Dept. of Civil and Environmental Eng.

KAIST
April 18th, 2013

Contents
• Introduction
- Korea
- Cement and Construction Industry in Korea
- KAIST Concrete Lab.
• Hydration Heat and Thermal Stress in Concrete

Structures
• Long-term Deformation of Concrete
• Fracture Mechanics and Size Effect of Concrete

Introduction
- Korea
- Cement and Construction Industry in Korea
- KAIST Concrete Lab.
About Korea
Contents
Introduction
Hydration Heat and
Thermal Stress in
Concrete
Long-term North Korea Area : 120,538 km2
Deformation of
Concrete Population : 24,720,407
Fracture Mech. and

Size Effect of
concrete
South Korea
Buenos Aires
Area : 99,720 km2

Population : 48,955,203
Cement and Construction Industry
Contents
1 Cement production around the world
Introduction
Hydration Heat and
Thermal Stress in
Concrete
Long-term
Deformation of
Concrete
Fracture Mech. and
Size Effect of
concrete
Contents
2 Concrete production around the world
Introduction
Hydration Heat and
Thermal Stress in • World concrete production
Concrete
Long-term
Deformation of
Concrete Cement Aggregate Water
Concrete 2.8 1.4
13 billion 9 billion
Fracture Mech. and ton billion billion
Size Effect of
concrete 8% of total water
consumption
around the world
• Concrete characteristics
 Mass production
 In-situ production
Contents
3 Carbon dioxide Emission from the cement production
• 8% of the total CO2 emission around the world

Introduction
Hydration Heat and Concrete
Cement
+ production &
Thermal Stress in
Concrete production
construction
5%
Long-term 3%
Deformation of
Concrete [ref: J.S. Damtoft, Sustainable Development and climate Change Initiative, 2007]
Fracture Mech. and

Size Effect of
• Industrial ranking about CO2 emission (in 2003)
concrete  1st : Steel
 2nd : Electricity, gas and water supply
 3rd : Construction (cement&concrete 60 million ton)
CO2 Emission in Cement Production
• CO2 emission per 1 ton of cement : 1.2 ton
[ref: Zina Deretsky, National Research Foundation]
 550kg from limestone
 300kg from firing burning energy of limestone
 350kg from cement delivery, concrete production
and construction
[ref: J.S. Damtoft, Sustainable Development and climate Change Initiative, 2007]
in Korea
Contents
4 Clinker production in Korea
Introduction
Hydration Heat and 60,000,000
Thermal Stress in
Concrete 50,000,000
clinker production (ton)
Long-term
Deformation of 40,000,000
Concrete
Fracture Mech. and 30,000,000
Size Effect of
concrete
20,000,000
10,000,000
-
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
time(year)
in Korea
Contents
5 Cement supply and consumption in Korea
Introduction
Supply
Hydration Heat and
Thermal Stress in 70,000,000
Concrete
Long-term 60,000,000
Deformation of
Concrete
50,000,000
Fracture Mech. and
supply(ton)
Size Effect of 40,000,000

concrete
30,000,000 imports
production
20,000,000
10,000,000
-
1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010
time(year)
in Korea
Contents
5 Cement supply and consumption in Korea
Introduction
Consumption
Hydration Heat and
Thermal Stress in
Concrete 70,000,000
Long-term 60,000,000
Deformation of
Concrete
50,000,000
consumption(ton)
Fracture Mech. and

Size Effect of 40,000,000
concrete
30,000,000 exports
domestic
20,000,000
10,000,000
-
1991
1998
2005
1990
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
time(year)
in Korea
Contents
6 Ready Mixed Concrete Production in Korea
Introduction
Hydration Heat and
Thermal Stress in
Concrete
Long-term
Deformation of
Concrete
Fracture Mech. and
Size Effect of
concrete
in Korea
Contents
7 Total value of domestic construction order
Introduction
Hydration Heat and (trillion won(\))
Thermal Stress in
140
Concrete
Long-term 120
Deformation of
Concrete 100 42
58 37
Fracture Mech. and 38 34
Size Effect of
80
concrete
60
40 78 74
60 65 67
20
0
2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
private public
in Korea
Contents
8 Total value of overseas construction order
Introduction
(billion dollar($))
Hydration Heat and
Thermal Stress in
800
Concrete 716
Long-term 700 649
Deformation of 591
Concrete 600
Fracture Mech. and 476 491
Size Effect of 500
concrete 398
400
300
200
100
0
2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
About KAIST
Contents
Introduction
Hydration Heat and Main Campus of KAIST (Daejeon)
Thermal Stress in
Concrete
Long-term
Deformation of
Concrete
Fracture Mech. and
Size Effect of
concrete
About KAIST
Contents
Academic Programs of KAIST (34 Departments)
Introduction
Hydration Heat and
Thermal Stress in College of
Concrete College of College of College of
Life Science & Engineering
Long-term
Natural Science Bioengineering Business (SEOUL)
Deformation of (4 Departments) (3 Departments) (9 Departments) (3 Departments)
Concrete
Fracture Mech. and
College of Information College of Cultural
Size Effect of College of Innovation
Science & Technology Science
concrete
(8 Departments) (4 Departments)
(3 Departments)
Total: 909 professors & 8,933 students

Members of Concrete Lab.
Contents
Professor
Introduction Jin-Keun Kim

Hydration Heat and
□ Education
Thermal Stress in
Concrete Seoul National University, 1975 (B.S.)
Seoul National University, 1978 (M.S.)
Long-term
Northwestern University, 1985 (Ph.D.)
Deformation of
Concrete
□ Professional Activities
Fracture Mech. and • 1985.3 ~ Assistant Professor, Associate Professor and
Size Effect of Professor., KAIST
concrete • 2007.1 ~ 2013.2 Director of KAIST Institute for Urban
Space & Systems
• 2009-2010 President of Korea Concrete Institute
• 2011 ~ ACI Fellow
• 2012 ~ JCI Honorary Member
Alumni Students
□ Total : 77 people □ Total : 5 Students
• 25 Ph.D • 3 Ph.D Candidates
• 52 Masters • 2 M.S Candidates
Research Area in Concrete Lab.
Contents
□ Material properties of concrete

Introduction
Hydration Heat and
• Fracture mechanics
Thermal Stress in • Long-term behavior
Concrete
Long-term • Heat of hydration
Deformation of
Concrete
• Early age concrete (fracture, autogenous shrinkage)
Fracture Mech. and
Size Effect of
concrete
□ Measuring techniques of crack
□ Development of fiber-reinforced composite (ECC)

Contents
Fracture mechnics
□ Concrete members and material test
Introduction
Hydration Heat and
Thermal Stress in
Concrete
Long-term
Deformation of
Concrete
Fracture Mech. and
Size Effect of
concrete
- Size effect for beam

- Crack propagation test of
concrete for determining
crack criterion
- Creep test for shear wall

Contents
Long-term behavior
□ Prediction of stress due to creep, drying shrinkage, autogenous
Introduction shrinkage, differential shrinkage and its application to tall building
and long span bridges
Hydration Heat and
Thermal Stress in
Concrete
Long-term
Deformation of
Concrete
Fracture Mech. and
Size Effect of
concrete
Contents
Heat of hydration
□ Prediction of thermal stress, thermal concrete properties, strength

Introduction
development of early age concrete
Hydration Heat and
Thermal Stress in
Concrete
Long-term
Deformation of
Pre-Processor
Concrete
Fracture Mech. and Main Program
Size Effect of
concrete
Hydration Heat
Mechanical Properties
Stress Analysis
Post-Processor
Contents
Early age concrete
□ Development of quantitative techniques of early age properties of

Introduction
concrete
Hydration Heat and
Thermal Stress in
Concrete
Long-term
Fracture characteristics Autogenous shrinkage evolutions
Deformation of
Concrete
Fracture Mech. and
Size Effect of
concrete
Contents
Measuring techniques of cracks
□ Development of measuring & analyzing system using image

Introduction
processing
Hydration Heat and
Thermal Stress in • Objective measurement Measuring & analyzing system
Concrete • Efficient measurement
Long-term • Ease of additional analysis
Deformation of
Concrete
Fracture Mech. and
Size Effect of Detecting & analyzing software
concrete
Width
Length
Direction
Pattern
Contents
Development of fiber-reinforced composite (ECC)
Introduction
Hydration Heat and • Sprayable ECC
Thermal Stress in
Concrete Sprayable ~ 50mm
Long-term • Self-consolidating ECC

Deformation of D2 = 64 cm
Concrete D1 = 67 cm
Fracture Mech. and
Size Effect of
concrete
Tensile performance of ECC
6
Sprayed & Self-consolidated ECC specimens
Normally cast
5 - Comparison of ECC tensile specimens
Tensile stress (MPa)
4 to those produced by normal casting process,

Self-consolidated under the same mix composition
3
2
Sprayed
1
Tensile behavior
- Sprayed/Self-consolidated ECC
0
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0
comparable to Normally Cast ECC
Strain (%) - Successful diverse processing
Projects in Concrete Lab.
Contents
NRL (National Research Laboratory)
Introduction
Year 1999 (1999.9~2000.8)
Hydration Heat and Mechanism and evaluation of cracking
Thermal Stress in
Concrete Year 1999
Long-term Year 2000 (2000.9~2001.8)
Deformation of Development of cracking analysis and
Year 2000
Concrete evaluation methods
Fracture Mech. and

Size Effect of Year 2001 Year 2001 (2001.9~2002.8)
Development of cracking control
concrete
methods and guide
Year 2002
Year 2002 (2002.9~2003.8)
Development of analysis method for
Year 2003 cracking control of concrete structures
Year 2003 (2003.9~2004.8)

Development of integrated system for
cracking control
Post NRL (2009.3~2011.2)

Crack Control of Structures
Contents
NRL Results
Introduction
Hydration Heat and • Thermal stress test
Thermal Stress in equipment
Concrete
Long-term
Deformation of
Concrete
Fracture Mech. and
Size Effect of • Cracking
concrete estimation software
• Integrated system for
Cracking control
• State of the Art

• Cracking control guide
Contents
Post NRL
Periods: 2009. 3 – 2011. 2
Introduction Objectives:
Hydration Heat and
- Enhancement of the existing research outcomes achieved during the NRL
Thermal Stress in - To evaluate the time and location of cracks occurred in newly constructed
Concrete
concrete structures, and to measure cracks.
Long-term
Deformation of Work Concepts:
Concrete
- Upgrade the applicability of crack analysis program
Fracture Mech. and
Size Effect of - Enhancing the applicability of crack image-processing system
concrete
- Improving the test equipment for thermal stress
- Estimation of service life considering the influence of crack on the
penetration of chloride ion and the carbonation
- Development of crack analysis program for plastic shrinkage
- Study on the self-healing concrete
Contents
ISARC (Infra-Structure Assessment Research Center)
Introduction
Hydration Heat and
Thermal Stress in Right Evaluation · Healthy Structures
Concrete
Long-term
Deformation of Integrated Bridges Development of program tool for analysis
Evaluation
Concrete Techniques Buildings Development of evaluation criteria
Undergrounds New NDT techniques & commercialization
(Commer-
Fracture Mech. and cialization) Offshore str. Systematic prediction of life cycle
Size Effect of
concrete
Bridges Performance based evaluation system
Evaluation by In-situ feed-back
Buildings
structural types
Undergrounds Guide for measuring system & evaluation
(Practical use)
Offshore str. Systematic prediction of life cycle
Durability
Load-bearing Performance based evaluation system
The Core capacity In-situ feed-back
techniques Serviceability Guide for measuring system & evaluation
(Basic research) Structural Internal feed-back for completing
integrity the core techniques
NDT tech.
Contents
ISARC (Infra-Structure Assessment Research Center)
Performance-based Structural performance

Introduction evaluation system evaluation criteria
Hydration Heat and
Thermal Stress in Integrated techniques Evaluation criteria by
Concrete In-situ applicability & structural types
Long-term commercialization Guide for core tech.
Deformation of Comprehensive program Application to maintenance
Concrete for structural perf. evaluation & management
Fracture Mech. and
Size Effect of
concrete Integrated System of Performance
Evaluation for Infra-Structures
Measuring equipments & tech. Quantitative evaluation for life cycle
User’s manual for Suggestion of prediction model
measuring tech. Applicability of evaluation
Commercialization via criteria/computer-aided
in-situ feed-back analysis
New nondestructive Systematic prediction

testing techniques for life cycle
Contents
Super tall building construction research
□ Prediction of long term deformation for various types of columns

Introduction
and environment
Hydration Heat and
Thermal Stress in □ Development of methods to reduce column shortening
Concrete
Long-term
Deformation of
Concrete
Fracture Mech. and
Size Effect of
concrete < Drying shrinkage >
< Finishing materials >
400
350
Analysis results
300 Regression results
Shrinkage (u)
250
200
150
100
50
0
10 100 1000
Time (day)
< Humidity sensors >
<Modified model equations> < Creep of various columns >
Contents
Construction and maintenance of concrete in
containment building of nuclear power plant
□ Prediction of long term behaviors
Introduction
□ Improvement of analysis tool considering tendon and
Hydration Heat and
Thermal Stress in environmental change
Concrete □ Development of equipment for measuring adiabatic temperature
Long-term rise of concrete
Deformation of
Concrete
Fracture Mech. and
Size Effect of
concrete
< Equipment for measuring

< Maintenance model >
adiabatic temperature rise >
Hydration Heat and
Thermal Stress in
Concrete Structures
Index
Contents
Introduction
Introduction
Hydration Heat and
Thermal Stress in Characteristics of Concrete – Hydration Heat
Concrete
Long-term
Deformation of
Concrete
Hydration Heat Analysis
Fracture Mech. and
Size Effect of
concrete Stress Device for Measuring Thermal Stresses
Application of Stress Device in Field
Equipment for Measuring Adiabatic Temperature Rise

Introduction
Contents
Hydration Heat in Concrete
Generation of hydration heat
Introduction
Hydration Heat and - chemical reaction of cement and water → hydration heat (120 cal/g)
Thermal Stress in
Concrete - low heat transfer in concrete → thermal gradient → thermal stress
→ thermal cracking
Long-term
Deformation of
- usually issue in mass concrete structures : foundation, dam, pier,
Concrete
nuclear power plant...
Fracture Mech. and
Size Effect of
concrete Curing Temperature
R a te o f h e a t e v o lu tio n
H e a t e v o lu tio n a m o u n t
: 50 o C
: 20 o C
(c a l/g h r)
(c a l/g )
Time(hour) Time(hour)
Introduction
Contents
Restraint condition in thermal cracking
Introduction
Hydration Heat and
Thermal Stress in
Concrete
Long-term
Deformation of
Concrete
Fracture Mech. and
Size Effect of Low external restraint By external restraint
concrete
By internal restraint
Introduction
Contents
Affecting factors
- cement type, ambient temperature, admixture
Introduction
Hydration Heat and - water/binder ratio, unit cement weight,
Thermal Stress in specific heat & thermal conductivity of concrete
Concrete
Long-term
- dimension of structure, adiabatic temperature rise characteristic
Deformation of
Concrete
- restraint condition
Fracture Mech. and
Size Effect of
concrete Control thermal cracking
- control of maximum temperature rise
: admixture, cement type, reduction of unit cement weight, cooling
- control of thermal stress
: reduction of thermal gradient , reduction of external restraint effect
- prestressing, strengthening of tensile resistance...
Introduction
Contents
Design process of mass concrete
Introduction
Hydration Heat and
Thermal Stress in • Thermal properties • Elastic modulus
Concrete • Heat transfer coefficient • Creep
Long-term • Hydration heat model • Bonding characteristic
Deformation of
Concrete • Thermal expansion
Fracture Mech. and • Design of • Restraint condition
Size Effect of structure
concrete • Mix design Analysis of Calculation Calculation
• Construction temperature of strain of stress
method distribution • Crack
• Residual
stress
Maturity
Development
of strength
• Reduction of hydration heat
• Modification of structure or construct method
Characteristics of concrete
- Hydration heat
Contents
Heat of Hydration in Concrete

Introduction Generation of hydration heat
Hydration Heat and
Thermal Stress in - substance of complex hydration reaction of cement
Concrete
Long-term - dependent on composition of cement and temperature
Deformation of
Concrete
Fracture Mech. and
Size Effect of Prediction method
concrete
- adiabatic temperature rise test (Korea and Japan)
- isothermal conduction calorimeter (Europe)
It is necessary to establish the adequate prediction model of

generation of hydration heat for numerical analysis.
- Hydration heat
Contents
Heat Transfer in Concrete

Introduction
Heat conduction within concrete
Hydration Heat and
Thermal Stress in
Concrete T   2T  2T  2T 
ρc  k      qv
t  x y z 
Long-term
Deformation of
Concrete
Fracture Mech. and Boundary condition
Size Effect of
concrete  T T T 
k  nx  ny  nz   q  0
 x y z 
Heat transfer in concrete depends on thermal conductivity,

thermal diffusivity, specific heat, and heat transfer coefficient.
- Hydration heat
Contents
Thermal Properties of Concrete

Introduction
Hydration Heat and Thermal conductivity
Thermal Stress in
Concrete - the rate of heat transfer
Long-term
Deformation of
- influenced by aggregate, types of cement, water content, and
Concrete
density (Morabito)
Fracture Mech. and
Size Effect of
concrete Thermal diffusivity
- the ratio of thermal conductivity to thermal capacity α  k/ ( ρc )
Specific heat
- the heat capacity cG G  c S S  cW W  cC C
cco 
- proposed model (JCI) G  S W  C
- Hydration heat
Contents
Thermal Properties of Concrete

Introduction
Hydration Heat and Thermal conductivity
Thermal Stress in
Concrete - the rate of
Although heat transfer
numerous researches have been performed on
Long-term
Deformation of
- influenced
thermal by aggregate,
conductivity, types of cement,
a prediction model water
with content, and
influencing
Concrete factors is (Morabito)
density not proposed at all.
Fracture Mech. and
Size Effect of
concrete Thermal diffusivity
- the ratio of thermal conductivity to thermal capacity α  k/ ( ρc )
Specific heat
- the heat capacity cG G  c S S  cW W  cC C
cco 
- proposed model (JCI) G  S W  C
- Hydration heat
Contents
Thermal Transfer at Boundary
Introduction Thermal transfer mechanism at boundary

Hydration Heat and
Thermal Stress in
Concrete
Convection qc  ha (T  TS )
Long-term
Deformation of
- Mendes’s model ha  5.16  3.7v
Concrete
Fracture Mech. and - Ohzawa’s model ha  9.6  1.12v
Size Effect of
concrete
Radiation
- irradiation qir  εσ (T4  TS4 ) qir  hr (T  TS )
- solar radiation qS  αSGS

- Hydration heat
Contents
Thermal Transfer at Boundary
Introduction Thermal transfer mechanism at boundary

Hydration Heat and
Thermal Stress in
Concrete
Convection qc  ha (T  TS )
Long-term
Deformation of
- Convective
Mendes’s model ha  5.16coefficient
heat transfer  3.7v in previous models is
Concrete expressed as a function of only wind velocity. Moreover, the
Fracture Mech. and Ohzawa’smodels
- proposed ha different
model are 9.6  1.12v other.
each
Size Effect of
concrete
Radiation
- irradiation qir  εσ (T4  TS4 ) qir  hr (T  TS )
- solar radiation qS  αSGS

- Hydration heat
Contents
Model equations (developed at KAIST Concrete Lab.)

Introduction
Hydration Heat and Adiabatic temperature rise
Thermal Stress in
Concrete
Thermal conductivity
Long-term
Deformation of
Concrete Heat transfer coefficient in air convection
Fracture Mech. and
Size Effect of
concrete Mechanical properties of concrete
- Hydration heat
Contents
Adiabatic temperature rise
Introduction
80
Hydration Heat and
Thermal Stress in
Concrete
T  K (1  e a ( t  t ) ) 0
Temperature (oC)
60
Long-term
Deformation of T : Adiabatic temperature rise at time t (℃)
Concrete 40
K : Maximum adiabatic temperature rise (℃)
Fracture Mech. and
Size Effect of a : Reaction rate
concrete 20
Experimental results t : Age(days)
Regression curve t0 : Starting time of hydration(days)
0
0 2 4 6 8 10
Age (days)
- Hydration heat
Contents
Experimental equipment
- container size : determined by thermal capacity of max. aggregate
Introduction - temperature control (heat insulated condition) : PT100, Thermal Jacket
Hydration Heat and
Thermal Stress in
Concrete
Long-term
Deformation of
Concrete
Fracture Mech. and
Size Effect of
concrete
- Hydration heat
Contents
Experimental results
- Cement content (Type I cement)
Introduction
Hydration Heat and 100 3
Max. adiabatic temperature (oC)
Thermal Stress in
Concrete K  0.1108C  8.86 a  0.00415C  0.271
80
Long-term
Reaction rate
Deformation of 2
Concrete 60
Fracture Mech. and
Size Effect of 40
concrete 1
20 Proposed by JCI Proposed by JCI

W/C = 40% W/C = 40%
W/C = 50% W/C = 50%
0 0
300 400 500 600 300 400 500 600
Cement content (kgf/m ) 3 Cement content (kgf/m )3
Kim, J.K. et al., “Hydration Heat Characteristics of Cement and Concrete”, Journal of Korea Concrete
Institute, Vol. 7, No. 3, 1995, pp.211-219.
- Hydration heat
Contents
Introduction - Cement content (Type I cement)
Hydration Heat and 100
Thermal Stress in 3
Proposed by JCI
Concrete K  0.1108C  8.86 Proposed by this study
80 W/C=40%
Long-term W/C=50%
Deformation of
Reaction rate
2
Concrete 60
Fracture Mech. and
Size Effect of 40
concrete 1
20 Proposed by JCI
W/C = 40%
W/C = 50% a  0.00415C  0.550
0 0
300 400 500 600 300 400 500 600
Cement content (kgf/m ) 3 Cement content (kgf/m ) 3
Kim, J.K. et al., “Hydration Heat Characteristics of Cement and Concrete”, Journal of Korea Concrete Institute,
Vol. 7, No. 3, 1995, pp.211-219.
- Hydration heat
Contents
Introduction - Fly-ash content
Hydration Heat and
100 3
Thermal Stress in
Concrete a= 1.219-0.01565(FC)
Long-term
80 K  58.51  0.08524FC
Reaction rate
Deformation of 2
Concrete 60
Fracture Mech. and
Size Effect of 40
concrete 1
20
K = 58.51-0.08524(FC) a  1.219  0.01565FC
0 0
0 10 20 30 0 10 20 30
Fly-ash content (%) Fly-ash content (%)
Vol. 7, No. 3, 1995, pp.211-219.
- Hydration heat
Contents
Introduction
- Fly-ash content
Hydration Heat and
100 3
Thermal Stress in
Concrete m K  0.931e 1.49 / T
ma  0.05T
Long-term 80
Deformation of
Reaction rate
2
Concrete
60
Fracture Mech. and
Size Effect of
concrete 40
1
20 35 oC 35 oC
35 oC  20 oC 35 oC  20 oC
20 oC 20 oC
0 0
300 400 500 600 300 400 500 600
Cement content (kgf/m ) 3
Cement content (kgf/m )
3
Vol. 7, No. 3, 1995, pp.211-219.
- Hydration heat
Contents
- Placing temperature
Introduction
Hydration Heat and
100 3
Thermal Stress in
Concrete m K  0.931e 1.49 / T
ma  0.05T
Long-term 80
Deformation of
Reaction rate
Concrete 2
60
Fracture Mech. and
Size Effect of
concrete 40
1
20 35 oC 35 oC
35 oC  20 oC 35 oC  20 oC
20 oC 20 oC
0 0
300 400 500 600 300 400 500 600
Cement content (kgf/m ) 3
Cement content (kgf/m )3
Vol. 7, No. 3, 1995, pp.211-219.
- Hydration heat
Contents
Thermal conductivity
- the rate of heat transfer
Introduction
Hydration Heat and
- influenced by aggregate, types of cement, water content, and
Thermal Stress in density (Morabito)
Concrete
Long-term
3.0
Deformation of
Gravel concrete
Concrete
Conductivity (W/moC)
Fracture Mech. and 2.5

Size Effect of
concrete Barytes concrete Mortar
2.0
1.5 Fuel-ash concrete Experimental equipment (QTM-D3)
1.0
Expanded-clay concrete
0.5
0 4 8 12 16
Water content (Weight %)
- Hydration heat
Contents
Introduction
2.5 2.5
Hydration Heat and Concrete Paste+Gravel Wet, 20oC Dry, 20oC
Conductivity (kcal/m h oC)

Thermal Stress in Mortar Paste Wet, 40oC Dry, 40oC
Concrete 2.1 2.1 Wet, 60oC Dry, 60oC
Long-term
Deformation of 1.7 1.7
Concrete
Fracture Mech. and
Size Effect of 1.3 1.3
concrete
0.9 0.9
0.5 0.5
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8
Age (days) Aggregate volume ratio
Kim, K.H. et al., “An Experimental Study on Thermal Conductivity of Concrete”, Cement and Concrete Research,
Vol. 33, No. 3, 2003, pp.363-371.
- Hydration heat
Contents
Introduction 1.5
Conductivity (kcal/m h oC) Wet, 20oC Dry, 20oC 1.2
Hydration Heat and Wet, 40oC Dry, 40oC

Thermal Stress in 1.3 Wet, 60oC Dry, 60oC
Concrete 1.0
50%
100% 50%
Long-term 1.1
0.8 100%
Deformation of
Concrete
Fracture Mech. and 0.9
0.6
Size Effect of
concrete
0.7
0.4
0.5
0.2
20 25 30 35 40 45 Type I Fly-ash Slag Type V
W/C ratio (%)
Vol. 33, No. 3, 2003, pp.363-371.
- Hydration heat
Contents
Prediction model for thermal conductivity
Introduction kc  kref  λAG  λT  λS/A  λR

Hydration Heat and
Thermal Stress in
where kref is a referenced thermal conductivity at conditions of AG=0.70,
Concrete
W/C=0.4 , S/A=0.4, T=20℃, and Rh=1.0.
Long-term
Deformation of 2.2
Calculated value (kcal/m h oC)
Concrete
Fracture Mech. and λAG  0.293  1.01 AG
Size Effect of
concrete 1.8
λT  1.05  0.0025T
λS/A  0.86  0.0036( S/A)

1.4
λR  0.8[1.62  1.54(W/C )]  0.2 Rh

R=0.95
1.0
1.0 1.4 1.8 2.2
Measured value (kcal/m h C)
o
Vol. 33, No. 3, 2003, pp.363-371.
- Hydration heat
Contents
Heat transfer coefficient in air convection
Heat transfer coefficient in air convection
Introduction
- the rate of convective heat transfer at boundary
Hydration Heat and
qc  ha (T  TS )
Thermal Stress in
Concrete
Long-term
Deformation of
Concrete Experiment for Heat transfer coefficient
Fracture Mech. and
Size Effect of
concrete
- Hydration heat
Contents
50 Position (from surface) 50
1.2m/s 1.9m/s 50 Position (from surface)
50
495mm Plain Wood form with 20mm thickness
495mm
375mm
Introduction 250mm
375mm
Temperature (oC)
40 40 250mm
40
Temperature (oC)
175mm 40 175mm
100mm
Hydration Heat and 50mm
100mm
50mm
5mm 5mm
30
Thermal Stress in Environment 30 30
Environment
30
Concrete
20 20 20 20
Long-term
Deformation of 10 10 10 10
0 2 4 6 0 2 4 6
0 2 4 6 0 2 4 6
Concrete Age (days) Age (days)
Age (days) Age (days)
Fracture Mech. and Variation with wind velocity (for plain condition) Variation with type of formwork (for 1.2m/s)
Size Effect of
concrete 50
Plain 40
In this study
Steel (20mm) plate By Mendes
Heat transfer coefficient
40 Wood (10mm) plate
Heat transfer coeffient

By Ohzawa
Wood (20mm) plate 30
(kcal/m2hoC)
(kcal/m2hoC)
30
20
20
10
10
0
0
0 1 2 3 4 5
0 1 2 3 4 5
Wind velocity (m/s)
Wind velocity (m/s)
Yun, L. et al., “Experimental study on the convective heat transfer coefficient of early-age concrete”, Cement and
Concrete Composites, Vol. 31, No. 1, 2009, pp.60-71.
- Hydration heat
Contents
Prediction model for heat transfer coefficient
1
Introduction hc 
 Lf 1 
Hydration Heat and
  
 αk 4/5 1/5 
 f 14.5  4.11v L 
Thermal Stress in
Concrete
Long-term
Deformation of 40
Concrete
Values from experiments
Fracture Mech. and 30 where, Lf : thickness of formwork

Size Effect of
concrete α : material constant for formwork
20 (0.008 for steel, 0.92 for wood)
kf : thermal conductivity of formwork
10
v : wind velocity (m/s)
L : convective length
R2=0.97
0
0 10 20 30 40
Values from proposed model
Yun, L. et al., “Experimental study on the convective heat transfer coefficient of early-age concrete”, Cement and
Concrete Composites, Vol. 31, No. 1, 2009, pp.60-71.
- Hydration heat
Contents
Mechanical properties of concrete
Compressive strength development
Introduction
Hydration Heat and  
Thermal Stress in  
S  
Concrete
1
Long-term  1  
n   
Deformation of Su  Eo ati Eo ati 1

 
e  e
   e RT   
Concrete RT
 1 A e t t
 i i 1 
i 1 
Fracture Mech. and
Size Effect of    
concrete
E 0  42 ,830  43( T  273 ) S : compressive strength,

Su : limiting compressive stress,
t : age, T : curing temperature,
a  0.00017( T  273 ) R : gas constant, A, : constant,
a
E0 : initial apparent activation energy
t 0  0.66  0.011( T  273 ) t0 : age when the strength development starts
Kim, J.K. et al., “Effect of Temperature and Aging on the Mechanical Properties”, Cement and Concrete Research,
Vol. 32, No. 7, 2002, pp.1095-1100.
- Hydration heat
Contents
Comparison with other research
Introduction r=0.978
Brooks & Al-Kaisi-concrete
Hydration Heat and 1.6
Calculated relative compressive strength

Tank & Carino-concrete
Thermal Stress in
1.4 Klieger-concrete
Concrete
Kim & Moon(w/c=0.35)-concrete
Long-term 1.2 KIm & Moon(w/c=0.55)-concrete
Deformation of
Concrete 1.0
Fracture Mech. and
0.8
Size Effect of
concrete 0.6
0.4
0.2
0.0
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6
Experimental relative compressive strength
Vol. 32, No. 7, 2002, pp.1095-1100.
- Hydration heat
Contents
Splitting tensile strength development
f sp  0.31 f cu0.71
Introduction
Hydration Heat and
Thermal Stress in 8 6
Calculated splitting tensile strength (MPa)

Concrete ACI 318 1 days, r=0.978
Oluokun 3 days, r=0.965
Splitting tensile strength (MPa)
CEB-FIP 5
Long-term 7 days, r=0.954
6 Ahmad and Shah 28 days, r=0.880
Deformation of 4
proposed Eq.
Concrete
4 3
Fracture Mech. and
Size Effect of 2
concrete 2
1
0 0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Compressive strength (MPa) Experimental splitting tensile strength (MPa)
Relation between
Comparison of model equation & experimental result
compressive strength & splitting tensile strength
Vol. 32, No. 7, 2002, pp.1095-1100.
- Hydration heat
Contents Elastic modulus
E c  5 ,250 f cu0.46
Introduction
Hydration Heat and
40 40
Thermal Stress in 1 days, r=0.983
Calculated elastic modulus (GPa)

Concrete 3 days, r=0.939
Elastic modulus (GPa)
30 7 days, r=0.864
Long-term 30 28 days, r=0.774
Deformation of
Concrete 20 20
Fracture Mech. and
Size Effect of ACI 318
10 ACI 363 10
concrete CEB-FIP
proposed Eq.
0 0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 0 10 20 30 40
Compressive strength (MPa) Experimental modulus of elasticity (GPa)
Relation between
Comparison of model equation & experimental result
compressive strength & elastic modulus
Vol. 32, No. 7, 2002, pp.1095-1100.
Hydration heat analysis
Contents
3D FEM analysis program (developed at KAIST Concrete Lab.)
Introduction CONSA/HS
Hydration Heat and (CONcrete Stress Analyzer/Hydration and Shrinkage)
Thermal Stress in
Concrete
Long-term
Features
Deformation of
- 3D structure analysis
Concrete
- application of pipe-cooling effect
Fracture Mech. and
Size Effect of - application of creep effect
concrete - application of mechanical property
development
- application of placement stage
- application of environmental conditions
- correlation of hydration heat & shrinkage
Contents
Composition of analysis program
Introduction • Pre-Process
Hydration Heat and
Thermal Stress in - Mesh modeling
Concrete - Input file
Long-term
Deformation of
Concrete • Main Program
Fracture Mech. and - Analysis of temperature distribution
Size Effect of - Calculation of mechanical properties of concrete
concrete
- Analysis of thermal stress
• Post-Process
- Output
Contents
Application of analysis program in real structures

Introduction
Hydration Heat and
Thermal Stress in
Concrete
Long-term
Deformation of
Concrete
Fracture Mech. and
Size Effect of
concrete
Contents
- Foundation and pier of bridges
Introduction
Hydration Heat and
Thermal Stress in
Concrete
Long-term
Deformation of
Concrete
Fracture Mech. and Cheongdam Bridge
Size Effect of
concrete Seohae Bridge
Gwangan Bridge
Banghwa Bridge
Contents
- Dams
Introduction
Hydration Heat and
Thermal Stress in
Concrete
Long-term
Deformation of
Concrete
Fracture Mech. and
Size Effect of Soyang River Dam
concrete
Daecheong Dam
Sengdeok Dam
Contents
- Nuclear power plant
Introduction
Hydration Heat and
Thermal Stress in
Concrete
Long-term
Deformation of
Concrete
Fracture Mech. and
Size Effect of
concrete Gyeongju nuclear waste site
Uljin nuclear power plant

Contents
- Subway structures
Introduction
Hydration Heat and
Thermal Stress in
Concrete
Long-term
Deformation of
Concrete
7th Seoul subway line
Fracture Mech. and
9th Seoul subway line
Size Effect of
concrete
Incheon airport railroad
Contents
- buildings
Introduction
Hydration Heat and
Thermal Stress in
Concrete
Long-term
Deformation of
Concrete
Fracture Mech. and
Size Effect of
concrete Seoul richensia
Seoul the #
Contents
Examples
- Seongdeok Dam 11.8oC
Introduction
Hydration Heat and
• Placing height : 1.5m, 2.0m, 3.0m
Thermal Stress in • Using measured ambient temperature
Concrete
Long-term
Deformation of
Concrete <ambient temperature>
Fracture Mech. and
Size Effect of
concrete
Contents
Examples
- Seongdeok Dam
Introduction
• Input parameters
Hydration Heat and
Thermal Stress in
Concrete Parameters Type IV cement
Long-term Maximum temperature rise (℃) 30.1
Adiabatic
Deformation of
Concrete temperature rise
Rate of reaction 0.477
Fracture Mech. and (Type Ⅳ )
Size Effect of Thermal conductivity (kcal/m h ℃) 2.3
concrete
Specific heat (kcal/kg ℃) 0.25
Thermal Heat transfer coefficient
12
properties (kcal/m2 h ℃)
Unit density (kgf/m3) 2400
Thermal expansion coefficient (/℃) 10×10-6
Compressive strength (kgf/cm2) 120
Material
Elastic modulus (kgf/cm2) -
properties
Poisson’s ratio 0.18
Contents
Examples
- Seongdeok Dam
Introduction
• Thermal & Stress distribution
Hydration Heat and
Thermal Stress in
Concrete
Long-term
Deformation of
Concrete
Fracture Mech. and
Size Effect of
concrete
Thermal distribution z-dir. Stress distribution

(age : 5 years) (age : 5 years)
Contents
Examples
- Seongdeok Dam
Introduction
Hydration Heat and
• Placing height : 1.5m
Thermal Stress in
Concrete
Long-term
Deformation of
Concrete
Fracture Mech. and
Size Effect of
concrete
Contents
Examples
- Seongdeok Dam
Introduction
Hydration Heat and
Thermal Stress in
Concrete
Long-term
Deformation of
Concrete
Fracture Mech. and
Size Effect of
concrete
Contents
Examples
- Seongdeok Dam
Introduction
Hydration Heat and
Thermal Stress in
Concrete
Long-term
Deformation of
Concrete
Fracture Mech. and
Size Effect of
concrete
Contents
Examples
- Seongdeok Dam
Introduction
• Surface vs Center
Hydration Heat and
Thermal Stress in
Concrete
Long-term
Deformation of
Concrete
Fracture Mech. and
Size Effect of
concrete
Contents
Examples
- Mat foundation
Introduction
• Placing height : 0.4m, 0.6m, 0.8m Width : 30m, Thickness : 15m
Hydration Heat and
Thermal Stress in • ¼ modeling
Concrete • Size of rock part : 2 times lager than concrete part
Long-term
Deformation of
Concrete Frame 001  13 Dec 2002  0.8m-20degrees/50%
Y
Fracture Mech. and CL

X
Size Effect of Concrete Surface Z
concrete Y
X
2m
Z
Center Rock
15m
7.5m 15m
7.5m
Contents
Examples
- Mat foundation(temperature distribution)
Introduction 3days
Frame 001  28 Jan 2003  0.8m-winter
Hydration Heat and Y
Thermal Stress in
1day X
Frame 001  28 Jan 2003  0.8m-winter Z
Concrete Y
10℃ X temp-3: 11.25 12.94 14.63 16.31 18.00 19.69 21.38 23.06 24.75 26.44 28.13 29.82 31.50 33.19 34.88
Long-term Z
10℃ 35℃
Deformation of temp-1: 12.05 14.14 16.23 18.32 20.41 22.50 24.59 26.68 28.77 30.86 32.95 35.04 37.13 39.22 41.31
Concrete
42℃
Fracture Mech. and

Size Effect of
concrete 14days
Y
X
Z
temp-14: 10.40 10.95 11.50 12.05 12.60 13.15 13.70 14.25 14.80 15.35 15.90 16.45 17.00 17.55 18.09
20℃
10℃
Contents
Examples
- Mat foundation (thermal stress distribution, kfg/cm2)
Introduction
Hydration Heat and 1day 2days
Y
Thermal Stress in Frame 001  28 Jan 2003  0.8m-winter
Y
X
Concrete X Z
Long-term sx-2: -55.34 -50.95 -46.56 -42.17 -37.78 -33.39 -29.00 -24.61 -20.22 -15.83 -11.45 -7.06 -2.67 1.72 6.11
Deformation of
sx-1: -58.92 -54.31 -49.69 -45.07 -40.45 -35.83 -31.21 -26.59 -21.98 -17.36 -12.74 -8.12 -3.50 1.12 5.74
-55.6 6.2
-58.9 5.7
Concrete
Fracture Mech. and
Size Effect of
concrete
7days
Y
X
Z
sx-7: -24.24 -18.87 -13.50 -8.13 -2.76 2.61 7.98 13.35 18.72 24.09 29.46 34.83 40.21 45.58 50.95
-25.2 51.2
Contents
Examples
- Box-type tunnel of subway
Introduction
Hydration Heat and
• Thickness : floor slab(1.25m), roof slab(1.15m), wall (1.15m)
Thermal Stress in • ¼ modeling
Concrete
Long-term
Deformation of
Concrete
Fracture Mech. and
Size Effect of
concrete
Contents
Examples
- Box-type tunnel of subway (temperature distribution)
Introduction
Hydration Heat and 1day 3days
Thermal Stress in
Concrete
Long-term
Deformation of
Concrete
Fracture Mech. and
Size Effect of
concrete
10days
Contents
Examples
Introduction
1day 3days
Hydration Heat and
Thermal Stress in
Concrete
Long-term
Deformation of
Concrete
Fracture Mech. and
Size Effect of
concrete
10days
Contents
Examples
Introduction
1day 3days
Hydration Heat and
Thermal Stress in
Concrete
Long-term
Deformation of
Concrete
Fracture Mech. and
Size Effect of
concrete
10days
Contents
Examples
- Box-type tunnel of subway (thermal stress distribution)
Introduction
1day 3days
Hydration Heat and
Thermal Stress in
Concrete
Long-term
Deformation of
Concrete
Fracture Mech. and
Size Effect of
concrete
10days
Contents
Examples
Introduction
1day 3days
Hydration Heat and
Thermal Stress in
Concrete
Long-term
Deformation of
Concrete
Fracture Mech. and
Size Effect of
concrete
10days
Contents
Examples
Introduction
1day 3days
Hydration Heat and
Thermal Stress in
Concrete
Long-term
Deformation of
Concrete
Fracture Mech. and
Size Effect of
concrete
10days
Contents
Examples
Introduction
• Concrete foundation and wall
Hydration Heat and • Overview
Thermal Stress in
Concrete - Analysis of stress development considering the heat of hydration and
differential drying shrinkage
Long-term
Deformation of
Concrete
Fracture Mech. and
Size Effect of
concrete
Foundation Wall
Contents
Examples
- Input parameters
Introduction
Parameters Concrete Rock
Hydration Heat and
Thermal Stress in Adiabatic Maximum temperature rise (℃) 52.16 -
Concrete temperature rise
(Type I ) Rate of reaction 1.32 -
Long-term
Deformation of
Thermal conductivity (kcal/m h ℃) 2.3 2.1
Concrete
Fracture Mech. and Specific heat (kcal/kg ℃) 0.27 0.18
Size Effect of Thermal
concrete Heat transfer coefficient (kcal/m2 h ℃) 12, 5 12
properties
Unit density (kgf/m3) 2320 2200

Thermal expansion coefficient (/℃) 10×10-6 7.5×10-6
Compressive strength (kgf/cm2) 270 -
Material
Elastic modulus (kgf/cm2) - 2500
properties
Poisson’s ratio 0.18 0.215
Environmental Temperature (℃) 20 20

condition Humidity (%) 60 100
Contents
Examples
- Foundation
Introduction
Hydration Heat and
Thermal Stress in
Concrete
Long-term
Deformation of
Concrete 80 80
At surface section At center section
Stress in X-direction (kgf/cm2)
Stress in Z-direction (kgf/cm2)

Fracture Mech. and
Size Effect of
concrete 40 40
0 0
Tensile strength
-40 -40
Thermal stress
Shrinkage induced stress
Coupled stress
-80 -80
0 10 20 30 0 10 20 30
Contents
Examples
- Wall
Introduction
Hydration Heat and
Thermal Stress in
Concrete
Long-term
Deformation of 80 80
At surface section At center section
Stress in X-direction (kgf/cm2)
Stress in Z-direction (kgf/cm2)

Concrete
Fracture Mech. and
Size Effect of 40 40
concrete
0 0
Tensile strength
-40 -40
Thermal stress
Shrinkage induced stress
Coupled stress
-80 -80
0 10 20 30 0 10 20 30
Contents
Examples
• Concrete pier
Introduction
Hydration Heat and
• Overview
Thermal Stress in - Analysis of stress development considering the hydration heat and
Concrete
differential shrinkage
Long-term
Deformation of - Width of pier : 4m, Placing height : 2.5m
Concrete
Fracture Mech. and
Size Effect of
concrete
Cross section Mesh modeling

Contents
Examples
- Input parameters
Introduction Parameters Concrete Rock
Hydration Heat and Adiabatic Maximum temperature rise (℃) 53. 6 -
Thermal Stress in temperature rise
Concrete (Type I ) Rate of reaction 0.668 -
Long-term
Thermal conductivity (kcal/m h ℃) 2.3 2.1
Deformation of
Concrete Specific heat (kcal/kg ℃) 0.27 0.18
Fracture Mech. and Thermal
Heat transfer coefficient (kcal/m2 h ℃) 9, 5 9
Size Effect of properties
concrete Unit density (kgf/m3) 2320 2200
Thermal expansion coefficient (/℃) 10×10-6 7.5×10-6
Material
Elastic modulus (kgf/cm2) - 2500
properties

Contents
Examples
- Pier
Introduction
Hydration Heat and
Thermal Stress in
Concrete
Long-term
Deformation of
Concrete
Fracture Mech. and
Size Effect of
concrete
Thermal distribution
x-dir. Stress distribution
(2-day after the first casting of coping)
(2-day after the second casting of coping)
Contents
Examples
- Pier
Introduction
Hydration Heat and
Thermal Stress in
Concrete
Long-term
Deformation of
Concrete
Fracture Mech. and
Size Effect of
concrete
Internal RH x-dir. Crack index

(26-day after the second casting of (2-days after the second casting of
coping) coping)
Contents
Examples
- Pier
Introduction
Hydration Heat and
Thermal Stress in
Concrete
Long-term
Deformation of
Concrete
Fracture Mech. and x-dir. Stress development (The first casting of coping)
Size Effect of
concrete
x-dir. Stress development (The second casting of coping)

Contents
Examples
•Concrete pylon
Introduction
Hydration Heat and - Analysis of stress development considering the hydration heat and
Thermal Stress in differential shrinkage
Concrete
- Considering the type of cement (Type I, Type IV)
Long-term
Deformation of - Width of pylon : 1m, Placing height : 2.75m
Concrete
Fracture Mech. and
Size Effect of
concrete
Cross section Mesh modeling

Contents
Examples
- Input parameters
Introduction
Hydration Heat and Parameters Type I Type IV
Thermal Stress in
Concrete Adiabatic Maximum temperature rise (℃) 71. 36 52.3
temperature
Long-term Rate of reaction 0.890 0.531
rise
Deformation of
Concrete Thermal conductivity (kcal/m h ℃) 2.3 2.3
Fracture Mech. and Specific heat (kcal/kg ℃) 0.27 0.27
Size Effect of
concrete Thermal Heat transfer coefficient
9, 5 9, 5
properties (kcal/m2 h ℃)
Thermal expansion coefficient (/℃) 10×10-6 10×10-6
Compressive strength (kgf/cm2) 400 400
Material
Elastic modulus (kgf/cm2) - -
properties

Contents
Examples
- Pylon (Type I cement)
Introduction
Hydration Heat and
Thermal Stress in
Concrete
Long-term
Deformation of
Concrete
Fracture Mech. and
Size Effect of
concrete
Thermal distribution x-dir. Stress distribution

(2-day after the casting of saddle) (2-day after the casting of saddle)
Contents
Examples
- Pylon (Type I cement)
Introduction
Hydration Heat and
Thermal Stress in
Concrete
Long-term
Deformation of
Concrete
Fracture Mech. and
Size Effect of
concrete
Internal RH x-dir. Crack index

(34-day after the casting of saddle) (0.75-day after the casting of saddle)
Contents
Examples
- Pylon (Type IV cement)
Introduction
Hydration Heat and
Thermal Stress in
Concrete
Long-term
Deformation of
Concrete
Fracture Mech. and
Size Effect of
concrete
Thermal distribution x-dir. Stress distribution

(2-day after the casting of saddle) (2-day after the casting of saddle)
Contents
Examples
- Pylon
Introduction
Hydration Heat and
Thermal Stress in
Concrete
Long-term
Deformation of
Concrete
Fracture Mech. and x-dir Stress development (Type I cement)
Size Effect of
concrete
x-dir Stress development (Type IV cement)

Contents
Examples
• Slab
Introduction
Hydration Heat and • Overview
Thermal Stress in - High strength concrete : w/c 30, 42%
Concrete
Long-term
- Analysis of stress development considering the heat of hydration and
Deformation of autogenous shrinkage
Concrete
Fracture Mech. and
Size Effect of
concrete
Contents
Examples
- Input parameters
Introduction
Parameters Slab Wall
Hydration Heat and
Environmental temperature 20℃
Thermal Stress in
Concrete B3 Model for creep,
Models for creep and autogenous shrinkage Experimental results for autogenous
Long-term
shrinkage
Deformation of
Concrete Adiabatic
temperat Maximum temperature rise (℃) 59.84 -
Fracture Mech. and
ure rise
Size Effect of Rate of reaction 1.066 -
(Type I)
concrete
Thermal conductivity (kcal/m hr ℃) 2.25 2.25
Specific heat (kcal/kg ℃) 0.257 0.257
Thermal
propertie Heat transfer coefficient (kcal/m2
5.0 -
s hr ℃)
Thermal expansion coefficient (/℃) 10×10-6 10×10-6
Material
propertie Elastic modulus (kgf/cm2) - 3.5×105
s
Contents
Examples
- z-dir. stress distribution
Introduction
Hydration Heat and
Thermal Stress in
Concrete
Long-term
Deformation of
Concrete
Fracture Mech. and
Size Effect of
concrete
4-day after the casting

(max. tensile stress occurs)
Contents
Examples
- z-dir. stress distribution
Introduction
Hydration Heat and
Thermal Stress in
Concrete
Long-term
Deformation of
Concrete
Fracture Mech. and
Size Effect of
concrete
7-day after the casting 14-day after the casting

Contents
Examples
- z-dir. stress development
Introduction
Hydration Heat and
Thermal Stress in
Concrete
Long-term
Deformation of
Concrete
Fracture Mech. and
Size Effect of
concrete
Stress device for measuring
thermal stresses
Contents
Introduction
Hydration Heat and • Elastic modulus
Thermal Stress in • Thermal properties
• Heat transfer coefficient • Creep
Concrete
• Hydration heat model • Bonding characteristic
Long-term
Deformation of
• Design of • Restraint condition
Fracture Mech. and structure
Size Effect of
• Mix design Analysis of Calculation Calculation
concrete
• Residual
stress
Maturity
Development
of strength
thermal stresses
Contents
Introduction
Hydration Heat and • Elastic modulus
Thermal Stress in • Thermal properties
• Heat transfer coefficient • Creep
Concrete
• Hydration heat model • Bonding characteristic
Long-term
Deformation of
• Design of • Restraint condition
Size Effect of
• Mix design Analysis of Calculation Calculation
concrete
• Residual
stress
Maturity
Development
of strength
However,• Reduction
there ofishydration
lots ofheatuncertainty!!
(mechanical properties of early age concrete)
thermal stresses
Contents
Introduction
Hydration Heat and • Thermal properties
Thermal Stress in
Concrete
• Heat transfer coefficient
• Hydration heat model • Restraint condition
Long-term
Deformation of
Concrete • Design of
Size Effect of • Mix design Analysis of Thermal stress
concrete • Construction temperature device
• Residual
stress

thermal stresses
Contents
Concept of the development
Introduction
Hydration Heat and
Thermal Stress in
Concrete
Long-term
Deformation of
Concrete
Fracture Mech. and
Size Effect of
concrete
thermal stresses
Contents
Shape and dimension of the device
Introduction
Hydration Heat and
Thermal Stress in
Concrete
Long-term
Deformation of
Concrete
Fracture Mech. and
Size Effect of
concrete
 c (t )  Es (t )   s (t )  As Ac
thermal stresses
Contents
Comparison with previous equipments
Introduction
Hydration Heat and
Thermal Stress in
Concrete
Long-term
Deformation of
Concrete
Fracture Mech. and Apparatus of thermal cracking (Japan) Cracking frame (Germany)
Size Effect of
concrete
The basic concept of TSD is
similar to TSTM except their
different restraint controlling
mechanisms
In TSD, restraining bar are used
for controlling various restraint
conditions. However, in TSTM
movement of the adjustable
cross-head is monitored to
achieve any degree of restraint
Temperature Stress Testing Machine (Germany)
thermal stresses
Contents
Experimental procedure
Introduction Temperature history from prior temperature

Hydration Heat and distribution analysis
Thermal Stress in
Concrete
Long-term Apply the temperature history to control Keep humidity of over
Deformation of
Concrete
chamber 85%
Fracture Mech. and

Size Effect of
concrete Setup the device
Cast concrete
Experimental results Preliminary test results

- Restraint strain and stress Temperature
- Temperature of concrete, plate, and compensation
chamber
thermal stresses
Contents
Experiments (example of artificial structure)
 Test variables and properties of restraining bars
Introduction Thermal expansion Elastic
Restraining Thickness of bar
Hydration Heat and coefficient modulus Type of restraint
material (mm)
Thermal Stress in (×10-6 /oC) (MPa ×103)
Concrete external
Invar 10, 20, and 40 1.5 28.3
Long-term
Deformation of Zinc 25 internal
10, 20, and 40 108
Concrete
Fracture Mech. and
Size Effect of
concrete
Applied temperature history in chamber

thermal stresses
Contents
Experiments (example of artificial structure)
Introduction
Hydration Heat and
Thermal Stress in
Concrete
Long-term
Deformation of
Concrete
Fracture Mech. and
Size Effect of
concrete interior of structure surface of structure
Amplitude of stress increases by increasing the restraining force

Variable degree of restraint can be achieved in laboratory by using thermal stress
device that means the stress generation due to hydration heat and restraint can be
simulated even though properties of concrete at early age are uncertain
Application of stress device in field
Contents
Overview of construction site
(cofferdam in Seongdeok dam construction site)
Introduction
Hydration Heat and
Thermal Stress in
Concrete
Long-term
Deformation of
Concrete
Fracture Mech. and
Size Effect of
concrete
Location of Sengdeok Dam in South Korea

Contents
Overview of construction site
(cofferdam in Seongdeok dam construction site)
Introduction
Hydration Heat and
Thermal Stress in
Concrete
Long-term
Deformation of
Concrete
Fracture Mech. and
Size Effect of • Type IV cement was used
concrete • Height of lift-6 in block-4 : 2m
(the others are 1.5m)
• Construction sequence
Point of simulation
(interior of lift-6 in
block-4)
Contents
Installing of measuring instruments at site
Introduction
Hydration Heat and
Thermal Stress in
Concrete
Long-term
Deformation of
Concrete At mid-height of lift-6
Fracture Mech. and
Size Effect of
concrete
TC : Thermo-couple
SG : Strain gauge (total strain)
NSG : Non-stress gauge (stress-independent strain)
Contents
Simulation of thermal stress in laboratory
 Mix proportion of concrete used at site

Introduction
Hydration Heat and
Thermal Stress in
Concrete
Long-term
Deformation of
Concrete
Fracture Mech. and  Test variables and properties of restraining bars
Size Effect of
concrete
Contents
Simulation of thermal stress in laboratory
Introduction
Hydration Heat and
Thermal Stress in
Concrete
Long-term
Deformation of
Concrete
Fracture Mech. and
Size Effect of
concrete
Stress Devices in Chamber

Contents
- Applied temperature history
Introduction
Hydration Heat and
Thermal Stress in
Concrete
Long-term
Deformation of
Concrete
Fracture Mech. and
Size Effect of
concrete
Contents
Introduction
Hydration Heat and
Thermal Stress in
Concrete
Long-term
Deformation of
Concrete
Fracture Mech. and
Size Effect of
concrete
Stress-independent strain Total strain

Contents
Introduction
Hydration Heat and
Thermal Stress in
Concrete
Long-term
Deformation of
Concrete
Fracture Mech. and
Size Effect of
concrete
Restraint strain Restraint stress

Contents
Introduction
Hydration Heat and
Thermal Stress in
Concrete
Long-term
Deformation of
Concrete
Fracture Mech. and
Size Effect of
concrete
Restraint strain-stress relation Restraint strain-stress relation

(Age = 5days) (Age = 25days)
Equipment for measuring
adiabatic temperature rise
Contents
Basic concept
Introduction
Determination of coefficient
Hydration Heat and
Thermal Stress in for heat loss of device
Concrete
Long-term
Deformation of
Concrete Measurement of temperature
Fracture Mech. and history
Size Effect of
concrete
Calibration of heat loss
Adiabatic Temperature Rise

Curve
Contents
Preliminary experiments
70
Introduction 60 Adiabatic temperature rise curve

Hydration Heat and 50
Temperature(℃)
Thermal Stress in 40
Concrete
30
Long-term Temperature at the center of concrete
Deformation of 20
Concrete 10
Fracture Mech. and 0 2 Time(day) 4 6
Size Effect of Measured results
concrete
70 Adiabatic temperature rise curve
60
Equipment for measureing adiabatic
50 temperature rise
Temperature(℃)
40
30
20
10
0 2 Time(day) 4 6
Calibrated results
Contents
Prediction of compressive strength
based on adiabatic temperature rise curve
Introduction - Prediction model
Hydration Heat and S 1   ERT
v ( ti )
 v i 1 
E (t ) n
Thermal Stress in  1 M   e i  e RTi1  (ti  ti 1 )
Concrete Su 1 A M i 1  
Long-term

Deformation of  
Concrete  
S  1 

Fracture Mech. and  1  
Size Effect of Su  n   ERT
v ( ti )
 v i 1 
E (t )

     
Apparent Activation Energy (J/mole)

RTi 1
concrete  1 A e i
e ( t i t i 1 
)
 i 1    40000
30000
Su : Limiting strength
A : Constant for mechanical properties 20000
M : Maturity 10oC
10000 20oC
Ev : Apparent activation energy function 30oC
R : Gas constant 0
1 10 100
t : Age Age (days)
Contents Prediction of compressive strength
Introduction - Given data (adiabatic temperature rise curve)
Hydration Heat and Q(t ) S (t )
a (t )adiabatic   (1  e a (t to ) ) 
b
Thermal Stress in Degree of hydration :
Concrete Q Su
Long-term 1 2 a (t to )b
Deformation of Maturity : M adiabatic  e Apparent activation energy :
Concrete 2
 ab(t  to )b1 e2 a (t to ) 
b
Fracture Mech. and
Size Effect of E (t )adiabatic   RT (t )  ln  
concrete - Basic assumption  A 
t e : equivalent age
Maturity : M (t )adiabatic  M (te )arbitrary
Apparent activation energy :
E (t )adiabatic  E (te )arbitrary
Apparent activation energy function for

arbitrary temperature condition can be calculated
Contents
Prediction of compressive strength
Introduction
Hydration Heat and
Thermal Stress in
Concrete
Long-term
Deformation of
Concrete
Fracture Mech. and
Size Effect of
concrete
Long-term Deformation
of Concrete
Index
Contents
Introduction Introduction
Hydration Heat and
Thermal Stress in
Concrete
Importance of prediction of long-term
Long-term deformation
Deformation of
Concrete
Fracture Mech. and
Researches in KAIST concrete lab.
Size Effect of
concrete
Classification of long-term deformation
Contents
Creep
Introduction
Hydration Heat and
• Basic Creep
Pickett effect
Thermal Stress in • Drying Creep
Concrete
Basic creep
Long-term Shrinkage
Deformation of
Concrete
• Plastic Shrinkage
Fracture Mech. and • Autogenous Shrinkage Elastic strain
Drying
shrinkage
Size Effect of • Drying Shrinkage
concrete Autogenous
• Carbonation Shrinkage shrinkage
Plastic shrinkage
Loading
Removal of form
Initial set
Creep models
Contents
CEB-FIP
Introduction  (t , t )  0  c (t  t )
Hydration Heat and 0.3
Thermal Stress in  (t  t ) 
Concrete 0   RH  ( f cu )  ( t )  c (t  t )   
  H  (t  t ) 
Long-term
Deformation of
Concrete ACI
Fracture Mech. and
Size Effect of
(t  t ')0.6
concrete
 (t , t )   u  2.35Ccu ChCt CsC f Ca
10  (t  t ') 0.6 u
B3
J (t , t )  q1  C0 (t , t ')  Cd (t , t ', t0 ) 106
C0 (t , t ') : basic creep Cd (t , t ', t0 ) : drying creep

Shrinkage
Contents
Plastic shrinkage
• Cause
Introduction
- surface evaporation  plastic shrinkage  tensile stress development  crack
Hydration Heat and
Thermal Stress in - When the amount of evaporation exceeds bleeding (1~4 hrs after placing)
Concrete
- Usually occurs in structures with large surface
Long-term
Deformation of P la s tic
Concrete W a te r lo s s
th r o u g h s h r in k a g e c r a c k s
Fracture Mech. and e v a p o r a t io n
Size Effect of
concrete
R a p i d lo s s o f w a t e r t h r o u g h e v a p o r a t io n c a u s e s c o n c r e t e t o r e d u c e in v o l u m e .
I f r e s t r a i n e d , t e n s io n d e v e l o p s , w h ic h m a y c a u s e c r a c k in g .
Shrinkage
Contents
Autogenous shrinkage
Introduction
Hydration Heat and
Thermal Stress in Right after W C
Concrete the palcing
Long-term
Deformation of
Concrete A u to g e n o u s
Fracture Mech. and s h ri n k a g e
Size Effect of
concrete During W Hy C P
hardening
C h e m ic a l
s h ri n k a g e
C : cement W : water P : pore H y : hydrate

Shrinkage
Contents
Drying shrinkage
• By moisture evaporation in the hardened concrete
Introduction
Hydration Heat and
Thermal Stress in
Concrete
Long-term
Deformation of
Concrete
Fracture Mech. and
Size Effect of
concrete
Shrinkage
Contents
Carbonation shrinkage
• Ca(OH)2 + CO2 + H2O → CaCO3 + 2H2O
Introduction • Affected by relative humidity
Hydration Heat and
Thermal Stress in -400
Concrete
Long-term Shrinkage due to
0
Deformation of carbonation
Concrete
Fracture Mech. and 400 Shrinkage
Size Effect of due to drying
concrete
800
1200
Total shrinkage
1500
due to drying
and subsequent
2000 carbonation
0 25 50 75 100
Drying shrinkage models
Contents
CEB-FIP
Introduction  sh (t , t s )   sho  s (t  t s ) here, ts : starting day of drying

Hydration Heat and
(t  t s )
 sho   s ( f cu )  RH  s (t  t s ) 
Thermal Stress in
Concrete
0.035 h2  (t  t s )
Long-term
Deformation of
Concrete ACI
Fracture Mech. and
(t  t0 )
Size Effect of
 sh (t , t0 )   sh,u
concrete
a  (t  t0 )
B3
 sh (t , t0 )   sh  kh S (t )
Differential drying shrinkage
Contents
Cause
• moisture content difference at every position in the
Introduction concrete by the diffusion
Hydration Heat and
Thermal Stress in
Concrete
Long-term
Deformation of
Concrete
Fracture Mech. and
Size Effect of
concrete
Contents
Equations related with moisture diffusion
J   Dw grad w w
Introduction  div( Dw grad w )
Hydration Heat and t
Thermal Stress in
Concrete J : moisture flux Dw : moisture diffusion coefficient
Long-term w : water content  function of w
Deformation of
Concrete
Fracture Mech. and
Size Effect of
concrete
Moisture diffusion coefficient suggested in CEB-FIP(90)
 1a 
D( h)  D1 a  
n 
 1  [(1  h) /(1  hc )] 
Contents
Introduction
Hydration Heat and
Thermal Stress in
Concrete
Long-term
Deformation of
Concrete
Fracture Mech. and
Size Effect of
concrete
Relationship btw Relationship btw

diffusion coeff. and RH diffusion coeff. and temp.
Analysis method
Contents
analytical method
Introduction
Hydration Heat and • EMM
Thermal Stress in
Concrete • AEMM
Long-term • RCM
Deformation of
Concrete • RFM
Fracture Mech. and
Size Effect of
concrete numerical method
• Step by Step Method(SSM)
Importance of prediction of
long-term deformation
Contents
Column shortening in high-rise building

Introduction
Hydration Heat and Prestress loss in the PS structures
Thermal Stress in
Concrete
Long-term deformation in beam and slab
Long-term
Deformation of
Concrete Expansion and reduction of the crack width
Fracture Mech. and
Size Effect of
concrete
Re-distribution of stress between steel and concrete
in RC member
Researches in KAIST
Contents
Introduction Autogenous shrinkage and basic creep

Hydration Heat and
Thermal Stress in
Concrete
Creep of concrete under multi-axial stresses
Long-term
Deformation of Differential drying shrinkage
Concrete
Fracture Mech. and
Size Effect of Study on column shortening
concrete
Autogenous shrinkage and basic creep
Contents
Introduction Existing basic creep model

Hydration Heat and
Thermal Stress in high strength and/or
Concrete early age concrete
elastic + creep
Long-term
Deformation of deformation
+ autogenous
shrinkage
autogenous
shrinkage
Concrete separation from
Fracture Mech. and basic creep
Size Effect of model
concrete
Applicability of basic creep model should be checked !

Contents
 Test 1 : Autogenous shrinkage and basic creep test for
various w/c ratios
Introduction
• Tested for four different types of concrete mix
Hydration Heat and
Thermal Stress in • Variables
Concrete
Long-term
 autogenous shrinkage test : w/c ratios - 30, 40, 50, and 60%
Deformation of  basic creep test : w/c ratios - 30, 40, 50, and 60%
Concrete
: loading ages - 1, 3, 7, and 28 days
Fracture Mech. and
Size Effect of
concrete
Concrete mix proportions
W/C unit weight (kgf/m3)
Ad
(%)
W C S G
30 175 583 591 999 1.0%

40 175 438 687 1031 0.6%
50 175 350 752 1031 0.3%
60 175 292 849 1030 0.1%

Contents
 Test 2 : Autogenous shrinkage and basic creep test
for various applied load
Introduction
• Tested for w/c ratio 30% at 1 day age
Hydration Heat and
Thermal Stress in • Variables
Concrete  basic creep test : applied load levels – 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, and 0.4fc’
Long-term
Deformation of
Concrete
Fracture Mech. and
Size Effect of
concrete
Autogenous shrinkage test Basic creep test for four stress levels
Contents
Autogenous shrinkage test
Introduction • Autogenous shrinkage drastically increases at early ages.

Hydration Heat and
Thermal Stress in 300
autogenous shrinkage (X10-6)

Concrete
Early age stage
Long-term
Deformation of 30 %
Concrete 40 %
200 50 %
Fracture Mech. and 60 %
Size Effect of
concrete Hardening stage
100
0
0 20 40 60
age (days)
Measured autogenous shrinkage strains
Contents
Apparent and real basic creep
Introduction
Hydration Heat and
Thermal Stress in
 autogenous(t , t ' )
autogenous
Concrete shrinkage
from t’ to t
Long-term
Deformation of
Concrete
Fracture Mech. and
Size Effect of
concrete
 total (t , t ' )
apparent basic creep autogenous
shrinkage
from t’ to t J apparent(t , t ' ) 
 (t ' )
real basic
creep  total (t , t ' )   autogenous(t , t ' )
J real (t , t ' ) 
 (t ' )
elastic strain
Contents
Basic creep test for various w/c ratios
• The difference between real and apparent creep compliance
Introduction function is clearly visible in case of loading at 1 and 3 days.
Hydration Heat and
Thermal Stress in 160 160
Concrete W/C = 40%
W/C = 30%
Long-term real
t’ = 1 day real
t’ = 1 day
Deformation of apparent apparent
J (t, t') (X10-6 / MPa)
120 120
Concrete
Fracture Mech. and t’ = 3 days t’ = 3 days
Size Effect of
80 80
concrete t’ = 7 days t’ = 7 days
40 t’ = 28 days
40
t’ = 28 days
0 0
0 20 40 60 0 20 40 60
age (days) age (days)
Apparent and real basic creep compliance functions with age

Contents
Basic creep test for four applied load levels
Introduction 1000
Total strain including autogenous shrinkage
t’ = 1 day, W/C = 30% 1000 t’ = 1 day, W/C = 30%
Total strain excluding autogenous shrinkage

fc’ = 23MPa fc’ = 23MPa
Hydration Heat and 0.4fc'
Thermal Stress in 800 800 0.4fc'
Concrete
0.3fc'
Long-term
( 10-6)
( 10-6)
Deformation of 600 600 0.3fc'
Concrete 0.2fc'
Fracture Mech. and 400 400 0.2fc'

Size Effect of 0.1fc'
concrete
0.1fc'
200 autogenous 200
shrinkage
autogenous
shrinkage
0 0
0 10 20 30 0 10 20 30
t - t' (days) t - t' (days)
Total strain including and excluding autogenous shrinkage

Contents
The comparison of apparent and real basic creep
• Real basic creep can be obtained from conventional basic creep tests
Introduction by simply subtracting the autogenous shrinkage in a stress-free state.
Hydration Heat and
Thermal Stress in
Concrete
Long-term
Deformation of
Concrete
Fracture Mech. and
Size Effect of
concrete
Apparent and real basic creep compliance functions with age

Creep of concrete under
multiaxial stresses
Contents
Concrete is generally subjected to multiaxial stresses in many
structures.
Introduction
Hydration Heat and
Thermal Stress in
Concrete
Long-term
Deformation of
Concrete
Fracture Mech. and
Size Effect of
concrete
Multiaxial Stress
Uniaxial Stress
multiaxial stresses
Contents
Experimental apparatus
Introduction
Hydration Heat and
Thermal Stress in
Concrete
Long-term
Deformation of
Concrete
Fracture Mech. and
Size Effect of
concrete
Biaxial stress state Triaxial stress state

multiaxial stresses
Contents
Creep Poisson’s ratio
Introduction
Hydration Heat and 0.25 0.25 0.25
uniaxial stress
Thermal Stress in
Creep Poisson's ratio
biaxial stress
Creep Poisson'ratio
Concrete
Creep Poisson'ratio
triaxial stress
0.20 0.20 0.20
Long-term
Deformation of
Concrete
0.15 0.15 0.15
Fracture Mech. and
Size Effect of CI CII CIII
concrete 0.10 0.10 0.10
0 20 40 60 0 20 40 60 80 0 20 40 60 80
Time(day)
Time(days)
multiaxial stresses
Contents
Effective creep Poisson’s ratio

Introduction
Hydration Heat and
Thermal Stress in 0.25 0.25 0.25
Effective Poisson's ratio
Concrete uniaxial stress
Effective Poisson'ratio
Effective Poisson'ratio
biaxial stress
Long-term triaxial stress
Deformation of 0.20 0.20 0.20
Concrete
Fracture Mech. and
Size Effect of 0.15 0.15 0.15
concrete
CI CII CIII
0.10 0.10 0.10
0 20 40 60 0 20 40 60 80 0 20 40 60 80
Time(day)
Time(days)
multiaxial stresses
Contents
Volumetric components of stress and creep strain
Introduction
Hydration Heat and 300 300 300
Thermal Stress in t - t' = 1 day t - t' = 1 day t - t' = 1 day
t - t' = 4 days
Volumetric creep strain(X10 )

t - t' = 4 days

-6
t - t' = 4 days
-6
Concrete
-6
250 250 250

t - t' = 7 days t - t' = 7 days t - t' = 7 days
Long-term t - t' = 28 days t - t' = 28 days t - t' = 28 days
200 200 t - t' = 72 days 200
t - t' = 60 days t - t' = 80 days
Deformation of
Concrete 150 150 150
Fracture Mech. and 100 100 100

Size Effect of
concrete 50 50 50
0 0 0
0 1 2 3 4 5 0 1 2 3 4 50 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Mean normal stress(MPa) Mean Normal stress(MPa) Mean normal stress(MPa)
CI CII CIII
multiaxial stresses
Contents
Deviatoric components of stress and creep strain
Introduction
t - t' = 1 day t - t' = 1 day t - t' = 1 day
Root mean shear creep(X10 )
Thermal Stress in
-6

t - t' = 4 days

t - t' = 4 days t - t' = 4 days
-6
-6
Concrete t - t' = 7 days t - t' = 7 days t - t' = 7 days
150 150 t - t' = 28 days 150 t - t' = 28 days
t - t' = 28 days
Long-term t - t' = 72 days t - t' = 80 days
t - t' = 60 days
Deformation of
Concrete 100 100 100
Fracture Mech. and

Size Effect of
50 50 50
concrete
0 0 0
0 1 2 3 4 50 1 2 3 4 50 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Root mean shear stress(MPa) Root mean shear stress(MPa) Root mean shear stress(MPa)
CI CII CIII
Contents
Measurement of RH
Introduction
Hydration Heat and
Thermal Stress in
Concrete
Long-term
Deformation of
Concrete
Fracture Mech. and
Size Effect of
concrete
Specimen
Contents
• Relative humidity at each point with time (t0 = 3 days)
Introduction
1.0 1.0 1.0
Hydration Heat and
Thermal Stress in
0.9 0.9 0.9
Concrete
relative humidity
relative humidity
relative humidity
Long-term 0.8 0.8 0.8

Deformation of
Concrete
0.7 3cm 0.7 3cm 0.7 3cm
Fracture Mech. and 7cm 7cm 7cm
Size Effect of 12cm 12cm 12cm
0.6 analysis 0.6 analysis 0.6 analysis
concrete
0.5 0.5 0.5

0 40 80 120 0 40 80 120 0 40 80 120
drying time (days) drying time (days) drying time (days)
w/c = 0.28 w/c = 0. 40 w/c = 0.68

Contents
• Relative humidity at each point with time (t0 = 28 days)
Introduction
1.0 1.0 1.0
Hydration Heat and
Thermal Stress in
Concrete 0.9 0.9 0.9
relative humidity
relative humidity
relative humidity
Long-term
Deformation of 0.8 0.8 0.8
Concrete
0.7 3cm 0.7 3cm 0.7 3cm
Fracture Mech. and 7cm 7cm 7cm
Size Effect of 12cm 12cm 12cm
concrete 0.6 analysis 0.6 analysis 0.6 analysis
0.5 0.5 0.5

0 40 80 120 160 200 240 0 40 80 120 160 200 240 0 40 80 120 160 200 240
w/c = 0.28 w/c = 0. 40 w/c = 0.68
Contents
• Shrinkage strain at each point with time (t0 = 3 days)
Introduction
3cm 3cm 3cm
Thermal Stress in 7cm 7cm 7cm
shrinkage strain (X10-6)

shrinkage strain (X10 -6)

Concrete 12cm 12cm 12cm
400 analysis 400 analysis 400 analysis
Long-term
Deformation of
200 200 200
Concrete
Fracture Mech. and
Size Effect of 0 0 0
concrete
-200 -200 -200
0 40 80 120 0 40 80 120 0 40 80 120
w/c = 0.28 w/c = 0. 40 w/c = 0.68

Contents
• Shrinkage strain at each point with time (t0 = 3 days)
Introduction
600 600 600
Hydration Heat and 3cm 3cm 3cm
7cm 7cm 7cm
shrinkage strain (X10-6)

Thermal Stress in 12cm 12cm 12cm
Concrete 400 analysis 400 analysis 400 analysis
Long-term
Deformation of
200 200 200
Concrete
Fracture Mech. and
Size Effect of 0 0 0
concrete
-200 -200 -200
0 40 80 120 160 200 240 0 40 80 120 160 200 240 0 40 80 120 160 200 240
w/c = 0.28 w/c = 0. 40 w/c = 0.68

Study on column shortening
Contents
Importance of the study
Introduction
Hydration Heat and Differential Serviceability and Demands for reasonable
Thermal Stress in column shortening safety problems prediction of shortening
Concrete
Long-term
Deformation of
Concrete Interior
Fracture Mech. and column
Exterior
Size Effect of column
concrete
Crack
Distortion of wall
Deformation of anchor of elevator

Contents Needs of prediction of column shortening in SRC columns
Introduction
Hydration Heat and
Thermal Stress in
Concrete
Long-term
Deformation of
Concrete
Fracture Mech. and
Size Effect of
concrete
Contents
Characteristic of SRC columns and analysis procedures
Introduction
Hydration Heat and
Thermal Stress in
d𝜀𝑠ℎ = 𝑘𝑠ℎ dℎ
Concrete
Long-term
Deformation of
Concrete
𝜀𝑠ℎ : drying shrinkage
Fracture Mech. and
Size Effect of ℎ : relative humidity
concrete H1 H2 at a point in the section
H1 > H2
d 𝑓𝑠 (ℎ)
𝑘𝑠ℎ = 𝜀𝑠0 𝑔𝑠 (𝑡)
dℎ
 s0 : ultimate shrinkage
H3 H3 < H4 H4
𝑓𝑠 (ℎ) = 1 − ℎ3
H : Relative humidity
Contents
Analysis program
Analysis of moisture
Introduction diffusion Calculate initial strain and curvature
at time 𝒕𝟎
Hydration Heat and
Thermal Stress in
Concrete
Relative humidity Calculate free shrinkage strain and
Long-term distribution in creep strain at each location of
Deformation of concrete concrete
Concrete
Fracture Mech. and
Size Effect of Calculate the restraining stress
concrete
Calculate the restraining resultants
Calculate the strain at a reference

point 0 and curvature at time t
Calculate the strain at each location

and stress at time t
Contents
Differential drying shrinkage analysis result
□ 60cm each side, covering depth 10cm

Introduction
□ w/c = 0.3
Hydration Heat and
Thermal Stress in □ Environmental condition : 20℃, 65% Plain
Concrete
Long-term
Deformation of
Concrete
Fracture Mech. and
Size Effect of
concrete H
Cross
Contents
Study on long-term deformation depending on the finishing materials
□ w/c = 0.3
Introduction □ Environmental condition : 20℃, 40%
Hydration Heat and □ Finishing material : oil-paint, water-paint, waterproofer
Thermal Stress in
Concrete
[Drying shinkage]
Long-term [Creep]
Deformation of
Concrete
Fracture Mech. and
Size Effect of
concrete
Contents
Gradual development of the global stiffness matrix
Introduction
Hydration Heat and  
Thermal Stress in  
Concrete
 [ K Local1 ] 
Long-term  
Deformation of  [ K shore1 ] 
Concrete
 
Fracture Mech. and  
Size Effect of
concrete
K Global   
 
 
 
 
sequence 1  
 
 
Contents
Introduction
 
Hydration Heat and  
Thermal Stress in
Concrete
 [ K Local1 ] 
 
Long-term
 [ K shore1 ] 
 
Deformation of
Concrete sequence 2 [ K Local2 ]
 
Fracture Mech. and
Size Effect of
K Global   [ K shore2 ] 
concrete  
 
 
 
sequence 1  
 
 
Contents
Introduction
Hydration Heat and
Thermal Stress in
Concrete  
Long-term sequence 3  
Deformation of  [ K Local1 ] 
Concrete  
Fracture Mech. and  [ K shore1 ] 
Size Effect of  [ K Local2 ] 
concrete
sequence 2  
 
 [ K Local3 ] 
 [ K shore3 ] 
 
sequence 1  
 
 
Contents
Introduction
Hydration Heat and
Thermal Stress in  
Concrete
sequence 3  
Long-term  [ K Local1 ] 
Deformation of  
Concrete
 
Fracture Mech. and  [ K Local2 ] 
Size Effect of sequence 2  
concrete
 
 [ K Local3 ] 
sequence 4  [ K shore3 ] 
 
sequence 1  
 
 
Contents
Introduction
Hydration Heat and
Thermal Stress in
Concrete  
Long-term sequence 3  
Deformation of  [ K Local1 ] 
Concrete  
Fracture Mech. and
sequence 5
 
Size Effect of  [ K Local2 ] 
concrete sequence 2  
 
 [ K Local3 ] 
sequence 4  [ K shore3 ] 
 
sequence 1  
 
 
Contents
Introduction
Hydration Heat and
Thermal Stress in
Concrete
sequence 6  
sequence 3  
Long-term  [ K Local1 ] 
Deformation of
Concrete
 
sequence 5
 
Fracture Mech. and  [ K Local2 ] 
Size Effect of
sequence 2  
concrete
 
 [ K Local3 ] 
sequence 4  
 
sequence 1  
 
 
Contents
Result of column shortening analysis
Modeled
Introduction
part
C216
Hydration Heat and
C214 C236
Thermal Stress in •Overall trend of
Concrete analysis result
Long-term coincide with
Deformation of
Concrete measured data
Fracture Mech. and •Because of the lack
Size Effect of of construction
concrete
information and
accuracy of
measurement,
errors exist.
Fracture Mechanics and
Size Effect of Concrete
Index
Contents
Introduction Introduction
Hydration Heat and
Thermal Stress in
Concrete
Necessity of fracture mechanics in concrete
Long-term
Deformation of Fracture mechanics in concrete
Concrete
Fracture Mech. and
Size Effect of
Size effect of concrete
concrete
Introduction
Contents
Fracture mechanics ?
• Applied mechanics combined with material science to study structure with
Introduction
discontinuity like holes or cracks
Hydration Heat and
Thermal Stress in
Concrete
Fracture Mechanics (LEFM)
Long-term
Deformation of • 1921 Griffith : Stress cannot be used as a standard of fracture if
Concrete there’s a crack, Suggestion of energy criterion.
Fracture Mech. and • ~1940 Fracture mechanics is applicable to brittle materials only.
Size Effect of
concrete
• 1940’s Development of F.M. after the accident of ‘Liberty’ ships.
• 1957 Irwin : Introduction of stress-intensity factor
• 1968 Rice : stress and strain field are related with energy release
rate by Using J-integral
• 1971 Begley : Experimental standards of J-integral
• 1978 Shih : Suggestion of theoretical background to apply
J-integral into the fracture design
Introduction
Contents
Fracture Mechanics (NLFM)
• 1958 Irwin : Error occurs when using LEFM because of the size of
Introduction plastic region at the crack tip
Suggestion and development of R-curve concept
Hydration Heat and
Thermal Stress in • 1959, 62 Barenblatt : cohesive crack model
Concrete Relationship between resistance of crack growth
Long-term and atomic bond energy
Deformation of • 1960 Dugdale : Suggestion of linear fracture model in plastic region
Concrete having constant plastic stress
Fracture Mech. and Fracture of ductile material with adequate plastic
Size Effect of region can be modeled well
concrete
Fracture Mechanics of Concrete

• 1976 Hillerborg : Suggestion of ‘fictitious crack model’
• 1983 Bazant : Development of ‘crack band model’
• 1984 Bazant : Suggestion of size effect law
Necessity of fracture mech. in concrete
Contents
Size Effect
• Primary reason of introducing fracture mechanics in concrete
Introduction
Hydration Heat and
Thermal Stress in
Concrete
Long-term
Deformation of
Concrete
Fracture Mech. and
Size Effect of
concrete
Contents
Energy concept
• Necessity of energy criterion (energy for crack growth)
Introduction
Objectivity of analysis
Hydration Heat and
Thermal Stress in • Define the energy dissipated per unit crack length or crack band
Concrete
(Independent of division of the element)
Long-term
Deformation of
Concrete
Fracture Mech. and
Size Effect of
concrete
Contents
Limit on yielding area
Introduction
Hydration Heat and
Thermal Stress in
Concrete
Long-term
Deformation of
Concrete
Fracture Mech. and
Size Effect of
concrete
Contents
Energy absorption and ductility
• Fracture energy decides ductility of the structure.
Introduction
• By performing plastic limit analysis, we cannot know the
stress and energy after the maximum stress point.
Hydration Heat and
Thermal Stress in
Concrete
Long-term
Deformation of
Concrete
Fracture Mech. and
Size Effect of
concrete
Fracture mech. in concrete
Contents
Mechanism of crack development in concrete
•Interface between mortar

Introduction
matrix and aggregate is
Hydration Heat and
Thermal Stress in Potential shear plane weak for crack
Concrete Longitudinal shear S
Bond failure plus lateral tension T
S
Long-term due to tension T T
S
Deformation of and shear
•When concrete is under
Concrete Mortar restrained Bond broken
by aggregate texture uni-axial compressive stress,
Fracture Mech. and tensile strain occurs
Tensile strain
Size Effect of
Aggregate particle orthogonally
concrete
Bond failure
due to tension •Crack is developed at the
Bond intact
"Flow" of soft mortar interface between mortar
past hard particle
and aggregate by tension
Mortar
matrix
Contents
• Cracks around aggregates
Introduction
Hydration Heat and
Thermal Stress in
Concrete
Long-term
Deformation of
Concrete
Fracture Mech. and
Size Effect of
concrete
Contents

Introduction
• Stress and strain distribution around the aggregates
Hydration Heat and
Thermal Stress in A A
Concrete
15 15
Long-term
Deformation of
Concrete 10 10
Fracture Mech. and

Size Effect of 5 5
concrete
0 0
B 100 170 200 300 400 B 460 1000 2000
Stress (kg/cm 2) Strain 10 -6
Stress distribution Strain distribution

Contents
• stress near the aggregates
Introduction
Hydration Heat and
Thermal Stress in
0
Concrete   3 0 • Concrete is a material containing
Long-term lots of voids and flaws
Deformation of
Concrete a
Fracture Mech. and    0 (1  2 )
Size Effect of
b • If there is a void, the higher stress
concrete than the outside occurs
b
a
   when b  0
•If the crack is very sharp, very
large stress at the crack tip is
2a developed
0
Contents
Fracture Process Zone(FPZ) in concrete
Applied load, P
Introduction
Hydration Heat and
Thermal Stress in 
Concrete
ft
Long-term
Deformation of
Concrete Aggregates
Fracture Mech. and
Size Effect of
concrete
Fracture
Micro-cracks
Initial crack process zone
• Long and slender shape

• Length is relatively long
• Proportional to da (width and length)
• Independent on the size of structures
• Strongly affected by concrete strength
Contents Fracture criterion of concrete
• Fracture mech. criterion
Introduction
P K I   N  a f (a )
Hydration Heat and
Thermal Stress in
Concrete P
CTOD
Long-term
Deformation of CMOD
Concrete
initial crack GF
Fracture Mech. and
Size Effect of a CMOD
concrete P - CMOD curve
P
• fracture mechanical criterion

- KIC : KI at maximum load
- CTODc : CTOD at maximum load
- GF : area of P - CMOD curve
Contents
Why is it observed?
Introduction
Hydration Heat and • Stress concentration on the inherent or developed crack
Thermal Stress in
Concrete
Long-term
Deformation of Factors affecting size effect
Concrete
Fracture Mech. and • Microcrack development area (FPZ area)
Size Effect of
concrete • Ratio between the area of FPZ and the size of the member
Contents
Size effect law
Introduction
Hydration Heat and
Thermal Stress in
Concrete
Long-term
Deformation of
Concrete
Fracture Mech. and
Size Effect of
concrete
Modification of size effect law with
dissimilar initial crack
Contents
 Modified size effect law
Introduction  Prediction of strength of structures with no initial crack or

Hydration Heat and dissimilar initial cracks
Thermal Stress in
 Add size independent term, α f t ' to the size effect law of Bazant
Concrete
Long-term
Deformation of
Concrete Bf t '
Fracture Mech. and
σN   α ft '
d
Size Effect of 1
concrete λo da
σ N =fracture strength d =characteristic length of member

d a =maximum size of aggregate f t ' =tensile strength
B, λ o=experimental coefficient α f t ' =size independent strength
Contents
Introduction
Hydration Heat and
Thermal Stress in
Concrete
Long-term
Deformation of
Concrete
Fracture Mech. and
Size Effect of
concrete
Dissimilar crack
Contents
Introduction
Hydration Heat and
Thermal Stress in
Concrete
Long-term
Deformation of
Concrete
Fracture Mech. and
Size Effect of
concrete
Contents
Shear strength
Introduction
Hydration Heat and
Thermal Stress in
Concrete
Long-term
Deformation of
Concrete
Fracture Mech. and
Size Effect of
concrete
Shear stress with the effective depth

Contents
Prediction of shear strength

Introduction Size effect for compressive strength of concrete
Hydration Heat and
Thermal Stress in Tensile cracking behavior at early ages
Concrete
Long-term
Deformation of
Concrete
Fracture Mech. and
Size Effect of
concrete
Prediction of shear strength
Contents
Introduction
Hydration Heat and
Thermal Stress in
Concrete
Long-term
Deformation of
Concrete
Fracture Mech. and
Size Effect of
concrete
Comparison of various equations with increasing d (a/d≥3.0)

Size effect for compressive strength
of concrete
Contents
Introduction
Hydration Heat and
Thermal Stress in
Concrete
Long-term
Deformation of Size effect for axial compressive strength
Concrete
Fracture Mech. and
Size Effect of
concrete
Size effect for flexural compressive strength

Contents
Axial compressive strength
Introduction
Hydration Heat and
Thermal Stress in
Concrete
Long-term
Deformation of
Concrete
Fracture Mech. and
Size Effect of
concrete
 0.4 
fcu ( h, d )    0.8 fcu
 1  0.2d ( h / d  1) 
Contents
Flexural compressive strength
Introduction
Hydration Heat and
Thermal Stress in
Concrete
Long-term
Deformation of
Concrete
Fracture Mech. and
Size Effect of
concrete
0.68 f cu
f cu (c, h)   0.53 f cu
1  1/ 2.6c(h / c  1/ 3)
Tensile cracking behavior at early ages
Contents
• Wedge splitting test specimens were manufactured for three
types of concrete strength such as LS, NS, and HS concrete.
Introduction
Hydration Heat and
Thermal Stress in
Concrete
Long-term
Deformation of Concrete mix proportions
Concrete
Fracture Mech. and W/C unit weight (kgf/m3)
Size Effect of Type
(%) W C S G
concrete
LS 70 185 268 726 1002
NS 55 185 342 727 1030
HS 30 160 533 712 1090
Specimen geometry
Contents
Introduction
Hydration Heat and
Thermal Stress in
Concrete
Gage setting
Long-term Specimen setting
Deformation of
Concrete
Fracture Mech. and Vertical loading
Size Effect of
concrete • Tests performed at 1, 3, 7, 14
and 28 days
• Measurements from two COD

gages along the crack and one
CMOD gage at the location of
roller axis
Application of splitting force

Contents
Test results
Introduction
• Load-CMOD curves characterize tensile cracking behaviors.
Hydration Heat and • Obtained curves are analyzed in development of age-dependent
Thermal Stress in
Concrete model.
Long-term
Deformation of
Horizontal load-CMOD curve
Concrete 7
1.5 days
1 day 1 day
Fracture Mech. and 6 3.5 days
3 days 3.25 days
7.75 days
Size Effect of 7 days 7.33 days
5 14.75 days
14 days 14.75 days
Horizontal load(kN)
concrete 28 days
28.5 days 28 days
4
0
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
CMOD(mm) CMOD(mm) CMOD(mm)
LS concrete NS concrete HS concrete

Contents Test results

• COD at peak load decreases as age and strength increase.
Introduction • More brittle behavior is shown as age and strength increase.
Hydration Heat and
Thermal Stress in
Concrete
Crack opening displacement at peak load
Long-term
Deformation of
0.18
Concrete 1 day 1 day
3 days 1.5 days 3.25 days
0.15
Fracture Mech. and 7 days 3.5 days 7.33 days
14 days 7.75 days 14.75 days
Size Effect of 0.12 28 days 14.75 days 28 days
concrete 28.5 days
COD(mm)
0.09
0.06
0.03
0.00
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 0 20 40 60 80 100 120
Distance from crack tip(mm) Distance from crack tip(mm) Distance from crack tip(mm)
LS concrete NS concrete HS concrete

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Your Attention !

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Presentation for Research Works

Prof. Jin-Keun Kim

Dept. of Civil and Environmental Eng.

April 18th, 2013

• Hydration Heat and Thermal Stress in Concrete

• Long-term Deformation of Concrete

• Fracture Mechanics and Size Effect of Concrete

Fracture Mech. and

Area : 99,720 km2

2 Concrete production around the world

• 8% of the total CO2 emission around the world

Fracture Mech. and

Size Effect of 40,000,000

Fracture Mech. and

Total: 909 professors & 8,933 students

Introduction Jin-Keun Kim

□ Material properties of concrete

□ Development of fiber-reinforced composite (ECC)

- Size effect for beam

- Creep test for shear wall

□ Prediction of thermal stress, thermal concrete properties, strength

□ Development of quantitative techniques of early age properties of

□ Development of measuring & analyzing system using image

Long-term • Self-consolidating ECC

4 to those produced by normal casting process,

Fracture Mech. and

Year 2003 (2003.9~2004.8)

Post NRL (2009.3~2011.2)

• State of the Art

Performance-based Structural performance

New nondestructive Systematic prediction

□ Prediction of long term deformation for various types of columns

< Equipment for measuring

Application of Stress Device in Field

Equipment for Measuring Adiabatic Temperature Rise

Heat of Hydration in Concrete

It is necessary to establish the adequate prediction model of

Heat Transfer in Concrete

Heat transfer in concrete depends on thermal conductivity,

Thermal Properties of Concrete

Thermal Properties of Concrete

Introduction Thermal transfer mechanism at boundary

- irradiation qir  εσ (T4  TS4 ) qir  hr (T  TS )

- solar radiation qS  αSGS

Introduction Thermal transfer mechanism at boundary

- irradiation qir  εσ (T4  TS4 ) qir  hr (T  TS )

- solar radiation qS  αSGS

Model equations (developed at KAIST Concrete Lab.)

20 Proposed by JCI Proposed by JCI

Fracture Mech. and 2.5

1.5 Fuel-ash concrete Experimental equipment (QTM-D3)

Conductivity (kcal/m h oC)

Conductivity (kcal/m h oC)

Introduction kc  kref  λAG  λT  λS/A  λR

λS/A  0.86  0.0036( S/A)

λR  0.8[1.62  1.54(W/C )]  0.2 Rh

40 Wood (10mm) plate

Heat transfer coeffient

Fracture Mech. and 30 where, Lf : thickness of formwork

E 0  42 ,830  43( T  273 ) S : compressive strength,

Calculated relative compressive strength

Calculated splitting tensile strength (MPa)

Calculated elastic modulus (GPa)