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    tratoraists mean people who Were engaged in ivities. Scentitic Forestry mean fe methods or sok his system of ontrotted by the forest department, in ’ are cut and new ones planted Commercial Forestry is the use of forest products eoammercial purposes Forests are natural ecosystems having trees of ditt Seont guvies and vegetation of diferent kinds and paviding habitat to different species of animals, Deforestation refers to disappearance of forests and snot a recent problem, The process began mai ceotutiesago, but under colonial rule it became more astematic and extensive. Mahua (Madhuea Indica) trees are precious, ofthese trees can be eaten orused toma sadseais can be used to make oil. Skepersare wooden planks laid across railway tracks ‘obold the tracks in position. Dietrich Brandis was the first Inspector General of Avests in India, He set up the Indian Forest Service 864 and helped to formulate the L865 Indian ‘low ke alcohol Tamgya Cultivation was a system in which local Somers in Burma were allowed to cultivate tempor ‘Ywithina plantation. The men make holes in the soil ‘Sg long bamboo poles with inon tips and women Aw paddy in each hole, Forest Society and Colonialism atone, The Imperial Forest School, Dehra Dun is the first forestry school to be inaugurated in the British apire, Shifting Agriculture means that agricultural activi- ties are done on a particular plot for a short period atter parts of the forest are cut and burnt in rotation. ‘The area thus cleared, is used for cultivation for a couple of years and then left fallow for some years for the forest to grow and its replenishment, Bastar Kingdom in 1947 was menged with Kanker Kingdom and become Bastar district in Madhya Pradesh, In 1998, it was divided again into three distriots, Kanker, Bastar and Dantewada, In 2001, all these became parts of Chhattisgarh, Many com- munities live in this region, such as Maria and Mura Gonds, Dhurwas, Bhatras and Halbas, Java [stand in Indonesia is now famous for tice pro~ duction was once richly covered with teak. It is the place where the Duteh started forest management and like the British, they also wanted timber from here to ‘build ships. Most of Indonesia's forests are located in islands like Sumatra, Kalimantan and West Irian. FOREST MANAGEMENT IN THE COLO- NIAL PERIOD Shifting Cultivators: practiced ‘slash and burn agriculture’ or ‘swidden agriculture’ for centuries, uropean foresters regarded! this practice harmful 1LD.16 é ont decided for the forests and the British Government com to ban shifting cultivation, As a resull, many placed from their hom jession Was munities were forcibly in the forests and their centuries old prot stopped once for all Nomadic and Pastoral Communities like the K- nd Yerukula of the Madras Presidency s of livelihood because of the reser s by the British Government. Earlier these people and their cattle depended totally on the forest trom which they were deprived because of the ment, aber and Forest Produce lost vation policy of the British. They could no longer cut trees and collect timber because that was now badly needed by the British to build their ships and railway sleepers. Plantation Owners, mainly Europeans, stood to gain by the changes brought in the forest management. Large areas of natural forests were cleared by the plantation owners to establish huge plantations of tea, coffee and rubber to meet Europe’s growing need. The Indian Kings and British Officials were al- lowed to hunt freely in the reserved forests. Under the colonial rule, the hunting increased to such an extent that various species became extinct, A large number of tigers, leopards, wolves were killed as sporting trophy. Hunting or shikar became a sport Later the environmentalists and conservators realised that many species of animals needed to be protected and not killed. FORESTS AFFECTED BY WARS. Forests are affected by wars due to various reasons such as * The defending armies hid themselves and their war materials under the cover of forests to avoid detection. As such enemy forces also targeted forest areas as a general practice. * To meet war needs, sometimes forests were cut indiscriminately. * Fearing the capture of forest areas by the enemy, sometimes, the existing governments themselves Study Package for yy Ney eut doen the tees Feces. Such an gy happened in vlna when the Dutch yy ment elt dhat area under Weir Control yur . to the Japanese. mes, the occupying, Forces reckley, forests for their own War industrieg « Somet down fone by the Japanese during the occu resin in the Second World War, NY cup 8 vay pation 7 Indon REASONS FOR CULTIVATION Expay, SION IN THE COLONIAL PERIOp +The British encouraged the cultivation of ga, mercial erops like ule, Sugar, wheat and coq + They tied to inerease the yield of agrcuiny products. + They tried to increase their revenue and enhang the income of the state through rapid expanse, of agricultural activities. REVOLT AGAINST THE BRITISH By THE PEOPLE OF BASTAR * The British Government tried to reserve the fy. ests which deprived these people of their righ to collect forest products which used to be ther livelihoods. © The British also discouraged ‘shifting cultvatiog which was practiced by these people. © People were suffering from increased land rens and frequent demands for free labour and goods by colonial officials. AUC 1, The 1910 rebellion first started in the area and soon spread to other parts of the state, (a) Deep forest (©) Kanger forest (d) High forest 2. The of Java were a community! skilled forest cutters and shifting cultivators. (a) Bihangs (b) Nihangs (©) Rihangs (d) Kalangs (b) Boson forest cy and Colonialism we etrich Brandis was the 5) First Postmaster General (t) Fist Governor of Forest Administration (© First Inspector General of Forests in In. dia @ First Supervisor of Forests. 4, Which ofthe following was the most essential joe colonial trade and movement of goods? () Roadways (©) Railways, (0) Airways (@) Riverways 5, Who among the following were well-known ~ gsilled forest cutters? (@) Maasais of Aftica (p) Kalangas of Java (©) Gonds of Orissa (@ Mundas of Chhotanagpur 6, Actoss India, from Mizoram to Kerala, Many forests thrived because (@) Government restricted cutting-of trees ) Villages protected forests as sacred groves (©) Local residents resisted cutting of forests (@ Forest with dangerous animals survived as no one dared to enter these forests Which of the following decision was taken by the Forest Act 1878? (@) All forests were to be brought under the control of the Forest Department. (0) Forests were to be divided into three cat- egories. (©) Forests were to be cleared for cultivation. (@) People’s entry to all types of forests was to be restricted. 8. Latex can be collected from which of the fol- lowing trees? (@) Rubbertree __(b) _Eucalyprus tree (©) Deodar tree (4) Pine tree Which of the following forest communities 1s wrongly matched with the place of their liv- ing? () Santhals — Jharkhand (0) Gonds — Chhattisgarh (©) Korava — Madras Presidency (@) Oraon — Chhattisgarh F 7 . At which of the following places, did = ie lagers rise in revolt against the colonial 8° Ment? (@) Rajasthan Midi (©) Bastar Cartes (@) Uttarakhand EEL Sy 1, What is the goal of governments across Asia and Aftica since the 1980s? (@) Conservation of forests (b) Collection of timber (C) Settling people in forest areas (@) Destroying old forests and ‘growing new ones x The Forest Act of 1878 divided forests into (@) reserved and protected forests (b) protected and village forests (©) bio-sphere reserves and wild life sanctuar- ies (@) reserved, protected and village forests .. What was the policy followed by the British in India towards forests during the First and the Second World Wars? (@) The forest department cut trees freely to ‘meet British war needs (b) Cutting of trees was strictly prohibited for everyone, including the British (©) More and more trees were planted to give employment to Indians (@ None of these According to the forest laws enacted by the Dutch in Java, (@) Villagers’ access to forest was restricted (b) Wood could be cut only for specified pur- poses like making river boats or construct- ing houses (©) Villagers were punished for grazing cattle @ Allof these Who wrote the book “The Forests of India” in the year 1923? t (@) David Spurr —_(b) ELP. Stebbing (©) Verrier Elvin’ (@) John Middleton Which of the following is a community of skilled forest cutters? (a) Maasais of Africa (b) Mundas of Chotanagpur (©) Gonds of Orissa = s ILD.18 2 s (@) Kalangs of Java .. Wooden planks lay across railway tracks to hold these tracks in a position are called: (a) Beams (b) Sleepers (© Rail fasteners (4) none ofthese Which of the following is a commercial crop? (@) Rice (b) Wheat (©) Cotton @ Maize i Which of the following is not associated with Swidden agriculture? (a) Karacha (b), Jum (©) Bewar (@) Penda . Which of the following was the most essen- tial for the colonial trade and movement of goods? (@) Roadways (b) Railways (©) Airways (@) River ways + Which of the following was not a tribal com- munity? (a) Karacha (b) Jum (c) Korava (@® Yerukula . In South-East Asia shifting agriculture is known as: (a) Chitemene (©) Lading (b) Tavy @ Milpa . The system of scientific forestry stands for: (@) System whereby the local farmers were allowed to cultivate temporarily within a plantation (©) System of cutting old trees and planting new ones (©) Division of forest into three categories (d) Disappearance of forests Indian Forest Service was set up in the year: (@) 1865 (b) 1864 (©) 1854 @ 1884 . In which year the Baster rebellion took place? (@) 1910 (b) 1909 (©) 1911 @ 1912 . Why did the government decide to ban shifting cultivation? Study: Pace fornia Ntse (a) To grow trees for railway timber (b) When a forest was burnt, there was y, danger of destroying valuable timbg. (0) Difficulties for the Bovernment to calcula taxes (@ All the above reasons 17. The Gond forest community belongs o yi, of the following states? (a) Chhattisgarh (b) Jharkhand (©) Jammu and Kashmir (@) Gujarat . Which of the following term is not associateg with shifting agriculture in India? (a) Penda (b) Bewar (©) Khandad (d) Ladin 19. Which of the following is not a local name of shifting cultivation? (a) Milpa (b) Rabi (©) Tavy (@ Jhum 20. At which of the following places, the villagers rose in revolt against the Colonial Govern. ment? (a) Ranabagh (6) Midnapore (@) Nazipur (d) Bastar SaaS Elementary Level Thinking Questions L© 2@ 3. © 406) 5 6&0) 7.0) 8 @ 9@ 100 Higher Level Thinking Questions | 1@ 2@ 30 4@ 50 6@ 70) &8© 9@ 10.0 MQ) 12. ©) 13.) 14.) 15. @ 16. (b) 17. @) 18, (d) 19. (&) 20. @) Modern World: Pastoralists, Peasants and Farmers agals of easter Garhwal are vast natural pastures variety of grasses, roots and herbs. By monsoon, nthe high mountains, above 12,000 feet. They are these pastures are thick with vegetation and carpeted snier snow in the winter and come tolife after April. with wild flowers. stihs time the entire mountainside is covered with 1LD.20 Gujjar cattle herde Bal ‘a hill bamboo" and grass from the Bui mandaps are at about 10,000 to 11,000 fe« because buffaloes cannot climb higher. Th awork place for the Guji here they used to make ghee for sale. ars they have begun to transport the milk direetly in buses and trucks. Gaddi shepherds of Himachal Prad end their winter in the low hills of Siwalik range, grazing their flocks in scrub forests. In the month of April they moved towards north and spend the summer in Lahul and Spiti. A similar cycle of seasonal move- ment between summer and winter pastures is typical of many pastoral communities of the Himalayas, including the Gujjar Bakarwals, Bhotiyas, Sherpas and Kinnauris. Banjaras moved over long distances, selling plough cattle and other goods to villagers in exchange for grain and fodder. They are also yet another well- known group of grazers to be found in the villages of Uttar Pradesh, Punjab, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh and Maharashtra. Dhangar are shepherds who stay in the central pla- teau of Maharashtra during the monsoon. Kafila means several households that come together in search of summer grazing grounds. Stubble is a lower ends of grain stalks left in the ground after harvesting. Customary Rights are those rights that people are used to by custom and tradition. live in mandaps made of rin- al, The of height was also NOMADIC TRIBES’ CONTINUOUS MOVEMENT The reasons why nomadic tribes need to move from one place to another are as follows: © The nomadic tribes have no regular fields of their own from where they can get fodder for their cattle. So, they need to move from one place to another in search of pastures. ‘© They live with their herd in the low hills of Hima- layas from September to April because the huge ‘mountains or high altitudes are covered with snow during this period. In these areas the dry scrub forests provide pastures for their herds during this. period. See ___Study Package for eto fre + With the onset of summer, a8 the snow me the hill sides begin to be covered with lush and with a variety of new grasses, the pastorajgye their northward march for their summer en ™ grounds. Zing Again with the onset of winter when the tains begin to be covered with snow and qo dearth of nutritious forage, these pastoralgns ‘on the move again, this time on their downy journey. ward ADVANTAGES OF CONTINUOUS MOVEMENTS ‘The various advantages tothe environment of sy continuous movement are as follows: «The movement of the nomadic pastoralists fg, the downwrard to the upward areas and vice ony allowed sufficient time for natural restoration op vegetation grounds. * Their continuous shifting provides sufficien forage to the different animals both atthe hg ‘mountains and the lower hills. * They also help in maintaining the quality of the pastures. LAWS BROUGHT BY COLONIAL Goy. ERNMENT IN INDIA The laws of the colonial government made from tine to time adversely affected the lives of pastoralists, Moreover, these Rules and Acts led to the lowering of the quality of the pastures, shortage of forage for animals and deterioration of animal stock. Effects of Waste Land Rules All grazing lands were considered waste lands by the colonial rulersas they brought no revenue to them. So the government passed Waste Land Rules as a result of which all the uncultivated lands including the grazing lands, were taken over and handed over to select individuals convert them to agricultural lands. As a result of his very soon the pastures vanished and this created alot of problems for pastoralists. Effects of the Forest Acts The British Forest Ads declared some forests as ‘Reserved Forests’ and some as ‘Protected Forests’. These different Forest wa worl Bastorlists Peasants and Farmers 0 \e pastoralists. se the lives seahitics was allowed while in as. no Pirorests their activities were strictly re- je Pree he colonial officials felt that the grazing gwd sin wuld destroy the saplings thereby prevent- nals WO" cees from growing. Hence, because of ing te a ‘Acts it became quite impossible for the Foro araze their cattle in the forest areas and sso eufficient forage for their cattle. 0s oo Criminal Tribes Act The British offi- of. suspicious of the nomadic people because id not live at a permanent place. They were tb ered criminals, The Criminal Tribes Act, 1871, i such nomadic communities to be criminal py tre and also criminal by birth. As a result of tis Act, the nomadic pastoralists were not allowed ‘omove without a permitand required olive in the areas only. The village police also kept a strict mravctban, Sect Acteabsda cat blow for themoving activities of nomadic people. fect of Imposition of Grazing Tax In order to inceasits income, the colonial government imposed ‘axeven on the animals. Consequently the nomadic Pestorlists had to pay tax on every animal they sswed in the pastures. The title ‘Maasai’ is derived from the word Maa, Maa-sai means *my people’, They are traditionally a var Pastoral people who depend on milk meat for subsistence. NASSAI COMMUNITY Hie alt ofthe world’s total pastoralist population vio a ‘Ca. Massai is one of these pastoral tribes tower & vast area stretching from North aadsoyh STEPPES of Northern Tanzania. Slowly "ong 42, NES€ People lost their grazing rights. The © Asa this loss are as follows: in nt of inspiration, Massai land was divided aiyite ~ the British Kenya and German Tan- Over go” their lost grazing grounds were Crave * for White settlements. Youth oy RY Were pushed into a small area “ny@and north of Tanzania. In this way ERRNO 80 1.D.21 Massai lost about 60% of their pre-colonial ise ‘They were confined to an arid zone with uncertai ns and poor pastures. icine tanliouoonana the colonial government in East Africa encouraged the local peasant com: munities to expand their cultivation. As a result of which it was found that the pasture lands of Massai people turned into cultivable fields. The large areas of grazing lands of Massai herds were also turned into game reserves. Some of these reserves were Massai Mara and Samburu National Park in Kenya and Serengeti Park in Tanzania. From the mid-eighteenth century, the English population increased rapidly. This meant an increased demand for food grains to feed the population. Brit- ain at this time was industrialising. More and more people began to live and work in urban areas. Men from rural areas migrated to towns in search of jobs. ‘Asurban populations grew, the market for food grains expanded and when demand increased rapidly, food gre prices rose, Turnip and Clover had the capacity to increase the nitrogen content of the soil. Nitrogen was important for the growth of crop. Cultivation of the same soil over a few years depleted the nitrogen in the soil and Teduced its fertility. By restoring nitrogen, turnip and clover made the soil fertile once again. We find that farmers in the early 19th century used the same method to improve agriculture on a basis. more regular Sod is pieces of earth (soil) with grass. MODERN AGRICULTURE IN ENGLAND Coming of modern agriculture meant many new changes * Open field's disappeared and customary rights of the peasants were undermined, > T&S © * Rich farmers expanded grain production, exported rains, made high profits and became powerful economically and politically. * The poor were dislocated. They tramped i numbers for jobs in the countryside aang cities. 1.D.22 «Their jobs became i stable. F WESTWARD EXPANSION TTLERS IN USA Jocal tribes and Jppi and further IMPACT O! OF THE SE 1 Jed to displacement of beyond river Miss © They were driven n extensive scale. y began agriculture on ached and burt forests, pulled out the Thetps, cleared the land for cultivation and built sm ins in the forest clearings. Then they 1 Jed larger areas and erected fences around the elds, They ploughed the land and sowed com and wheat, Thus, agriculture was undertaken at the expense of grasslands and forests They continued moving further west to explore new landand raise anew crop. After the 1860s, the Settlers reached the Great Plains across the river Mississippi. They started growing wheat here ‘and soon tumed this region into a major wheat producing area of America. USA FARMERS GET ENCOURAGED TO PRODUCE WHEAT «From the late 19th century, the wheat production in the USA underwent dramatic expansion. The urban population in the USA was growing and the export market was becoming even bigger. AS a result demand for wheat rose higher. The rising demand resulted into high price of wheat. This en- couraged farmers to produce more and more wheat. The spread of the railways made it easy to trans- port the grain from the wheat growing regions to the eastern coast for export. By the early 20th century, the demand for wheat rose even higher and during the first World War the world market boomed. Russian supplies of wheat were cut off and the USA had to feed the entire Europe. The farmers responded vigorously to the need of the time. They began producing more and ‘more wheat. Captain Swing was not an actual person in itself, It was a mythic name used in threatening letters They They sl: delivered to the le threshin} the poor. H tet hh farmers who had started usin causing unemployment among described a8 @ hard-working tution and despair by g machin’ century: opium CU OF THE FA\ TIVATION: PROBLEMS RMERS OF BIHAR AND BENGAL Opium had to grown on the best land, on fields at iay near villages and were well-manured. Oy this land peasants usually produced pulses. Ifthey planted opium on this land, then pulses could no + they would have to be grown be grown there, 01 gn inferior land where harvests Were poorer and uncertain. Many cultivators were poor and they did not own Itivate, they had to pay rent and any land, To cul lease land from landlords. And the rent charged oon good lands near villages was very high. The cultivation of opium was a difficult process. ‘The plant was delicate and cultivators had to spend Jong hours nurturing it. This meant they did not have enough time to care for other crops. ‘The price the government paid to the cultivators for the opium they produced was very low. Itwas unprofitable for cultivator to grow opium at that price. eu 1, Inwhich state of India are the Gujjar Bakarwals found? (a) Rajasthan (b) Jammu and Kashmir (©) Maharashtra (@) Gujarat Which of the following A frican pastoral groups 2 lived in the regions of Kenya and Tanzania? (a) Somali (b) Bedouin (c) Boran (d) Maasai 3. Which of the following factors led to serious shortage of pasture? — pascoralists, Peasants and Farmers cess of deforestation grazing land into cultivated ® goverament decision of taking over d lands = following options refers to the pecges brought about by the enactment of axe Land Rules? All sterile lands were declared as waste >) Famers were compelled ta cultivate waste ;) Alluncultivated land was taken over by the government and given to selected individu- Pastoralists were made to settle in waste lends. of the following factors determine the sesonal rhythms of movement of the Kurama zed Kurubas of Andhra region? (2) Cold and snow (®) Altemating of monsoon and dry season ¢) Climatic disturbances (@) Drought or flood (2) None of these 7. Which of the following reféers to Bugyal? ‘2) Large cultivated area in plains (©) Coastal regions of Kerala ‘) Hilly regions in the Aravallis (6) Vast meadows in the high mountains Whereis Serengti National Park situated? 9) Kenya (b) Tanzania (©) Zambia (@) Uganda hy did feeding the cattle become a persistent Problem for the Maasais? % continuous grazing in small area % deteriorated the quality of pasture eee ™aasais were confined to a small bp 18. 1,D.23 (©) Because maasais lived in an arid zone Without any grass (@) Because maasais began to cultivate Pastoral land What is the dry forested area of Kumaon and Garhwal called? (a) Bugyal (b) Bhabar (c) Desert forest (d) Arid zone Dhangars were an important pastoral commu- nity of (a) Uttar Pradesh (b) Jammu and Kashmir (©) Maharashtra (6) Himachal Pradesh ~ Maru Raikas, and their settlement is called a (a) Dhandi (b) Bhabar (©) Desert (d) Handia ———__herder’s villages are in the Rann of Kutch. (@) Gadadhari (6) Namakhari (©) Ranndhari (@) Maldhari . Cyrus McCormick invented the reaper in (a) 1950 (b) 1831 (©) 1800 @ 1900 Gujjar Bakarwals of Jammu and Kashmir are great herders of (a) Horse and cow (b) Deer and bear (©) Goat and sheep (4) Horse and buffalo . Which battle established British supremacy in India? (@) The Battle of Panipat (b) The Battle of Plassey (©) The Battle of Mysore @ The Battle of Samergarh . Why did poor peasants resort to riots to protest against the use of threshing machines? (@) Threshing machines had become a sign of ‘unemployment and bad times. (b) They were opposed to machines. (©) They found the machines too difficult to operate. (@ The peasants were too poor to buy threshing machines. Which of the following is the most important cause of the Great Agrarian Depression? 1D.24 (2) Closure of banks (b) Closure of factories (©) Over production and fall of agricultural prices (@ Crash of stock market 19. Who among the following invented the first mechanical reaper? (@) Eli Whimey (b) Cyrus McCommick (©) James Hargreaves (@ Arkwright 20. Why did the landlords and farmers decide to buy threshing machines? (@) To increase profit from land (©) To reduce their dependence on labourers (© To bring more land under cultivation (@ To prevent the labourers from toiling day and night 21. By selling which of the following items to China, did the British regularly collect money for purchasing tea from that country? (@) Opium (©) Jute (©) Couon (@ Sugar cane 22. In which of the following ways was the life of Poor peasants affected by the Enclosure Move- ‘ment? (@) The land of the cultivator was taken over by the landlord. ) ‘The poor peasants were deprived of the ‘common land where they could graze their cattle and collect firewood. © Fences around lands prohibited easy move- ment between lands. (@) The landlords did not hire peasants any more. 23. Ordinary dust storm took the form of the Black Blizzard in U.S. plains in 1930 because (@) The eatire ploughed landscape was stripped of all grass which earlier held the land together (b) There was no rainfall in the region for a very long time (©) The whole plain was an arid zone without much vegetation (@) The area faced heavy flooding Stuay rackage ror NTSE 24. Inmany parts of England, the farmers began to ip as Bor umip improved the soil and made it fertile (ii) Tumnip was a good fodder crop and relished by the cattle (soe (iii) This crop had the capacity to increase nitrogen content of the soil (iv) Turnip became the staple food for the people Read the options given above and select the correct answer from the following (a) @, Gd, (iv) are correct, (ii) is wrong, (b) (ii), (i), (iv) are correct, (iii) is wrong. (©) @, (i, (ii) are correct, (iv)is wrong, @ Alloptions are correct. 25. In which area between 1820 and 1850, did the Indian Americans settle down? (@ Apalachian Plateau (b) Mississippi Valley (©) Texas region (@) Nevada HIGHER ORDER THINKING QUESTIONS 1. Which of these are the pastoral communities of the mountains? (a) Bhotiyas and Sherpas (©) Gujjars (©) Gaddis @ Alllof these 2. According to the ‘Wasteland Rules’ (@) Uncultivated lands were taken over and given to select individuals. () These individuals were granted various Concessions and encouraged to settle these lands, © pome of them Were made headmen of vil- lages in the new! @ abory enemy cleared areas. + Which of these statements is not true? (@) Pastoralists have tried to adapt to new ) Pa ‘astoralists are a matter of past now. (©) They have demanded a: ce eran ‘ment of forests and water resources. oq World: Pastoralists, Peasants and Farmers ole @ Ty have changed the paths of their annual movement. which of the following statements best explains astoralist nomads? (a) The villagers who move from one place to another. (t) The people who do not have a permanent place to live in. (@) Theherdsmen who move from one place to another looking for pasture for their herd. (@ The people who visit many places for en- joyment. 5, Which of the following statements is/are cor- rect? (@) Some rich pastoralists started buying land and settling down giving up their nomadic life. (b) Some became settled peasants cultivating land, others took to more extensive trad- ing. (© The poor pastoralists became labourers, working on fields or in small towns. (@ Allofthese 6, The pastoralists had to pay tax on (a) every animal they grazed on the pastures. () the houses they were living in. (©) number of animals they had. (@ None of these 1. Which of these are the pastoral communities of Aftica? @ Bedouins, Berbers (6) Maasai, Somali (©) Boran, Turkana (@) All of these 8. Dhangars were an important pastoral commu- nity of (@) Gujarat (b) Maharashtra ©) UP. (d) Assam 9. Which seasonal movements affect the Dhangars of Maharashtra? (@) Drought and flood () Alternate monsoon and dry seasons (©) Cold and snow (4) Climatic disturbance lomadie tribes need to move from one place ‘o another because of 14, ILD.25 (a) Seasonal changes (b) In search of pastures (©) To maintain ecological balance @ Allofthese . The word Maasai means (a) my people (b) pasture land (©) shifting cultivation (@) wasteland In what ways lives of Gujjar Bakarwals of Jammu and Kashmir similar to that of Gaddi shepherds of Himachal Pradesh? (@) They both have a similar cycle of seasonal movement. (b) They both spend the winter months on low hills of Siwalik range, grazing their herds in dry scrub forests. (© In April, they begin their upward journey again for their summer grazing grounds. @ Allofthese . In which way did the Forest Acts change the lives of the pastoralists? (@) In the areas of forests where the pastoral- ists were allowed, their movements were regulated. (b) They needed a permit for entry. (©) The timing of their entry and departure was specified. (@ All of these Gaddi were an important pastoral community of (@ Maharashtra (b) Chhattisgarh (©) Himachal Pradesh @ Gujarat . Where was the Banjaras found? (a) Punjab, Rajasthan (b) Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra (©) Uttar Pradesh (@ Allof these __ Why was some forests classified as “protect- ed"? (a) In these the customary grazing rights of pastorals were granted but their movements were severely restricted, 1.0.26 (b) The colonial officials believed that grazing destroyed the saplings and young shoots of trees that germinated on the forest floor. (©) Both (a) and (b) (@) None of these 17. The social changes in Maasai society are that (@) The traditional difference based on age, between the elders and warriors, has been disturbed, but it has not broken down. (b) anew distinction between the wealthy and the poor pastoralists has developed. (©) both (a) and (6) (@) None of these 18. What was the result of overgrazing pastures due to restrictions on pastoral movements? (a) The quality of pastures declined. (b) This created deterioration of animal stock. (c) Underfed cattle died in large numbers dur- ing scarcity and famine. (@) All of these 19. Why did the colonial state want to transform all grazing lands into cultivated farms? (@) Land revenue was one of the main sources of its finance. (b) It could produce more jute, cotton, wheat and other agricultural produce that were required in England. —r Study Package for Ntsp (c) Both (a) and (b) (@) None of these 20. Raika pastoral community belongs to (a) Rajasthan (b) Himachal Pradesh (¢) Jammu and Kashmir (@) Maharashtra ANSWERS Elementary Questions 1.0) 2@ 36) 4@ s@ 6.6) 7.@ 8) %@ 10% 1.@ 122@ 13.@ 14.6) 15. 16. (b) 17. (@) 18. () 19.) 20. 6) 21, (a) 22. (b) 23. (a) 24. ©). 25.) Higher Order Thinking Questions L@ 2@ 30 40 54 6.() 7. @) 8b) 9.0) 10.6) 1. @ 12@ 13.@ 4@© 15.@ 16. ©) 17.) 18. @ 19.@ 2.@ Hoa Ha0(1939) was an anti-coloni szent popular in the fertile Mekong Delta region of Vietnam. Its founder was Huynh Phu So, Colons referred to the French rently lived in colonies like Indi Tonkin Free School was set u westem style of education to order to westernise them, The Scholars Revolt Movement was organised in 1868 as a protest against French Control and the spread of Christianity. Ordinance 10 was a French law Christ dhism, Sun Yat-sen was a great Chinese nationalist, in- Stumental in establishing the republic in China in 1911, Ho Chi Minh (1890-1969) was probably bom in a Small town in Central Vietnam. Very litle is known ‘about his early life. He completed his studies in French Schools and got ajob on a French liner oper- ating between Saigon and Marseilles. He was soon wn towards Communism and became a member of Comintern. He had a chance to meet ‘great Russian mmunist leaders including Lenin. He spent about 30 years abroad in Europe, China and Thailand, etc. He retumed to Vietnam in May 1941 and in 1943, he became the President of the Vietnam Democratic Re ‘cpublic. He is regarded as the maker of modern Vietnam. il religious move- People who perma- lo-China. Pin 1907 to provide Vietnamese people in which permitted inity to be practiced, but outlawed Bud- hh é The Nationalist Movement in Indo-China eo Viet Minh was the League for the Independe of Vietnam, which fought against the Japanese Cupation in 1940. With the help of the Viet Mu the Democratic Republic of Vietnam was founded in 1945. Communist Army of the Vietnamese Minh was known as ° under Ho Ch tcong’, Ho Chi Minh Trail means an immense network of footpaths and roads used by Ho Chi Minh’s followers to transport men and materials from the North to the South in Vietnam. The Democratic Republic of Vietnam was founded in 1945. Ho Chi Minh was the first president of the Republic. Phan Chu Trinh was notin favour of resisting the French with the help of monarchy. He was profoundly influenced by the Democratic ideals of the West and wanted to establish a Democratic Republic in his country. Phan Chu Trinh and Phan Boi Chau were both great nationalists of Vietnam but they had a different approach to Vietnamese nationalism. Phan Boi Chau was in favour of Monarchy whereas Phan Chau Trinh was in favour of Republic ‘Chemical weapons used by the the Vietnamese were: nay bombs and Agent Orange. National Liberation Front (NLF) opposed the aus ‘horitarian regime of Ngo Dinh Diem and played significant role in the unification of the country (i.e. North and South Vietnam). Americans against palm bomb, phosphorous ‘opposed gambling and use of alcohol. motivated the Vieramese to kill Catholic ical weapon which US used to at- the war. (®) Hollywood film which was responsible for ‘motivating young men to die inthe war. focianism were the two major hina. Christianity in Vietnam wes reach (missionaries) 1e monarchy overthrown in Chi causes For perear oF THe J Chinese Reson ERECH paces IN THE BATTLE OF violas Rockin by the Chinese Revolution of by the Chinese Revol by the Chinese Revolution of ‘the Communist Party in Viet- i (0) Reyreseating Viemtoese ts pricive and Nghe An, (®) Phan Boi backward in schoo! textbooks. HaTinh @ Ho Chi Minh Study Package ies me played symbol ing (0) Rebel worn OF Ne pat were ey, vaniponed .| (They wer depicted as warsiors : ‘ers with a hammer in one hand a, and wor, Re inthe reform in Vietnam Freneh rule wing isnot tue about the iy nes extending other ndo- Chin = sed to transport men and mater 1 North to South Vitor 9. Who song filling wath auhrfthe from Nowh Itntcnia bak Tae Histo af Lone (6) hase by the Viton ret ang or Viena’? US woop Phan Bei Chau (6) Liang Qichao had support bases and hospitals along the Phan Ch Trin (4) Huynh Phu So way. 10, Why did the US enter the war in Vietnam be- 10 mong the following formed the Revolu- ‘ween the North and South Vietnam? nary Society Duy Tan Hoi in Vietnam? (@) Toestablish US rule in Vietnam, (©) Tounite North and South Vietnam, (©) To stop communists gaining power in Vietnam, Phan Boi Chau (b) Huynh Phu So Phan Chu Trinh (4) Liang Qiehao 16. After the French defeat at Dien Bien Phu (@) Vietnam was liberated, (4) None ofthese tum un under apne dominion iclnafbeovingisotoergteg _() Viena ne Sion, vsretha Boor barn has Seat - (© Hoi Minh became he (2) Colonial economy should. be developed to 17. Which one of the ime ra deans reach © Reams be carried out to increase ricultural production, (©) Landlords should be introduced in the "rl areas, np? jao Movement was led by joChi Minh (b) Ngo Dinh Diem se More (@) Ho Chi juynh Phu So (4) Sun Yat Sen 1 Movement” became popular in Viet ees ring the first decade Of 20th century Elementary Questions because Vietnamese students Went 0 Japan wwace 1, hy 2 (@) 3: 4Q 5 @ © quire edveaion 7.@) 2.@) 10. @ () they went to Japan to lear Japanese tan- 2) 132.@ 1) 15. {hoy went to et rive job Higher Order Thinking Questions (3 they looked for foreign rms and hep to 5. (@) (© “Grive away the French from Vietnam. 6 ;om was the Vietnamese Communist ) aoe ae 20. (a) UNITU ovteisthe rout taken by west bound Chinese sax igers. china is known forthe trade of the silk se peancient period. This trade spread to different soe" jes of Europe and northern Africa, Historians ow dentfied several silk routes over land and by ve ating together vast regions of Asia, and linking ‘ea with Europe and northern Africa, uddhism emerged from eastern India and spread ja several directions through intersecting points on te silk routes. oodles travelled west from China to become spa- bet, Many of our common foods came from Amer- i's original inhabitants, the American Indians. Canal Colonies are the areas irrigated by the new canals. Rinderpest was a devastating cattle discase that ar- tived in Africa in the late 1880s. Caribbean Islands, Mauritius and Fiji are the main destinations of Indian indentured migrants. Nineteenth-century indenture has been described as anew system of slavery. In Trinidad the annual Muharram procession was ‘tansformed into a riotous carnival called ‘Hosay’ in vich workers of all races and religions joined. hutney music popular in Trinidad and Guyana, 'Stnother creative contemporary expression of the ptindenture experience. sen Production was the one important feature of economy of the 1920s. — Foundation of Global World and Industrialisation Henry Ford adapted the assembly line of a Chicago slaughterhouse to his new car plant in Detroit. The T Model Ford was the world’s first mass- produced car. Housing and consumer boom of the 1920s created the basis of prosperity in the US. The US in 1923 resumed exporting capital to the rest of the world and became the largest overseas lender. Mahatma Gandhi launched the civil disobedience movement at the height of the Depression of 1931. The United Nations Monetary and Financial Con- ference was held in 1944 at Bretton Woods, USA. The Bretton Woods conference established the Intemational Monetary Fund (IMF) to deal with ex- ternal surpluses and deficits of its member nations. The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development is popularly known as the World Bank. The IMF and the World Bank are referred to as. the Bretton Woods twins. They commenced financial operations in 1947. Multinational Corporations (MNCs) are large companies that operate in several countries at the same time. The first MNCs were established in the 1920s. Flexible or Floating Exchange Rates depend on the demand and supply of currencies in foreign exchange markets, in principle without interference by governments. ice used for wea nd pullies. CAUSES OF GREAT DEPRESSION eatastophie deci factories began to dot the landscape in England and Europe ‘A series of inventions inthe eighteenth century increased the efficacy of each step ofthe production Gujarat coast connected India to the the preduetion of stronger treads and yarn. re se European companies gad + Pp scuting a variety of cone Ps, and then, monopo Sis osulted ina deel + Mand Hoogly throw rated. While Sura = set a ly ‘nad ope Bom colonial power. to the eigh ry, were among the woAds ina also became a colonial power inthe late 1890s by taking over some colonies earlier held by First World War (b) Viewam War in War (@) Arica War 12, In which county di the peasants die im mié- 1840s due to destruction of posto crops? of Global World and Indus 1.053 uns2 >siNessman to set up the in Caleutta in 19179 nd ‘ured labour from India? (@) Salman Rushdie (b) V. S. Naipaul __on the Coromandel coast and Hoo. tad trade links with South-exg (@) None of these established the first Jute mill in India? Ram Parsad ‘Weaving machine Fly shuttle cal (© Seth Hukur Chand (@) None ofthese ‘What was Spining Jenny? (@) AMachine (6) ACar (© ATractor——(@) Noo of these ‘Who were the pid servants of the East India Company? (@) Plames (©) Gomes Pree (©) Gomastna Q From where did most Indian indentured workers come? (@) EastemUP, (6) Haryana (©) Panjab (@) None ofthese ‘Which ofthe following West Indies cricketers trace their oats to indentured labour migrants from India? (@) Vivian Richard and Gary Sobers (0) Chis Gayle and Dwayne Bravo (6) Ramnwesh Sarwan and Shivnarine Chand- adopted the concept ofan assembly line a to produce automabiles? (6) Brian Lar and Courtney Walsh 1. paid servant {o supervise ad examine the tr Pace terry whic eet i te eat revo, Bombay dosiated the marine trade of Kadi ih ‘wel ita the tweet centary Marishchandra Sakharam Bhatwadekar shot = scene of a wrestling match in Bombay's Hanging Gander sod it became India's first movie in 1896. Famous writers ssxociated with Hindi cinema are Jamat Chughtai and Ssadat Hasan Manto, ate eighteenth century, than three-cuarters of the adults living ‘The Computsory Elementary Education Acti 1870 and the Factory Aet of 1902, kept children out of mDs6 ae fen overcrowded ‘Tenement isthe run-down and oft ee paren use ceil 14 FT inpeciy Temperance Movement 85 lesen nave Lends Ueda hee ofan ey ines pene on | any te Fino Fan Stet a London. On irtism was a movement demanding the vote for Depressed Clases was the frm often uscd to denote those who were sen, within the residency ofthe Bombe Bengal and Maye pro te Pri, By 1750, one out of every nine land and Wales lived ig "° PP fg Bengal and Mag, ia were known ag larischamdry 1893, 1920 ands passed int Brie nge of Britains King ished in PvE Trt vag © 9% ng onan reining of marshy or sme 10. Teer wastland for scemene et ets oF oper use is known as * ition (@) Portuguese ‘What was nota reason fr providing hous e workers? following was not Presidency (b) Bombay (@) Lucknow wderground railway estab- 18, When did Bombay become the capital city of Bombay Presidency? Baron Haussman (© Charles Booth (0) None ofthese 28. Name famous writer associated with Hindi (©) Parmeshwer Toto (@ Botha es |. Which city is known asthe city of dreams? ) Bombay iain @ 2. The principle of “Garden ei by fonald Russo (b) Martin King joward (d) None ofthese ho wrote the book Bitter Cry of outcaste London’ (@) JeffCullen (6) Andrew Mears (6) Perez Patick None of these 4. Rent control was introduced in Britain during 3 () Sociaism (€) None of these Durgacharan Ray about the (6) Allofthese 15 _ 9. Which of the following film was made by Dada Saheb Phalke? (a) Raja Ravi Verma (b) Raja Harish Chandra (cy MP Husain (d) None of these 10. Which was the Indian first city to get smoke nuisance? (4) Madras (b) Allahabad (©) Calcutta (d) None of these 1). Most of the people in the film industry were (a) miggants from Lahore, Calcutta and Ma- dras (b) students from Lahore, Delhi and Madras (c) astists from Lahore, Calcutta and Delhi (d) None of these 12. The first underground railway was built in (b) London (a) Paris (c) Rome (d) None of these 13. What were tenements? (a) Big house (b) Overcrowded apartment (c) Slum area (d) None of these Study Packa, FOC gy 14, What does a ‘Metropolis’ refer to? (a) Capital () City (c) State (@) None of these 15. Which industry was not the major i AjOr industry of London? (a) Textile (b) Printing and Stationary (c) Footwear (@) Wood and Furniture ESS} Elementary Questions Lo) 2@ 3@ 4@ 6. (b) 7.(@) 8. (ce) 10. @) 12. (b) 13.@) 14.() 15. @) 17. (c) 18. @) 19.@) 20. @) Higher Order Thinking Questions L@ 2@ 3) 4© 6 (a) 7.(a) 8 @) 9 0) Il. (@) 12.(b) 13.0) 14. @) 5.) AL () 16. 5. (a) 10. (©) 15. (a) 9. Which of the following isnot rue aba rays worries about majors! improves the quality of deci Decision making is faster and ai lows a room to correct mist oor Je ical inequality feature of dictatorship: (@) An ecounble government ‘Aresponsile gerne A ranspret goverment = ing sth est fem of goverment stable government nm Is. jie growth depends on which of the for promoting dignity and fedom ofthe id- vidual population ofthe country (a) Democracy (b) Dictatorship (4) None ofthese ‘or area ofthe country (@) Army Rule 23, Name any two countries which have the most Globe scenario stable democracies. ‘o-operaton among various nations eal outcome signifies (@) USAand China “Accountable and responsible goverament ISA and Switzertand Pakistan and Switzerand rior to any other 7 Restricted popular paicipation Cand) CAandB ig digi and amis @ Asse 17 Sain form of governments fundinsest of ©) sie ft wold? hoses eee Baar ante (6) Democracy Jes cena inal a democratic Bovernmen 7.0 mee I, Te followin Sept can be. removal of poverty in India: ng fo check the ever-growis i opment of industries Pe, ease te AUT Pg lowing countries di due tothe etic tension betwecy Coe inns? omy ‘Strengthening the education system ‘Stenghenig ofthe insiions and pro (@) inequalities exist in democracies, (b) development under democracy isnot 5 The challenge of expansion ofa demoracy ferent fom that of dictatorships = democracy and development go toga eae dictatorship is better than democay, (b) Lots ofndustrial development ontext of assessing democracy, wis () Less decisions shold remain ouside the ‘among the following is the odd one out? be. re (0) Laws that enpoer democrat reforms (©) Laws fo th politicians as 2d goremnen People to cary out ted. ‘onflcts among people. (©) Economic inequ: ‘among people. (6) Laws forthe (6 Note othe tt hes ULH.6S 20. Which one of the following is not a feature of dependent Judiciary ANSWERS (@) Pakistan sumers. It also leads 10, alth of con IS to Moneta ave pay for eee ea loss eosin ‘onsumer Aware; er "Mess means educatin, a their rights and duties so that consist laws that Protect their interest and which ret exploitation by traders mat Bureau of Indian s¥ , standards (BIS) is responsi for the Standards of industries and the atiy op to companies, goods and institu. ecific level of standard, ssi 1. Under COPRA, a three-tier quasi judicial ma- chinery at the district, state and national levels was set up for redressal of (@) Consumer market (b) Consumer products (©) Consumer goods (@) Consumer disputes . The district level court deals with the cases involving claims upto Rs 20 lakhs, the state level courts between Rs 20 lakhs and Rs 1 crore and the national level court deals with cases involving claims exceeding (a) Rs 10 crore (b) Rs 1 crore (©) Rs 100 crore (@ Rs 50 crore 3. The consumer movement in India has led to the formation of various organisations locally known as consumer forums or (a) Consumer movement cells (b) Consumer organisations (c) Consumer protection councils (@) Consumer parts v 2 9 2° + Consumers have i ey rightto seek against 8 and exploitation. unfair trade practice (@) Redressal (b) Books (©) Funds @) Capital - In October 2005, the Government of India enacted a law, popularly known as RTS (Right ‘0 Information) Act, which ensures its citizens all the information about the functions of (@) Private departments (b) Public departments (©) Local departments @ Government departments National Consumer Disputes Redressal Com- mission is located in (@) Lucknow (b) New Delhi (©) Chennai (4) Mumbai A major step taken in 1986 by the Indian Gov- ernment was the enactment of the Consumer Protection Act 1986, popularly known as (2) KOPRA (b) BOPRA (©) TOPRA (d) COPRA In 1985 the United Nations adopted the UN Guidelines for (a) Consumer Protection (6) Consumer Parts Ac) Consumer Battle (d) Consumer Signature The enactment of COPRA has led to the setting up of separate departments of Consumer Affairs in and governments. (a) Central, state (b) Village, block (c) City, town (d) State, tehsil : organisations that monitor and issue ISI, eae or Hallmark certificates allow pro- ducers to use their logos provided they follow certain forgonsand ser ves: | jpeonne eee | [py Coase Ine | (©) Right infers Riiketee (Medan R Eve 2 SOPRA payee Semon or (a) High Cour, Sue Cosumer Cour and Diane Conssner Court (p) Neto Coes Core Sate Conse Gost and Di Conner Cost (@) Neos Coosmer Coo, Sate Consumer Cour and Sere Coasuner Court @ Newofter A natioaal Standardisation of Onganigy, in this ) Re canapprosch the consumer COUR to seek adress ) he cannot approach the Consumer court ¢9 superfstrains, Th tain was hours without any reason. In (©) she can approach the const deficiency in service and claim refund of superfast charges as damage (@ she can cancel the ticket without paying.

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