CHAPTER.

INTRODUCTION

1.1 GENERAL

As part of the academic requirement, an internship training

program provided under Thusham Groups Architects on 12th June,
26th June, 2019.

SHORT INTRODUCTION ABOUT THUSHARAM GROUPS

Thusharam Groups west fort thiruvananthapuram is a private sector.

It s in the field of construction since last 10 years. They have
completed various projects as construction of Residential Apartments,
Commercial Buildings and Turnkey Projects. Their building are
testimony for the quality and commitment of the company.
Thoughtfully designed flats and villas and timely completion of project
ha s enabled them to become one of the sought after companies for all
construction requirements. Thusharam Groups is backed by an in
house team of Engineers.They consider each client to be their asset.
Challenging dead lines are accepted with full confidence. Modern
construction technology and quality control systems are deployed for
planning scheduling and execution of project in time.

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1.2 OBJECTIVES OF TRAINING

 To apply theoretical knowledge in industrial application.

 To acquire knowledge of various stages of construction, project
management and team work.
 To practice ethical and professional work culture.
 To provide opportunity for students to work with industrial
practitioners.
 To implement health safety environment practices at workplace.
 To expose students to the engineers responsibility and ethics.
 To get the feel of a work environment.
 To use the experience gained from the internship training in
discussion held in the lecture rooms.

DETAILS
2.1 Site1
Location: opposite Siso mall, Pattom
Type: commercial space cum flats
It is a seven storied building including the cellar. Cellar consist of a
parking space, sewage treatment tanks, and a transformer. Front area of
the site has an underground water storage tank. The ground and the
first floor are commercial spaces. Other stories are Flats. The top most
level is of modified plan according to its owner. As there are more than
twelve flats, a recreational space is provided. The building has a
unique cantilever beam designs. Wood works are in teak wood.
Aluminium grills are provided at stair ventilations.
Specialities studied

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1. A lift with entries in two different directions
For convenience of both commercial and residential users and better
space allocation lift is provide with two doors.When lift moves up to
the residential levels there is only one opening. But at lower
commercial layer it posses two doors.They can be programmed
according to the future space allocations.
2. Plastic Meshes
Instead of conventional chicken wire mesh plastic meshes were used.
Advantages of plastic plaster mesh for reinforcing plaster and flooring
covering internal and external surfaces:
Anti acid and alkaline; no corrosion, not rust and destroyed.
Plastic is much easier to use because of its low weight.
Using plastic mesh plastering, then the walls are smooth and even.
High tensile strength increases the mechanical strength of the plaster
layer to protect plaster layer from cracking.
Maintain geometric stability, prevent deformation under temperature
and humidity fluctuations.
Environmental friendliness, the mesh is produced using only friendly
materials that do not produce hazardous atmosphere.
Suitable for indoor and outdoor use.

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Plastic mesh
chicken wire mesh
3. Three layer water tank
4.Concealed flush tank
It provides more aesthetic appeal. They also increase the space
usability. A compartment, water proofed is made inside which the
flush tank is placed. It is facilitated with a special valve that cannot
permit impurities beyond a limit

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Ongoing works
1. Water proofing of bathroom floors
Waterproofing is best done in stages. Some of it will need to go down
before the floors and walls are fully laid, some of it will need to go
down after everything is in place, including the paint. Perhaps most
important areas are where the walls meet the floor. Any gaps where
water can seep in can cause major structural damage, which is hugely
expensive to repair.
Liquid sealants are normally applied in a similar fashion to paint.
A primer is used first, then a first coat is applied from left to right
(horizontally). The subsequent coat is then applied up and down (i.e.
vertically), in order to catch any small holes missed in the first coat.
Silicon sealants are around the points where bathroom features such as
the bath and vanity unit meet the walls, to ensure water doesn’t get
behind them. Waterproofing products usually need about a day to dry,
so as to ensure that they create a proper seal - and they shouldn't be
disturbed at all while they're curing.

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2. Plastering of walls
Applying render (called plaster in the United States) to a wall is a great
way to protect it from the elements as well as provide aesthetic interest.
Renders made from lime or Portland cement can be applied to walls
made from earth, brick, stone, or straw bale. They work by protecting
the wall from wind damage and by absorbing water and allowing it to
evaporate before it can penetrate the wall.
Steps
Prepare the wall for rendering:wet the wall using a garden hose. Apply
more water to walls made from very porous materials.
Mix the render. Renders are a mixture of only 3 ingredients: lime, sand,
and water. Portland cement can be substituted for a portion of the lime,
which will result in a stronger, but less breathable plaster. Use either
hydrated lime or lime putty, and mix 1 part lime to 3 parts sand in a
large bucket or wheelbarrow. You must use sand with sharp, angular
grains; masonry sand is the ideal choice. Add just enough water to
form the mixture into a stiff, workable paste.
Apply the scratch coat of render to the wall. Render is most effective
when it is applied in several layers, and the first layer is called the
scratch coat. Apply the render to the wall as forcefully as possible to
ensure that it keys into the wall well; throwing clumps of render from a
trowel or from your hands in the best method. Smooth the render
across the wall with a trowel. Never make repeated passes with the
trowel over the same area; this will bring the lime to the surface and
leave you with a weak, lime-depleted section underneath.
Apply the second coat of render to the wall. Once the first coat has
been scratched and allowed to set most of the way, wet the wall again

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with the hose. Apply the second coat of render in the same manner as
the first. If a third coat is desired, scratch the surface of the current coat
to provide a key. If not, let the render dry slowly, and you are done
rendering the wall.

2.2 SITE 2
Location: opposite Siso mall ,Pattom
Type: commercial space
It is a four storied building in a 7.5 cent plot. It is of 7000 square feet
area.Cellar is a parking space. Mat foundation is provided.A retaining
wall is Built at the rear side of the plot.Framed structure with an
exceptionally sized coloumn at the parking entrance. This is to
accommodate new model vehicles into the parking space and also to
transfer load of the stair case.
Ongoing work
Shuttering and placing of reinforcement bars.Design and practical
implementation of a two way slab was studied.Spirit levelling and
water levelling was performed during shuttering.It involves the
following operations:
Propping and centring
Shuttering
Provision of camber
Cleaning and surface treatment

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 Figure 1
SHUTTERING
2.3 Site 3
Location:Near Arya central school
Type: residential building
Ongoing work: pile footing
It’s are residential building. The soil tests revealed a weak clayey top
layer and a hard rock stratum at a depth of an average 10.5 meters.
This lead to the selection of foundation to be pile foundation.Here
machinised electrically powered borer is used with 50 mm diameter
auger.

BORED CAST IN-SITU PILE CONSTRUCTION WORK

Piles can either be driven into the ground (driven piles) or be installed
in a predrilled hole (bored piles or drilled shafts). The construction of
bore cast in situ concrete pile consists of 4 primary phases
1. Pile boring,
2. Reinforcement cage lowering,

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3. Flushing
4. Pile concreting.
Now we will discuss each phase one by one.
1. Pile boring
Hydraulic rig/manually operable auger should be mobilized at the
required location
Four reference points (making two lines perpendicular to each other)
should be marked for checking centre of pile bore during boring of pile.
Initial boring of about 2.0 meters is to be done using cutting tool of
desired diameter of pile
Then boring will be carried out according to the sub-soil investigation
report of that location. It will be done using liner, bentonite or both.

Figure 2 steps of piling

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The temporary guide casing, approximately 2.0 meter length with
outside diameter equivalent to nominal diameter of the pile, May then
lowered in the bore hole. In such a case dia of cutting tool will be little
less, maximum 75 mm less than outside dia of casing for free
movement in the casing pipe during operation.
Position / centreline of the guide casing pipe with reference to pile
reference points already fixed around the pile location shall be checked
to shift/adjust the casing pipe to ensure proceeding of drilling at exact
pile location without any deviation.
Boring has to be done up to the founding strata as per drawings/ pre
decided depth using intermittently bentonite slurry as per requirement.
In case of requirement the bore hole is then supplied with bentonite
slurry, from bentonite installation. Bentonite circulation channel will
be made from bore hole to bentonite tank and fresh bentonite slurry
will be pumped to bore hole through hose pipes. 24 hours prior to start
of pile boring, ensure that bentonite is completely dispersed I the water
and attains required density to stabilize the sides of bore hole during
drilling. Bentonite slurry of specified quality should be circulated
continuously during boring process.
Bentonite used to stabilize the sides of bore hole should be conforming
to requirements as listed in inspection and test plan. Density of
bentonite solution should be checked during boring operation to ensure
that the density is about 1.05 g/cc to 1.10 g/cc, marsh cone viscosity 30
to 40 and pH value 9.5 to 12.
Bentonite slurry is pumped by high pressure reciprocating pumps/
vertical pump into the bore hole and the same is allowed to overflow
the bore hole. The overflow slurry with bored mud/soil etc that comes

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out along with bentonite slurry is passed through channels and is
collected in sediment tanks where sediments settle and bentonite can
be re used. If necessary, the bentonite may be passed through the de
sander tank to remove sand particles before it is re used.
Depth of pile shall be checked with sounding chain and exact depth
shall be recorded in the pile report.
After boring up to required depth under reaming will be done using
under reamer of desirable diameter. Completion of desired bulb cutting
will be ascertained by (i) vertical movement of the handle and (ii)
using L shaped rod of length enough to reach up to bulb location from
approximately 2 feet above ground level and horizontal dimension
equal to 0.5 of bulb dia minus pile dia.
2. Reinforcement cage lowering
Prefabricated reinforcement cage prepared as per the drawings and
approved depths, is brought and kept near pile location while boring is
in progress.
After getting the permission from the engineer, the reinforcement cage
will be gently lifted and lowered by crane/manually into the bored hole.
Necessary concrete cover will be obtained by using the circular cover
blocks already made of the same strength as of pile.
If the reinforcement cage is very long i.e. not possible to handle in one
lift, the cage will be lifted one by one and spot welded at the joints and
then lowered inside the bored hole.
It is to be checked whether the reinforcement cage has reached up to
bottom of the pile by measuring from the top of the cage to the ground
level.
3. Flushing

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After cage lowering, 200 mm diameter tremie pipes in suitable lengths
are to be lowered in the hole. The operation is done by lowering one
tremie pipe after another and connecting them threading to maintain
water tightness throughout its length till the gap between the pile base
and Tremie is between75 – 100 mm. the tremie pipe is
locked/supported from top to maintain the level and funnel is attached
on top.
The tremie head to be provided to the tremie pipe for the flushing
activity. The bore is flushed by fresh bentonite slurry through the
tremie head. The pumping for flushing is done by use of mud
circulation pump. Flushing will be done to remove all the loose
sediments which might have accumulated on the founding strata.
Further, the flushing operation shall be continued till the consistency of
inflowing and out flowing slurry is similar.
4. Pile concreting
The concrete placing shall not proceed if density of fluid near about
the bottom of borehole exceeds 1250 kg/m3.
Determination of the density of the drilling mud from the base of the
borehole shall be carried out by taking samples of fluid by suitable
slurry sample approved by the engineer in charge, in first few piles and
at suitable interval of piles thereafter and the results recorded.
After flushing is completed, tremie head should be removed and funnel
should be attached to the tremie pipe.
The slump of the concrete will be maintained at 150 mm to 200 mm.
Concreting operation will be carried out using the 200 mm diameter
trmie pipes.

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Initial charge of concrete should be given in the funnel using a plug.
Total concrete quantity in the funnel should be more than the volume
of the entire pipe plus free space below the tremie. This will ensure a
water tight concrete pouring through tremie.
Lifting and lowering is repeated keeping sufficient concrete in funnel
all the time. As the concreting proceeds the tremie pipe are to be
removed one by one, taking care that the tremie pipe has sufficient
embedment in the concrete until the whole pipe is concreted. Sufficient
head of green concrete shall be maintained to prevent inflow of soil or
water in to concrete. Placing of concrete shall be a continuous process
from the toe level to top of pile.
The concrete is poured in the funnel. As the concrete reaches the top of
the funnel, the plug is lifted up to allow the concrete to flow
corresponding to the placing of each batch of concrete.
The concreting of pile is to be done up to minimum of 300 mm above
the cut off level to get good and sound concrete at cut off level.
After completion of concreting tremie, funnel and other accessories are
to be washed properly and kept greased in proper stacking condition
near next pile location.
While doing under water concreting 10% extra cement over and above
the design mix requirement should be added in each batch.

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PHOTOS OF SITE

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Figure 3 REINFORC EMENT CAGE

Figure 4 CHUTE

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Figure 5 EXCAVATION OF PIT

Figure 6 INSERTION OF CAGE INTO BORE PIT

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Figure 7 MIXING OF CONCRETE

Figure 8 FILLING THE PIPE WITH CONCRETE

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CONCLUSION
This report is a fair expression of all those activities I saw and learned
during this training period. The training was a good exposure to field
conditions and practical works. This was an opportunity to interact
with the field professionals and made us realise the need for widening
our knowledge. During this training I came across formwork,
reinforcement work, mat foundation, pile footing and also familiarised
with construction drawings.

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