PREFACE This solutions manual was made available when An Introduction to Mechanics was published but it soon went out of print, Nevertheless, a number of copies have been circulated privately and over the years some errors have been discovered, We have corrected all the errors that have come to our attention, A word of caution: These solutions are often terse, more terse that we would provide today. In the Second Edition of our book, which is under preparation, we plan to provide solutions in a more discursive style. We thank Gilbert Hawkins for preparing the original solutions, Daniel Kleppner Robert J. Kolenkow March, 2010Chapter 1 @) Fee =Grs)h scam fecrark = 7f- af vk Gh) KB = Caey host sevark = -3f- + sh fe) AEB = cayesys carer) + ¢7Ma) = at as tyk . a Gy axe = facs7] = -sfeaferk era ie sh te um cos (X89 - ABcos (A 8) AE GMa) +3) + Or) VEC Oe Veale Ca ery = -0.P06 ts Ayt Bef = Acose, = Ax Ay7 Af = Acnoy= Ag Ag = AE = Acoso, = AY A= VAz thy tAR = A Va24p7+ y> Yence ? Similarly ce cos Pi esin an ab = Ce) cos C-O-#) * Bot AL = (cos @\cosP) + (sine) CsinP) GyAyTayny -Cyas =o GY ny -Gny tans = ence mys ~— Va ng, and ny= 5/37 Inte ae Yagengend = Ing) Tea) ea Peo ngs tagge and fst FR= R-Cex2) A= Bee >t ob B= Acos@ a B=(R AA es C= Asine = SalhxeA)edhey, (1-7, ft lel). 2-7 ; “ae = 3 0(258) = balay ued) > = £ 1 T-Te" z= hey, (¢-7,)- 49 4-7, )* os h+evyt, - £97* Zz ty, Bt v= A/a, oe he ERT (Te +T,)fea Disbance meved by center is related te angle of retotion hy xs RE Hee Xs a= RS=a RX A B ne wt ® (a) RT! tR R oR ‘a= aR R= 2tsinwt £ Qo eee Hence A 47 Vat ate coswt ¢‘ace Me Hence = Freak T Sece * Torak Bt ss k%T ee ec + Face + Abrak T= | 23 (dace * theak) 7 Face Vhrak Oe BUM IO® mi/s® brah * WQKXiO” mi/gd T is minimized by making perible, Tl. =33.75 in ay, te lage oe — : 4 A (2) Ve fee re = theard = Voa)26 (2.3 * Vs2 m/s (>) a- G-FRedt +(rerare) S S -arth + Quay & a= YRD*+Ge = 2H m/s 6a= -Rur st frag] a aia 7 da = -lalded pa aq v 5 = 4 an z = -ja, 7 fee ee ae z* a BA 7 yerk = -Rw S RF V-Vecos@ 4 = Reine oo Veine => x= Vw sin ®, A Vw cos & rez O= ep ae a (2 a = (Fre) be (v8 42rd) S 3 (SB yee ages aC @ = - or abar aL Hence ame when ene UE eb tad yt (b) as %- Seo when BH (©) a= # [u-26 8 +508] lags la,t becomes [1-267] = |5e/ For O 207-1 =5e- wots Be SNE = 2.69 ras = 15K" 27] Let vy, be the initial velocity x= (V, cos@)t 4 7 Me sine Yt - Fat y Let rock hit slope at ¢=¢. oe Find valve of @ which maximises x(t,).

xa)= 20 AE (cose tan P +eese sine) Maximising x(t) as a function fo pielle tan Fad = eH 7) oe - Fa, ‘mowChapter 2 ee og > (MS 3 fee @) _ ut? A 2A Vv Gade = (4d? A - ae? A)ous @) 7 oa Fe (Ve ~ (40 3 #2 | )m (e) : t # P #6 , 2u*)* hy = |e 7% =(-B+2 )k 3p 15 Te ‘ a = t Px¥ = iso kms zal T= My —*+ [Ke Cae Mag 7 T™ Ma% . eX since the lenoth of Ae The string cond. Mig = cme ita) x moet Mag X= ee = adams) 9Hi, _ ie uv3a), an ence OF ea Sy = ™ & BOM yw = Flan t = z= FY ‘m Ya an we E ! R= tty a(mt mM) rT 10feel Engredients most likely to fall feom top mg-N =m Ree™ N= mq > mfeo? Neo at critical cpeed ey (a) F-Fe ma e Ff=Maa £ ™, 1d ee (MEMS) £ = ie +t Bt Fran =um,s Hence FS (MeME) mg {% (by F -f’=M.@ Ma fie ma Fis (MigMey £" Bet FSM we, g => FOS (23882 J aM.9 el OA is in Re nalysis in Prob2-7 EM ps (tar=26n uNein® = mm N Nese = my, /R e tano= gR /y> R R= ve tan & ™q 1 am Rete Gm Me R?=- GM, | wo But GM, sec! = 22, Bee a ReeK IOS + & = ( a a)" (2.8) (2. 6rys08) * 77 (Gaxro) +72 J 7 62 =a TH Typ lowrR] F wed Hence a= = ay, F —=>=— Yo= mgT, where T is the hime For cloth bo be prlled out, Fe amy direction shown, , cL | e/a sag oe ae Glese comes be rest at #,= YO oF Ag Et travels a distance s, = vy, #- aq #3 = oe 2 oye eee Fer ssc ¥ fist 2 Ca) i T<* second C4) (0.8) (22)To Mg =M% Tl Mag = Ma Xe ar’-T=O (Macsless pulley) tatte + Xe ae y, +4, +4,/ + = cons#, Menee ox, =H - ¥a/e = (ama-m) 9 Selving y x, uMatM, \z04 + +’ TM yy fs} T= MX LT - : “ Mog- T's Mx ee : Tla2t= 0 (Masslecs pulley Ot Cons trad: en Xp = cone Nene ¥. = Rp Crp xa) aC xp *a)™ const, Hence + ky = epee Belving , - Meg Me = MsMeg AR” Tamme + Mee + Mame | D Heo MaMed % =e Org) Meg /0 o 14\Ru5 [e5] _ Na f = aoe TagT Mg Mg ; M34 Keon, tay = length fedring 2 cone x.-% + zy me Tee MY LAM f,-T = MX, fo Mg Msq-2T = Ms 4 Se loiny y= 20 et) te yp 4 M+ ts)Ral @ N= mgcos & mg sm @ af s uN a wing cose Hence tan @ = tan 4 O) feese+ Neng ~ mg =o Neose -F sine = ma Fan af slipping bmid Solvng, ces ~usine oan Ceeccene ) gq ©) Name -FeoeG ~ mgz0 Neoso +f£ sire =-ma Fan at bed Soleinp, cos@ tse aman ™ Ga pees J F 7 N AX 2e x hid £ I el aN Ae ™Y 1 | N — QS “J lag F 4 RF +N- My =Ma 2F-N- mg 2 ™2 Silving , Mg Le a= “Mtm gj 16 t | ™3[217] Because Mg is vmotionlese, all bodies Iu} 2 have the same herizenta/ a acceleration @. Mag T= Maa Mgq-T=0 F’= Ma@ F-F'-T=M,@ im inet FIT Pall hater Eliminating { 7 a? delice O on ne M F = Me (MsMtms) 9 (aI x,——> + %j—> * FUT =-M,X, [ae t T T= Mam 4 F’= Ma Xe F | 7 M3q-T = Ma { = + Mz Constraints: ay ie . x, =X, x X—xa ty = length of string ence ¥,-% + y =O - MaMa Z X= DMM.*MMg+2MMg* MS) 7, ree e F-p’= (BE)a cd - (Ee F/= Em+ 24D Je mit») mx 4 Saiving , F/ = Ghadeome & oI Bmt)F F8| Tend Tand (@) ag ysme=w “See Tat Me w asine Tend (b) Tddle 7 Tend S80 site ae > Triddle [23] Inward force = aT cin Zar sS= Tae Tae= (am)rat aM BAe MLw* ence T= Gar) 184M Inward force = Tsin S¢ + (rear) sin 4 f # ar 4 = rae N=Tse Hence T i epvilibriom, trvat) cos 8 - Tres 4$ =f a0 Assume repe i on verye of clipping. Then foun ATs ur ae gt maT TAdr q ae S np (te 2 aAnne TrGe . te ge On® we TSF (8)? Reid T= aE = an Vee me Sire We want + as small as possible, hence make r=R Then Tig = VWiarr/aprfmon = 22g lem? for available matenals. Then T Inin = 5000 seconds, ire Gravitational ferce on m at radius r= GMm /,* M=M, CR)? r3 GNemr Feree on m = SMe ga ~ ne - mae Hence mre - Br fe SHM Perted = aT J = Pit minvtes T= ar T, as abe . [+—> xK=rcose z27| (See problem 2.26) = 3 reso = My eA R, m: m= > e => sum, period T= 27 Ty Fe mar 202.23] Minimony speed: CSerces as show) Neose+ fein = My Name -Seose = MV/R At bind, Lon AN S.tvng, vain” [Ra (SE2,) ] Meaximem speed: Nese -Fsino=My Nime thes = mv/R £ — TAN Setving , “t [Rs ( SHO tecose seoqueney | (== ysusme 224 = A = aA (a) TH(F-rade + (ro+ ars) s Bet rayt > rey, Fro = ap A A Mence T= -vewith +aviw & 21(CX) Starts te skid when Mes 4N oR ayeg #42 )* by? wrt vw d - ey Hence $= vise a 20% (ec) - tare = —T = Vy tan 6 6 se V Gag 410% tz3el og 2." - mC ye) ee A -T = my (¥- 32°) we! go A-Y cape ong Lee (OR) oF] 2 Slvng, 7 Tete tw 22(ay ax,= Fk, Ax, = F/k, Ox, Ax raxy ss FC 11k, +k.) 1 eee eee Ee ei), = Vike i w == i —_ wT NS = Teva) {by F=kax FL = k.ax E Raa Ft = (kek) ax 1 Mence kepp = brke and = -V Rake Bez] (a) <= mg-N = mv /R N cannot be negative Hence pebble Fhes off if mY > mg or v>TRe 23,(a) € While in contact N N-mgcos@ =- mv*/R 5 ™ With the conditen N=0, we murt have cose = v*/Re There ig @ mere stringent condition based en fun. femgsine = jm (geese ~v¥R) Sin@® & pcos@ ree v*/Re Let ars Use cor@-sin@ = VA cos lor) Then - cos (+ ES FE e 2.33 oF mCF —rwS Z3r so rw* dts This epuatien ic satisfied by r= Aevte govt reoy = Ate Vey w -wAtEB Te make 840, chose ved=-u res Then rare“? 24at (a) oraare +atu m w _ Were Sage aH ’ o, Yo . 2 which fells we oC B= wy (bY -T= mF -ruF) nt T= mre? = mu? Te Ss 2.35/ fa) -N=- ny f= m£é emit because val f= AN v2 Nene Howey y + dew (Ay. os . (te -- (ae gpg a OAR) Vv, /L wy = F- Cisne) > One, + en (in As) 252.86] mips cee be : (ey = - & (dt F<) z(e™ Ee )= Ht a 1 vex (ane=) Nees@ -mg=o 5 Neine = mrw*= mr(3Z) tan o= £ (30)* ste £(#)* Nene a(R)" 2 oe) rie risa (HB) The boul is 9 parabola of revelotien. 26Chapter 3 ®= ae R= EGpmal R= ENMTEUM A» 1 BE] com fellows the eriginel brapectory. Cm and both masses land simuitaneoush, x because initial velecitins are herisento/. Wher m lands 27at ob, emis at 2h. Thys 2b= 2eo0 + m(o) 3mtm Selving, x= S/o From the launch stotion Be _ At height h speeds v= VW2-agh Mv = (Mtm)v! ud vis BAG, ts the new intial Velocity after monkey is picked up. % h Pair rise an additional height we 7 Gan. way (yaagh) EE] mediately after collision with sandbag, plane’ velocity is reduced from vo te ¥,/= Mv, /(Mtm) M= ynass of plane m= mass of Sandbag Retarding ree A (0,")(.250) +900 = 400 Md ve y/-ab where a= F. / Crt) Stops at t= Ve /a, : Distance of dravel =S= b,/t'- ka, 4 = V,! Jaq, s=(Sa)ve Omen) Jn = the (2) 28s = (3598) A882) (120)* = 2560 feet woo &y While block #1 is in contack mobion of block #2 where w= T/ng is given by X,et- £ cosut x = M%tmaxe L et MANRES = Gite: (4 fect) Bleck #1 loses contact when x=, This ecours at wt E After this time the cm moves at a conctant velocety Vem- Vem cam be found from X, and x, ot 2”, ™, X84) tm, XC2!, ma Le Vem 7 RCN me) = (me) ot mr me Initial velocity v,= Tage Impulse = mv, = 50 Vaxeexoh = 199 kgwls 33} Let met) be the amount of sand in box car at time #. Am is the amount veleared in time at. 29P= Cutmet) +4yn)(vrav) R= Cmemtt) +A) V Peo P= (meme av = Fat te First order Fe (meme) dyv= _Fdt Mam ce) Let ee = mlt)= m- dvs vv dM. Uv at mM dE oM b. Alternatively, 30Vode Merbt y . tay § a whieh gies ° My oo dv ubMe = oe de ~ (teem)? az Veo Fe = (meam)(vear) an : P= My + &m (vtu) M+ 4m Vv o= R-P.= Mav- amy vray” v Mot bt Mat b: (dvs “S,, mw > ve ut (Met tt ‘eo Vilee\= 5 4, ( Asegeceten ) = 2.03 m/s Separatian between skiers = CSIC S5)= 75m Hence there are 92 mia %a skiers on the tow, average. Ferce te Uift one skier is (1996 7.2) (sin 20°) = 235 Total Rece te IFt chrers =( 135) ( 295) = BISON Must also add the force Nr 5 necessary te change momentom of sker Fa (o)tl5) _23n oo Total Fercee & S s3150N To 31Ex) In each case, the flatear is at its Final velocity as the Jumper parts company , ne acceleration after jumper leaves, @ p,Fo Pe= MV t Nm (y,-v) #0 ov weu) tk Oo" Nm Wenee Var (mew)! Nm (b) Assume y have already jumped so that speed of Flatcar is we a ert —> p; = Lonpmemy. t Ninn = [on-j-mtMdy + ov fs : ay as 2 = (-j-1) mem v= ote i (a-j)mtm i my om ym Henee v= [Neem * Geman 7 7 mene JY m m (et vas [Bota SW * Amen IY Hence yu >v[Ze] @) Mass of a Pertion = Poe Mv cate Me = m(veay) Fexltrae)= B2(veax) irate e Vveav Mav= = Maxat ; {Fue a w+ ax dy dx 2 gx Hence Se pres iF “ut -y%t tes = Ae +*Be Gb) xcoet, => G7 AtB x =o —_> $a-Ze =. Hence A=Be A/a BAC] A= mass farit length = me - he where Vaid denéety of water OP, 7 aR, = Av at AP transferred to hqdrawt is ot 4s? as theun and has magnrhde Tavzat. — 'f 33Hence the farce ‘ee 7 Teas = EE pole en hydrant i AP transferred F 45° net z oPoor —+. oP, [EET water speed at height h is ve Wi-2gh Assome woler beenees elastically Frem can, Then Fo = 2av* max whee ave av, = (dm/dt), Hence w= a(gz)v and L +’ h= 2 - ¥4 (SE), PR=mv . . Pex +a) (veay) .- li Pp-Py = may + QM)V= Mg At : . Hence mats dM veNg Fem Ore oR m 2% + kMv*= Mg 34va g-kv™ dt As Vv. increases, 4% decreases and eventually becemes getro. ence ab terminal velocity = kv* 7 = Jz a Maem ° vo /k Foree on 21 Square centimeler = av® =(2B)v = sxoty D> Total force = (S00 5x55) = 25x57 N When bowl i mering epward , de 22008 and tetal ferce = 9x00 °N ™ su SE =— mg —-mby ™ ae ae bp Ym = —mg- mbv ay thy = Yang ve Wars . ov Cheese the constant A soch thet veo) =O vs Vers G-2"*) 35Chapter 4 m a mgz E, = mg ak) tk mvt — Ne mg = mye 2 7a rf N= mq, mv32amgR. Nene E> BmgR= mgz a #= 3R “Or | 2 FR] F.= SMY, | es &kL? rz 5-6 = We = [mabe = &mgbct Bleck comes fe rect when xmvo= 5 (bemgh lL a0 MV = 7 ke mgh Loss of mechanical energy = zMgbe* = Mqb a 2 k+emgb & my) E83) (a) wave (Mem)V V~ (mn) ¥ 36(b) = £(men) V* E, (Mem) q £(I-c0s ¢) + 1 i. Vite 2g G-cos@) BJP V----— e ve (MY) Jase (i-cosg) [ee] f= mah a mg (h-R) t . +5 MVi et my? Hence 0 = -KMV"s Emy?—~mgh By conservation of momentom vel mF ’ MV= mv => ys Tats )a4R sl O= Te +2Te Ss rwratw So at r Hence Sea - 2dr Liew, w r const eee Un woz -abare bre oR 8 = TSR r= 37where rltJ=4, and SC#,) =, we Gift =m Sir y See") dp = dmvict,)- km 2b) + mbt wt (322 -3z3) Amv) + a ~(amvaca) +4 mLiw?) ae mete Ae at, es 2, Mence WH Caertay htt) -Cemiftny oil i) W= kelt,) — KECt) ra] 2 N-mgcose = ~ my Contact is lest when N=O Frem energy considerations mg R= mg Reese + Rm ve we 2g Ci-cos) Contact is lect when -qeese = —2gCI-cose) => Ses =2 g Hence x= Riresse)= 38ez Vertical force on ring = T-ANces@-Mg =o in eguilibrum, N-mgcose = -mv7/R + By conservation of energy mgR = Emy3+ mg R cose me = 2 mg (I-cose) Hence N= mq l3ese-2) Ring starts +e vise when TH0. mq (2-3cos@) cos® = My Ms The manimum valve of 2ces@ -3ces*@ ecceers at cos@ = Va, Hence the ring wil met rise wnless m)% =™M m> om Angle is given by Bces*@ -acose+ Mo =o => cose= s+¥F-= Ez] thks kxp = 26¢x;+y,) C+ me) = 4£ Cay) Gq Aamplitde = x,-% = uf = % 39(b) Bleck comes te rest when ket F or p= F/k Hence 4FR/k = %-Ff/k = ke kxe n= % (Ee -1) & mv, + m¥, 2 amv Total energy available = Qt kv dmv? = £m) v™ at 2, 2 uJ . vie cy) +d | Qasev cy A at ve dcvey) ayn Ve VV = ECU VHA) < a Mence we repwe K(y%vi)+S& = E(v2+ve + 2v,¥,) Um = -€ Lviev,2-2%-V,,) fa. or This condition cannot ba satisfied because Q > 0 and the right hand side is SO: let Vg=V,-V. V2= Vie V2 -2V,v, cos & 20 ve 2. 2 > vievi Savvy u< 40KIO Vv = Me ® ) Toa SP = oe (2) At veo, amplitude is A amplitde = Ag. (2) B= Xk Cavplhde) = ZkAY Hence o - Hence newo Finitial ~ “Camel «h) () = ar _ = > (=x 7, a) mv=(Mem)v! om =) ve (fey ov ¥ KAS © & (Mem) v2 = Me eM (4) HEAP 7 a- I A (3) ae= KAS SkAP = &kAP [i- a = (saa) & kA ea Am lids the pan with speed + Cam)v? = Cam) g x x max Ams "7 ve Vaqx 4a(am) v = & V2gx ax Average firce. dee to colbitvans = Fe > Bie Be ZR v = aq x rt delivers momentum Wweght of chain on pan = Ma x Reading ef seale = 3Ma y Mg 2 238 (494) for oct ¢ P&H My t > V2e79 = Mg fer aq ot VER] Speed at impact =v, = Vagh r P 'o J If Ab = duration of impact , F at my~ ° FEF s= vyat- & oe Cas)® tt s S= yet - & Me casle= Hyat | Hence ats 22 Alternate Me-+theds 7 my? “Ve Xmv,2= Fs = my mah = SO) case) fg As Ole» on P= 15 4/,,2 =p Safe te drop nm “ol 42[es] do =o r [ “an aoa eg 2 i ae Lt = < Ho= eT (CH)"- a(R) J =-€ by we Tye A= . cadaays? _ Gada) nf _ mE ke am] =< [gee See" Cia Ae ~GMm . GMm = -2GMm (a) | r Tatexe 6) kwv2- 26Mr = dmv? - 2GMm Tar7a® Vaz v2= vie 46M (1- FE) = vie STECM © w= M - Jy] = 46Mm S k sf ° as al ov m bo = jRam,s a ea M 43fre) Be — A/xe @ v=-CF- aT, f .]. = Bx+ A/x tconst A) Let const oo xe > x- WM GW) we VK/m where ke 3% = 2 = ~- (RF © o- RL = 2-45 Be] pe AE = mya (&)( BE) (oete/)* = TT e = ayas ft-lb /, P= 21225 = 47.5 horsepower S5o° a" ee] Fp Lewsine fe w = Wloos+sin-e)Bot F-Wene a = w Co0.06 —sine) Qe J Gs w Pray. =n Y v 0.05 +Sinre ) ve ( 0:08 0.085 am eos ae — | (Seer sect od = 45 mph 4.18] He leaves the ground ot Time TT v= [E-3]r, Sos a[£-4]r* = 2yT mernop tt: P= FVaye = F(e) pant 2 ny's mgh > y= Vagh = EN® Yo = = 1209 s= oft Fe Te rm = my amy = mq (Bi) = 480 lb fp? ne acl k, Te es . oes = 02165 F = Coy(s+ tS) _ on hp h (B50 (0.216 ” 45A v= ((Boswt-g)dt 7 5 =e sinut —gt vee & ( - 93) ee ( = sinust—gt) dt= (-& ° a Seo = a ur =~ _. Vsing Yo Jagh = Jexanes = 13.96 f4/s and S.= 15 Ft, solve fe, wand &. Se - 3°) a Fo = 742 Ib Powers P= Fr= (Resut) (4 F smut -3*) =F, ( Be smut cost -yteeewt) = Fa (F sivwtened — mgwteotwt) = 19,92) (442 simust cosust ~/60 wt cos wt) a = P= 7230 Hkh, am ax = 13 binsepeuer Consider a mass \ { of sand Am. A =v x 46The -momentom of the belt and the transported sand dees not change in At. aPo = (amy = Fat r= iy P= fv= Seve GQ) 4 ke = & Camv> fs eae - The remaining power is needed to make up fer Friiteena/ -lesses 2s the sand initrally slides on the belt, req] le) 4py = CAmdv¥,= At J a gi Fe Ev. Get Sb= ob dee ay, Fe av Foy me Avte Agy Wo Pawer delivered = Fag Ver AVSnagy v, Bs lage Potential energy Potential energy = So g4em = SS ga4eq= eae ee RAG Vee page SE - £2VS Be gagde = RAaVSergyy, 47There is no dricrepancy with the gravitational part of SE (conservative Gree, ne Wied paticn of mechanice/ energy.) Methanial energy i fart in the “cellisson” of one part of the repe with the nent ; think of the cope as « chain of links. ' eaa{ ve vi-gt ae v,Ci-e) ee 4 egele “ Qe d — T= Aylin) 4 Ave Gi~e)? == ae tee = BY Ce) Dar civede (rel an J Toe 8% Cie) [Grey T= ye ( 452) #23) y,- Bgh nvm (Mam) vo ™ My, + ™¥,, z a k(mem)v2— kMyekmy> 6” n Solver -m wing ye (1 DB), - By, (Mom) v2= M LO-B)v= By] + mud 2 2 a m= ™m = Myst -2mv,? +-Be v2 +e y® = m2 amy, + 272 vv + mv OR vit -AVevm ~3V 270 48. av,+ ] 2 2 Von ttot Thy, * iy - 3y= alah 2 Wence marble rises fe « devghd gin Ly mg = 2 mvt He aw= of a A-B My, = amv! vieav, B= km? Coeto te eolliecors : RS M mw E’= £(am)v2= 4 (Me an —v’ Ethe eriginal energy ie diceipatel in AB cotheson. AB Cc oie, | mn a v' ‘amv! = BMV" 2M v= By = ev, a f oo 2 Bre lam) y"*=2(emi2) =a -F gE: Hence FR-FR FE bs diseipaked tr the second cotlecn | divided between Cand the other cars, M G25) invye me’ - me! mo> oO 2 Romy = Rmv" t+ emmy ed ™ M . ~~ karts $f dmot) . OM.Solving, MF or m Vv ‘ > < fizé ™MVo-MV = My vy ® Mv’ 1 mv. M Vv = va he — Suse wo +k My? = am e+e MU! ae Eolomg , MMe = MV Ve a % iy _+ Mm v’= va mM “% |. i. (4) m2, 2 Mence vas CBSE (Bivt- fv «lads o m= = “Hrs Mag [Ra7| ae Ozm - ° amy ” co: . my,= Fat + my" cose av amv! 2 mv" sine on Resuming the cllision te be elastie, 2 450 Bmv2 = 5 Qm)y? + Lm” ’ d . : - Siving, Vo= v" (sin +086) V2 = ye* (sintget) m™m ON ye Hence sintetl = sin?g + cas" + 2sirOcaso = (+ 2sin Bos O OR Sin@=2e0se | ten =A => © B 63° 50Rae Yom Tm @ fen 2 a O-mv O CPM System: Jom wUVVe Y= Ve O> Oo ye ty : v-v= eV 4 Energy vs the Co system is = & CamG-v.)*+ £ (ze) vy, moue) C92 J x mys =(% I.) Tat Tal £ (am) y* = 22 ¢ 2 All the energy in the C system can be vsed fr the reaction, At threshold, 77 — ar Fe 2.2 MeV B= #AMeV CF kt threchheld, nevtrons are produced at rect in the C system so thet they have speed Ve in the L syckm, Their energy wnWik is - HEY (4 m v3) = 64) 40am) v3 ™ ar Fo, E0145 MeV SLuv =v-100v! tm Tm O. © v‘ ye Oo- v S(4m)v*= & mvt + £ liom) v2 +28 (Mev) Solving , we find £6 (Mev) Hive ~BvV -24V7+ on =o oR vs PVE Vuaoyt— 2484 (Mev) a2 There are ne real roots ent! — izov* > 24S4 (ye) oR (560) (4m) y= 246 4Mey S(4m)v* = he Mey CAbvesholel ) There are too forward velocities © @y)? = nao y2— 2HEF (Mev) on (524) £ (4m) VS -PHEHMEY KCim)v* = 467Mev= E+ 0.27MeV t The tes groups of ‘Grward prejected neotrens represent meetrens projected at O° and 160° the C System. edap mVo mv (a P= = oy = GR)" 7 B= co sy oy En Frame in which wall is stationary, we have A | 4 cs Bovey) (vev) Yence in L frame V's (V#V)4HV= Veav dVnw Av 2v vv at ae By Oe uM we dy deo -tdv ae vy ule dx dt dx Vag 7 o Hence dV _ ~& Vv x : An v = -bax + tre fo aed 2 2 2 7 pe 42 = 2mvV = mya mY aS At AX, x xe . x xy (we - "Fane myst [8s = mvter(as)| 2 Ye o:w= Be (£)*- me = = ° <—. ake = Ew Bvt - Fy” e = + mye? AKE | kmvy> : ™ Ee] le ® o> <@ Www.) Me bab Frame cM Frame f@) mv-V.)= My Vi" Ve V.= Ve m oN mtn CE] MY, v,-v, = Ve. mem v M VER VE (yyy aN CVeN) cosltr~ 8) 7, V2=(%e_ Vy tem? . f (Sen Ym +mtramM cos @) ¥ . v.=/_Ye 2, Ya, le (ZS) Ow +M*+2mM cos @) bh) K= RM" = = t o Kt ame = (m24.m24+2mM cos @) mitM?+amMcos@ ~ 2amM(I-cos @) CM tyn)® Gnem)*Chapter 5 Eq) ea-wy = -o*_ on A A la F=-su axi - sa J -at x az = wa Ax tay ft _ GQ) Fs -Sil = 12Ax_ # | 2A4 4 cag { xAey ee? xaeghee xe ree Fe -ap = -bu4¢-1 20% oF ae Bt -t5e F = F = 2heose £4 Asin@ 3 r? r3 zy > : A 4s zi @ Ent cab te ar (e+ Spe Fk) = Ar® (xe gf eal) Cort 70 by dived calevlaten or using the result that all central Forces are conrervotive, > aA ¢ a a ae = (-28x -284) k wo RRR By BF 6 = Hence A is met conservative, Gy) oul = Art + 2,0 + a my + uileo)- Amys - NaC) -§ Rede At 5520 = 8B § Cytdx-x"dq) ue Bet Ute od= © Ue ci) = << Czy =A yn xt se that ayy = amv? tae eS xt -8S yy « ime +A - 8/s + Be MU wen Cote a8 + BEY Hence 3) = (a) Cot F = Guat) cor Foo because the turl operater acts only em spatial coordinates, a) \ The werk areund the indicated closed path is — Bere over the curved ay part bot net sere over J) the straight part, becaure BF ohas a different magitude at 70° and 180 fee Cok bee Fede =0, Wence {Fi around a clesed path varnishes and the ferce 1s conservative, 56(a) ) (ec) u= elFE = A = A [a-s) iJ]xo rt ae ead m 2er> p= -A (3x £ eq, 2) a . -aHt = Az f= zq + 9ce) Bes Ay ABE © Ay Menee go and U= -Alsxe yz) a AA é Jook B22 we XYF OYE corl F= A =A [C<2-»y) be] wo ~z ge xB, A curl B= (5% Axiy*e ~5xAMy Ee Ye ~ + (ae Axtyre® ~ aw Axtgre =) a z\a + Cisaxty* a e 5 =o ~z gee - BAxtySe™ 5 Ue ~ Ax Fame + fey 35 %E ~ Ax e 37Cd) curl = (Ax cos (xy) sin (g=) —pAxx cos (xy) sin (Bz) ) fe o. #0 (ay Us Cxet = const. The lines of constant potential are quen by x= Ket here K= const, 4 th) d= del + dy f Along a line U=eomst., d= 0 Cody cued Vence y= te and d&= dx (i+ihy ) aleng « Ine U=const 58(ey) W= CLle*f-, ef] _ U-dr = cdx Pee, By Stokes theerem, Addi = [CTKA)-SS” | where dS is an element of the surface bounded by the closed contour, If xk =0 § At =0 Hence A is mathematically analogous te a conservative Force. inee any concervatve force can be written as the gradient of some petentia/, R= VB du GMem r= The Farce disappears at ©=0° and O= 90° 5 % / SMem Mem) = (5.01004) C6) T= FE = Lerxio® [sxxc* ( 82)* (6 cose sine) J an 59J §, Fxdx =o qre Wet Sorin s Ace) (oh = aad? § Fydx = ~Ad? 4 cid and ° az = Wy = .s Fydy = 0 x20 =z . Hence W, Ad? —- FE = a = (rAx-2Ay) k = $F. of = (0 GF. a = A G(exag)dydx = Ad s wads - ahd (' dydy = 3Ad?-Ad? = Ad? 60Chapter 6 bo = axR; e ae R 7 vr, = 0+ 4 i & See Ft me my oF [le Sap! = = CE-RDeP Lis SZ eixp =z Rx Pe = SEXP ~ Re zp st Sime Pj =o «by te EGxe FF’ Ph STR = SCRE BG SRO Tl Saxe - Re ee =z since ZA =o a (2) The tetal angular mementum remains constant, ZFochal angular momentum = (Mgt Mg) af W460) Angular momento at time £ is given by : 2 (Mytay az) atu, + (Mat a2) b we Nete thet 447 400) because the sand exerts no berqve om drum A as it (eaves. 61Hence Cragg) Fates = OM Maat) a antes +(Mgr rs) be, > wo = Dhar wanted Cagtat ) b* ey) The vertisle compenent of angular momentum L ~s constant and equal te its inifje/ valve oO; G) Angular mementum of bug abet pivet = mev-aRwi2r Angelar momentum of ring pit 7 = ~ Fey = - (Ej eMR2)w = -2AMR Rw Hence ™ mCv-2Rw)2R = 2mRiw vw e — oo O° “UnsamR pivet by) Li=o Guy Hence L = b-L= © and wso, Ring ‘Bug 62qrevitational force exerts oe ee An ne terye; hence L= const, I . L= (mv, sine) 5R =mvR M By conservation -f energy = Emve _ — - kmy? ~ SM Mence Vv SvV,sin& ar agin 26M Me eae eR sn o= Eyre Em) N/+N,= Mg cos & £,+£, = Mg sin Torque abet CM: om NM LaN, Lat ELLE, = (N-Na) 4 + (Mgsine£, Belving , N= Mg (cose~ ¥ sin &) N= aMg (cose + 4 sine) For the gwen remerical valves , N,= 9724 jks Naz /67# ths 63leg NitNom= Mg f.+f = MPR Take torques abevt CM! o= Nek -n, £-+h)L RO = (Noni) $ 7 Mer Solving, Niside &DIMq- ah Nevteide = SD Mg a Ey a] ED ee te aA ade \3 We Byte parellel axis Neorem, x1 dm éT- OA) sy4 tin (2) x? dm y L 12 : x Bl/a eran) | ade Lope (2 oF - = = oe ax \eG] Consider the sphere —— te bea stack =f disks. dre kdM (R22) dn ar Caatde (5) am ede 64{ex N x By ON N,+NQ = Mg N, (44%) = Ny (4-x) ; Hee ence N= ME (1- > jel oe LA n= Ma (1+ &) Heorveental Feree =f-f, (N,-N,) = ~a4a x Man = ABE SUM xm X%, coswt where we |43 a] «OT A(S +4) R = AUN, ta) R (Nem TE = ATE ~L GE = Mg N, Cita) + Na (ipa) = Tz Mg i" Me Natt, +f. ee wo M Nias Na (14) © ( for horizontal equi) 3 Selving, = VR Me (72) - Ma (t= N= iz S (7s) Hence T= 72 Mg (73) R 65Ui tT. F dt Zo w= (BB)t oo fode ~ 4 (ZB) e* Ab tt, , 2 length L has been wnumeourd, tere = 4 (SE) 2* = 400 ky | beam wi// not rotate: te A + ma | (H) ae Repire Mig4i = Tle * vk id Maq-Tl> Mae fe] = oe M, T’-M3aq 7 M3@ + ‘3d 4 gMaMs Maq er MaMa 66Wence, the condi ton becomes ML = Hin Ms La 7 Mat Mg ea] (a) Force is central, hence angular mementom iz conserved. Mementum and energy of m change because of applied force 6 Fiz wo L=myr= my & {Tat wo Ag re R ) Angular mementem is net conserved becauce ree sp met central, Momentum alee changes a. smee energy ic conserved decaure > a v Sra = mw = 6 _ Nence Rms my aan 4 F Z : = —— Cary 8 _ Ch) eg Z r Mg S (b =r< ~=sts = Se YT =" Eee 2 7 674 © ax =~ = $2 @) Ma Mg~F M Re Mq-Mea * 3 (4) ee] gaz 12 Take torques aboot pivot | aire == + [Q0 + (Mst\e Zo 2 =z | yma2 c= eme+ (Smee me?) = M( R04) we Hee oe = See EF Ae jaz C Sea problem ce) Using the parallel aris theorem, I= £ = MR*+ Me* T= 30 o Eee gE 1 Bae 5 oe et (e-4) C0 z manly J [= Menee 247s B+ 0% L= the pid point ein the bey L Ach 68Take torques about pot, T=3rs T= - Ef-FZ+meS sind TS ~k(S)*o ko my fo B= (hE + hl mg) & #0 oe SEs ke mg E m£* a E w- [Ras = VE ere we e > T=zré ng =mg feo-mlo~ zs 4 2 Ms = mM: be mar" o> T+) £24 Bee re dmlt+ SMe eee r= ad |* S Carrm) gf If disk is ona free bearing it docs ned contribute te the retatienal metion. ence rz r= msi met T's av [Gow (Bem)st 69Energy Method: F= (mg ¥+mMel)(i-cos o) +S Leme*+ (smerny) do Sica Faconst., OE = > o= (my Lemge) sng + (5 mL danteme’) & as abve. xf “sh is frea, the term ECKMAN 6? chertd met be ineloded in &, rac @ Tre -cos (EmRNS e aMR* oa ) =MR UL) Mew mement of inertia i¢ EMR™+MR = EMR Hence ws 7 = shew Zmr* es At 47> %e Oro, $2 HG 6+ e@ mo = 2 Im mediately before colhsion | L= Té-sMRwe Mierward b= I'6'= 2 metw’6 where 3’ 3 is the new amplitde. Gecawse L ic conserved/, |. _ , AMR we, = SMe ew SO, > e'=Fe 70: a4 ¢);?= ——= cre F (60°) = Mg $ cos (s0*)= Mgt Fl%°)= Er (b)*= tM tie* Hence ML*6* = Met = 4,5 EE > fe Emy , o- fms N ez FR = (4 mMRIX< f= KMR~ ~ EMa £ Cf) for relting wetheot slipping. M N= Macros ‘1_@r Mg sing -f£ = Ma, Mgsine = EMa But FLAW = My cor kMas “gM cos® “BMg sine = mycoses => fan O = gue nm(@) o= mCP rw) F-rwr=0 rAd act wk Wee xf B30, rare where vl =1c0) () Nema, =m (atw) N t = amw (1, we) wt = amu* ne © P= Fy= Twe= (Wr)e = amu? > Ae KE = Amvt= km (f+ (rey) 2wt = Em (rat et, tur e*) 2wt B= mrzwe dKE zuot ae * 2m ® wre’ =P ey @ xya Lr Re try = RS 7 T oR atA = RX + fm wo 1 + + (\) mg-7 = ma a i Mg-T =MA TR= EMRE > as(REh)g A-(BM)2 ~- (PWR 72Bith drama burn through the same angle and therefore have the came angular acceleration, (+) (The torques about Ehe centers are identiial) r xa Lyr ARO . ¥ eA = 2R< T Drom Ai Mg-T = MA TR = SMR ee) an Dem 8: TRA EMRE ae Betving 4 Mg = %e MA A= #3 = mv, + & My,* a 7 * To MY a mgh = Melee A= tem . ie Ve Mgsine q sue =S—rti‘<—_iés—sSFCs—sS 2M ence the speed of tHe sphere i aluays greater than the speed of the cylinder a# « piven location and the sphere reaches the buthm Firet: 627] F-f = MA FR-FR = (5 MR ec = MRA Chere A= Ret for vellong witheut slipping -) Hence f= SF (i+ 34) Bot FEN mame thes §(i+ 22) sMy Fos 2") m mm (eR) N —+ [E25] (Fis considered be be gen) 3 F Fcer@-F= MA (nek needed) Q 6] F Sin @+Al = MQ There ene tendency to rotate when terque =O f Henee FL= FR Mg 74Also, FauW T= in (1) f= Sp 2M% at re % %% = 2MVe oh ‘ By conservation of energy, Be Ep Hence pad mye =e 2 : PS fs] 4mah rF-(2S rian 75za] . [6.80] f=-MA ¢ ) FR =I Ball vells witheot slipping when v= RS vee) =v, - Cha é- fa V decreasez and @ increases und; / VERS eo- $B a- fh. (se Se ee ee Newco ball cells witheot clipping when + + am Usde= vi mC Sue + mS fat = dy, When rolling begine vav- $% = Ev, | After His time, Fao and rolling without slipping cortinves, Simpler Selvtion; use conservation of angular mementum abet contact poind . Ly = MYR wom & I,> mr™ » bgt MVR es 76Liwhe @ MVR = MVR + FMR v= Ey, Angelar momentum is conserved abevd point of impact. Tiw, = Twp + MVR For pore relling, wee & om os , \ Few, Lowe + MR we ~" oY, Io" &MR* = _O- EMR wy, = EMR? top © MRM we = We “—" F jé-32 FR= -Ty fr= Ign + ym eam & §, ae t wer gz § Fdt Menee uy ,- ()( 38) wy F continues to act until the socfaces of contact attain the same linear velocity: Rey a= rey nna Ho ~ CR FE) ney — ne @&/O+ SB) = Te = Ae BFin” 7(a) Angular mementem along the vertical direction is conserved. w= ow, be= he + m Rw Ze “¢ (am) _ Qb) 6,5 Hx? + mgh = £5w? + Emy> ay # Wence. % = = (e2-w) +agh 5 4 = 5 w3 [\- (see) Jeaqh 6.3 E= wg (I-cose) + dmvt+4 1,9 Bot vere bg 6 ae ‘ be zm R? Wencee F= mg R(i-cose) +E mRS* sae = ot = mgR(i-cose) + mre on LE = (mgRsine) d+ FmRSS Hence G+ SR. go tmRSee Lone vence oa VEE As bleck rocks witheod Slipping, iE meaceres off odistance RO. Bleck te stable if line of Mg Fall within RO of center, se ac te produce a vertering torque. Unstable if + tang >Re Fer small ©, tan® So Wence bleck is onstable # L>2R ¥, \e36] b AFter veleace the CM meres at a steady velocity = R= Maraled + mV coy me ae ff tl atm, =) ‘6 The system retetes and translates. Becacse Yes angular velocity is correctly given by w= Ry ye sooo ty, Alternate methed: transfer te frame in which CM is at rest. System vetates about CM. Immediately 79after release » me R= (GET) nas Ayn (a \L ™mrm, : Sen Goceas \/." Te Find T, do net vse mg as an CM frame. origin, because it iz accelerating. Go te meV ma L La 1 a (tka) % Mam, Te me (Pha) /(hn)s = (2 morm, 6-37| (a) mv,=Mv-V, sO Rve= kmvis kv? + ST 0% ‘ | z : f Mave CM my, fa-my Lt Tw 2. io ave Blyey) wom mlyyty) 4 /Z, | 802 where Ip= Tz M (at)? = Me Wwe find Cis Se )yt + (EP v)y -(1- S22 wo : . 1— tm whish yields y= (= % a (L) Momentum need net be conserved because forces act at the pived. RMN = ems oT, ot _ Take angular mementum abevt “the pivot, w my, (af?) = “my (at) +0 Fens (22)7m = euse yo (> 8e)ur mo Menee wom 2m CVee up) ee P and (1s 3m) ve + (ey, > \- (=m T+ Bm/m ) Yo my w. 7 ot 5s ’ ™ © fo 5 ye a * ™Ve™ AmV~mV_ amve= amy + dlan)v724+ £7, 67 T, = am(4)* ‘e = mir = Take angular momentum aboot GM 81mv, CE) sin tse = -my(E) sin ase ten Mence va= av-¥e x x 2, B.2 Ves VS eave ow a ee uvVa Ve. 7 b Selving, we (e39) (a) The bey plank system translates and rotates about MI f its new CM. 4 w my = CM+m) Vv _ | x} v ve me Vo mem |. m(£ -x) = mx ML/2 Mem = Take angular mementum about new CM myx Dmxtez, + MOE -x)* 7] by parallel avis theorem wetsz, om (£5) 7 = m™m Me 2 2 Geamys 4p ELE pole mMs® Me M sat 2 mM Mt iz MLS* Uma) <3 827 ™Vo% = ™M 4 ve fence = = ML* (M+) = 2 Gate ML™ (rem) ~> (am) peint ot rest has speed -V due to (b) The votetieon. Va¥o (my) : y ™m+M — Z£ (Mitte 6 Umer ) ED, ($2) mn) Yous CP Bm) aye ay M+m (ay The metion for x> 4 is quien by x= L+b cospe where B= VkFm x= ~Pbsin(pt) Speed of cm ot x= is -@h BC chee] erat! concceva/ Momentum and energy Take angular momentum in collision with the track, abet point on track, Torque of Spring is sero at vel, torque dee ty collision force coesht omen, 83b= MRv= mR eb mM Le = MRR + MVR Cy = 2mRFw Hence wo = fe lmmediately after calliséon, v= Rw = Bh becuse VaRw on gear tracks, B= EMV + EMR eo MA e MBA O Ae = Spring 1s compressed te 2 length L Ak (4-L)* = ke L : mf oe oot te | L= FE from well. az (L) There is ne collision in the cvtward trip and energy is conserved . Speed at x=l i given by Kk (4-2)9 = Fke= EMV? + Time) GR = Mv> v= 2b 1m = 4b we Ha gb For x74, w remains constant. Motion of whee/ is given by x= Asin Pte 6 cos BE 4 BA cosft -BB sin Bt xcoywo 4 kco= Feb => B@=0, Aw a 84x= & singt x= Bb coopt Wheel steps af per E xtpee Zyn bh Uence wheel goer ovd & xe bh (c) & Wheel is spinning with om SEb ae it hide track, and it has «peed - 4h. Lb; = MRv- meee = MRBL. MRAL 2 = Nence tp = 2mMRiw’s0 : emt € ‘= wlme, Va Rws0 and wheel! comes to rect, CT] Only nevmal forces act at the Nw Surfaces. (Me Friction) The position ef the CM and the Ne angular petition are quien by a single coordinate, ©, Location of CM is giver by zu x= bese 42h sno P 85The herivenda/ force is given by Ni 2 Me = ML (- cose @* -sine se) Contact ic fest when My=e or 6% -tanO & any Energy it conserved, so we can find &* fiew the energy equation . A simple way to get & 1s to differentiate the energy epvetion, B= Mgye EM CRG) + ET, OS emgy = kM So = Fumes. Mghsine (2) +h (SE) mrs tml sine O:Fherentiating, O= FMAGS + My leoce 6 6: -ELcso (a) Seobetituting (89 inte C1) yielde S*= £Asine Substituting this inte (a) we Find Mqy,> SMgh Sin® + Mok sine = Zmgl sine Nence 4* Lsin® = Hye, The beard leaves the wall when the top bes slipped Ya of the way downs. 86Chapter 7 ph €L rh I.= MR™ Bq perallel exis theorem, IgeI,+me™ = ZmR™ Le met (a+ gh) = mera (f+2h) The spin angular momentum is Ls*X,w,. Assuming that the azle is close te herigentel, VEL = bg along the f axis, 87The tergue dve to each spring is 2ler, The tetal borqve is #LE7T hence 4LOT = DLLs e= ths “LT The linear equations of motion are T cos p - my =O Tain pp = ee. MO x teeue 2 a2, orqve = Lreop = Amy = Fe = OL ene with cosa! pnd sing ~p we have ~ MMe 20 Mgt \2 pees gts (Ra) q But x= ttLlLawp ~ help Let p= (Bye : c The ps p+ TPP pe or pe ee Bo 88The axle everts a terque T, on the millstone and a vertieal cownward foree FE, The milletene exerts oppesite force and torque om the axle, The coupling at the vertveal column must also exert a downward foree F on the axle, The ante is im vertical eyerlibrivm and for vetational eguilibriuom RF -T _ The epvations of motion for the milletene are N= Few T =A, Q=EMb wD 2 Solving, F= %/R = Embw, For contact at the rim, asb= OR Tq 2 ane, 2 Then Fe SS = dmbn® —e wenger =m (qt bat) ) —< 89In the absence Ff the flywheel, the counterclockwise torque due te the normal forces at the wheels mort oppese the clockwise torque dee the radial (transverse) firetion foree, F= Mv/r - wieh the Flywheel, the normal forces exert ne torque; se the flywheel must exert clockwise torque the vistance From the read to = LF, where + is The counterclockwise torque the canter ef mass. vat sefficient te make the LE meet be at the rate the car is torning. Flywheel precess Ef the fhwheel ic mounted with ifs angular mementum sileways, a2 Shown the torque it exerte on the cor a will tend te balance the torque > due te the read. ZF theear 7 Tread oe terne ft the right instead of the lef#, ae WMoetrated, the torques due te the read and due te the Flywheel wif direc trom. beth che “ye ay 0 The torque due te the road is T= LF = MvTRE Lg i We vequive s : Tal Using 2 v/R, Mvrk = bs = EmROE oR w= 2VML/mRe 90ds® N . (Yl = P Vv ‘ hw 1 - ‘oe 7 ‘ 7 X 2 Coin ws accelerating, so we must ure CM a origin for berque equation. Ne vermal free = Mg Fm Friction rece = m7/R bye spin angular momentum =I 2uet = 4Mby St angelar speed with which coin rotates about the vertical axis = W/R Ri,cosG = rate of change of angular momentum Cin herigental plane) Terque epuetion Nbsing -fheos 6 = QL, cos B Mgbsin g — ME beos go = fimbverg a Hence tan g = 3° gk Ez (a) AV= wat Als =(Lwainys)or (Dw nn p)w ot 91TT = Teosh Reosp = MaR cosp ee a ~> MgResp = Tw? sinp tomprpe Me 4 Ta* Rw The syroscope. approximation, although hot Jv. titied here sti fied her: woes) dhe Same Cn oc J a (bY The radial free is T sin) so Tse = Mrw* where + is the radius ef the path of the cM Deng Tes =Mq, we find r= Sg tane - (ze) a? dering the Hew, the forces *-(\~ acting are the impeleive force iu Fy TG ond the frictional! Kree _ £. We atsume F>> F and f ts neglect F. The terqve aboot cm iy T= Fb. v Vv (a) The spin angolar mementom is be= a where Z, is the mement of inertia abevt the hevisenteal axis = MbY rh=l, #=- met #£ oe z Hm Fy > Pm Inv (FE Ta 92(LY The gyrescepe > 3 FE or met >> Smit Z2 = 2 Mae > F<< 2v¥/, ez} Mm > N by ‘ i ? a PSE The bergue abevt cm is T= 2tnsin? -2lfeos Fer vertical epvilibriem, WW and the herisonte/ Acceleration ts given by £= MYR T= 24m (qsin?-v¥R cos) 93The angular momentum of the toe wheels is Le= 2Iw=Rmt*v/l = amey The rate of charge of herisenta/ angular momentum as the brke Burne is dis Ql PK = KH (amly) cos P 2 L- iy > 22M (qunP- cos F) aml ee cos P 2 gene — ge cosPe FEE oer tan 7 = Re G+ BR) (a) If the spin angular mementum, Ty's parallel! te the earths angohr velocity, Be, then Ty doce net change direction as the earth rebates, and the gyre will remain stationary. The spin axis it then at the htitude angle A with respect te the local herizendal in the N-S dircedisn Chine wes) 94Let the gyre spin axis be ot angle P with respet to Ze. The tate ef change of spin angular mmementum in the direction 4 is ksnP 2221, PQ, Zn addition, if I, is the mement of mertie along the ants anb, the angular mementom in direction A due to a change in F is Zp, There is ne teryre along the a-b ane, £0 (EA) + Leapeo ZiP+ Le QP=o0 Thi ie the eguation Lor simple harmenic motion. The eserllation frequency ts Fer Let Tow, , ee" Fer a thin disk, ZT, = 27, amrad/day = 55 rad 8.64xlo0ts day 71.28 x12 rad/s oh 3 Ww, = -byso” rotations Jmin X Se = Ie xro rad/s 95Hence ww = Vaxaiexso%v 78x10? = O77 rad/s ose. The period of oscillahén is To t= @2s mz @) Do= mlyt+z*) = Im { x= Tey 7 Ty TO yYome Zyg 7 ~mxz = Sm eto, Z-3 qo -6 ™ a o 13 0 4 6 x a ~~ X= 2Ci-ces ~<) 4 = 2 Sins zZ2=8 Te First order in ~< xeRz 4 =ax z-37 Tr4ee -te —6 ziam( “HS 13-6 ) -6 -6s | Ato Comparing ath part (a) we see that the momenteef mertia vary only by terms of x<* . The products vary linearly, 96‘ Ya —A w NX ’ >. w The Serce dhagram is in the accelerating system .W' in the fictitices Reee: W'=-MA, The ferque about the pivet point ts Taz sine wis Ecosew @) Fer equlibriom, Tro. cose Mg = Sin@ MA > tan@ = T/A (by) Te analyze motion aboot eguilibriom , introduce a Coordinate system with the 2’ .axis along the beard in equdibriom. The effective gravitational field & y= Ge. For amefl displacement, terque is T= uy? Mence Iygf= Emy'? 97Yeng E51 ME + w(t) = = tmMu> a et 3 MP? - mg! P =0 €@-2¢?%/, =0 tye The metion is hyperbolic: 7" Fe © where Y= [3/557 os (2) [ oA z ow Center the motion of the trock deer in a cyctem Sued te the trock. The door appears te fall” from rest fra gravitational Field qa. @) By conservation ef energy, the kinetie energy of the deor affer robatien through ange P= 77/2 is aR Paw SE Using Ig= FM ur* we have G) Faure SMut g* = MAW/a =m = (3) %= Tafa Fema 98Fer the pendulum te peint continvally teward the earth , its angular acceleration ~<' must be egval and eppesite te the angular acceleration of its point of suppert with respect te the center of the earth, ~= “®. Zn the accelerating system, the pendulum Starts te swing tn an effective field gis Vgtta® from an initial angular duplacement % F arctan #. at the effective length of the epivalent simple pentulum is & and its mass rm, then the torque is Ts mghsin Zand x’= tr, = mglsin® /me> aL B q/sinZ /€ - ~~ | Bot q/sin% =a) so a’ Aga 34s xs7 m/s® or *2 = g5axo? [ze] R wa v Ee Minertial ~ Veet és Cc ED _ En rotating system, velocity instantaneously lies aleng F. 5 a 3 ss + DX > oa Vi= Hence i os . A Ase Qxe = Qrse = Srs Therefore Vo. = fherdd mertial RP] The Coriolis farce is Qa Foor™ “2MRxV y (@) EF RMRvVsmn A = Bered/dex = z26xs0 rad/s 2.6b x10" S/day 102v= 60mi/h =88 ft/sec sit A™ Sin 60° = O.8 66 Foor 2M RVSiHA w — = 2Rvsmr Mg g Fy. = r/s_ x2P ft/s xoee6 x (400 x2000)bs 32 FL /s% = 276 Ibs, W) DxV fs directed along the oni vector é, fer eat, The coriolis force on the train is vitected aleng -E, ie toward the wert The reaction force om the tracks is directed eppesrtely — the tracks are pushed east ac the train ig peshed west; a2 a “ é de The apparent acceleration of gravity is GAG“ , where F is the acceleration of the local reference frame. 103Using the law of cos ines, ge 92 + a?- 2agycosa A= 27Re cosa qt = 92 + CR) Pca A - 227 RL Jo cos? let x= 2* Re/q, y. 4 ve Fo Cie xteosta -axcos?a) ~ = Jo C= lax?) cot a)® 2 Ex ° The velocity dependent fictitious force is Fl= -amiixv The apparent change in gravity & the nermal component of Ey /m @) Fart: xv penta radially ovt e Pest Lav pets radially in Therefore 4 is decreased, Sapparen Age - Feed | -anv q ™g@ 2 t ar = 726x10* rad/s 24 bra fp 104v= 200 miles/he = 294 FE/s 42 m= 7Ax726 x10F rad/s x 294 £E/s Saft /s> = -Laax0? (b) West: sign is reversed, “2 = 44.328 x/07* Ce Seuth: — Hand V are parallel. Ne change ing Wd) Nerth: Again , Ag =o a BE) x. the robating system > there is a radial Bree cotward. Feng 7 Mrt® 2 we Feent The torque equation about the pived y= Line point @ is Wleine- Fy leoe = Mes M L764 Mg let ~Me2sin& L =O where we have used r= Cine For small angles sin-& HO, and e+ (ys “KEG =O which is the epvation far SHM 105The solution is O=G cos (wt+%) where w= VE-n* Note thet if n2> % the motion is no longer harmonic. The pendolem flies out and oscillates abevt some equilibrivmm angle. ( The sitvation is reminiscent of the conical pendulum, ewample 2.8.) 106Chapter 7 A Baber 8?) + Uee aoe arte?) + Fo=o he ACRE ert ee) oH du = —fer> Pc 0 B8) = Fer (An. 77a) AeA’ Em alarte +P) 0 Pf (re tate) we ( 4m 2.76) Bz Ferny = -Aret wer) EArt a Ugg + Smet AnmHdgnes, C= 0% gems , m= 50g € oe lo = pt, lof @ Yep Ir * axsor? a oa ‘ 3_ 2x0 (b) Minimem at kD > pa « _ knot = 5x108 Vein 7 BE em 107(e) wer, y= Ucar) te ee wert ad web tot iste & tx ré= & xt = 500 To 2-8 em A ' ES) fee -— 23 F Cattractwe inverse cube force) Ee £*= 3A, Uege =O and radial metion is like that of a free particle, r=ryrvt Lrptet 6 Paras = eA o> (ab)F GS d- GAYE ee - (2 (4 = (2 (a4 + Fer fee rial motion gf at = const. o-e,- (38)* + (4-4) 1082 Yep ™ 8+ Seve 2-4 £ Se, 8 For a stable cirevlar orbit, petential must have a Minimem ef 1. Hence utr) > 0 , nA _ as us Se 7 nA. 28 vleny re oe Bis Se Teg) 3 eR Ce (38)- 6B 4. S AW. ri => neice 3 whieh requires neg, re (a) E* Fer For and Fer mebion in a cirevlar orkid the energy is Kkr*+ tmv eqvilibriom, ML = kr > Gm kketothroke feizrand k= ¢Nfm Then va fF. = 2m ea = Ve we 109 v(4) The blow changes the total energy bet not the angolar momentum er the effective potential. The initial energy is B~ Rkr?+ dmv = kre ar ° The fimal energy is Er er Amp? = iat RK aK SIsT i * (es ae kee 7 5 = EB, Ccirevlar orbit) >< Va rmr® «© Le ug Whe + sre, Le mer Cede!) t= mv,r, iPad Dag Skt e my? ee AE burning pemt s Upp ™ Fi Rket+kmy? Ee = ge, Ce Exsyt+ £xaxex * =12 Byte ae =13 rh- 36 r3+lemo res £ Lt Wetec = Lest Td Ne 162m and Te 245m 110Al Fe -Krite Wee EKeoe Bore z For evtevler motion, Fe Up .Cs) , a uv = ee. ft << e Ute (=e | 7 Krt = +43 => n-(€) e eT ate Ka a Em dep tade EKG! «SE ie “‘ 2 ok (OS )% Freyvency of oscillatiin is wo Vee8 se? um aK t ™ + r 2 * te ufer, = eK +o But Krt= Jos, se wz _ 5 £e 7, 4% 7% u"cr,) = ee : aa (44) /. = af UKs YE wn ( Te") The ‘increase in total energy is AERC Kru), ~ Cre) ey The potential energy is Gnstant during the firing , lLassuming thet the Firing cccurs quickly . Cthis is tre for the actual, but ned the effective, petentia/. ) Using Ves Ver av oe ao . ABE Ke —Kj = EMC 4aV)- Emy? = mV; AV +e mav AE is amoximum when AV is paralle/ to v; and when V; iS « maximum. The speed is greatest at rigee. a: perig eae JC Firing point = a FB| The witie! energy is =uCRe) + Emrr+ to Bn uCRe) + mine Toe nee aor At the top of the trajectory , Fo and oo B= -Gmm p+ oo a =-GMm + + EmvZ sinta ( fe) Equating the inthial and fine/ energies, we have -6GMy + 22 -GMm et 2 sint. (fa)* oye + mv, * tim I 2 7 vat Re “5 fe oe Sev, sin*ec (fe)* uzv,2 R. we h wt s thet have VRE | sy th a “R= - fe + 4 om (Ke) let X= Re Ay? = xe & sink x2 -ax + Sintec mo x= & Cat Ve-usnr<' J Cxre => perdive root) Re eee Hence r= Ry Citcesx) [Ez] The peried of a satelite depends only on its majer axis A. Frem gn. 730, A= [2cE)*(mem)e 1? TH T6yenrs = TEx 3.1K” = 2.4x70' s Mem = Ma = and? hy ae 2 J ~ y a A= Lax (20x?) 2nd” x cerxro” 1S =s4W0m Frem Epn. 7.26 W= RA CI-e*) y= RGA x0?) x Ci -00.967)2 J Dang (@*= O-elerte) acre) Ler EF) , = £G* S42 10% y. 083) = 18x70" m a ve. G@) perihehen = se 2 te = 04 x70" m 1135 2 aphelions Te = wba = 55x10 m OY From yn. B12 275 LAGMm where a is the reduced mass = comet min At perihelion = mr 2 Gee wiv’ Vin 2m GM ~0 F0\ Uy = (4GM\'as HX6.67XI0_X2x/0 = + : ( ) 78 x10” = SF x10 m/s BO) ee ee oe a attractive force F= Ys | we have <= oii: r re Ro Amv’ = 4 =-4 cry G) The betel energy i E= Ktu = -SU+y FU =2-K = -£ ab — TL hecatien of circular orbit, U=2e u 14GY Work dene by Friction is awe -arrf - af ag= (32 )ar an / dk = camef L sry"f ar ar & & c @) In citevlar orbit | Fe -K axk= -ae= + atrf Friction resolts in the satellite speeding up / wre 2 Tet) Kepler's third lew states T= imem) a a ue SA R= major axis = Tt. = 1B6Neae = 5,69 7x/0 sn ma x win T= 9 min = 714x707 seconds GQ = 66TxI0" > me 73 x0" hy Ta Tn general, F= kmv* - Sm For a circular orbit | “e ™ ~4SMm 2 la GMm fi, a Li 2 and EF =where Wa mg = weight at earth's surface, G@) a= -3R.w (ee -e Rw B= 78 Rw Aes (SSE RW = ERW = Eb KEH YO HEY 8 = 2.36x10" Tevles (bY The transfer orbit fe an ellipro with perigee af A and apogee at 8. The Semimajor axie is Avorn. The energy is E’= - Mw. The mitial speed at A is given by Emyts Ks Att ER mg v= Wa Tey The Fine! epeed af A ie quem by Kru, -& kmvt =~ mghp+ BME = (£-F) mgRe aRe v= P75 VReg to 116Hence ays (1% -Ve ) VR = +102 ¥2.9X/0"m/ 5 - 850 m/s At B the Final speed is v7 Me Wy = IR The initial speed ab @ ie : Ms - amie gi-u, = -dmgret TEES = (t-Z)mgRrA mah = 1% Vg Vence we (4-7F) tq . (0.5—0.408) x79x/0~ = 730 m/s, ‘a 17Chapter 10 o.7 tea er = + S, sintwt dt Using sin*x = ccesaed 5 2 = ay” Ci coszud)dd = 3s (bo dt, sinawt)| For T= B | sin 20(24,+7) = sin (aut, ez) = sinawt, xsintwt)> = Dt er- 4, +2 (sm 2wt-singawt, ae = +47 t+ = # sinwtcoswtdd =; ( — Slsmut) t, ‘t, oo ‘ s ap k sin Fut | 6 72] Q= ? » & @ aMrad/eycle x acycles/see = #ITrad/s yo SEE eggs a be Ym = 006s ky s' wo = Tm k= mut= 0.3x(a7)*= 4725 Vm Jo, Fer a damped oscillator rkt x=x,e Sinwt Zero evessings occur at tbo, 7,277, -.. nT 118Maxima ccevr when =o -x ea x, Lwcsws- Lsinut ye ** Zeres in de cceur when cosu,t eee x“ thw,t “au, **! i cos sin Led xe w,t and let pe E-x Then coswt= sine =P x Sin ob = cose 2 | a and cost 2 wey ot 'z Swe RW, ~ 2Q. 0. The vnetion of a chmped harmenie oscillator is given by ft ., x=x,e =” sinwot x, x0 gin gh Ratie of two maxima is R= x= — oer oe x, Mite simu t, Fer wb,= wt, ram, sinw,t, = sinw,t, and an ofe-e) FOR) Oe LL ce 4 Ree £2 T¥/o, » Yu Sge = S5R7% = 0a st b= lm = seas’ x 5 ky = Os kg/s = 04 No/m k= Wi/m = (1 rad/sec)*/5 kg = 197 N/mm ug: Equation of metion is Ke Vk + win Bo for Y= aw, K +20, k+ wW2 x <0 7 Take x= (Aree) co %* = (atee) o?* Po nee 6 _ Ks ws caratye et -agu, _ K+ awk tusx = [w3(Aret)-28w,-202( Are) +280, +w2 CAtBL) Jeo? = 0 Initial conditions are Xo =O kcey = thn Xt Using X= (AtBHE* we have xCo.=0 => Am~O cos Thm => B= 7m ~+t Hence x Zte which it maximum at EFF X= displacement of pan from — equilibrivm position of spring +t ™ mn = mass of pan 120 Ca) = | aaa eeeMe macs of bleck kxg= mg kx, = (mem) g k(x,-¥.)= kh= Mg k= Ma = lex? © 970N/m h ov te) The equation of metion fra critically camped! escillater is | from Note /o.1 4 y= CA+Bt)e * where Y=2W, Now measeriny x rem the fina/ resting place, xcol=s hak _ ere y= -Ecaceele ft + oo ** |, Nene Y= -£ Aree -thep Nemerical valves: Ve au,=2 Mem = al = ie 5! =hsaI1m Fer Vo, vce conservation of momentum when block hits. (mech rreryy nit conserved here.) MV= (mem) Vo Kmvt= Mal where Ha distance block falls. q21Mw M 10. V,= Mem V * mem Vag = alaxere = 2.6 m/s Since motion is down , Vem 2.6 m/s Br yr eVh = -26+ H xOsK IP = -h7 m/s Hence x= Fos-n7t7 2 7* meters V0.7] From Eqn. 10-28, the metion of an eseillater under driving force Ff cout & x= Acorlwt+P) where = avetan (SEA, The velocity i v= Aw sin (wt+ P) For the velocity te be in phase with the driving force, we require sin (wie F) = coswt Sin (wots P= sinwt cos FP + coswtsin?, so tan? sina rt | 1 sin? P=-= tan Fa 7 [2 I 1 This cceurs when ww, , je at the reconance frequency of the andampeds osei/lator. This recult is nef completely expected, for the amplitude of the driven oscillator is maximum for w slighth lees than &, , 122a tet the pendulom % . / have speed V, as it starts fo el / Swing Up and speed v, ast / 7 returns, ch 4 ifn Ne % -< The lece in energy is de= aM Cvs-vay The motion takes haifa eyele Cur ced.) By definition, Q= Fraction of energy lst per radian. = at Hence A me. Zimy aM (yew) © E mye OV yrn) = E y® Since v, is close te ¥, ese have ave vem The required tmpolse is Ee Mav = 35 My, TF the metion ic given by O=©; sincot , oJ Y= LO = WoL TEES and re @ xc= 123(bY The change in velocity for a givers fmpolse is avs =/M . Mewever, -the change in erergy is BE= £m (veav)*-Emve = mvav + &mav™ The peint in the cycle where the ‘impule occurs can vary due be mechanical imperfections sock as play in the mechanism er wear, Te minimite changes in the energy transferred, the impube Shovld cccur when v is constant je at the Lettem ef the swing. Proof: The energy epvatien & Emvae glCs-coso) = myt+ tele™ = const, wMdy + qlede =o J Le 7 UT giwo when o=0. (=| The energy disstpated by a damped oscillator iz tHe energy converted te heat by tHe wiseous retarding force by. Take the motion te be quer by x= Aces Cute ) 124The velocity is then v= ~—Aw sin (wh+p) The power dissipate! # P= vx by P= by? = bA%c52 sim? (wee 2) The average power disstpates = P= -& bAw* Hence the average energy oitsipaled doring 2% vediin ia AE= Bx time = Pho = + wba® For a lightly damped oscillator, wt wtm & The average enerpy of the eccillotor iz B= kk x= +m = EK(EA) tom Chur A?) F= £EkA* kM _ - SA eS fre. = Wee Ze Sopa 7 Perel The power te the elck from the olscending weight epuals the power dissipated by friction . TF the weight descends distance L in time T, then P= vgl/r The energy lost per radian ix SE Pl The average stored energy is Fe Emre + tmgl or 125The kinetic and potential energies ave epue/ , on the average, and = & mgt ©,* where ©, & the anquler amplitude. i | a= He ~ Emat., - ameter .,, , Mgt ™ a= RMT Bot Wehave the numerical valves = O25: L=am m= 107 kg M = 0.2 kg OF OR Ws AT rad/s T= 264 ys0" see ‘ind O25, 2 Mencee Qu Xx Ly PBF x lon) xamxegnxio* Q= 6 The energy t drive the check one day is e= Mg = oaky X 72 m/s? xam = & jovles. Therefore , the chek woul rum only © heune an a Lt fevle batery. 126Bz & The ferce on mace Z F = is why ~ k Cy-x)-b6 GE -%) The equation of moti tom ix Mi, = nha - beam) - bO5-i) Si Mis kx ~ kOx-x) - b04,-%) ‘larly for mass 2, CS Sobtractme , we obtain MO¥,-% Ym = keno) - 2k Ope) - 2b 0h - 4) bed 4, = %-3n Mi > 3h, -264 @ Adding , we obtain Mm %,4+%) =- hOyen) let yas Ker MG. = ky, @ ©) The mation represented fy 4, is damped and eventoally vanishes. 4a tepresente free motion whieh continues endiminished. Te evaluate the initia/ cenditeens, we need be express ¥% and xq tr derms of 4 and 4a . 127x= 2 Cura) ka 84, ta) At tro, X= Xa 50 = 4, 60Y= Gato) =O At bee, 4n%, k= 0 2 Hence v= &G-+Ga) O- 24-4.) Wwe have 4 Cod= 4slo= Vy From Fyn. @ we find qa= Asinwt + B cost where we 1 Swice faced =o > B=o and y= Aw Ve Hence Ya = TB sin wk , =u? Yee —eVesinat From M%> x Ba Equation of a free camped oseiHator * a) k+Vx + wie =e For a farced damped esc://ater KR +Ve eek = Se corwt (a) bet x, be a Selotion te (1) and x, a selotion be Cad. 128Scbetiteding im (2) and defining X= Xat™ Kot VX tude. = Rtv kteingt HL ev, cgi etd +0 ™ Hence % alee satisfies Fyn fad. (bh) We have X= Acoslwtr?) where A and % are quen by Fan. 10.25. ~vt -vt yr Be cowie ce shut where we = wa- (£)* We reguire eed = Rloree xley@e => Acos 9+ 820 kee o =P - Awe P - Bréecw, = 0° Fe G) At resonance A= WwaP (we %) : Pr arctan so ~ oh . 5 EB fy Mene 870, CH 42 = wer = moey <«2uy, eee sehtion driven oscillator 129Chapter II fry ; Frem the anclysis on p. 450, the chifé m fringes ia N= at v= ce oR vec Nas a. If NM is an opper bint, = -7 Using N=-0/, A= HFIXIO My = Mor, vs cq BQxie e /, So = sc y See Lexie Fe 4Ex1 m/s The speed ef the carth in orbit arcund the sun re | ANXLEX10" m/year = B./6xr07 #/year s0xlo* m/s Michelson and Morleys spper limit was smaller than the speed of the earth around the son by a factor of a0xvo*/ eerie = 3 [ZR] The time for lig ht to complete the reund trip along the arm parallel to V, ascomme that the velocity of Might ix added veetorally be the velocity though tHe 130ether, is given by Ay . 24. 2% Fo rrFr”~—~—~—C—CiwsrsiCtsC The time 4+ complete the trip along the arm perpendicular be vis Lt = 4 Tas are a P f3+cvry] vVyr The dfference in time is T-T = 241+) -a#%(+4#) IF the apparats is rotated 90°, the arms are reverseo/, The change in delay és are Cn4n')-Cr-n) = 4-7 -(g+7) = 22 [+k )- (+ B)]- 2 [ee 8)] at = - (hs we we J c® The Fringe shft is therefore Ne Jvarl = & lar| = (Le4) x2 1313] Sippase that both arms Ree Gadd have the some rest length C, B and that in the experiment a the lengths are and %,. The times te traverse the too arms are = 24 y= Ne A C+ E) Tee a2 (rst The difference in the times is are hte = S(4- ty) + S42 (4-24) To we take Ye LO- HE) a ef, are $4(-4)+ 2¥[40-44)-44] AT = 0 + order (E)* Ste order (E)* there & no Friige shift, Stree (L)* > 5% the next terms (¥)h0d/é were tee small te be dedecdes by the Mickeleen Morley txperiment. ee IEF] The hime of Flight bo Aa make the round trip upstream” A B : = So ee ew 132The time te ge downstream is | Bown ctv @ =F the apparats ts rotated, the signal from A te B will show a change in arcivel time avers by (i+ ¥ «(Q2+--) Ci B+ CHS... ¢ = 244) + order (vy? Me Tap-Tooun = < -& £ Seppece the ground stotion sends a synal the sotelhite af time Tr in pects, Ty and at time Tt , teelve hours later, in positon I. The elapsed time on the grend «@ = G-% The fqnale arrive at the cate//te oat oe ee Gi eae Z 7 The elapsed time onthe sotelie is T=E-T ££ - 7,-24% We Vor >: 133The second synal arrives early by the amount ava 2% EC the smallect selectable tine dehy @ ST, the the upper limed te the velocity is vc it Astoming that €T ‘ie limided by the stability - the cleks , / part in 10, and that the e/o pro! tine between the signals ic 12 hours = 432xs0%s, then pre kano ot = #sxre?s and with £5 5.6 Re~Re = 2.9000 mm we have Ane C3x10P) 2 x Hex? <7 ™ ax 2.9 x00” . fs (Tm order to achieve this precision, it is necessary te assume that the dutance te the spacecreft has net changed appreciably - This requires that the time de/ay ove te change im the spacecrafts vediaf pasitiiw be fees than fT = exe's, or that ike pecition be known to = preedsron of LCS = osm. Sock precision is possible by tle use of continvess Poppler tracking techniques. 134as | a The time te ge areend the a inter feremeder counter clockwise \ is | | 7 ‘ ¥ 7 t= 24 4 ab cy, co where ¢, is the velocity of Aght in the eter of water Flus. ZL the Ught ie carried along with the water, ther c= £+v The time to go clockwise is < m= 22 +34 chee a= S-¥ The difference. ix time it quer by Av = T-T = 324.- 24 - 24m BY -(j-nye wh gh Bt = 280 (in ae -C-m),.) 2 ar= Booty Mence the Fringe shifd is LO = a Me eae | 4 = fe Se 135Chapter 12 = 4 ee Y= (i-vize2) * = Cim.zey = = Gee) * eras x= VOeve) t= yir- 2%) = 06 @ x=4#m +t=0O8 X'S 1L25xXH =Em sy CHOC) ?, as Secs Ixlo?s db) x=tm tis 4 Py oe eo X's 125 Cen.exaxco” ) 2-32.25 x70'm 4/= 1 - ue)ye as(i- £26) = 1aes © xe nexreem tels x= 125% lrpxre®-Laxs0Pl =o t= na = LOxKr0P x6) me Sx) se) 425 U/-.36)= 0.808 @) x= l0o'm teas KS 12506107 2axtexro®) = oe #/= has(a- fofue “art ) = (2) x= Yex'evd) 6x10 = Yexroe+ 4¥xsxso%) 136= ¥oe 2¥Y - Ve 2¥= 0-¥y* le kenya B UD ge- 4 THB] The clock moves te the mirror vight at velecity V, and the light travels the path shown, . Ce ee ee 7 ss = t Her ctrts 4 (12+ (Fy) T2Ce%y2) = 4? Ven T= -zb_ a a Verve VWi-Va7e* Hence 7 a ye cm pe, tire ae S, = BA (2) Consider the pulse sent out in S. 4’ ASter 1 second, the coordinates are x = c cose, 4’ = c sine, x! 137In S, the coordinates are. 4 x= YV¢x'eve') = ¥ Ceeore, +v) =’ : e te yess Ve) =v (1+ $ cose) ] ¥(Cccos@+v) = cose Y Co+veose,) 1+ Keose, In S/ half of radiation is emiHed in the region te the right ef glaxis, fe. limite! by @=tE. Since cose~o, we have, from part @), cose = orvie = Lor veces Fer @<21, cose ® s-ko*= I-d 016°)? Hence vec Ci-5x/07) iesy 4 . In S yw % V2 Va = O776 aE aa En S‘, moving with B, = = Ye Va av eee ate 7 ia Wi ve V+ Sg \+ Zz . 138Let v= cCi-x) Then via 36) Relimx) eC s-x) 2 1402 Boa ys Txt a eCimrey De (x- Ya) + (v- *¥%a)* J = cline) Dp ex xa x24 0x8) J] = ¢ (I-x24x7%2 ) e(1-x472) i Foy ¥=0.0/ _ - 3S = sx ® Vit = © C1-5x/3*) = 0.77995 © si Speed of ved in S" is From the discussion of the Lorentz contractien we have 44 VV ~ SOY oe ae ee 4 < cxay Vet auv +hvi/e2 —u® +2uy -ve 7 Vte™ nex) ct-uv 139fay vi=v i= vie, TaVTe sx 26% en Dyer 7° Swice as c/e we have alan YEE 2S rVrae F Alive) sora Wence goa = abe cova 66x/5 mM a= 662.7% Mm b) Ae Ayz 2S IS = aa Bxesexso"7 — y oe = ve 605x6 ‘esKd = 206Kx10 n/s VEeRewo/r = 3% = wapot sf . = Mlayot = agsy/5 = *¥TO? Medd T = 4F = aisxat s % 25 days [Re] ve oe Rar] aw |] Let Frequency in fab system bey. Ar ebrerver on the mirror lig ht at ¢, ‘m= sevice sees light arrwe at Frequency w= y JERE, 140The direction of light is reversed. Observer in lab pow sees it at frequency v =x,’ PvE” isvie re) The apparent sovrce located behind mir Henee V=Y rand is moving toward ninrer with velocity v (relative % mirror) ve observer x mallennnnx Source apparent Seurce, The velecety of the apparent surce es seen 4 tHe observer is, by the velocity addition fermula , — VO ee Vence the doppler shift of tHe apparent source ' giver by yey [Ee : Vie pe we vey i+v*/e= =p tte take 7. ave fe —st se I Teve7e* rete - 3e prs 2 (EYE) as aleve, 141a7’ Let — — t,= time spent outside glass B,7 time spent possing through less To find the tune for the passage of light trowgh ges, consider two events im systm moving with glace. G@) light enters at £/7 0 x, =O ey Night faves at Z’= BB x/=D b Fn lah system, [ght enters af t= xg=0 and laws af ret ea ey ae) © pC th) = pe (net) The distance ight travels while passing through glass th lab system is xy VV Gcev ti) doen £ d) = Pp (rent) Sine the distance traveled in free space is 1~X, : 4,7 (e-x)/e Te(i-y)/e +4, = EPR (iene) ep (n+) =e VR (ne Seem) = Se Bees (rare) re e+ Die) TRE 142TET set the faemer shut the door the ‘instant the pole is ‘inside. The end points of the pele are descvibed by two events, Ort) t,~e) Ee) From the disevesion of lerents conttection we have _. Since Yl Tevet = VEmE , it Follows thet Hn ag" She and the pele fits in the barn. Now feck at the same events from a coordinate system moving with the pele: Xg = VC vgVbg)=2 } | {a POM VE) EXE LL, ‘= - - ty = ltg-v 28-0 thm PCy v BB) = kese-e Tn the renneré syste the toe ends of the pele of net lie inside at the same instant; frem his point of view event A cceurs before the farmer shuts tle door, Jet us trammne the situation more closely. Frem the renners pent of view, at the ‘instant the deor is closed, tasty =e 3 the runner observes that the Front end of his pele is at YK", 47) so thad it is projecting through the darn walt, How does this event, call 1 C, look te the farmer? To him, coordineles are 143X= U(X! vy) = Lah te VC +h ye 28% Sice #20, the farmer observes thet event ¢ eccurs afler the door is shut. So the farmer and the pele vauiter are both vight 5 the bet cant be settled onti/ they agree on whose coordinate system is to be used By the velocity adlition fermuk, oe = fe Pay cz Taking differentials, ue obtain Cohepping sebseripts) du’ - wey thd du= So (Xu 3 4 du Wwe also have dt = Videlev Se’) » Yas (1+ We) Dividing , dy du! fi wi Wee a eae Vinge? Ie (i+ Su’) a seus |] Tn vet frame, Sima’ and u’eo Hence ara 7 (i-¥) = 43 144FRAR] Using the results of the last problem, with a’=a, , and denoting the tnstandancous velocity of the ship in the initia vest system by Vv we have Hea (i- 2) Vp - + § aay 7 § adt = at d, Deing the result OS Gagayve “= PSE we obtein ¢ vie iM = v + Vive |, Tavayes = ve at v 2 @t)* We AO EY aS The time fr the trip is TS axP-= axsax-S = ts gears aver Veva 1) = + (VAR <1) & FS Flomontts lax’)? = y? Cox-vadt)™ (ay)* = ay* (az)? = a2 * (at)? = y2( at- & ax)* 1452 agt~ y* [ ax*-2vakat +v24t?-c2ae + 2VAKAE = 4 ax? 7 as 2 ast= - ay*-a22-¥* [ax*Gi-& )~ 4t* (ctv) J as® = ~ 442-482 ~ Ax*—c74e? 146Chapter 13 Eq On a systern moving with the Preten, the galaxy is moving at Lites speed V and has thickness D= 5S. gong The time te traverse the galaxy is T! Yn py o Fe E= ¥ingc® Ee er Y= Wee -27 - tmgc*s Le7x1o x (3x10)? / exe? = KuxtoPev = 7#OMeV = _10'3 _ y 0.94x 103 2 : > D= 10% lighd years = l08xaxto x 3x10" = 9x07 om 20 T= mine = 3x10t%s = 5 minutes ox 3x70 3] K= Cy-1Ymyct= (7: ea ) mc® = (b+ EXE + Bt) +... 7) me? KF gmv*- dmvs (£4 Cue have osed Cex 2 = so dx 4) E) 4.) a7a a @ Fer 09 Greet ant Ge ose ‘cr > G (bd K electron) = 0.9% 0.5) MeV = 0.450 MeV K Cpreten) = 09x7z0 MeV = P4O MeV K= Gm-m,)c* = met er=1) Pemir ' dk = mec*d ( I-V87e% 1) = mac* ey % = mv bv a = — dp = mVdt + mio d Gas) = mbde mv CodT) YI7c* z Ved> = mevdv tm,v2 Cer") a = mydv (y+ & v?) = mvdv ror Se ) cm = mydv ¥ (= me) - mudv bra Sk 148aul 4 x oo oo oe ot. vv v * x? te -2¥ vis levee E/= m,c7¥ ° t at VV%cr Vas aye, = = = Wo Te a Be y= it vie tenn, cf VY Tavi7es hence = mc* (HUE ) Initially Finally. @v @ @)— v pumvy paMvp E=mey+Mc E=m/c2P Eqvating » mv Y= Mv meY+Mc= MP wyY 2 ¥ oy ye Yum _ iveding . mepeMe cz Ymem 149ov oO o— Vv ™, ™ a K= Xm,c* E, = meem,c™ = m+) Eps mite ml rT P= mv Pe = mveP K= xme® = (Y=) mc® me x Yo Y= x+/ far OR = Gepe ue © x a ~ Veoie > Tepes ~ tee Rk > mc Tx*ax , “Gary Cet MVE Bm > mpc? (xte) = m/c /? a@ y —— vem re pig De oes = Se =a we |p eee 2. a VW Gaaye Vatu eax vit= c Teax mG Vawk rs From Pi=Pp m/s mcTax /vr = mole Vrtax = mo Va Ven 150. vel ve o> o o> ve S/S - FE) To deterwime the correct vest, take the lim y—re = & (1201-£%)) The negative reet ges VS CaY)=¥ as required Hence Va = S (1- Verne) 1sIritial E:nal sw *, Po & = Conservation of Momentom , on Fe Eile - pi = -ppcse @) Fle = f sine a) Conservation of Frergyy Et &, = Ete, eo Searing G) and Cb) and adding yiells Eee 265 ae pr @ eR ee pO Frem «> (6,+8,-e)*= & @) Since Op = E*- Cm c2)* » Wand Ce) gwe EP -2 8 eps BP fyg ibe" = BP > 127426 BA L-IE EGE )* 2FCE+k;) =2 Cpe =) = ent Ke oe CPi/e; tl Bee ae ° T+ B/E; . a +l Vaing pe MvY =e, we ebfam E= EF, Tele, 1s2= 3YX10~ 3 - : +3YxI0 = 28x)? 1, 006 23) “1 Ars Copier l?)(2exie?)= 20x12 mm = v.o20 A fa. Baer 7 (solar constost ar Re , Ts — awhat tyre GNXDH EN Bxic Fo wys 2 viv = G Msn Me _ (6.7 yo" )aexw™ Noe yw) Ff, 1 ae 7 C1. x0")> 22 = 35x N ~ 6x10" Footer “p= exe? key /m? = eft 1 4 Y? Rc peer, ae eoM 4 | > Tam = © pe 4 z -7 CCGMs ae re 2 ceee) Rem = L2x0 'w 153[Te] Assume that the ht a reflected Fem the sphere so thet ~6 — Power = _axjo" = 67x10 N a © Bxro® At equilibrom | F= mq m= 67 ¥0o% ~4 a [ a = 68X00 & CPX 7 me re ee deneety = 274g lem™ wexee -s\8 rs (28) (BEEF) = (cons) -3 => r= 39x70 6m Bul mrnnr> © 1S * mee ee t c cosP+ Fros@ = E, (a) cc sm P =Esng (b) came = E+E, Ce) @,) gwe ct Pa He -cot cw) ‘i sine A 2 (p.e)* = (4-# <8) + E°sinta (e) ©) gives (2,- 6+ mct)*= EF = (R)* (met) 154Inserting (€) inte (F) yiekls Ff-28E + f+ 268-6) mc% + (mer)? = BA -ag eco rp EE Ci-cose) = C&-E)mc* FE Ci-coso) = ( 52 -1) mc® fea Fe = mc Cimcos@) + 1 @) Enserting (g) inte () yield I-c6ose Ee eo cot P= Tyce sine * sine ~ Coto Incos@ 4 Sine = Pans dae - ote = tan & ety = Pig ten& + tan = ton Cie + CyfeFr aN ™mec*Chapter I+ EL . B= MMe CF0,0,4) : Pe E : ; So ey Flt = leose, sino, 0, i) P oe £ (cove, -Sino, 0, i) e fs @) peer w) PMc #2 & FMov = 28 coco ra ae PY = 22 coe Moe Let | s ae XX" Myer ™ Las Frem tb) Frem (a) Prax cso=n PES 2 Lz ory 1-8 = (a5) fs ER - (4BF)* 2 546 f= o7HK pe 2 ¥+p— pot; ta fee te r+ ps + apes = (farPe)* ,rrti—“—O—O—r—r——CC:SCizC.:‘C‘CUC Far hye (09/) e 156Abia, 2 On (Mg C)* = 2Mp Bh Fraluate hs, in cefm frame : (pa+te)* = - (Mp+ My, 7 ee AG so (myc)? 2 Mp 2 E = (Mpc) =( My, 2) + 2Mse Mae 2 Ey, = My ( + mS) = (35Mev (1+ as.) = [44% MeV El yee aye + Gea, cu) Ceres)? = Cf + Pe Bs)" (rte)? = LB liee2) me leoet) J* = (B)*-( Et eme)*= -ame - (mee eecleeles eR ial cle: Cire, (Pa *Pa* Ps)? =- (3me)* 2me Eo + mee)? = Fbmee)? Venee > Fs + m)ect=¥xe.5/Mey= 204% MeV 5 [44] 25 PtP P= melooei) R=CP 00,1 #) tae (-Fleee 22)Mc= (&,+8,) /e P¥= pat ph © 2p, ° Pa Wd? = ~Cimc)2~ (mac)? -2 C p?+ £62) Use pre (2)2- (ec)? E (uc)? = mjd? + Cmse)? + 2(B)*- 26m,c)* +2 (mez) 2 E = -(m,c)?+ (m,c)* + 2 as Mc? = (me mio) pea ae i] = Cand, by merchenging sbeeripls £,- (wt-miem?) ct aM me Hy. — = mM Ma Ms Ms Pit Pa Pet Pe p= MY Cy eece) pr = -CMe)~ p= Meee, ce) pe = -CMae)~ At threshold > (Ps * Pe )*= -(Mgz+m,)*e* Preps + 2p Pe =f Pet Pa)” ~(me)* = (Mge)* — 2MM, Ve? = (Mg eMy) 20 * MatMy = M,+Mat 9/.%M24 M2 +2MMa Vo = OMeMat A/c)? / = MAME amma, + acmema) & + (By) AMM, CHn1) = 20M amg) S +(&)* . m1) che Meteo ' 2 Ky= m,Cr-1) * Qt ame % rd The ‘initial foor mementem is Pe Mo 60, 0,0, ic) The Final foor mementom is Ro = YMg Cv,0,0, ic} @) By conservation of mementum, the exhaust carries away total mementum Fam -eMeV The energy of the exhawt is given by B= Rc Hence R= ¥Mpy C-L0,0,2) GY Conservation ef four momentum yields Fm Pet Pe M, (00,0, 6c) = 60,0,0, iL ¥mpe +¥)] ) 159Hence Moc = V Mg (c+v) Mem y an csee. F CVi-va7er a ferv)® _ ery te eye | con and ay = 2a ~ xaed . For motion: along the x axis, the fur velocity iz b= Vln 0,0, ce) The for acceleration is given by di, ae Baw y Bae pAY Cueete7 = ¥*Lacecr+ tH Caoeic] whereas % al ak Using HB U- erY® = va a= Lalit rut/e?), 04 sSeu/e] put _ Se 2 i+ ES = + rary y alld Menee a= Valea it] Norm of a, = B= (ays rat Ge) = 4% 160PEE| The phase of the wave is given by P=an(%-rt) En terms of a four vector k= ar( Ya, 0,0, i %) the phase can be written as Pm kev is the us here displacement vector Cx, 0, 0, ée#) @) Since Pis a lorenta ‘invariand Csealar) it fellows thet P*=(ar)* (x¥>2 -pd*) is an invariant. Nene (Plam)* = het-24V%4*) has the same valve in all Frames. For light, x2=c%#* in al/ frames, In one Frame, if Avec, (Flare = 6 ct Killows thet x2 Creyadt ee 8Cet yA) mo and We’ee tn all frames, as required Lr a light wave. This confirms thet k is a Sour vector, (b) We can ‘immediately Find the preperties of its have transformation components, Frem Syn. AH we ami YE «(ati %e- i & EF) v= ¥(v-%) Using pwesa we ebtain v= (v-%) ©) Fer a wave moving along the 4 anis, kis awle ta, 0, i P/e) tn the x4/2! system, the fourth component is amide awiye —> P@Yy 161