AML710 CAD LECTURE 3

Background Material

Revision of Vector Algebra

Revision of Matrix Algebra
Graphics Standards
Coordinate Systems
 Points and Vectors
v = a − b; a, b ∈ E , v ∈ R
3 3

v = (a + w) − (b + w); where w is an arbitrary vector

b’
v
a’
w

w
b

a v

A vertex or point denotes location

Whereas a vector has length (magnitude) and
direction
 Barycentric Conditions
a+b+c 1
g= = 3 a + 13 b + 13 c
3
v = (a + w) − (b + w); where w is an arbitrary vector
c

a b

• For vectors both addition and subtraction are defined

• Whereas for vertices (points) it results in convex
combination
• This leads to the definition of convex hull of point sets
 Revision of Matrix Algebra
• Consider the following 2 x 2 matrices

c1 c2
a11 a12 b11 b12
A = arc = r1 a11 a12 = ; B = brc =
a21 a22 b21 b22
r2 a21 a22

• Matrix Addition
a11 + b11 a12 + b12
A+ B =
a21 + b21 a22 + b22
 Matrix Operations
• Multiplication by a scalar quantity

ka11 ka12
kA =
ka21 ka22

• Matrix multiplication
a11 a12 b11 b12 a11b11 + a12b21 a11b12 + a12b22
C = AB = =
a21 a22 b21 b22 a21b11 + a22b21 a21b12 + a22b22

• Defined for matrices of r x c, c x r dimensions

• This operation is comparable to vector dot product
 Matrix Operations
• Transpose of a matrix – Reflection along leading diagonal

a11 a12 a11 a21

A= A′ =
a21 a22 a12 a22

• Identity matrix 1 0
I=
0 1
AA−1 = A−1 A = I
• Every matrix has a transpose. If At=A-1, such a matrix is
called orthonormal
 Graphics Standard
•Common Graphics System

Application Data Application Graphics I/p o/p

Structure model Program System device

Graphics Kernel Device

System Driver

•Graphics System with

standard
 Graphics Standards
• GKS an ISO and ANSI standard. Device independent host
system independent and application independent
• PHIGS – Programmers Hierarchical interactive
Graphics System
• VDM – Virtual Device Metafile. Defines the function to
represent a picture.
• VDI – Virtual Device Interface. Lies between GKS and
PHIGS
• IGES – initial graphics exchange specification. It is an
ANSI standard
• NAPLPS – North American Presentation Level Protocol
Syntax
 Coordinate Systems
• Three types of coordinate systems are generally used in
CAD/CAM operations
• Model Coordinate System (MCS)
or Database CS/ World CS
• Working Coordinate System (WCS)
• Screen Coordinate System (SCS)
or Device CS
 Model Coordinate System
• It is the reference space of the model with respect to which
all the model geometrical data is stored. It is a Cartesian
system with its X, Y, Z aligned with the characteristics
dimension of the model under consideration. The choice of
origin is arbitrary.

H P
X
D
Z B
 Working Coordinate System
• This is basically an auxiliary coordinate system used in
place of MCS. For convenience while we develop the
geometry by data input this kind of coordinate system is
useful. It is very useful when a plane (face) in MCS is not
aligned along any orthogonal planes. It is a user defined
system that facilitates the geometrical construction.
Y

Z X
H P
D
B

• While user inputs data in WCS the software transforms it to

MCS
 Screen Coordinate System
• In contrast to MCS and WCS, Screen Coordinate System
is a two-dimensional device-independent system whose
origin is usually located at the lower left corner of the
display screen.
• The SCS is important for display, screen input and
digitizing tasks.

X
Z
P
• For Raster Graphics, the pixel grid serves as the range
of SCS. For a 1024x1280, the range is (0,0) to
(1024,1280)
 Digital Image
• We know that the SCS is important for display, screen
input and digitizing tasks.
• A digital image or image on the screen is represented
using pixels.
• The size of representation depends on the size of the
image, the horizontal and the vertical resolution of the
screen which are usually indicated as so many pixels
per unit length. E.g. dots per inch, pixels per inch etc.

X
Z
P