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AN ASSESMENT ON HOW WILL THE OYSTER SHELL

CONTRIBUTE IN CRAFTING A TILE IN MODERN DAY.

A research project proposed to Mrs. Elenita Santonil, RN

In partial fulfillment of the course for the Science, Technology and

Mathematics Strand

By

Callo, Cyrylle Jan B.

Canonizado, Justine Jan E.
Canonizado, Kim Art Lars B.
Canonizado, Paulo J.
Corpuz, Angelo Louis F.
Elayda, Jezryle Eulline E.
Lego, Lloyd Allen M.
Piedra, Ralph Lauren Z.
Reguindin, Alphie C.
Santos, Jessie L. Jr.
Villamar, Kent Bryan N.

Mrs. Elenita Santonil, RN

Adviser
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Chapter 1
Introduction

What is the meaning of tiles. The word is derived from the French word

tuile, which is, in turn from the Latin word tegula, meaning a roof tile

composed of fired clay. The expression is apparently of relatively recent

duration. It refers to the custom among cats of having fun at night on rooftops,

which in Britain are often made of tiles. The first reference to its use appears

to be in the first decade of the 20th century.

By contrast the use of tiles goes back a very long way. Some form of

ceramic tile has been in existence for more than 25,000 years.

Tile as we know it dates from 4,700 B.C. in Egypt while glass tiles were

popular in 2,500 B. C. At Wittenham in Oxfordshire masses of Roman roof

tiles were discovered in 2004 indicating that large roman buildings became a

part of this important landscape when the Iron Age gave way to the Roman

period some 2000 years ago.

Tile making in the medieval period was associated with monasteries

and palaces. Potters travelled around the country using local clays and firing

them on site. The tiles were hand made by flattening the clay and cutting
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pieces into shape. The only mechanical aid was a wooden mould carved in

relief which indented a pattern on the clay slab. The slab would be dried and

the impression filed with white pipe clay. After further drying this would be

shaved flat. A glaze of lead ore was sprinkled onto the surface and the tiles

were then fired.

These ‘encaustic’ or inlaid tiles were made from the 12th to the 16th

centuries. This skill disappeared with the dissolution of the monasteries and

was not revived until the Victorian era of the 19th century.

As a result of the Industrial Revolution the manufacture of both wall

and floor tiles hit a peak in the Victorian era. During Queen Victoria's reign

tiles began to be mass-produced and were used in many public buildings,

churches, shops and houses for their functional properties and decorative

effect. Victorian potters had a large, cheap labour force. Consequently many

experiments in tile making were carried out, much of the work being done by

hand. Decorated wall tiles came into general use in the 1870s.

In the mid 18th century the importation of hand-painted glazed tiles

from Holland led to their imitation by English suppliers albeit on a small scale.

This in turn led to the spectacular growth in tile production in the early to mid
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19th century led by the porcelain manufacturer Herbert Minton, who revived

encaustic tile making and developed the process of dust-pressing which is the

most common modern manufacturing method.

In this time, the change of technology is arising, the production of tiles

is innovating and the increase of alternatives on using other materials with

crafting tiles. This study focuses on how will the oyster shell contribute in

making tiles in modern time that will be efficient, affordable and durable.

Statement of the Problem

Most of the materials used in making tiles like porcelain etc. are most

likely expensive and momentary that may lead to finding alternative for future

use.

Furthermore, the researchers aim to find out:

1. How will the use of oyster shell be efficient in tile crafting?

2. Alternative usage of oyster shell be consumer friendly?

3. How the oyster shell affects the durability of the tile?

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Significance of the Study

The Consumers

The consumers benefits from this study because it will help lessen the

cost of purchasing crafted tiles providing them knowledge that we can

recycle.

The Craftsmen

The craftsmen benefits from the study hence they will gain knowledge

on how to reusing the oyster shell to make tiles with it.

The Researchers

The researchers will benefit in a series of ways that they can learn

more about the study, and as students the researchers also benefit from the

study by acquiring knowledgeable facts about how the use of alternatives

can help lessen the cost of living, and innovation.

Future Researchers

The future researchers may use our research as a referendum on

conducting future related studies.

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Definition of Terms

Alternative- one or more things that is available as another possibility.

Brittle- hard but liable to break or shatter easily.

Calcium- the chemical element of atomic number 20, a soft gray metal.

Encaustic- using pigments mixed with hot wax that are burned as an inlay.

Firm- having a solid, almost unyielding surface or structure

Glaze- overlay or cover

Impurities- the quality or condition of being impure.

Oyster- any of a number of bivalve mollusks with rough irregular shells.

Tuile- a thin curved cookie, typically made with almonds.

Tegula- a flat roof tile, used especially in ancient Rome.

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Chapter 2
Review of Related Literature
Chemical-mechanical characteristics of crushed oyster-shell Enormous

amount of oyster-shell waste has been illegally disposed at oyster farm sites

along the southern coast of Korea. To seek for a possibility to recycle the

waste as construction materials, chemical and mechanical characteristics of

crushed oyster-shell were investigated. Chemical and microstructure analyses

showed that oyster-shells are predominantly composed of calcium carbonate

with rare impurities. Compressive strength tests for soil mortar specimens

with varying blending ratio of cement, water, sand, and oyster-shell were

compared with normal cement mortar. There was no significant reduction in

the compressive strength up to 40% of dosages of oyster-shell instead of sand.

The experimental results demonstrate that oyster-shells can be resources of

pure calcareous materials and effective in replacement of sand, indicating

promising reusable construction materials.

Source:

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0956053X02001599
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Chapter 3
Methodology
Materials:
Oyster shells
Cement
Sand
Water
Trowel
Wood
Plastic

Procedure:
At first, the researchers crushed the shells of the oyster with hammer

and made it look like a powder, but some were not crushed so well. After that,

the researchers gathered the cement and sand and mixed it together along with

the oyster shell wherein the researchers put more oyster shell than the cement

and sand. After mixing it, the researchers made a space for the water to enter

it, the process of making it solid, by mixing all together the researchers put

the product of these four in a rectangular shape wood with plastic on top of it

to avoid sticking into the wood. Lastly, the researchers straighten it with

thread and put powders as a toppings to look beautiful.

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Chapter 4
Results and Findings
Findings and Data on Analysis

The product was not what the researchers expected it to look like. at

first, the researchers thought it would be as beautiful as the nature beauty of

an oyster, maybe because it was hard to balance it to look like that if the

researchers would put more oyster and less cement, but the researchers

found a way to still make it glow. The proponents put crushed oyster shell as

a topping to still make it glow. The result was plain but it still carries the

beauty of an oyster. The highlight of this is that it was hard. That is because

oyster shell is made up of calcium which is present in our bones. It was

mixed together with the cement and sand and it formed new product. But it

is still brittle because it was not that thick. The researcher only made it long

but not very thick but it is still Hard. The more the researcher put more

oyster shell, the harder it could get along with the sand.
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Chapter 5
Conclusion
Based from the finished experiment, the researchers concluded that the

oyster shell can be an alternative instead of using cement in making tiles. Even

if the result is not that firm compared to a finish product of a professional, it

is still done successfully by following the steps followed by the researchers.

The oyster shell contains calcium that helps the cement to become firmer.

The researchers therefore conclude that, using oyster shells as a

substitute instead of using a lot of cement can be a better option if you don’t

have enough budget in creating tiles. Oyster shells have a lot of uses not just

a waste. Oyster shells can make different form of arts.

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Chapter 6
Recommendation
The researchers would like to recommend for the current time and for

the next generations to come that they need to explore more on alternatives

and be resourceful because nowadays we only have limited resources.

Improve their knowledge in experimenting and persuade everyone to learn

how to Conserve, Preserve, Reuse and Recycle. The researchers would like to

recommend that for further researches, the future proponents must research

on more native materials that can be used as alternatives. Lastly, the

researchers would like to recommend that to consult for assistance of a

chemistry major in order to have a safe and order experimentation