The Plant Body by MJM

SHOOT
SYSTEM

ROOT
SYSTEM
 The Shoot System is
found
ABOVE
Ground

 and the Root System

is found
BELOW or UNDER
ground.
• Root system
• generally underground
• obtains water and dissolved minerals for
plant
• usually anchors the plant firmly in place
• Shoot system
• generally aerial
• obtains sunlight and carbon dioxide for
plant

• Shoot system consists of

• a vertical stem bearing leaves (main
organs of photosynthesis)
• flowers and fruits (reproductive
structures)
 Developing fruit

Nodes (areas of leaf and

axillary bud attachment)

Flower
Shoot
Axillary bud
system
Internode (area between
adjacent nodes)
Petiole Blade
Stem Leaf

Rosette of
basal leaves

Root Taproot
system
Branch roots Stepped Art

Fig. 5-1, p. 92
The Plant Body
• Buds (undeveloped embryonic shoots) develop on
stems

• Although separate organs (roots, stems, and leaves)

exist in the plant, many tissues are integrated
throughout the plant body, providing continuity
from organ to organ
•TISSUE a group of cells that
forms a structural and
functional unit.
• Simple Tissue composed of only one
kind of cell
• Complex Tissue have two or more
kinds of cells.
 In vascular plants, tissues are organized
into 3 tissue systems

• GROUND TISSUE SYSTEM

• All tissues of the plant body other than vascular
tissues and dermal tissues
• Functions : photosynthesis,storage and support
• VASCULAR TISSUE SYSTEM
• Tissue system that conducts materials throughout the
plant body
• Functions: strengthening and supporting the plant
• Intricate plumbing system, conducts water, dissolve
minerals and food

• DERMAL TISSUE SYSTEM

• Tissue system that provides an outer covering for the
plant body
• Functions: covers the plant
3 Tissue Systems in Plant Body
Ground Tissue System
composed of 3 simple tissues

• Collenchyma tissue
• Composed of collenchyma cells (unevenly
thickened primary cell walls )
• Provides flexible structural support
• Elongated ,found in stem surfaces and leaf
veins
Collenchyma Cells
Thick cell walls at corners
of 4 cells

Cell's
interior

Water lily
Fig. 5-4, p. 97
 Sclerenchyma tissue
 Composed of sclerenchyma cells with
both primary and secondary cell walls
 Sclerenchyma cells are often dead at
maturity, but provide structural support
• 2 types:
• Sclereids short cells common in shells
of nuts and stones of fruits
• Fibers long tapered cellls common in
wood ,inner bark and leaf ribs
 Sclerenchyma Cells

Cherry Bamboo

Fiber cells

Parenchyma
cell

(a) Sclereids from a cherry (Prunus avium) stone. The (b) Long, tapering fibers and shorter parenchyma
cell walls are extremely thick and hard, providing cells from a bamboo (Bambusa) stem. The stem
structural support. was treated with acid to separate the cells.
Fig. 5-5, p. 97
 Parenchyma tissue
 Composed of living parenchyma cells
with thin primary cell walls
 Functions include photosynthesis,
storage, and secretion
 Materials stored in parenchyma cells
include starch grains, oil droplets,resins,
tannins, sugary nectar
 Parenchyma Cells

Vacuole
Nucleus

Onion

(a) Parenchyma cells from an epidermal peel of red onion (Allium cepa). The
large vacuole contains pigmented material and occupies most of the cell. The
nucleus and cytoplasmic strands are positioned under and on top of the
vacuole, between it and the plasma membrane.

Fig. 5-3a, p. 96
 Chloroplasts

Elodea
(b) Some parenchyma cells contain chloroplasts, and their primary
function is photosynthesis. These parenchyma cells are from a
waterweed (Elodea) leaf.

Fig. 5-3b, p. 96
 Starch
grains

Buttercup

(c) Parenchyma cells often function in storage. These parenchyma cells are from a
buttercup (Ranunculus) root. Note the starch grains filling the cells.

Fig. 5-3c, p. 96
Vascular Tissue System

• Conducts materials throughout the plant body and

provides strength and support
• Composed of two complex tissues

• Xylem
• Phloem
 XYLEM
 A complex vascular tissue that conducts water
and dissolved minerals throughout the plant
body (tracheids, vessel elements, fibers and
parenchyma cells)

 Actual conducting cells of xylem are tracheids

and vessel elements,
 Performs storage functions xylem parenchyma
cells
 Provides support xylem fibers
 Pits

Tracheids

White pine tree

(a) Tracheids from a white pine (Pinus strobus) stem in longitudinal section (that is,
cut lengthwise). These cells, which occur in clumps, transport water and dissolved
minerals. Water passes readily from tracheid to tracheid through pits, thin places in
the cell wall. Fig. 5-6a, p. 98
 Vessel elements

Pumpkin plant

(b) Vessel elements from a pumpkin (Cucurbita mixta) stem in longitudinal section.
The blue-stained regions are various patterns of the secondary walls in the vessel
elements. Perforation plates are not visible in this micrograph. Fig. 5-6b, p. 98
 Terms
• Pits occurs in pairs- thin areas in the tracheids

• Perforations – holes in end walls of vessels

• Vessel – a stack of vessel elements shapes like a water

pipe

• Plasmodesmata – cytoplasmic channels through the cell

walls of adjacent plant cells occurs between companion
cell and its sieve tube elements
 Adjacent
perforation
plates

Southern
magnolia

( c) The end walls of vessel elements, called perforation plates, have large holes.
Water passes through the perforation plate from one vessel element to the next. Shown
are adjacent perforation plates from a southern magnolia (Magnolia grandiflora) stem;
in this species, the perforation plates are at an angle in longitudinal section. Fig. 5-6c, p. 98
 Pit Pairs
Pits

Middle lamella
Primary
cell walls

Permeable
primary cell
Tracheid Simple wall pair
pit Impermeable
secondary
cell walls
Cell A Cell B

(a) A simple pit pair has an interruption in the secondary cell wall. The primary
cell wall in a simple pit pair is permeable to water. Fig. 5-7a, p. 101
 PHLOEM
 A complex vascular tissue that conducts
food (carbohydrate) throughout the
plant body ( sieve tube elements,
companion cells,phloem fibers, phloem
parenchyma cells)

 Conducting cells of phloem are sieve-tube

elements (where food materials in
solution are conducted); assisted by
companion cells which loads food
materials into the sieve tube.
 Phloem
Sieve-
tube
element
Cross s
section Sieve
plate

Companion
Squash leaves
cell

(a) Phloem tissue from a squash (Cucurbita) petiole in cross section. Note the
sieve plates, the end walls of the sieve-tube elements. Most sieve-tube
elements appear empty because they were sectioned in the middle of the
cells rather than at the end walls. The smaller cells are companion cells.

Fig. 5-8a, p. 102

 Phloem Companion cell
Sieve-tube
element

Longitudinal
section

Squash leaves

Sieve plate

(b) Phloem tissue from a squash (Cucurbita) petiole in longitudinal section.

Fig. 5-8b, p. 102

Dermal Tissue System
• Outer protective covering of the plant body
• Epidermis
• Periderm

 EPIDERMIS
 Outermost tissue layer, usually one cell thick
 Covers the primary plant body (leaves, young stems and roots)
Epidermis

Epidermal
cells

Guard cells

Stoma

Spiderwort

Fig. 5-9, p. 103

 Epidermis
• Epidermis covering aerial parts secretes a wax layer
(cuticle) that reduces water loss
• Gas is exchanged between interior of shoot system and
surrounding atmosphere through stomata ( tiny pores
in the epidermis between two cells called guard cells)
• Photosynthetic tissues lies beneath the epidermis
• Trichomes , hairs special outgrowth in epidermis (
removes excess salt, reflects light, protects, increase
water and mineral absorption)
• PERIDERM
• Outermost layer of cells covering a woody stem or root
(the outer bark that replaces epidermis when it is
destroyed during secondary growth)
• Forms the protective outer bark of older stems and
roots
• Composed of Cork cells; dead at maturity and coated
with a waterproof substance called Suberin ( reduce
water loss) and Cork Parenchyma Cells also called
phelloderm ( storage) and Cork Cambium
 Periderm

Exterior
environment

Geranium Remnants
of epidermis

Periderm
Cork cells
Cork
cambium
Cork
parenchyma
Cortex
(interior of stem)
Fig. 5-10, p. 103
Growth in Plants

• Involves cell division, cell elongation, and cell

differentiation

• Plants grow only in specific areas (meristems)

composed of cells that do not differentiate
Growth in Animals

• Location of growth differs between plants and

animals

• When a young animal grows, all parts of its body

grow, although not necessarily at the same rate
 Root
Area of cell Tip
maturation

Root
hairs

Area of cell Protoderm

elongation
Ground meristem
Procambium

Area of cell
division
Apical
meristem
Root cap

Fig. 5-11, p. 105

 Stem Tip
Older
leaf
Leaf
primordia
Apical
meristem
Older
Leaf
Trichome
Bud
primordium

Coleus

Fig. 5-12, p. 106

 Kinds of Meristematic Growth
• PRIMARY GROWTH
• An increase in stem and root length due to the
activity of apical meristems at the tips of roots
and at the buds of stems
• APICAL MERISTEM
• An area of cell division at the tip of a stem or
root in a plant; produces primary tissues
Apical Meristem
• Root Cap – protective layer of cells, covers the root
tip.
• Three primary Meristems
• Protoderm- develops into epidermis
• Procambium - develops into xylem and phloem
• Ground Meristem- gives rise to cortex, pith and ground
tissue
 Immature leaf
Stem apical
meristem
Area of cell
division
Procambium

Stem Tip
Protoderm Procambium Ground meristem
Development

Area of cell
elongation

Epidermis

Area of cell
maturation

Cortex Procambium Pith Primary xylem Primary phloem Fig. 5-13, p. 106
• Shoot apex- Terminal bud

• Leaf primordia ( developing leaves) cover and

protects
 Bud primordia ( developing buds)

 BUD
 A dormant embryonic shoot that
eventually develops into an apical
meristem
• SECONDARY GROWTH
• An increase in a plant’s stem and root girth
due to the activity of lateral meristems (the
vascular cambium and cork cambium) ;only
gymnosperms and woody eudicots)
• LATERAL MERISTEM
• An area of cell division on the side of a
vascular plant; the two lateral meristems
(vascular cambium and cork cambium)
give rise to secondary tissues
 Outer bark (periderm)

Inner bark (secondary phloem) Lateral Meristems and

Secondary Growth

Wood
Bark (secondary xylem)

Surface of vascular cambium

Fig. 5-14, p. 107
Vascular Cambium thin, continuous
cylinder within stem and root; located
between wood and bark

Cork Cambium thin cylinder in the outer

bark region
Thank You….