ESc201, Lecture 8:  

8:  Sinusoidal
Sinusoidal steady state analysis
Im Capacitor current
1  1   1  leads the driving
 R  R L  =  j   
 L C  =j  C I o.
R X
 L  X C  Cm voltage by 90
t Vm
Z
IRm Re
IL IL
m I d t currentt
Inductor
VS Z = R+jX
ZL lags the driving
voltage by 90o.
ZL = R L +jX L 2 1 2
P=I Rrms ×R= I R R
2
VS 1 VS2
IL = PL = RL F maximum
For i load
l d
R+R L +j(X+X L ) 2
2 (R+R L ) +(X+X L ) 2
power : XL = -X
VS2
PL  RL Choose
Ch RL = R tto maximize
i i load
l d power as ZL = Z* =R-jX
( R  RL ) 2
done in the dc case and hence

M i
Maximum power is
i transferred
t f d to
t the
th load
l d when
h load
l d is
i complex
l conjugate
j t
of source impedance
 ESc201, Lecture 8:  
8:  Sinusoidal
Sinusoidal steady state analysis
p when load is Resistive
Maximum Power Transfer for sinusoidal input
complex
Z Maximum power
is transferred to
VS the load when
RL
RL  Z

RL  Z  502  502  70.71 Z L  50  j 50 

Maximum power is transferred to the load when load is
complex
p conjugate
j g of source impedance
p

Power in steady state : Instantaneous power

v(t) = Vm.cos(
.cos(t) and i(t) = Im.cos( t+
.cos( i - v). → p = VmImcos
t+ cos((t). cos((t+
t).cos t+ i -  v)
O if the
Or th vgoltage
lt i made
is d the
th d
datum
t th
then one can write
it
v(t) =Vm.cos(
.cos(t+ v - i) and i(t) =Im.cos( t) → p = VmImcos
.cos( cos((t+ v - i) cos
cos((t)
VmImcos
p=(1/2)V
p=(1/2) cos((v - i) + (1/2)
(1/2)VVmImcoscos((v - i).
).cos
cos(2t) - (1/2)
(2 (1/2)V
VmImsinsin((v - i).sin(2
).sin(2t)
Av. power pavg=P = (1/2)
(1/2)V
VmImcoscos((v- i)=(
)=(VVm/√2)(
√2)(IIm /√2) cos((v- i)=
√2)cos )=VVrmsIrmscoscos(()
((v- i) , cos
 cos(()=power factor (pf
(pf). sin() is called the reactive factor (rf
). Similarly sin( (rf))
 ESc201, Lecture 8:  
8:  Sinusoidal
Sinusoidal steady state analysis
C -jj  ∞,
 ZC  ∞ Zc  0 , 
 , Zc  ∞
C ωC 1
j
C -3dB Re ωRC
Vo Frequency H(ω) ( ) | e jθ 
( ) | H(ω)
-3dB 2
 1 
(HPF) R2 + 
Vs ~ R
High Pass

 ωC 
Filter ω  ω0
θ = 0 , θ = 90o
o

Vo ( ) R   R  0
 H ( )   1 H ( )   0 90o
Vs ( ) R + (-j/ωC) R + (-j/ωC) o
45
-3dB 
R 0o
Frequency 3dB 3dB 10
103dB
Vo
-3dB
θ = - tan 1ωRC
Vs ~ C
(LPF)
Low Pass ω0 ω 
Filter θ = 0 , θ = - 90o
o

  1  0
Vo ( ) -j/ωC
j/ωC 1 H ( )   1
 H ( )    0
Vs ( ) R + (-j/ωC) 1+jωRC 1+jωRC
 From: Ketan Rajawat
ESc201, Lecture 8:  
8:  Sinusoidal
Sinusoidal steady state analysis

HdB 10
corner frequency or half power frequency R
Vo
log 2 = 0.3010
0
-3dB Vs ~ C
1
 3 dB 
-10 RC
2
 ω 
H dB  20 logg10 1   
-20
20 ω
 3dB 
 HdB
(ω 10ω3dB )
  20 log10 1  102 3dB 0
-30
30
 20 log10 10 103dB ‐20
1003dB ‐40
-40
40 1 2 3 4 5
10 10 10 10  (rad/s)10
 ESc201, Lecture 8:  
8:  Sinusoidal
Sinusoidal steady state analysis R
j
-3dB e ωL
jjθ
R F
Frequency H(ω) | H(ω) | e 
Vo -3dB 2
 R 
(HPF) 1+  
Vs ~ L High
g Pass
Filter
 ωL 
ω ω0
θ = 0 , θ = 90o
o
Vo ( ) jωL 1  
 H ( )    1
Vs ( ) R + jωL 1-j(R/ωL)
jωL  0 ωL
H ( )   0 θ = - tan 1
R + jωL R
L -3dB ω0 ω 
Frequency θ = 0 , θ = - 90o
o
Vo -3dB
   3dB
Vs ~ R (LPF)
Low Pass
o
0
3dB 3dB
10
10

Filter 45o
-90o

Vo ( ) R    0
 H ( )   0 1
Vs ( ) R + jωL H ( )   1
1+jωL/R
 ESc201, Lecture 8:  
8:  Sinusoidal
Sinusoidal steady state analysis
-3dB -3dB
Frequency Frequency ABBanddPPass Filt
Filter can be
b made
d bby
(HPF) (LPF) concatenating two stages of HPF and
LPF and the pass band would be
-3dB decided by the 3dB frequencies of
(HPF) (LPF) the HPF and the LPF. The pass
High Pass Low Pass bandwidth is the (HPF - LPF).
Filter Filter

AB BanddRReject
j t Filt
Filter can
be made by concatenating
-3dB two stages of LPF and
-3dB HPF and the reject band
Frequency Frequency
(HPF) would be decided by the
(LPF) 3dB frequencies of the
-3dB -3dB HPF and the LPFLPF. The
(LPF) (HPF)
pass bandwidth however
Low Pass High Pass
is the (BP1 – BP2).
Filter Filter
3dB
BP1 BP2
 ESc201, Lecture 8:  
8:  Sinusoidal
Sinusoidal steady state analysis
SERIES RESONANCE
Vm
1 I( ) =
I(ω)
Zeq =R+jωL-j 2 1 2
ωC R +(ωL- )
ωC

1 1
j O L-j
jω Lj =00  ωO =
ωO C LC
Vm Vm
(ω1 ) =
I(ω =
1 2 2R
R 2 +(ω1L- )
ω1C
2
R  R  1
ω1 =- +   + 2
2L  2L  LC R  R  1
ω2 = +   +
Vm Vm 2L  2L  LC
I(ω2 ) = = R
2 1 2 2R ωO = ω1ω2 Bandwidth=Δω=ω2 -ω1 =
R +(ω2 L- )
ω2 C L

From: Ketan
From: Ketan Rajawat
 ESc201, Lecture 8:  
8:  Sinusoidal
Sinusoidal steady state analysis
Let Zeq be the impedance of the L-
L-Rc-C section.
+ R + Vo Zeq || R L 1
S L =H(ω)= Zeq =R C  j(ωL  )
Vs R S  Zeq || R L ωC
Vs R
RL Vo  1 
R C R L  jR L  ωL  
C  ωC 
- C
- 
 1   1 
R S  R C +R L   R C R L  jR S  ωL    jR L  ωL  
 ωC   ωC 
 1   1  1 
R C R L  jR L  ωL  R  1  j  ωL  
 ωC  
L
 ωC   RC 
H(ω)= 
 1   (R S  R L )  1 
R S  R C +R L   R C R L  j(R S  R L )  ωL
L  [R S  R C +R L   R C R L ] 1  j  ωL  
 ωC 
 R S  R C +R L   R R
C L  ωC  
1  1   1  1 1
1 j  ωL   1  jA  ωL   ωL= , ω  ,
RL RC  ωC   ωC  O
 . =K ωCC LC
R S  R C +R L   R C R L (R S  R L )  1   1 
1 j  ωL   1  jB  ωL   H(ωo )=K
R S  R C +R L   R C R L  ωC   ωC 
RL 1 R S +R L
K ((Not-ωFunction)) A  ((Not-ωFunction)) B  ((Not-ωFunction))
R S  R C +R L   R C R L RC R S  R C +R L   R C R L
 1 
A
 ωC 
 A R  R +R   R C R L RL RL
As ω  0, H(ω)  K =K  K S C L  K <<
B
 1  B R C ((R S +R L ) R S +R L R S +R
RL

 ωC 
A  ωL  A R  R +R   R C R L RL Therefor it acts as a
As ω  , H(ω)  K =K  K S C L 
B  ωL  B R C (R S +R L ) R S +R L Band Reject Filter.
 ESc201, Lecture 8:  
8:  Sinusoidal
Sinusoidal steady state analysis
Parallel RLC Circuit ((Parallel Resonance):
) L and C are in p
parallel
Admittance method works best for this (Tank) circuit

Net admittance Y = G +j(BC – |BL|) IR IL IC

G=1/R, BC = C, |BL| = 1/(
1/(L) Is R C
L
+j[C – 1/(
Y = G +j[ L)]
1/(
and Y is real when C = 1/(
1/(L) or for this
condition  = o = 1/√
1/√(LC)
1 At  = o = 1/√ ), note oL=1/(
1/√((LC), =1/((oC)
I R
H(ω)= R =
IS 1 +j( 1 )+jωC Lower Upper
R ωL Cutoff Cutoff
jωL ωO ωO L
= Q= =
Δω R Inductive
( 2 LC)+jωC
R(1-ω ) j
ωL
|H(ω)|= 1 Capacitive
R 2 (1-ω2 LC)2 +(ωC) 2
Maximum Energy Stored 1 2
Q=
Total Enery Lost Per Period
ESc201, Lecture 8:  
8:  Sinusoidal
Sinusoidal steady state analysis
10 1
Quick & dirty Bode plots H ( )  
 
1 j 1 j
103 104

2 2
 ω   ω 
20log10 | H ( ) | 20  20log10 1+  3   20log10 1+  4 
 10   10 
H( ) (dB)
H(ω)

-20dB/decade
104
103 
-20dB/decade
-20dB/decade
-40dB/decade