GS EBook – 2019

GS EBook – 2019

Table of Contents

1. Physical/SI Unit ........................................................................................................................................ 3

2. Classification of Measuring Instruments ............................................................................................... 10
Mechanical Instruments....................................................................................................... 10
Electrical Instruments .......................................................................................................... 11
Electronic Instruments ......................................................................................................... 11
3. Inventions and Discoveries ..................................................................................................................... 17
4. The Periodic Table ................................................................................................................................... 23
Metals, nonmetals and metalloids ....................................................................................... 26
Long Table ............................................................................................................................. 27
5. Acids, Bases & Salts ................................................................................................................................. 37
6. Optics ....................................................................................................................................................... 45
7. Physics Laws & Principles ....................................................................................................................... 56
9. Organic Matter......................................................................................................................................... 63
10. Atomic Structure................................................................................................................................... 66
11. Ores of Metals ........................................................................................................................................ 74
12. Animal Kingdom .................................................................................................................................. 93
13. Pant Kingdom ........................................................................................................................................ 99
14. Different System Diseases ................................................................................................................... 104

1. Physical/SI Unit
Measurement of any physical quantity
involves comparison with a certain basic,
arbitrarily chosen, internationally
accepted reference standard called unit.
The result of a measurement of a physical
quantity is expressed by a number (or
numerical measure) accompanied by a
unit. Although the number of physical
quantities appears to be very large, we
need only a limited number of units for
expressing all the physical quantities,
since they are interrelated with one
another.
Physical Quantities
All the quantities in terms of which laws of
physics are described and whose
measurement is necessary are called.
Unit
A unit is defined as a standard or fixed
quantity of one kind, used to measure
other quantities of the same kind. The unit
of physical quantity is the reference
standard used to measure it.
Properties of units
GS EBook – 2019
• It should be well defined.
• It should be of suitable size such as
neither too large nor too small in
comparison to the quantity to be
measured.
• It should be easily reproducible at
all places.
• It should not change with time and
from place to place.
• It should not change with change
in its physical conditions such as
pressure, temperature and so on.
• It should be easily accessible.
Types of Units
1. Fundamental Units:
The units for the fundamental or base
quantities are called fundamental or base
units.
The quantities that do not depend on any
other physical quantities for their
measurement are known as fundamental
quantities. In physics there are seven
fundamental quantities and fundamental
units.
Basic Quantity Basic Unit
Mass Kilogram (kg)
 Time Second (s) • G.S system is the Metric system
Temperature Kelvin (K) in which the basic unit of length,
Electric Current Ampere (A) mass and time are centimetre,
Luminous Intensity Candela (cd) gram and second respectively.
Length Meter (m) • K.S system is the Metric system
Amount of Substance Mole (mol) in which the basic unit of length,
mass and time are meter,
2. Derived Units: kilogram and second
respectively.
Units which are derived from basic units
and bear a constant relationship with the Length, mass and time are the
fundamental units. The units of all other fundamental units in all the systems i.e.
physical quantities can be expressed as F.P.S, C.G.S, M.K.S and SI systems.
combinations of the base units. Except for
7 fundamental quantities, all other Derived Units of S.I system

quantities are derived quantities.

Quantity Unit Symbol
Example: Volume, velocity, force, speed,
Area square m2
area, density, power, etc.
metre
The International System of Units Volume cubic m3
metre
In earlier time scientists of different Density kilogram kg/m3
countries were using different systems of per cubic
units for measurement. Three such metre
systems, the CGS, the FPS (or British) Velocity metre per m/s
system and the MKS system were in use second
extensively till recently. The base units for Acceleration metre per m/s2
length, mass and time in these systems second
were as follows: per
second
• P.S system is the British system
Force Newton N
in which the basic unit of length,
(kg.m/s2)
mass and time are foot, pound
and second respectively.
Pressure, Newton N/m2 deci d 10-1
Stress per square centi c 10-2
metre milli m 10-3
Moment of Newton N.m micro μ 10-6
force metre nano n 10-9
Work, Joule J (N.m) pico p 10-12
Energy, Heat femto f 10-15
Power Watt W (J/s) atto a 10-18
Calorific kilojoule kJ/kg
value per Units and the British Units
kilogram
Quantity SI Unit → British
Specific fuel kilograms kg/kWh
British Unit → SI
consumption per
Unit Unit
kilowatt
Length 1 m = 3.281 1 ft =
hour
ft 0.3048 m
Angles radians rad
Angular radians rad/s
1 km = 1 mile =
speed per
0.621 mile 1.609 km
second
Mass 1 kg = 2.205 1 lb = 0.454
lb kg
Decimal multiples and parts of
Force 1 N = 0.225 1 lbf =
units
lbf 4.448 N
Prefixes Symbol Decimal Power Energy, 1 J = 0.239 1 calorie =
Exa E 1018 work calorie 4.186 J

Peta P 1015
1 kJ = 1 Btu =
Tera T 1012
0.9478 Btu 1.05506 kJ
Giga G 109
Mega M 106 1 kJ = 0.526 1 CHU = 1.9
Kilo k 103 CHU kJ
Hector h 102 Power 1 kW = 1.34 1 hp =
Deca da 101 hp 0.7457 kW
metre m 100 =1
Temperature • 1 angstrom (Å) = 10-10 m
• 1 astronomical unit (A.U.) = 1.496
Scale Freezing Boiling × 1011 m
point point • 1 amu = 1.66 × 10-23 kg
Centigrade 0°C 100°C
(°C) Pressure
Faranheit 32°F 212°F
• 1 Pa = 1 N/m2
(°F)
• 1 bar = 105 Pa
Kelvin (K) 273 K 373 K
• 1 atm = 101.325 kPa = 1 kgf/cm2 =
Reaumer 0°R 80°R
735.6 mm of Hg
(°R)
• 1 Torr = 133.32 Pa
Electrical Quantities
Area

Electric potential Volt (V)

• 1 cm2 = 100 mm2
Electromotive force Volt (V)
• 1 Hectare = 2.47 acres
Electric current Ampere (A)
Electric Resistance Ohm (Ω) Weight
Specific Resistance Ohm metre (Ωm)
Conductance (Ω-1) Siemens (S) • 1 kgf = 1000 mgf
• 1 Ton = 1000 kgf
Some important conversion factors • 1 Ounce = 28.35 gf
• 1 Pound = 0.454 kgf
Length
• 1 Newton = 105 dynes
• 1 kg wt. = 9.81 N
• 1 inch = 25.4 mm
• 1 gm weight = 980 Dynes
• 1 metre = 39.37 inch
• 1 foot = 0.305 m
Volume
• 1 yard = 0.914 m
• 1 nautical mile = 1852 m • 1 cm3 = 1000 mm3
• 1 geographical mile = 7420 m • 1 litre = 1000 cm3
• 1 light year = 9.46 × 1015 m • 1 Gallon = 4.54 litre
• 1 parsec = 3.084 × 1016 m
• 1 fermi = 10-15 m Angle
 • 1 Radian = (180/π) ° • 1 calorie(cal) = 4.184 J
• 180° = π radian
Power
Work/Energy
• 1 W = 1 J/s
• 1 kgf.m = 9.81 J = 9.81 Ws • 1 HP (British) = 746 watts
• 1 J = 1 N.m = 1 Ws • 1 HP (Metric) = 735.5 watts
• 1 kWh = 3.6 × 106 J

Physical/SI Units RRB NTPC Most Asked Questions

Que. 1 2.Time

The SI unit of resistance is ________. 3.Brightness

1. Joule 4.Metic force

2.Coulomb
Que. 4
3.Ohm
What is the unit of conductance?
4.Newton
1.joule

Que. 2 2.ohmmeter

A unit of power is called a ________. 3.mho

1.Watt 4.ampere

2.Joule

3.Newton Que. 5

4.Pascal What is the SI unit of Torque?

1.N/m
Que. 3
2.N-m
Parsec is the unit of _______.
3.N-s
1.Distance
4.N/m2 4.Ratio of the volume of water to its
volume

Que. 6

What is the SI unit of resistivity? Que. 9

1.Ohm metre 1 kWh = ________ × 106 J.

2.Ohm metre-1 1.36

3.Ohm-1 2.3.6

4.Ohm metre2 3.6.4

4.64

Que. 7

In which of the following unit is the Que. 10

"intensity of sound" measured?
Physical quantities, which have _______
1.Watt only and no _______ are called scalar
quantities.
2.Faraday
1.direction, magnitude
3.Pascal
2.magnitude, direction
4.Decibel
3.speed, velocity

4.velocity, speed
Que. 8
Solutions
The relative density of a substance is the
Ans.1 Correct Option - 3
_________.
The SI unit of resistance is Ohm (Ω).
1.Ratio of its density to the density of The unit 'Ohm' is named after famous
water German physicist Georg Simon Ohm.

2.Ratio of the density of water to its Ohm is a resistance provided by a body

density when 1 Volt potential difference is applied

3.Product of the density of water to its across it and 1 Ampere of current passes

density through it.

Ans.2 Correct Option - 1 Work Joule (N-m)

Watt is a unit of power.

Energy Joule (N-m)
One watt is defined as the energy
Surface Tension N/m
consumption rate of one joule per second.

1W = 1J / 1s. Impulse N-s

One watt is also defined as the current Pressure Pa (N/m2)

flow of one ampere with a voltage of one
volt.
Ans.6 Correct Option - 1
Ans.3 Correct Option - 1
The resistance offered by a wire of unit
Parsec is the unit of distance.
length and unit area of cross-section is
It is a unit of length used to measure large called resistivity or specific resistance (r).
distances to astronomical objects outside
ρ=RAl=(ohm)metre2metre=ohmmetreρ=
the solar system.
RAl=(ohm)metre2metre=ohmmetre
One parsec is approximately 30 trillion
where, R is the resistance of the wire
kilometres or more than three light-years.
A is the area of cross-section of the
Ans.4 Correct Option - 3
wire
The measure of how easily current can
l is the length of the wire.
flow through a material is termed as
its conductance. Ans.7 Correct Option - 4

Mathematically, it is the reciprocal of Decibel is used to measure sound level

resistance of a given material. denoted as dB.

The unit of Conductance is mho. Various hearing capacity and types.

Ans.5 Correct Option - 2

The SI unit of Torque is Newton-meter

(N-m)

Torque N-m
Ans.8 Correct Option - 1
The relative density of a substance is
the Ratio of its density to the density
of water.
A substance with a relative density less
than 1 will float in water. For example, an
ice cube, with a relative density of about
0.91, will float. A substance with a relative
density greater than 1 will sink.
If a substance's relative density is less than
one then it is less dense than the
reference; if greater than 1 then it is
denser than the reference(here water)
If the relative density is exactly 1 then the
densities are equal; that is, equal volumes
of the two substances have the same mass.
Ans.9 Correct Option - 2
Kilowatt-hour (kWh) and joules (J) are
units of energy.
2. Classification of Measuring Instruments
Classification of Measuring
Instruments Based on History of
Development of Instruments
We can classify the history of the
development of instruments into three
phases.
1 kW = 1000 W
1 watt(W) = 1 J/sec
Therefore, 1 kW = 1000 J/sec
And, 1 hour = 3600 sec
So, 1 kWh = (1000 J/sec) × 3600 sec
= 3.6 × 106 J.
Ans.10 Correct Option - 2
Scalar is a physical quantity which
has only magnitude and no direction.
A physical quantity is a physical property
of a phenomenon, body, or substance that
can be quantified by measurement.
On the other hand, the vector quantity has
both magnitude and direction.
Mechanical Instruments
These are very reliable for static and
stable conditions. These instruments
have moving parts that are rigid, heavy
and bulky and consequently have a
large mass. Due to this, they are unable
to respond rapidly to measurements of
dynamic and transient conditions.
Electrical Instruments
Electrical methods of indicating the
output of detectors are more rapid
than mechanical methods. These
normally depend upon a mechanical
meter movement as indicating device.
This mechanical movement has some
inertia and therefore these instruments
have a limited time response.
Electronic Instruments
These have the only movement
involved is that of electrons. Hence the
response time is extremely small on
account of very small inertial of
electrons. These are used in most of
the scientific and industrial
measurements as these types of
measurements requires very fast
response.
For example, a cathode ray
oscilloscope (CRO) is capable to follow
dynamic and transient changes of the
order of few Nano-seconds.
Classification of Measuring
Instruments Based on Types of
Instruments
We can classify the instruments into
two types:
1. Absolute Instruments
• These instruments give the
magnitude of the quantity
under measurements in terms
of physical constants of the
instrument
• There is no necessity of
calibrating or comparing with
other instruments
• Tangent Galvanometer and
Rayleigh’s current balance are
examples of this class
2. Secondary Instruments
• These instruments are so
constructed that the quantity
being measured can only be
measured by observing the
output indicated by the
instrument
• These instruments are
calibrated by comparison with
an absolute instrument or any
other secondary instrument
which has already been
 calibrated against an absolute
instrument
• A voltmeter, a glass
thermometer, and a pressure
gauge are typical examples of
secondary instruments
• Working with absolute
instruments for routine work is
time-consuming. Therefore,
secondary instruments are most
commonly used. Absolute
instruments are seldom used
except in standard institutions
and laboratories while
secondary instruments find
usage almost in every sphere of
measurement.
Classification of Measuring
Instruments Based on Nature of
Operation
Based on their nature of the operation,
instruments can be classified into three
types.
Indicating Instruments
These indicate the quantity being
measured by means of a pointer which
moves on a scale. These instruments
indicate the instantaneous value of the
electrical quantity being measured at
the time at which it is being measured.
Example: Ammeter, Voltmeter,
Wattmeter
Recording Instruments
These instruments record continuously
the variation of any electrical quantity
with respect to time. In principle, these
are indicating instruments but so
arranged that a permanent continuous
record of the indication is made on a
chart or dial.
Any electrical quantity like current,
voltage can be recorded by a suitable
recording mechanism.
Example: A potentiometric type of
recorder used for monitoring
temperature records the instantaneous
temperatures on a strip chart recorder.
Integrating Instruments
These instruments record the
consumption of the total quantity of
electricity, energy etc. during a
particular period of time. These
instruments give reading for a specific
period of time but no indication of
reading for a particular instant of time.
Example: Ampere-hour meter, Energy
meter, kilovolt ampere-hour meter.

Measuring Instruments RRB NTPC Most Asked Questions

Que. 1 Que. 4
The device through which the speed of Why do we use a galvanometer?
flow of liquid is measured is known as
1. For measuring altitudes
________ .
2. For measuring small electrical
1. Hygrometer current
2. Venturimeter 3. For measuring potential difference
3. Udometer between two points
4. Bolometer 4. For projecting pictures on the screen

Que. 2 Que. 5
Bolometer is used to measure Which of the following device is used to
_________. measure humidity?

1. Air pressure 1. Hydrometer

2. Electromagnetic Radiation 2. Hygrometer
3. Height of cloud base 3. Psycho Meter
4. Specific Gravity of liquids 4. Anemometer

Que. 3 Que. 6
Which of the following instruments is used What is an anemometer?
to measure electric current?
1. an instrument used to measure
1. Galvanometer current
2. Ammeter 2. an instrument used to measure
3. Rheostat pressure in the air

4. Voltmeter 3. an instrument used to measure wind

speed
 4. None of the above 2. Humidity
3. Electric current
Que. 7 4. Altitude of an aircraft
Which instrument is used to measure the
intensity of an earthquake?
Solution
1. Hydrometer Ans.1 Correct Option – 2

2. Polygraph
3. Barometer Device Function

4. Seismorgraph To measure the speed of

Venturimeter
flow of liquid

Que. 8 The amount of liquid

The instrument to measure Blood Udometer precipitation over a set

Pressure is called ________. period of time

Radiant energy
1. Sphygmomanometer Bolometer
measurement
2. Thermometer
Used to measure the
3. Anemometer
Hygrometer amount of humidity in the
4. Barometer atmosphere

Que. 9 Ans.2 Correct Option – 2

An instrument used to measure the
density of milk?
Instrume
Uses
1. Glucometer nt

2. Lactometer • Used to
Bolomete measure Electromag
3. Calorimeter
r netic radiation
4. Polarimeter

• Used to measure Air

Que. 10 Barometer pressure
Hydrometer is used for the measurement
of ________.

1. Specific gravity
 • Used to measure
Height of cloud base
• Used to measure the
Ceilometer aerosol concentration
within the
atmosphere.
• Used to measure The
Densimete specific gravity of a
r liquid
Ans.3 Correct Option - 2
• Electric current: An electric
current is the flow of electrons
through a conductor.
• Current is expressed in Ampere
(A). The charge of an electron
is 1.6 x10-19 C.
• Ampere: One ampere current is
said to flow in a conductor if one
Coulomb charge flows through it
every second.
Instruments Application
To measure the current
Ammeter
flowing in the circuit
To
Galvanometer measure SMALL electric
current
To change the resistance as
Rheostat required and thereby
control the current
Measures the potential
Voltmeter difference between two
points in a circuit
Ans.4 Correct Option - 2
The galvanometer is an instrument for
measuring a small electrical current or a
function of the current by deflection of a
moving coil. The deflection is a
mechanical rotation derived from forces
resulting from the current. An ammeter is
also used for measuring the magnitude of
current.
Altimeter: It is used for measuring
altitude above a fixed level.
Voltmeter: It is used to measure the
potential difference between two points
Projector: It is used to project pictures
on the screen.
Ans.5 Correct Option – 2
Device Use
an instrument for
Hydrometer measuring the density of
liquids.
used for measuring the
Hygrometer amount of humidity and
water vapor in the
 atmosphere, in the soil, or
in confined spaces.
measures the relative
Psycho- humidity in the
Meter atmosphere through the
use of two thermometers.
Anemometer used for measuring wind
Ans.6 Correct Option - 3
• Anemometer is a device that is
used to measure wind speed in the
atmosphere.
• It is commonly used at weather
stations.
• The instrument used to measure
current is called ammeter, and that
used to measure atmospheric
pressure is called barometer.
Ans.7 Correct Option - 4
• A seismograph is an instrument
that is used to detect and measure
the intensity of an earthquake. It
has sensors which translate ground
motion into electrical signals which
are processed and recorded by the
device.
• A polygraph is an instrument
which is used as a lie detector. It
works by evaluating various
physiological factors in humans
such as respiration, blood
pressure, and pulse.
• A barometer is used to measure
pressure whereas a hydrometer is
used to measure the density of a
liquid.
Ans.8 Correct Option – 1
Sphygmomanometer Blood pressure
Thermometer Temperature
Anemometer Speed of Wind
Atmospheric
Barometer
pressure
Ans.9 Correct Option - 2
• Lactometer is used to measure
the density of milk.
• Glucometer is used to measure the
approximate concentration of
glucose in the blood.
• A calorimeter measures the angle
of Polarization.
• A polarimeter is used to measure
the angle of rotation
Ans.10 Correct Option – 1
Instruments Used for
The relative density of
Hydrometer
liquids/Specific gravity
Hygrometer Humidity
 Ammeter Electric Current Altimeter The altitude of an aircraft

3. Inventions and Discoveries

Inventions and Discoveries – Kinetoscope Louis Le -

Prince
Physics Fuel Cell William 1839
Inventions Inventors Year Grove
Air Brake George 1869 Battery Alessandro 1799
Westinghouse Volta
Amplitude Reginald - Steam Charles 1884
Modulation Fessenden Turbine Parson
Anemometer Leon 1450 Transformer William 1885
Battista Stanley
Alberti Electromagnet William 1820
Barometer Evangelista - Sturgeon
Torricelli Large CERN 2008
Cathode Ray Ferdinand 1897 Hadron
Tube Braun Collider
Dynamometer Edme 1798 Gamma Paul 1930
Regnier Rays Villard
Ammeter Friedrich 1884 Mercury Gabriel 1714
Dexler Thermometer Fahrenheit
Calorimeter Antoine 1780 Vernier Pierre -
Lavoisier Caliper Vernier
Inclinometer Rufus - Celsius Anders -
Porter Celsius
Magnetometer Sheldon - Air Evangelista -
Breiner Pressure Torricelli
Telescope Hans - Atomic Ernest 1911
Lippershey Nucleus Rutherford
Microscope Hans 1595 Anode Eugen 1886
Lippershey Rays Goldstein
and Zacharias LCD Friedrich 1888
Janssen Reinitzer
LED Oleg Losev, 1962
Nick
Holonyak
Inventions and Discoveries
Gravity Sir Isaac 1687 – Chemistry
Newton
Hubble NASA 1990
Space (named Inventions Inventors Year
Telescope after Edwin Polythene Eric 1933
Hubble ) Fawcett
Induction Nikola 1885
Motor Tesla
Osmosis Jean 1748 Titanium William 1940
Antoine Kroll
Nollet Radium Marie 1898
Electrons J.J. 1897 Sklodowska-
Thomson Curie and
Neutrons James 1932 Pierre Curie
Chadwick
Protons Ernest 1911
Rutherford Inventions and Discoveries
Inert Sir William 1894 – Biology
Gases Ramsay
Radioactivity Henri 1896
Becquerel
Invention Inventor Year
Periodic Dmitri 1869
Anesthesia Thomas -
Table Mendeleev
Green
Oxygen Carl 1773 Morton
Wilhelm &
Penicillin Alexander 1928
Scheele and 1774
Fleming
Joseph resp.
Aspirin Felix 1899
Priestley
Hoffman
Hydrogen Henry 1766
Automated Lloyd M. 1987
Cavendish
DNA Smith
Atoms John 1803
Sequencer
Dalton
Spiral Linus
Neon Georges 1910
Structure Pauling
Claude
of Protein
& Paris
Bacteria Antonie van 1676
Motor Show
Leeuwenhoek
Acid Albert 1938
Microbes Robert -
Hofmann
Hooke
Ionic Svante 1884
and Antoni
Bonds August
van
Arrhenius
Leeuwenhoek
Covalent Gilbert 1916
BCG Vaccine Albert 1921
Bonds Newton
Calmette
Lewis
and Camille
Aluminum Charles 1886 Guerin
Martin
Blood Karl 1900
Hall
Group Landsteiner
Dynamite Alfred 1867
Calcium Humphry 1808
Nobel
Davy
pH meter Arnold O. 1934
DDT Paul 1939
Beckman
Hermann
Polyvinyl Waldo 1926 Müller
Chloride Semon &
Cholera Waldemar 1892
B. F.
Vaccine Haffkine
Goodrich
Rubella Maurice 1963
Company
Vaccine Hilleman
Synthetic Fritz 1909
Rubber Hofmann
Hepatitis Baruch 1965 Inventions and Discoveries
B Virus Blumberg
Hepatitis –Pablo DT 1986 - Computer
B Vaccine Valenzuela Invention Inventor Year
Polio Jonas - World Wide Tim 1989
Vaccine Edward Web Berners
Salk Lee with
Smallpox Edward 1796 Robert
Vaccine Jenner Cailliau,
Anthrax Louis - Search Alan 10
Vaccine Pasteur Engine Emtage Sept.
Plague Waldemar 1897 1990
Vaccine Haffkine Cable Rouzbeh -
Kidney Willem - Modem Yassini
Dialysis Johan Webcam Quentin 1991
Kolff Stafford
X ray Wilhelm 1895 Fraser and
Rontgen Paul
Vitamin Casimir 1912 Jardetzky
Funk Smartphone IBM 1992
Insulin Frederick - (Simone)
Banting and Walkie- Dan Noble, 1940
JJR Talkie Henryk
Macleod Magnuski,
HIV Luc Marion
Montagnier Bond;
ECG Willem - Lloyd
Einthoven Morris;
Vitamin A Frederick 1912 and Bill
Gowland Vogel.
Hopkins JAVA James -
Vitamin B1 Christiaan 1897 Computing Gosling
Eijkman Language
Vitamin C Albert Szent- Surface Microsoft 2007
Gyorgi Computing
Vitamin E Herbert 1922 Iphone Steve Jobs 2007
McLean TCP/IP Bob Kahn -
Evans and Internet with Vint
Katherine Protocol Cerf
Scott Bishop Email Ray 1971
Vitamin K Henrik Dam 1929 Tomlinson
Homeopathy Samuel - Google Larry Page 1998
and Hahnemann and Sergey
Allopathy Brin
Cell Robert 1665 Supercomputers Seymour 1960
Hooke Cray
Cell Robert - Laptop Adam 1981
Nucleus Brown Osborne
 C Programming Dennis 1972 Facebook Mark 2004
Language Ritchie Zuckerberg
Microprocessors Ted Hoff, 1971 Yahoo Jerry Yang 1994
Federico and David
Faggin, Filo
and Stan
Mazor
Python Guido van 1991 Inventions and Discoveries -
Rossum Space Science
C++ Bjarne 1983
Stroustrup
and Orville
Wright
Inventions and Discoveries - Telephone Alexander 1876
Graham
Other Inventions Bell
Radio Guglielmo 1895
Invention Inventor Year Marconi
Newspaper Johann 1609 Calculator Blaise 1642
Carolous Pascal
Printing Johannes 1440 Television Philo 1927
Press Gutenberg Taylor
Electric Thomas 1879 Farnsworth
Bulb Edison
Fan Schuyler 1882
Skaats
Wheeler
Airplane The Wright 1903
Brothers,
Wilbur

Inventions and Discoveries RRB NTPC Most Asked Questions

Que. 1 1. Gases
Who among the following invented 2. Electricity
battery?
3. Planetary motion
1. Rudolf Diesel 4. Magnetism
2. Alfred Noble
3. Alessandro Volta Que. 3
4. John Napier Who among the following discovered
electron?
Que. 2 1. J.J Thomson
J. Kepler is famous for the discovery of 2. Max Born
laws of ______.
3. Antoine Lavoisier
 4. Mendeleev Who among the following scientists
invented the Telephone?
Que. 4 1. Alexander Graham Bell
Who invented the first ever safety
elevator? 2. James Watt
3. J.L. Baird
1. Bill Gates
4. C. Sholes
2. Elisha Otis
3. Paul Allan
4. Dave Hyatt Solutions
Ans.1 Correct Option – 3
Que. 5
Who invented the fountain pen? Scientists Invention Nationality
Rudolf
1. Dresser Diesel Engine Germany
Diesel
2. Petrache Poenaru Alfred
Dynamite Sweden
3. Alexander Fleming Nobel
4. Edward Jenner Alessandro Electric battery
Italy
Volta and methane
Que. 6 John Napier Logarithms Scotland
Sir C.V Raman is famous for ________.
Ans.2 Correct Option - 3
1. Raman diagram
2. Gravitational laws • Johannes Kepler created three
3. Law of Refraction laws of planetary motion.
4. Raman effect • The path of the planets about the
sun is elliptical in shape, with the
center of the sun being located at
Que. 7 one focus. (The Law of Ellipses)
Which of the following is NOT correctly • An imaginary line drawn from the
paired? center of the sun to the center of
1. E. Torricelli - Barometer the planet will sweep out equal
areas in equal intervals of time.
2. Neutron - James Chadwick
(The Law of Equal Areas)
3. Penicillin - F. Banting • The ratio of the squares of the
4. Revolver - Samuel Colt periods of any two planets is equal
to the ratio of the cubes of their
Que. 8 average distances from the sun.
Who invented the revolver? (The Law of Harmonies)

1. Edward Jenner Ans.3 Correct Option - 1

2. Alexander Fleming Sir Joseph John Thomson
3. Albert Einstein was an English physicist and
4. Samuel Colt J.J. Nobel Laureate in Physics,
Thomson credited with the discovery
and identification of the
Que. 9
electron.
 Max Born was a German
physicist and mathematician
Max Born who was instrumental in the
development of quantum
mechanics.
Antoine-Laurent de Lavoisier
was a French nobleman who
Antoine
had a large influence on both
Lavoisier
the history of chemistry and
the history of biology.
He formulated the Periodic
Law, created a farsighted
version of the periodic table of
Mendeleev
elements, and used it to
correct the properties of some
already discovered elements.
Ans.4 Correct Option - 2
• A safety elevator was a
modification of primitive elevators
which prevented the platform from
falling in case the cable broke.
• It was invented by Elisha Otis in
1852. On 23rd March 1857, the first
passenger safety elevator was
installed at 488 Broadway in New
York.
Ans.5 Correct Option - 2
Petrache Poenaru is the inventor of a
fountain pen.
Inventor Invented Nationality
Petrache Fountain
Romanian
Poenaru Pen
Alexander
Penicillin British
Fleming
Edward Smallpox
English
Jenner vaccine
Ans.6 Correct Option - 4
• Sir Chandrasekhara Venkata
Raman, famously known as Sir
C.V. Raman is famous for ‘Raman
Effect’.
• The change in the wavelength
of the light that occurs when a
beam light is deflated by the
molecules isdescribed by the
‘Raman effect’.
• C.V. Raman discovered Raman
effect in the year1928.
Ans.7 Correct Option - 3
• Penicillin - F. Banting
is NOT correctly paired
• Penicillin was invented
by Alexander Fleming who was
a Scottish physician,
microbiologist, and
pharmacologist.
Ans.8 Correct Option - 4
• Samuel Colt was an American
industrialist and businessman who
is credited with the invention of
the revolver.
• Edward Jenner was a British
physician who is credited with the
discovery of the smallpox vaccine.
• Alexander Fleming is a Scottish
physician and microbiologist who
is credited with the discovery of
penicillin.
• Albert Einstein was a German-
born physicist who is known for his
theory of relativity.
Ans.9 Correct Option – 1
Scientist Invention
Alexander Graham
Telephone
Bell
James Watt Steam Engine
J.L. Baird Television
C. Sholes QWERTY keyboard
 4. The Periodic Table

Periodic Table Atomic Number This image covers details about the
Neutrons, Protons and Electrons.
The Periodic Table has 118 elements which
organized on the basis of atomic number
and grouped based on similarity in
chemical properties. The first element is
Hydrogen (H) with atomic number 1 and
the last element is Oganesson (Og) with
atomic number 118.

All chemical elements have unique atomic

numbers or Z.

Atomic numbers signify the number of
protons in its nucleus. Atoms of the same
element having a different number of
neutrons in the nucleus are called
isotopes.
Isotopes differ in mass number (n) but
have the same atomic number. Isotopes
are never separated in the periodic table;
they are always grouped together under a
single element.
The elements are indexed in order of
increasing atomic number in the periodic
table. When a new electron shell receives
its first electron, we enter a new row in the
table. Electron configurations of the atoms
determine their columns: elements with
the same number of electrons in a
particular subshell fall into the same
columns, eg. Sodium and Potassium.
Elements in the same group tend to have
similar chemical properties and
reactivities. Hence, if we know one
element of a group, it is relatively easy to
ascertain the properties of the rest.
Periodic Table History • Alexandre-Emile Béguyer de
Chancourtois published a periodic
• The first attempt at Periodic Table
table in the form of a helix in 1862.
was by Antoine Lavoisier in 1789
• The elements were arranged in a
when he published a list of 33
spiral on a cylinder and were the
chemical elements.
first arrangement to hint at
• He grouped them into gases,
periodicity in the properties.
metals, nonmetals and earth. In
• De Chancourtois indexed the
1829, Johann Wolfgang improved
elements by increasing atomic
this table by observing the
weight and showed that similar
similarities in the chemical
chemical properties were reflected
properties of triads of elements
after regular intervals. However,
and grouping them, thus giving
his work did not receive too much
rise to the Law of Triads. Several
attention.
chemists made revisions to the
• The first edition of the modern
table, but no scheme could satisfy
periodic table was published by
the correct groupings.
Mendeleev in 1871.
 • Mendeleev’s periodic table had
eight columns, each column
containing elements with similar
properties. The columns were
numbered I to VIII and also had
empty cells for elements that
hadn't been discovered yet, but
Mendeleev predicted they should
exist. As chemists discovered more
and more elements, these gaps
were filled.
• The common or standard form of
the modern periodic table is
attributed to Horace Groves
Deming. He published the short
and medium forms of the table in
1923 that soon came into
circulation and universal
acceptance.
Periodic Table Grouping Method
Groups
• Elements in the same column
exhibit similar chemical properties
and display periodicity with an
increase in atomic number.
• Elements in the same group tend
to show patterns in atomic radius,
ionisation energy, and
electronegativity.
The groups are numbered 1 to 18 from left
to right. Earlier, naming conventions
differed in Europe and America. However,
after the IUPAC naming was put in place
in 1988, old names went out of use.
As we move down a group:
• Atomic radius increases
• Electronegativity decreases (except
for group 11)
• Ionization energy decreases

• The 18 vertical columns of the

table are called Groups.
• The number of electrons in the
outermost shell of the atom, i.e.
valence shell, is equal for all
elements in the same group. Periods
• The leftmost group contains alkali
Vertical rows are called periods of the
metals and the rightmost contains
periodic table. Lanthanides and actinides
noble gases.
in the f-block display more similarity in
the same period than in the same group.
On moving left to right in a period:
• Atomic size decreases due to
stronger nuclear force
• Ionisation Energy increases
• Electronegativity increases
• Electron affinity increases (except
for noble gases)
Blocks
Sections of the table are called blocks.
Each block gets its name from the letter of
the outermost subshell that receives an
electron.
The four blocks are:
Metals, nonmetals and metalloids
s-block
Comprises of alkali metals ( group 1 ) and
alkaline earth metals ( group 2).
p-block
Contains groups 13 to 18, including the
metalloids.
d-block
Consists of groups 3 to 12 and has all the
transition metals.
f-block
Home of the lanthanides and actinides,
these groups don’t have group numbers.
On the basis of their physical and chemical
properties, elements are divided into:
Metals
Highly conducting solids that make ionic
compounds with other elements. They are
also further divided into alkali metals
(Group 1), alkaline earth metals (Group 2),
lanthanides and actinides (f - block), and
post-transition metals. Metals form alloys
with each other.
Long Table
Nonmetals
Colored or colorless solids, liquids or gases
that undergo covalent bonding with other
elements. They are usually further
classified into polyatomic, diatomic and
monatomic (inert) nonmetals.
Metalloids
Their properties are a mixture of the
properties of metals and nonmetals.
This form is obtained by inserting the f- Benfey’s Spiral Table
block between the s and d blocks, instead Made by Otto Theodor Benfey, the
of placing the rows at the bottom, elements are arranged in a continuous

spiral, with hydrogen at the centre and the

disconnected from the table. It makes the transition metals, lanthanides, and
trends and increases in atomic numbers actinides occupying peninsulas.
easier to see, however is avoided on
account of difficulty in printing.

Janet’s Left Step Table

Made by Charles Janet, it organizes by physicists.It is congruent with the order
elements according to orbital filling, as in which electron shells are ideally filled.
compared to valence, and is widely used

Memory Tips to Learn the Periodic Table

Learning the periodic table can be a hard task. Hence, mentioned below are a few
mnemonics to help you learn some of the important groups:

Group 1 - HeLiNa Ke Rubber Csste Free

Hydrogen (H) -> Lithium (Li) -> Sodium (Na) -> Potassium (K) -> Rubidium (Rb) ->
Caesium (Cs) -> Francium (Fr)
Group 2 - Beta Maange Scooter Baap Raaz

Beryllium (Be) -> Magnesium (Mg) -> Calcium (Ca) -> Strontium (Sr) -> Barium (Br) ->
Radium (Ra)

Group 13 - Baingan Aloo Gajar Indian Thaali

Boron (B) -> Aluminium (Al) -> Gallium (Ga) -> Indium (In) -> Thallium (Tl)

Group 14 - CaSi Geye Shankar Prabhu

Carbon (C) -> Silicon (Si) -> Germanium (Ge) -> Tin (Sn) -> Lead (Pb)

Group 18 - He Never Arrived; Kara Xero Run pe out

Helium (He) -> Neon (Ne) -> Argon (Ar) -> Krypton (Kr) -> Xenon (Xe) -> Radon (Rn)

The Periodic Table RRB NTPC Most Asked Questions

Que. 1 Que. 3
The elements in the middle of the periodic Who invented the modern periodic table?
table are called ________.
1. Faraday
1. Metalloids 2. Mendeleev
2. Transition elements 3. Newton
3. Rare earth element 4. Bohr
4. Noble gases
Que. 4
Que. 2 Total number of metalloids in the Periodic
How many groups and periods are present Table is ________.
in the Modem Periodic Table?
1. 6

1. 9 groups, 9 periods 2. 7
3. 8
2. 7 groups, 8 periods
4. 9
3. 18 groups, 7 periods

Que. 5
4. 8 groups, 7 periods
Which group in the modern periodic table 3. Increasing atomic number
contains elements that are inert gases? 4. Decreasing atomic number

1. Group 18
2. Group 17 Que. 9
In Modern Periodic Table, while moving
3. Group 15
left to right across a period, the metallic
4. Group 16
character ______.
1. increases
Que. 6
2. decreases
Metals are placed on which side of the
3. remain same
Modern Periodic Table?
4. first increases then decreases
1. Top row
2. Right side
3. Bottom row Solutions
4. Left side Ans.1 Correct Option - 2

• In the periodic table of elements,

Que. 7
there are seven horizontal rows
In the modern periodic table metals,
of elements called periods. The
metalloids and non-metals are found in
vertical columns
which block?
of elements are called groups, or
1. s-Block families.
2. p-block • The transition metalsmake up the
3. d-block middle block of the periodic table.
• The transition
4. f-block
elements or transition
metals occupy the short columns
Que. 8
in the center of the periodic table,
In the Modern Periodic Table, elements
between Group 2A and Group
are arranged in ________.
3A. They are sometimes called
1. Decreasing atomic mass number the d-block elements, since in this
2. Increasing atomic mass number region the d-orbitals are being
 filled in, and are also referred to
as B-group elements since in most
numbering systems of the columns
on the periodic table the numerals
of these groups are followed by the
letter B.
Ans.2 Correct Option - 3
• There are 18 groups and 7 periods
in the modern periodic table.
• The vertical rows present in the
periodic table are known as
groups.
• All groups are named after their
first elements.
• Period 1 has two elements
(Hydrogen & Helium).
• Periods 2 and 3 have 8 each
(Lithium to Argon).
• Periods 4 and 5 have 18 elements
each (Potassium to Xenon).
• Periods 6 and 7 have 32 elements
each (Caesium to Oganesson).
Ans.3 Correct Option - 2
The Russian chemist Dmitri Mendeleev
was the first scientist to make a periodic
table similar to the one used today.
Mendeleev arranged the elements by
atomic mass, corresponding to relative
molar mass.
Ans.4 Correct Option - 2
• The total number of metalloids in
the Periodic Table is 7.
• The seven metalloids are boron,
silicon, germanium, arsenic,
antimony, tellurium, and
polonium.
• A metalloid is a chemical element
with properties that are
intermediate between those of
metals and nonmetals.
Ans.5 Correct Option - 1
• In an 18th group of the modern
periodic table are the noble gases
placed.
• There are 7 noble gases in the
periodic table.
• They are Helium (He) with atomic
number 2, Neon (Ne) with atomic
number 10, Argon (Ar) with atomic
number 18, Krypton (Kr) with
atomic number, Xenon (Xe) with
atomic number 54, Radon (Rn)
with atomic number 86,
Ununoctium (Sun)/ Oganesson
(Og) with atomic number 118.
Group Elements
Halogens/Group It contains
17 elements from
 Flourine (F) to • The periodic table is an
Ununseptium arrangement of the chemical
(Uus)/Tennessee elements based on their electronic
(Ts). configuration and is arranged in
Nitrogen (N) to the ascending order of their atomic
Ununpentium number.
Group 15
(Uup)/
Ans.8 Correct Option - 3
Moscovium (Mc)
Oxygen (O) to In the modern periodic table-
Group 16 Livermorium
(Lv) • Elements are arranged in
an increasing order of their
Ans.6 Correct Option - 4 atomic numbers.
• Vertical columns are called
• Metals are placed on the left groups. There are 18 groups. The
side of the Modern Periodic chemical properties of the
Table, while the non-metals are elements in the same group show
placed on the right side of the similarity and gradation.
table. • Horizontal rows are called
• Semi-metals are placed in between periods. There are in all 7
the table. periods. The properties of
• The modern periodic table is based elements change slowly from one
on Dimitri Medeleev’s table. He end to the other in a period.
invented it in 1869.
Ans.9 Correct Option - 2
Ans.7 Correct Option - 2
● The Metallic character decreases as you
• In the modern periodic move across a period in the periodic table
table metals, metalloids and no from left to right.
n-metals are found in the p-
block which is in the right-hand ● This occurs since atoms more readily
side of the chart. accept electrons to fill a valence shell
instead of losing them to remove the chemicals properties result from how
unfilled shell. readily metals lose their electrons to form
cations (positively charged ions).
● Metallic character is the name given to
the set of chemical properties associated
with elements that are metals. These

Chemical Names RRB NTPC Most Asked Questions

Que. 1 3. Copper Sulphate Dihydrate

What is the common name of CaOCl2? 4. Cobalt Sulphate Dihydrate

1. Baking Powder
2. Baking Soda Que. 4
What is the chemical name of Milk of
3. Bleaching Powder
Magnesia?
4. Washing Soda
1. Calcium hydroxide

Que. 2 2. Magnesium hydroxide

What is the chemical name of “Green 3. Magnesium chloride
Vitriol”? 4. Potassium chloride

1. Sodium Thiosulphate
2. Ferrous Sulphate Que. 5
What is the chemical name of ‘Plaster of
3. Calcium oxychloride
Paris’?
4. Ammonium Ferrous Sulphate
1. Calcium Sulphate Carbonate

Que. 3 2. Calcium Bicarbonate

What is the Chemical name of gypsum? 3. Calcium sulphate Tricarbonate
4. Calcium sulphate hemihydrate
1. Calcium Sulphate Dihydrate

2. Carbon Sulphate Dihydrate Que. 6

Which among the following is the
chemical name of caustic soda? Que. 10
Chemical name of Gammexane is
1. Sodium Hydroxide
________.
2. Sodium Sulphate
1. Toluene
3. Sodium Carbonate
2. Benzene hexachloride
4. Sodium oxide
3. Chloro benzene

Que. 7 4. Aniline
What is the chemical name of vinegar?
Solutions
1. Acetic Acid
Ans.1 Correct Option - 3
2. Citric Acid
3. Lactic Acid • The chemical formula of Bleaching
4. Formic Acid powder is written as CaOCl2. It is a
white powder consisting chiefly of
calcium hydroxide, calcium
Que. 8
chloride, and calcium hypochlorite
What is the chemical name of quick lime?
and used as a bleach, disinfectant,
1. Calcium carbonate or deodorant.
2. Sodium hydroxide
The chemical formula of washing soda or
3. Calcium oxide
sodium carbonate is Na2CO3. The
4. Calcium sulphate
chemical formula of Baking powder and
baking soda is NaHCO3.
Que. 9
What is the chemical formula of Marsh
Ans.2 Correct Option - 2
Gas/Methane?
• The chemical name of “Green
1. NaCl
Vitriol” is Ferrous Sulphate.
2. CH4
• The hydrated form of Green Vitriol
3. CaO
is used medically to treat iron
4. CHCl3
 deficiency, and also for industrial
applications.
• In horticulture, it is used for
treating iron chlorosis.
Ans.3 Correct Option - 1
• The Chemical name of gypsum
is Calcium Sulphate Dihydrate.
• Its Chemical formula
is CaSO4.2H2O.
• Gypsum is a soft sulphate mineral
used as a fertilizer.
• It is also the main component in
numerous forms of plaster,
blackboard chalk and wallboard.
Ans.4 Correct Option - 2
• The chemical name of milk of
magnesia is magnesium
hydroxide Mg(OH)2 and it is an
inorganic compound which occurs
naturally as the mineral brucite.
• It is most commonly used as a
laxative to relieve constipation and
ease heartburn and indigestion.
Ans.5 Correct Option - 4
Calcium sulphate hemihydrate is the
chemical name of ‘Plaster of Paris’; It is
widely used in the construction of
buildings and is also used in sculpturing
because of its brittle nature.
Ans.6 Correct Option - 1
• The chemical name of caustic
soda Sodium Hydroxide.
• It is a white solid ionic compound.
• Formula: NaOH.
• It is soluble in Water, Ethanol,
Methanol
Ans.7 Correct Option - 1
• Vinegar is a solution of acetic acid
with 90% of water. Acetic Acid is
naturally present in vinegar.
• The chemical formula of vinegar
(Acetic Acid) is CH3 COOH.
• It is used in medication to treat a
number of conditions. For
example, as an eardrop, it is used
to treat infections of the ear canal.
Ans.8 Correct Option - 3
Calcium oxide (CaO), commonly known as
quicklime or burnt lime, is a widely used
chemical compound. It is a white, caustic,
alkaline, crystalline solid at room
temperature.
Ans.9 Correct Option - 2
 • The chemical formula of Marsh
Gas is CH4. The chemical name of
Marsh Gas is Methane.
• It is produced when vegetation
decomposes naturally within some
geographical marshes, swamps,
and bogs.
• The main process for the
production of methane is
anaerobic digestion.
5. Acids, Bases & Salts
Acid
▪ The acid could be a molecule or
particle capable of donating a
nucleon (hydrogen particle H+),
or, or else, capable of forming a
bond with AN negatron combine (a
Lewis acid).
▪ The first category of acids as
proton donors or Brønsted–Lowry
acids. In the special case of liquid
solutions, nucleon donor’s kind the
hydronium particle H3O+ and are
called Svante August Arrhenius
acids.
▪ Brønsted and Lowry generalized
the Svante August Arrhenius
theory to incorporate non-aqueous
solvents. A Brønsted or Svante
August Arrhenius acid sometimes
contains an atom warranted to a
chemical structure that's still
Ans.10 Correct Option - 2
• Chemical name of Gammexane is
Benzene hexachloride.
• It is an organochlorine chemical
and an isomer of
hexachlorocyclohexane that has
been used both as an agricultural
insecticide and as a pharmaceutical
treatment for lice and scabies
energetically favorable once the
loss of H+.
▪ Aqueous Svante August Arrhenius
acids have characteristic properties
which offer a sensible description
of AN acid. Acids kind liquid
solutions with a bitter style, will
flip blue litmus test red, and react
with bases and certain metals (like
calcium) to form salts.
▪ The word acid comes from the
Latin acidus/acēre that means
bitter. A solution of AN acid
contains a pH scale but seven and
is conversationally conjointly
mentioned as 'acid' (as in
'dissolved in acid'), whereas the
strict definition refers only to the
solute. A lower pH scale means
that the next acidity, and therefore
 the next concentration of positive an atom in a base, for example, the
element ions within the resolution. nitrogen atom in ammonia (NH3).

▪ Chemicals or substances having

the property of AN acid are the Ph Levels of different Acids and
same to be acidic. Their Ranges

▪ Common liquid acids embody acid

(a resolution of acid that is found
in stomachic acid within the
abdomen and activates biological
process enzymes), ethanoic acid
(vinegar could be a dilute aqueous
solution of this liquid), sulphuric
acid (used in automobile batteries),
and acid (found in citrus fruits).

▪ As these examples show, acids (in

the informal sense) are solutions or
pure substances and can be derived
from acids (in the strict sense) that
are solids, liquids, or gases. Strong
acids and a few targeted weak acids
are corrosive, however, there are
exceptions like carboranes and
chemical element acid.

▪ The second class of acids square

measure Lewis acids, that type a
bond with associate degree
negatron tries. An example is
boron trifluoride (BF3), whose
boron atom has a vacant orbital
which can form a covalent bond by
sharing a lone pair of electrons on
 Nomenclature of Acids
▪ In the classical naming system,
acids are named in keeping with
their anions. That ionic suffix is
born and replaced with a brand
new suffix (and generally prefix),
in keeping with the table below.
For example, HCl has chloride as
its ion, that the -ide suffix makes it
take the shape acid.
▪ In the IUPAC naming system,
"aqueous" is just adding to the
Classical Naming System
Anion Prefix Anion Suffix
Per ate
Per ate
Hypo ite
Hypo ide
Base
▪ In chemistry, bases area unit
substances that, in solution, unleash
hydroxide (OH−) ions, area unit
slippery to the bit, will style bitter if
AN alkali, amendment the color of
indicators to blue.
▪ Examples of bases area unit the
hydroxides of the alkali metals and
therefore the metallic element metals
(NaOH, Ca(OH)2, etc.—see alkali
hydroxide and metallic element
hydroxide).
▪ In water, by fixing the autoionization
equilibrium, bases yield solutions
within which the cation activity is less
than it's in pure water, i.e., the water
has a pH higher than 7.0 at standard
name of the ionic compound. Thus,
for acid, the IUPAC name would be
liquid acid. The prefix "hydro-" is
additionally provided that the acid
is formed from simply
part|element|gas} and one
different element.
Acid Prefix Acid Suffix
per ic acid
per ic acid
hypo ous acid
hydro ic acid
conditions. A soluble base is termed
AN alkali if it contains and releases
OH− ions quantitatively.
▪ However, it's vital to comprehend that
basicity isn't an equivalent as pH scale.
Metal oxides, hydroxides, and
especially alkoxides are basic, and
conjugate bases of weak acids are weak
bases.
▪ A reaction between AN acid and a base
is termed neutralization. In a
neutralization reaction, an aqueous
solution of a base reacts with an
aqueous solution of an acid to produce
a solution of water and salt in which
the salt separates into its component
 ions. If the solution is saturated with a
given salt substance, any further such
salt precipitates out of the answer.
▪ For a substance to be classified as AN
Arrhenius base, it should manufacture
hydroxide ions in AN solution.
Arrhenius believed that so as to try
and do therefore, the base must
contain hydroxide in the formula.
▪ An example of this is the reaction
between ammonia and water to
produce ammonium and hydroxide. In
this reaction, ammonia is that the base
as a result of it accepts a nucleon from
the water molecule.
▪ Ammonia and different bases almost
like it always have the flexibility to
make a bond with a nucleon because of
the unshared combine of electrons that
they possess. In the additional general
Brønsted–Lowry acid–base theory, a
base is a substance that can accept
hydrogen cations (H+)—otherwise
known as protons. In the Lewis model,
a base is AN lepton combine donor.
Properties of Base
General properties of bases include:
▪ Concentrated or robust bases area unit
caustic on organic matter and react
violently with acidic substances.
▪ Aqueous solutions or liquid bases
dissociate in ions and conduct electricity.
▪ Reactions with indicators: bases flip red
paper blue, acid-base indicator pink, keep
bromthymol blue in its natural color of
blue, and switch acid-base indicator
yellow.
▪ The pH of a basic answer at customary
conditions is larger than seven.
▪ Bases are bitter in taste.
Reactions between Bases and Water
The following reaction represents the
overall reaction between a base (B) and
water to supply a conjugate acid (BH+)
and a conjugate base (OH−):
B(aq) + H2O(l) ⇌ BH+(aq) + OH−(aq)
The equilibrium constant, Kb, for this
reaction can be found using the following
general equation:
Kb = [BH+][OH−]/[B]
In this equation, the base (B) and the
extremely strong base (the conjugate base
OH−) compete for the proton. The base is
weaker when it has a lower equilibrium
constant value.
▪ However, acid, carboxylic acid, associate
degreed most alternative Brønsted-Lowry
acids cannot type a bond with a negatron
try and square measure so not Lewis acids.
Conversely, several Lewis acids aren't
Arrhenius or Brønsted-Lowry acids.
▪ In fashionable nomenclature, associate
degree acid is implicitly a Brønsted acid
and not a Lewis acid, since chemists nearly
always visit a Lewis acid expressly as a
Lewis acid.
Salts
▪ Salt could be a mineral composed
primarily of common salt (NaCl), a
matter happiness to the larger category
of salts; salt in its natural type as a
crystalline mineral is known as rock
salt or halite.
▪ Salt is gift in Brobdingnagian
quantities in brine, wherever it's the
most mineral constituent. The open
ocean has concerning thirty five grams
(1.2 oz) of solids per metric capacity
unit of ocean water, a salinity of 3.5%.
▪ Salt is crucial always normally, and
saltiness is one among the essential
human tastes. Salt is one among the
oldest and most present food
seasonings, and seasoning is a very
important methodology of food
preservation.
▪ Salt was conjointly prized by the
traditional Hebrews, the Greeks, the
Romans, the Byzantines, the Hittites,
Egyptians, and the Indians. Salt
became a very important article of
trade and was transported by boat
across the Mediterranean, on specially
engineered salt roads, and across the
Sahara on camel caravans.
▪ The scarceness and universal want for
salt have junction rectifier nations to
travel to war over it and use it to boost
Acids, Bases & Salts RRB NTPC Most Asked Questions
Que. 1
Which of the following acids is called the
king of the acids?
1. Carbonic acid
2. Phosphoric acid
3. Nitric acid
4. Sulphuric acid
Que. 2
tax revenues. Salt is employed in non
secular ceremonies and has alternative
cultural and ancient significance.
▪ Salt is processed from salt mines, and
by the evaporation of brine (sea salt)
and mineral-rich spring water in
shallow pools. Its major industrial
merchandise square measure
hydroxide and chlorine; salt is
employed in several industrial
processes as well as the manufacture
of vinyl resin, plastics, paper pulp and
plenty of alternative merchandise. Of
the annual world production of around
200 million tonnes of salt, concerning
6 June 1944 is employed for human
consumption.
Properties of Salts
• Salt is generally used in different
applications like in household
foods and in even in some medical
specifications.
• Salts have a chemical formule of
NaCl (Sodium Chloride).
Acids are always stored in containers
made of ______.
1. Soil
2. Glass
3. Metals
4. None of these
Que. 3
Primarily which kind of acid is present in
an apple?
 1. Citric acid 3. K2Mn2O4
2. Lactic acid 4. K2Mn2O2
3. Tartaric acid
4. Malic acid Que. 9
Which one of the following is the chemical
formula of Green Vitriol?
Que. 4
Vitamin C is also known as ____. 1. FeSO
1. Ascorbic acid 2. Fe2SO
2. Tartaric acid 3. CuSO2
3. Malic acid 4. FeSO4
4. Acetic acid
Que. 10
Which of the following is used to get relief
Que. 5
when you have been stung by a honeybee?
Acids turn blue litmus paper into which
colour? 1. Common salt
1. Green 2. Baking soda
2. Red 3. Acetic acid
3. Pink 4. Washing soda
4. Colourless
Que. 11
The human body works within the pH
Que. 6
range of:
Which of the following acids is present in
sour milk? 1. 6.0 to 7.0
1. Formic acid 2. 6.0 to 6.8
2. Lactic acid 3. 7.0 to 7.8
3. Citric acid 4. 7.0 to 8.6
4. Tartaric acid
Que. 12
Butyric acid is found in________.
Que. 7
The pH value of acidic solution is 1. Rancid butter
________. 2. Grapes
1. 7 3. Vinegar
2. Less than 7 4. Tomato
3. More than 7
4. 14 Que. 13
Which among the following acids is used
in Lead storage batteries?
Que. 8
The formula for Potassium Permanganate 1. Acetic acid
is ________. 2. Hydrochloric acid
1. KMnO4 3. Sulphuric acid
2. KMn2O4 4. Nitric acid
Que. 14
What is the chemical name of vinegar?
1. Acetic Acid
2. Citric Acid
3. Lactic Acid
4. Formic Acid
Que. 15
Which one of the following types of
medicines is used for treating indigestion?
1. Antibiotic
2. Analgesic
3. Antacid
4. Antiseptic
Solutions
Ans.1 Correct Option - 4
• Sulphuric acid is called the King of the
acids.
• One time the annual production of
sulphuric acid (H2So4) was taken as a
measure of the degree of
industrialization of the country, and
earned its name “King of
Chemicals”.
• Sulphuric acid is familiar to us as
the electrolyte in the lead-acid
batteries in automobiles.
Ans.2 Correct Option - 2
• Acids are always stored in
containers made of glass. Glass
bottles are ideal for storing most of
the acids and bases because of
their chemical inertness.
• They cannot be stored in metal
containers since they will react
with the metal and form metal salt
and liberate hydrogen gas.
Ans.3 Correct Option - 4
Malic acid used to found in an Apple.
• Apples are a rich source
of ascorbic and malic acid.
Acid Eatables
Citric acid Orange and Lemon
Cheese, Yogurt, Soy
Lactic acid
Sauce and Meat
Grapes, Apricot,
Tartaric acid Tamarind, Banana
and Avocado
Ans.4 Correct Option - 1
o Vitamin C, also known
as ascorbic acid, is a vitamin
found in fruits like orange, grapes,
lemon, etc. and used as a dietary
supplement.
o Tartaric acid is an organic acid.
It occurs naturally in some fruits
like Bananas, grapes, tamarinds,
and citrus.
o Malic acid is a dicarboxylic acid
and it is used as a food additive.
o Acetic acid, also called ethanoic
acid, is used in making vinegar.
o Trick: Absorb vitamin c daily
Ans.5 Correct Option - 2
• The blue litmus paper will turn red
when it comes into contact with an
acidic solution.
• When a litmus paper is put in a
solution, depending on what the
solution is, the indicator will react
with the solution and will change
its colour.
• On the other hand, red litmus
paper reacts to alkaline substances
by turning blue.
Ans.6 Correct Option - 2
• Lactic acid, an organic compound,
is responsible for sour taste of milk
 and causes the fall in pH of milk
from 7.0 to less than 5.
• Soured milk that is produced by
bacterial fermentation is more
specifically called fermented milk
or cultured milk.
• Lactic acid, is used as a food
preservative, curing agent, and
flavoring agent, is produced
commercially by fermentation of
carbohydrates such as glucose,
sucrose, or lactose, or by chemical
synthesis.

Ans.7 Correct Option – 2

Solutions pH Value
Acidic Solution Less than 7
Basic Solution Greater than 7

Neutral Solution Equal to 7

Ans.10 Correct Option - 2

Ans.8 Correct Option - 1
• Sodium bicarbonate i.e Baking
• Potassium Permanganate is an
soda is Basic in nature and by
inorganic chemical compound
applying it on the stung area
which has KMnO₄ as its chemical
neutralizes the acidic effect of the
formula.
sting of the honeybee
• It is a salt consisting of K⁺ and
• Sodium bicarbonate referred to as;
MnO− ₄ ions.
baking soda is primarily used in;
• It is a strong oxidizing agent.
baking as a leavening agent.
• It is used as a medication for
• It reacts with acidic components in
cleaning wounds and dermatitis.
batters, releasing carbon dioxide,
which causes expansion of the
Ans.9 Correct Option – 4 batter and forms the characteristic
texture and grain in pancakes,
Ferrous Sulphate(FeSO4) is also known as cakes, quick loaves of bread, soda
Green Vitriol. It is a bluish - bread, and other baked and fried
green crystalline compound. It is used in foods.
sewage and water treatment and as a
pigment and fertilizer. It also has usage in
Its chemical formula is NaHCO3.
medicine to treat iron deficiency.
Ans.11 Correct Option - 3

• The pH range is from 0 to 14, with

7.0 being neutral.
 • Anything above 7.0 is alkaline,
anything below 7.0 is
considered acidic.
• The human body works within the
pH range of 7.0 to 8.6
Ans.12 Correct Option - 1
• Butyric acid is a short-chain fatty acid
found in Rancid butter. It is also found in
milk and parmesan cheese.
• The acid is an oily, colorless liquid that is
easily soluble in water, ethanol, and ether.
It has an unpleasant smell and acrid taste.
• The structural formula of Butyric acid
CH3CH2CH2-CO-OH.
• Due to its powerful odor, it is used as a
fishing bait additive.
Ans.13 Correct Option - 3
The main active materials required to
construct a lead acid battery are Lead
6. Optics
Nature has endowed the human eye
(retina) with the sensitivity to detect
electromagnetic waves within a small
range of the electromagnetic spectrum.
The scope of optics is subdivided into
three categories further:
Geometrical Optics (Consists of Reflection
and Refraction Phenomenon, Lenses)
Physical Optics (Consists of the
superposition principle, Diffraction
Phenomenon, and Polarization)
peroxide (PbO2), Sponge lead (Pb), and
Dilute sulfuric acid (H2SO4).
Ans.14 Correct Option - 1
• Vinegar is a solution of acetic acid
with 90% of water. Acetic Acid is
naturally present in vinegar.
• The chemical formula of vinegar
(Acetic Acid) is CH3 COOH.
• It is used in medication to treat a
number of conditions. For
example, as an eardrop, it is used
to treat infections of the ear canal.
Ans.15 Correct Option - 3
Antacids usually neutralize the acidity of
the stomach which gives relief during
indigestion.
Antibiotics prevent the growth of bacterial
infections in the body.
Analgesic medicines are used to give relief
from pain.
Antiseptics are used to cure infections or
upper tissues of the body.
Modern Optics (Consists of Lasers and
their Working)
Geometrical Optics
Reflection refers to the bouncing back of
the waves of light from the surface that
it strikes from.
Reflection of Light by Spherical lens. The distances measured in the same
Mirrors: direction as the incident light are taken as

We are familiar with the laws of reflection.

The angle of reflection (i.e., the angle
between the reflected ray and the normal

positive and those measured in the

to the reflecting surface or the mirror) direction opposite to the direction of
equals the angle of incidence (angle incident light are taken as negative.
between the incident ray and the normal).
The heights are measured upwards with
Also, the incident ray reflected ray and the
respect to x-axis and normal to the
normal to the reflecting surface at the
principal axis of the mirror/ lens are taken
point of incidence lie in the same plane.
as positive. The heights measured
These laws area is valid at every or any downwards are taken as negative.
reflective surface whether or not a plane or
Focal Length of Spherical Mirror
falciform. However, we have a tendency to
We assume that the rays area unit
shall prohibit our discussion to the special
paraxial, i.e., they're incident at points
case of falciform surfaces, that is, spherical
getting ready to the pole P of the mirror
surfaces.
and build tiny angles with the optic axis.
The normal in this case is to be taken as The mirrored rays converge at a degree F
normal to the tangent to surface at the on the optic axis of a pouch-like mirror.
point of incidence. That is, the normal is
along the radius, the line joining the
center of curvature of the mirror to the
point of incidence.

Sign Convention
All distances are measured from the pole
of the mirror or the optical center of the

For a convex mirror, the reflected rays
appear to diverge from a point F on its
principal axis.
The point F is termed the principal focus
of the mirror. If the parallel beam of light
was incident, making some angle with the
principal axis, the reflected rays would
converge (or appear to diverge) from a
point in a plane through F traditional to
the optic axis. This is referred to as the
focal plane of the mirror.
The Mirror Equation
The Mirror equation can be viewed as the
following mathematical equation.
Refraction
When a beam of light encounters another
transparent medium, a part of the light
gets reflected back into the first medium
while the rest enters the other.
This phenomenon is called refraction of
light.
Refraction by Lenses
The refraction phenomenon also occurs in
the way lenses are constructed thus to help
in the formation of a clear image to be
viewed by the user.
There are certain laws to be kept in while
using the lens formula and certain sign
conventions. The lens formula is
formulated mathematically as on by
applying the sign convention is.
1/v - 1/u = 1/f
Where, a u=The distance of the object
from the focus of the lens., a v=The
distance of the image from the lens, f= The
focal length of the lens.
This equation is valid for all types of lenses
like concave or convex lenses and images
formed by it like real or virtual images.
Physical Optics
The Branch of Physical optics deals with
the different types of the phenomenon
occurring due to the reflection and
refraction phenomenon.
This includes phenomenon's like
1. Superposition Principle.
2.Diffraction Phenomenon
3.Dispersion and Scattering of the light.
4.Polarization.
1. Superposition Principle
By this either a superimposed wave is
obtained or if the two light waves are of
two opposite magnitude in the same
direction, they cancel each other out
having a zero-resultant wave.
When the two waves superimpose over
one another they form a constructive wave
and when they don’t and cancel out each
other they form a destructive wave.
The following diagram shows the two
different types of waves that can be
formed.
2. Diffraction Phenomenon
Diffraction of a light wave can also be
signified as the bending of the light wave
due to its certain obstacle covering up its
path.
The amount of how much the light wave is
to be deflected depends upon the size of
the opening of the surface from which the
light waves is to be diffracted.
The diffraction phenomenon is
unnoticeable through the human naked
eye but nature shows up its many
instances of diffraction of light like in the
waves of sunlight or the moonlight passing
through the clouds.
If the water droplets get in the way of the
light wave the light waves become clearer
to the human eye. The following diagram
shows the diffraction of light.
3. Dispersion
Dispersion of light means the splitting of phenomenon works on the principle of
the light into its seven different refraction of the light waves.
components. These seven colors are also
A polarized surface is efficient enough to
known as VIBGYOR or Violet, Indigo,
reflect 90% of the harmful UV light from
Blue, Green, Yellow, Orange, and Red.
the sun. Polarization is used in the
The formation of Rainbows is also due to
the splitting of the light into its seven
different colors. The water droplet acts as
the medium of dispersion of sunlight.

A prism is also used to find the diffraction

of the light waves, that passes through it.
In a Prism, the white light is the incident
on one of its surfaces that then splits into manufacture of different sunglasses and
multiple colors. windshields in the car.

The following diagram shows the splitting

of white light into its different colors.

Modern Optics

Modern optics include LASER.

LASER stands for "Light Amplification by

Stimulated Emission of Radiation".

A laser uses a phenomenon of Optical

4. Polarization
Polarization refers to the phenomenon of
removing a part of the light of which is
incident on a surface. The Polarization
Amplification of the light waves through
the lenses that are used in it.
Lasers are not just ordinary sources of
light because they don’t work like the
other light waves. They
focus all of the energy possible in a single
point where needed.
Application of Optical Instruments
The LASER is used in different working
The optical instruments are used in
instruments like in a Hard Disk where the
various types of Industries or for Personal
reading of the data is to be done from the
use or even for Satellite Imaging purpose
memories.
also.
LASERS are also used in DVD writers and
Here are a few optical instruments that are
readers for writing information to the
used and the areas they are made to do so:
disk. The lasers have a wavelength of
around 2700 to 3000 nm. 1. Lenses
The lenses are used in Optometry or
They are also used in a different industrial
viewing of the images by the human
purpose or to guide certain missile take
eye when the muscles are not strong
off.
enough to focus on the image clearly,
Thus, a laser Is a much efficient and an optometrist prescribes a pair of
reliable source of light as it doesn’t scatter power lenses according to the need of
of its waves down. the patient and that helps in viewing

The following Image shows the working of

a LASER in detail. The LASER works on
the phenomenon of Excitation of the
electrons and when this excitation occurs
the electrons jump on to a higher energy
level and they impart energy.

them easy.

2. Telescope

A telescope works on the principle of

refraction and it works through high
 powered lenses combined with one
another. There are also many
observatories that use high powered
lenses and LASERS to study different
planetary movement and their causes.
3. Microscope
A microscope is an instrument that is
used to study different human parts
like cells or such microscopic objects
that are not visible to the human eyes.
Acids, Bases & Salts RRB NTPC Most Asked Questions
Que. 1
4. Photographic Instruments
They include cameras or
videographers which works on the
major principle of reflection of the
images after they are viewed through
the lens, A camera works on the
principle of both reflection and
refraction.
5. Atmospheric Refraction
The sun sky or the evening sky appears red
due to the refraction of the light that
passes through the atmosphere and the
red light scatters the most as it has the
highest wavelength of all.
Light is a ________ wave.
1. longitudinal In total internal reflection, the light travels
2. elastic from ________.
3. transverse 1. Rarer to denser medium and it occurs
4. mechanical with no loss of intensity
2. Denser to rarer medium and it occurs
Que. 2 with no loss of intensity
Velocity of sound is minimum in 3. Rarer to denser medium and it occurs
_______. with loss of intensity
1. Steel 4. Denser to rarer medium and it occurs
2. Mortar with loss of intensity
3. Mercury
4. Carbon dioxide Que. 6
What is the change in the direction of light
Que. 3 by a mirror called ____
Light can travel in vacuum but not sound, 1. Absorption of light
because 2. Refraction of light
1. speed of sound is very slow than light 3. Reflection of light
2. light waves are electromagnetic in 4. Diffraction of light
nature
3. sound waves are electromagnetic in Que. 7
nature Rainbow is a natural phenomenon of
4. None of these ______ of light.
1. Reflection
Que. 4 2. Refraction
A photocell converts light energy into 3. Diffusion
________. 4. Dispersion
1. Chemical energy
2. Electrical energy Que. 8
3. Potential energy Speed of light is maximum in _______.
4. Kinetic energy 1. Vacuum
2. Solids
Que. 5 3. Liquids
4. Gases
 4. Vibrating
Que. 9 Que. 13
The angle between the __________ and Sound takes some time to travel from one
the incident ray is called the angle of place to another. It will ______.
incidence. 1. always remains constant
1. Surface 2. be maximum during summer
2. Normal 3. be maximum during winter
3. Tangent 4. None of these
4. Reflected ray
Que. 14
Que. 10 Which type of sound is produced by a bat?
Why does a water tank filled with water 1. Subsonic
appear shallower when viewed from the 2. Ultrasonic
top? 3. Supersonic
1. Due to reflection 4. Infrasonic
2. Due to refraction
3. Due to diffraction Que. 15
4. Due to total internal reflection Why is the flash of lighting seen earlier
than the sound of thunder?
Que. 11 1. Thunder is more near than roaring
Sound waves cannot travel through a 2. The light can pass though vacuum
_________. 3. Speed of light is more than speed of
1. Copper wire placed in air sound
2. Silver slab placed in air 4. Speed of sound is more than speed of
3. Glass prism placed in water the light
4. Wooden hollow pipe placed in vacuum.
Solutions
Que. 12
Sound is produced by __________ Ans.1 Correct Option - 3
objects. Light is a transverse wave since the
1. Perpetual components of light vibrate perpendicular
2. Uniform to the direction of propagation. Light has
3. Stable
magnetic and electric components, thus it
is an electromagnetic transverse wave.
A transverse wave is that wave which
oscillates perpendicular to the direction of
propagation.
Ans.2 Correct Option - 4
The velocity of sound is maximum in
solids and minimum in gas.
Sound is the disturbance of the medium.
If the intermolecular distance is small
then disturbance will be faster as the
molecule is very close to each other and
the velocity will be more and vice versa.
Ans.3 Correct Option - 2
Light can travel in a vacuum because light
waves are electromagnetic in nature,
which sound waves are not.
Sound waves require a medium to travel.
The speed of sound is faster in solid
materials, slower in liquids and slowest in
gases.
The speed of light in a vacuum is
commonly given the symbol c. It is a
universal constant that has the value c = 3
x 108 m/second.
Ans.4 Correct Option - 2
A photocell converts light energy into
electrical energy. There are mainly three
kinds of photocells, which are
photovoltaic, photoconductive, and
photoemissive.
The Photoelectric effect was explained by
Albert Einstein.
Ans.5 Correct Option - 2
Total internal reflection refers to the
complete reflection of a ray of light within
a given medium from the surrounding
surface. The ray of light continues to
be reflected within the medium (glass,
water, etc.) without being refracted off.
The condition for total internal reflection
requires the ray to bend away from the
normal till 90 Degree angle is attained. It
happens only when light travels from
denser to rarer medium. The intensity
remains the same.
Ans.6 Correct Option - 3
The process through which light rays
falling on the surface of an object are sent
back is called a reflection of light.
Thus, when light falls on the surface of an
object it sends back the light.
Reflection of light occurs when the waves
encounter a surface or other boundary
that does not absorb the energy of the
radiation and bounces the waves away
from the surface.
Ans.7 Correct Option - 4
Dispersion is the phenomenon by which
white light splits into its 7 constituent
colours while moving from one
transparent medium to another.
The 7 colours are red, orange, yellow,
green, blue, indigo and violet.
Rainbow is formed due to dispersion of
sunlight as it passes through droplets of
water in the air.
Ans.8 Correct Option - 1
The speed of light is maximum in a
vacuum.
The speed of light in a vacuum is 186,282
miles per second, which is 299,792 km per
second.
As per the theory, nothing travels faster
than light.
Ans.9 Correct Option - 2
The angle of incidence is the angle
between the incident ray on the surface
and the line perpendicular to the surface
at the point of incidence.
This perpendicular point is also called the
normal.
Ans.10 Correct Option - 2
A water tank filled with water appears
shallower when viewed from the top
because of refraction of light.
Light travels straight in the water, but it
emerges obliquely into the air from water.
While exiting, it bends downward towards
the surface and this bending is called
refraction.
This phenomenon occurs when light
passes from one transparent medium to
another of a different density.
Ans.11 Correct Option - 4
Sound wave cannot travel through a
wooden hollow pipe placed in vacuum.
Sound energy transfer in form of
vibrations, these vibrations need matter to
travel, absence of matter in vacuum makes
these waves impossible to travel.
Ans.12 Correct Option - 4
The sound is produced when an object
vibrates and causes the medium around it
to vibrate, which travel in longitudinal
waves that reach our ear as sound.
We hear the phone vibrate as the vibration
of the device causes the air around it to
vibrate, which then reaches our ear.
Ans.13 Correct Option - 3
Sound travels faster in summer
than winter.
Because during winter, the air becomes
cold and cold air is denser.
Denser air is a good conductive
of sound and sound does not travel
faster during winter but rather it
just sounds louder because of the good
conductive denser air. Sound travels
faster in summer than in winter.
Ans.14 Correct Option - 2
Ultrasonic sound is produced by a bat and
that is why human beings cannot hear the
sound.
An ultrasonic sound refers to a sound
which has a frequency above 20 kHz.
Subsonic sound refers to any sound with
speed lower than that of sound whereas
supersonic sound travels faster than the
speed of sound.
Infrasonic frequency sounds have below
than the audible sound i.e. under 20 Hz.
7. Physics Laws & Principles
Physics Laws
• 0.Law of Gravitation:
Objects attract each other with a
force directly proportional to the
product of the masses of the
objects and inversely proportional
to the square of the distance
between them. Hence, for objects
on or near the earth, the mass of
the earth is very much greater than
the object, and so the gravitational
force between them makes objects
fall towards the earth. That is why
Ans.15 Correct Option - 3
The flash of lighting is seen earlier than
the sound of thunder because the speed of
light is more than speed of sound.
Light at a speed of around 300,000,000
meters per second travels much faster
than sound which moves at 340 meters
per second.
A person 1 km away from the
thunderstorm hears the thunder about 3
seconds after seeing the lightning flash.
lead and feather fall at the same
rate in a vacuum.
• 1.Newton’s First law of
Motion
A body continues in its state of
rest, or of uniform motion in a
straight line, except in so far as it is
compelled by external impressed
forces to change that state. It is
also called Law of Inertia.
• 2.Newton’s Second Law of
Motion
The rate of change of momentum is
proportional to the impressed force
and takes place in the direction of
 the straight line in which the force
acts. In other words “Force is equal
to mass multiplied by
acceleration”.
• 3. Newton’s Third Law of
Motion
To every action there is equal and
opposite reaction. This is the
principle behind the recoil felt on
pulling the trigger of a gun.
• 4.Newton’s Law of cooling
The rate at which a body cools or
loses its heat to its surroundings is
proportional to the excess of mean
temperature of the body over that
of the surroundings, provided this
temperature excess is not too large.
• 5. Coulomb’s Law (1738-1806)
The force between the two electric
charges reduces to a quarter of its
former value when the distance
between them is doubled. The SI
unit of electric charge, coulomb, is
named after Charles Augustin de
Coulomb who established the law.
• 6. Stefan’s Law (1835-1883)
The total energy radiated from a
black body is equal to the fourth
power of its absolute temperature.
• 7. Pascal’s Law (1623-1662)
- When pressure is applied to a
fluid, the pressure change is
transmitted to every part of the
fluid without loss. Hydraulic
machines like the hydraulic press
work on this principle.
- Atmospheric pressure decreases
with increase in height. The SI unit
of pressure is pascal which is
named after Pascal who
established this law.
• 8. Hooke’s Law (1635-1703)
This law states that the extension
of a spring is proportional to the
tension stretching it. Doubling of
the tension results in the doubling
of the amount of stretch.
• 9. Bernoulli's Principle
It states that as the speed of a
moving fluid, liquid or gas,
increases, the pressure within the
fluid decreases. The aerodynamic
lift on the wing of an aeroplane is
also explained in part by this
principle.
• 10. Boyles's Law
It states that temperature
remaining constant, volume of a
given mass of a gas varies inversely
with the pressure of the gas.
• 11. Charles's Law
It states that pressure remaining
constant, the volume of a given
mass of gas increases or decreases
 by 1/273 part of its volume at 0
degree Celsius for each degree
Celsius rise or fall of its
temperature.
• 12. Kepler's Law
Each planet revolves round the
Sun in an elliptical orbit with the
Sun at one focus. The straight line
joining the Sun and the planet
sweeps out equal areas in equal
intervals. The squares of the orbital
periods of planets are proportional
to the cubes of their mean distance
from the Sun.
• 13. Law of conservation of
energy
It states that energy can neither be
created nor destroyed but it can be
transformed from one form to
another. Since energy cannot be
created or destroyed, the amount
of energy present in the universe is
always remain constant.
• 14. Tyndall effect
The scattering of light by very
small particles suspended in a gas
or liquid.
• 15. Graham’s Law
It states that the rates of diffusion
of gases are inversely proportional
to the square roots of their
densities under similar conditions
of temperature and pressure.
• 16. Archimede's principle - It
states that a body when wholly or
partially immersed in a liquid,
experiences an upward thrust
which is equal to the weight of the
liquid displaced by it. Thus, the
body appears to lose a part of its
weight. This loss in weight is equal
to the weight of the liquid
displaced by the body.
• 17. Bernoulli's principle - It
states that as the speed of a moving
fluid, liquid or gas, increases, the
pressure within the fluid decreases.
The aerodynamic lift on the wing
of an aeroplane is also explained in
part by this principle.
• 18.Boyles's Law - It states that
temperature remaining constant,
volume of a given mass of a gas
varies inversely with the pressure
of the gas. Thus,
PV = K (constant), where, P =
Pressure and V = Volume.
• 19.Gay-Lussac’s Law of
combining volumes - Gases
react together in volumes which
bear simple whole number ratios
to one another and also to the
volumes of the products, if gaseous
 — all the volumes being measured
under similar conditions of
temperature and pressure.
• 20.Law of Floatation - For a
body to float, the following
conditions must be fulfilled:
(1) The weight of the body should
be equal to the weight of the water
displaced.
(2) The centre of gravity of the
body and that of the liquid
displaced should be in the same
straight line.
• 21.Tyndall effect - The scattering
of light by very small particles
suspended in a gas or liquid.
Principles in Physics
• 1. Galilean Invariance
This is almost a symmetry
classically and becomes a full
symmetry in the modern language.
First, let’s discuss what the
transformation is.
There is no experiment that can be
performed that can measure the
velocity of a moving observer.
Physics Laws & Principles Salts RRB NTPC Most Asked Questions
Que. 1
We can detect the presence of
accelerations and measure the
relative velocity between two
bodies but we cannot measure
absolute velocities.
Another way to say the same thing
is that, if you are not accelerating,
you are always at rest in your own
rest frame. In the language of
transformations, all the laws of
physics must be invariant under a
transformation of the form
~x → ~x0 = ~x + R~ + ~vt
t→t0=t
• 2.Law of Planetary Motion:
This law, states that the two
planets revolving around each
other provides a gravitational force
of Gm1M2/R^2
Where, G is the gravitational
constant and M1 And M2 are the
mass of the two planets and R is
the distance of the two planets.
The device through which the speed of
flow of liquid is measured is known as
________ .
1.Hygrometer Which of the following device is used to
2.Venturimeter measure humidity?
3.Udometer
1.Hydrometer
4.Bolometer
2.Hygrometer
3.Psycho Meter
Que. 2
4.Anemometer
Bolometer is used to measure
_________.
Que. 6
1.Air pressure What is an anemometer?
2.Electromagnetic Radiation
1.an instrument used to measure current
3.Height of cloud base
2.an instrument used to measure pressure
4.Specific Gravity of liquids
in the air
3.an instrument used to measure wind
Que. 3
speed
Which of the following instruments is used
4.None of the above
to measure electric current?

1.Galvanometer Que. 7
2.Ammeter Which instrument is used to measure the
3.Rheostat intensity of an earthquake?
4.Voltmeter
1.Hydrometer
2.Polygraph
Que. 4
3.Barometer
Why do we use a galvanometer?
4.Seismorgraph
1.For measuring altitudes
2.For measuring small electrical current Que. 8
3.For measuring potential difference The instrument to measure Blood
between two points Pressure is called ________.
4.For projecting pictures on the screen
1.Sphygmomanometer
2.Thermometer
Que. 5
3.Anemometer
4.Barometer
 Ans. 2 Correct Option – 2
Que. 9
An instrument used to measure the Instrument Uses
density of milk? Bolometer • Used to
measure Electromagnetic
1.Glucometer
radiation
2.Lactometer
3.Calorimeter
Barometer • Used to measure Air
4.Polarimeter
pressure

Que. 10 Ceilometer • Used to measure Height of

Hydrometer is used for the measurement cloud base
of ________. • Used to measure the

1.Specific gravity aerosol concentration

2.Humidity within the atmosphere.

3.Electric current
Densimeter • Used to measure The
4.Altitude of an aircraft
specific gravity of a liquid

Solutions
Ans. 1 Correct Option – 2
Ans. 3 Correct Option - 2

Device Function • Electric current: An electric

Venturimeter To measure the speed of current is the flow of electrons
flow of liquid through a conductor.
Udometer The amount of liquid • Current is expressed in Ampere
precipitation over a set (A). The charge of an electron
period of time is 1.6 x10-19 C.
Bolometer Radiant energy • Ampere: One ampere current is
measurement said to flow in a conductor if one
Hygrometer Used to measure the Coulomb charge flows through it
amount of humidity in every second.
the atmosphere
 Instrument Application Projector: It is used to project pictures
s on the
Ammeter To measure the
Ans. 5 Correct Option – 2
current flowing in
the circuit
Device Use
Galvanomete To
r measure SMALL electr Hydrometer an instrument for measuring the

ic current density of liquids.

Rheostat To change the Hygrometer used for measuring the amount

resistance as required of humidity and water vapor in

and thereby control the the atmosphere, in the soil, or in

current confined spaces.

Voltmeter Measures the potential Psycho- measures the relative humidity

difference between two Meter in the atmosphere through the

points in a circuit use of two thermometers.

Anemometer used for measuring wind

Ans. 4 Correct Option - 2

Ans. 6 Correct Option - 3
The galvanometer is an instrument for
measuring a small electrical current or a • Anemometer is a device that is

function of the current by deflection of a used to measure wind speed in the

moving coil. The deflection is a atmosphere.

mechanical rotation derived from forces • It is commonly used at weather

resulting from the current. An ammeter is stations.

also used for measuring the magnitude of • The instrument used to measure

current. current is called ammeter, and that

used to measure atmospheric
Altimeter: It is used for measuring pressure is called barometer.
altitude above a fixed level.
Ans. 7 Correct Option - 4
Voltmeter: It is used to measure the
potential difference between two points • A seismograph is an instrument
that is used to detect and measure
the intensity of an earthquake. It
 has sensors which translate ground
motion into electrical signals which
are processed and recorded by the
device.
• A polygraph is an instrument
which is used as a lie detector. It
works by evaluating various
physiological factors in humans
such as respiration, blood
pressure, and pulse.
• A barometer is used to measure
• Lactometer is used to measure
the density of milk.
• Glucometer is used to measure the
approximate concentration of
glucose in the blood.
• A calorimeter measures the angle
of Polarization.
• A polarimeter is used to measure
the angle of rotation
Ans. 10 Correct Option – 1

pressure whereas a hydrometer is

used to measure the density of a Instruments Used for

liquid.
Hydrometer The relative density of
Ans. 8 Correct Option – 1 liquids/Specific gravity
Hygrometer Humidity
Sphygmomanometer Blood
pressure Ammeter Electric Current
Thermometer Temperature
Anemometer Speed of Altimeter The altitude of an aircraft

Wind
Barometer Atmospheric
pressure

Ans. 9 Correct Option - 2

9. Organic Matter

Organic Matter based compounds found at

intervals natural and built,
• Organic matter, organic material,
terrestrial and aquatic
or natural organic matter (NOM)
environments.
refers to the big pool of carbon-
 • It is matter composed of organic
compounds that have return from
the remains of organisms like
plants and animals and their waste
product within the setting.
• Organic molecules may also be
Source Cycle
created by chemical reactions that
do not involve life.Basic structures
area unit created from
polysaccharide, tannin, cutin, and
lignin, at the side of different
numerous proteins, lipids, and
carbohydrates.
• Organic matter is very important
in the movement of nutrients in
the environment and plays a role in
water retention on the surface of
the planet.
Formation
• Organic matter are formed due to
decomposition of wastes, they are
either the human waste or natural
waste like plant residues and so on.
• The waste matter when get in
contact with the soil and moisture,
starts to have chemical reaction
between them.
• This chemical reaction dissolves
the bond present in between the
molecules in the matter. And the
waste starts to decompose.
• The decomposition of waste
usually takes from a yearlong to
couple of years too. Depending
upon the type of waste to be
decomposed.
• A majority of organic matter not
already within the soil comes from
groundwater. When the
groundwater saturates the soil or
sediment around it, organic matter
can freely move between the
phases. Groundwater has its own
sources of natural organic matter
also: "organic matter deposits,
such as kerosene and coal. Soil and
sediment organic matter.
• Organic matter infiltrating into the
subsurface from rivers, lakes, and
marine systems."
• One supply of groundwater organic
matter is soil organic matter and
matter organic matter. The major
methodology of movement into soil
is from groundwater, but organic
matter from soil moves into
groundwater as well.
• Most of the matter in lakes, rivers,
and surface water areas comes
from deteriorated material in the
 water and surrounding shores, and
some from groundwater.
• This movement enables a cycle to
form. Organisms decompose into
organic matter, which is then
transported and recycled. Not all
Water Organic Matter
• The Aquatic/Water Organic Matter
is majorly composed of the amount
of oxygen dissolved in the water.
• The total amount of oxygen
present in the water is used up by
the organisms present in the water
and the plant present in them.
• The Organic matter is used up is
calculated by the BOD or Biological
biomass migrates, some is quite
stationary, turning solely over the
course of variant years
• The Diagrammatic representation
of organic matter is as shown as
below:
Oxygen Demand and is calculated
as per the requirement.
• The BOD also includes the amount
of oxygen required to decompose
the amount of organic matter as
the waste produced and the dad
and decaying matter as produced
• The diagrammatic representation
of the Aquatic Biological Oxygen
Demand is as shown in the figure.
 10. Atomic Structure

Atomic Structure • Neutrons are considered to be the

uncharged particles found within
• An atom consists of 2 regions: the
the nucleus.
nucleus, which is within the center
• An atom is that the smallest unit of
of the atom and contains protons
matter that retains all of the
and neutrons, and also the outer
chemical properties of a
region of the atom.
component.
• Protons and neutrons have more
• Atoms combine to form molecules,
or less a similar mass, about 1.67 ×
which then interact to form solids,
10-24 grams, that scientists outline
gases, or liquids
united mass unit (amu) or one
• Many biological processes area
John Dalton.
unit dedicated to breaking down
• Each lepton includes a charge (-1)
molecules into their part atoms so
up to the electric charge of a
that they may be reassembled into
nucleon (+1).
a a lot of helpful molecule.
• Atomic Particles
• Atoms carries with it 3 basic
particles: protons, electrons, and
neutrons. The nucleus (center) of
the atom contains the protons
(positively charged) and therefore
the neutrons (no charge).
• The outmost regions of the atom
area unit known as negatron shells
and contain the electrons
(negatively charged).
• Atoms have totally different
properties supported the
arrangement and range of their
basic particles.
• The atom (H) contains only 1
nucleon, one electron, and no
neutrons. This can be determined
mistreatment the number and
therefore the nucleon number of
the part (see the conception on
atomic numbers and mass
numbers).
• The detailed structure of an atom
is shown in the figure below.
Atomic Mass
• Protons and neutrons have close to a
similar mass, about 1.67 × 10-24
grams. Scientists outline this quantity
of mass together mass unit (amu) or
one physicist.
• Although similar in mass, protons are
charged, whereas neutrons don't have
any charge. Therefore, the amount of
neutrons in Associate in Nursing atom
contributes considerably to its mass,
however to not its charge.
• Electrons are a lot of smaller in mass
than protons, consideration solely
nine.11 × 10-28 grams, or regarding
1/1800 of Associate in Nursing mass
unit.
• Therefore, they are doing not
contribute a lot of to Associate in
Nursing element’s overall mass. When
considering mass, it's customary to
ignore the mass of any electrons and
calculate the atom’s mass supported
 the amount of protons and neutrons
alone.
• Electrons contribute greatly to the
atom’s charge, as every negatron
includes a charge adequate to the
charge of a nucleon.
• Scientist around the globe relates or
calls up the charges as “+1” and “-1 in
nature”. And in Associate in Nursing
uncharged, neutral atom, the amount
of electrons orbiting the nucleus is
adequate to the amount of protons
within the nucleus. In these atoms, the
positive and negative charges cancel
one another out, resulting in Associate
in Nursing atom with no web charge.
Atomic Number and Mass Number
Atomic Number:
• Neutral atoms of part contain
associate equal variety of protons
and electrons. The number of
protons determines associate part’s
number (Z) and distinguishes one
element from another.
• For example, carbons have an
atomic number (Z) of 6, because it
has 6 protons. The number of
neutrons will vary to several
numbers of different isotopes,
which are atoms of the same
element that have different
numbers of neutrons.
• The number of electrons may
differ in atoms of a similar part,
thus producing ions (charged
atoms).
Mass Number:
• An element’s {mass
variety|nucleon number|mass
unit} (A) is that the add of the
amount of protons and also the
number of neutrons. The small
contribution of mass from
electrons is forgotten in calculative
the mass unit. This approximation
of mass are often accustomed
simply calculate what number
neutrons part has by merely
subtracting the amount of protons
from the mass unit. Protons and
neutrons each weigh concerning
one mass unit or amu. Isotopes of
a similar part can have a similar
number however completely
different mass numbers.
• The diagrammatic representation
of Isotopes is shown in the figure
below.
 • He stated that the structure of the
atom is just as the plum pudding
model.
• J.J Thompsons model of an atom
stated that the shape of an atom is
spherical in nature.
• The Electrons are embedded inside
the atom.
• Positive charge is distributed
uniformly thought the atom.
• The diagrammatic representation
of this model is as shown below.

Rutherford Model of an Atom

• Rutherford model of an atom

states that the atom is a hollow
structure and is of spherical in
shape.
• Nucleus is also present.
Bohr’s Atomic Model
• Electrons revolve around the
nucleus like the planets around the • Bohr was the only one to provide
sun. the correct prediction of the atomic
• The diagrammatic representation model i.
of this model is shown as below: • He stated that the electrons are not
collided into one specific region,

J.J Thompsons Model of an Atom rather they move along in their

own specific orbits as the planets
around the sun.
 • He named and prescribed each
orbit as n=1,2,3,4…n • The diagrammatic representation
• Where n=1 belong to the first orbit of this model is as shown below.
of an e-
• He also named the orbitals as
K,L,M,N orbitals as
n=1,2,3,4,5….n.
• The angle of rotation and its orbital
speed can be calculated as by the
formula given by him which is,
mvr=nh/2(3.147)
• The charge of each electron was
given by En=-13.6/n^2 ev or
electron volts.

Atomic Structure RRB NTPC Most Asked Questions

Que. 1
What is the Atomic Mass of Hydrogen? Que. 3
Sub-atomic particles of atoms are _____.
1. 1
2. 2 1. Only protons

3. 3 2. Only neutron

4. 4 3. Both protons & neutron

4. Proton, electron & neutron
Que. 2
Amongst the following elements which Que. 4
have the largest atomic size? What is the number of groups and periods
in the modern periodic table?
1. Magnesium
2. Phosphorus 1. 18, 7

3. Lithium 2. 18, 8

4. Sodium 3. 16, 7
 4. 16, 8 Which unit is most commonly used to
measure atomic radius?
Que. 5 1. Fermi
Atomic number is always equal to
2. Millimetre
______.
3. Angstrom
1. Number of protons
4. Micrometre
2. Number of neutrons
3. Number of electrons Que. 9
4. Sum of protons and neutrons Mass number is always equal to
________.
Que. 6 1. number of protons
Which of the following has largest atomic
2. number of neutrons
radius?
3. sum of number of protons and
1. Li number of electrons
2. Be 4. sum of number of protons and
3. B number of neutrons
4. O
Que. 10
Que. 7 What is the maximum number of electrons
Elements having same atomic numbers that the outermost shell can have?
but a different mass number are called 1. 2
______.
2. 6
1. isotones 3. 8
2. isotopes 4. None of these
3. isobar
4. None of the above Solutions
Ans.1 Correct Option - 1
Que. 8
• The Atomic Mass is defined as the
sum of numbers of Neutron and
 Protons in the nucleus of an atom
and the Atomic Mass of
Hydrogen is 1. Hydrogen has
no neutron in its nucleus.
Atomic Mass = Total No. of
Proton + Total No. of Neutron
• Hydrogen is the first element of
the periodic table.
Ans.2 Correct Option - 4
• Amongst the following elements,
Sodium has the largest atomic size.
• When we move down the group of
the periodic table the atomic radius
increases, and on moving left to
right, the atomic radius of the
elements decreases.
Ans.3 Correct Option - 4
• Atom is the smallest unit of matter
and it comprises of protons,
neutrons and electrons.
• Protons are positively charged and
electrons are negatively charged
subatomic particles.
• Neutrons are neutral in nature.
• While protons and neutrons are
present within the nucleus,
electrons are located around the
nucleus.
Ans.4 Correct Option - 1
• There are 18 groups and 7 periods
in the modern periodic table.
• A period is a horizontal row of the
periodic table. There are seven
periods in the periodic table, with
each one beginning at the far left.
A group is a vertical column of the
periodic table, based on the organization
of the outer shell electrons. There are a
total of 18 groups.
Ans.5 Correct Option - 1
• Atomic number is always equal
to the number of
protons present in the nucleus.
• However, if the atom has no
electrical charge present in it,
then the atomic number
is alsoequal to the number of
electrons present since the
number of protons and electrons
will be the same.
Ans.6 Correct Option - 1
Lithium has the largest atomic radius i.e.
167pm.
• Whereas, Beryllium – 112 pm,
Boron – 87 pm and Oxygen – 48
pm are smaller than Lithium.
 • Atomic radius is the measure of the
size of the atom of particular
chemical element.
• Measurement from center of
nucleus to the boundary of
surrounded electron.
Ans.7 Correct Option - 2
Elements having same atomic numbers
but a different mass number are called
Isotopes.
• Isotopes have different physical
properties and similar chemical
properties.
• They are the atoms of the
same element having the same
numbers of protons but different
numbers of neutrons.
• They have same chemical
properties due to the same
electronic configuration but
different physical properties.
Ans.8 Correct Option - 3
Generally, atomic radius is measured in
Angstrom
• 1 Angstrom = 10-10 metre.
• The symbol for Angstrom is Å.
• Atomic radius is the total distance
from the nucleus of an atom to the
outermost orbital of its electron.
• Atomic radii can be measured by
X-ray or any other spectroscopic
methods.
Ans.9 Correct Option - 4
Mass number is always equal to the sum of
the number of protons and the number of
neutrons.
• Mass number determines the
Atomic mass of an atom.
• Atomic number of an element is
the number of protons present in
the nucleus of an atom.
• Mass Number is denoted by A,
while Atomic Number is denoted
by Z.
• Mass Number = Number of
Protons + Number of Neutrons
• Number of Neutrons = Mass
Number – Atomic number = A – Z
• It is represented as:
XA−−−→MassNumberZ−−−→AtomicNu
mberXZ−−−→AtomicNumberA−−−→Mas
sNumber
• Mass Number (द्रव्यमान संख्या)
• Atomic Number (परमाणु संख्या)
Ans.10 Correct Option - 3
• That is the maximum number of
electrons you can have in the
valence, i.e outermost shell is 8.
• This is due to the filling of
electrons under Aufbau principle
or rule, also known as the diagonal
rule.

11. Ores of Metals

• The naturally occurring substances

in the form of which the metals
occur in the earth crust along with
the impurities are called minerals.
• The mineral form which the metal
is Economically and conveniently
extracted is called an ore.
• All ores are minerals but all
minerals are not ores.
The following process is involved in
• The scientific process used for
extraction of the metal from its ores.
isolation of the metals from its ores
is known as metallurgy.
There are three types of extraction
of metals from its ores they are
1. Pyrometallurgy: Extraction
of metals takes place at a very high
temperature. Cu, Fe, Zn, Sn are
extracted by this method.
2. Hydrometallurgy: In this
method, metals are extracted by
the use of their aqueous solution.
Ag and Au are extracted by this
method.
3. Electometallurgical: Na, K,
Li, Ca are extracted from their
molten salt solution through
electrolytic method.
 •Hydraulic washing (for carbonates and oxides)
•Froth Flotation (for sulphides)
•Electromagnetic sepration( for magnetic substances.)
•Leaching(for Ag, Al, Au)
Powdered Ore

•Calcination(for carbonates and hydroxides)

•Roasting(for sulphides)
•Smelting
Concentrated •Reduction with Mg, Al
•Reduction with H2, water gas
Ore

•Liquation.
•Poling
•Electrorefining
•Zone Refining
•Vapour Phase Refining
Crude Metal.
•Chromatography

• The first step of ore refinery is of

crushing of the ore: In this process,
the big lumps of the ores are
The Pure Metal is obtained crushed into smaller pieces with
after this process. the help of jaw-crushers. The
process of grinding of such ores is
Diagrammatically representing this
called pulverization.
process is as below:

Ore Refinery
• Concentration of Ores: Removal of
unwanted materials like sand,
clays are removed from the ore is
known as ore concentration. It can
be carried out by various ways
depending on the nature of the ore.
• Hydraulic Washing/ Gravity
Separation/ Levigation: The based on preferential wetting of
process by which the heavier ores ore particles by oil and that of
are removed from the lighter ores gangue by water. As a result, the
is called levigation. The lighter ore becomes light and rise to the
impurities are washed away. Thus, top of the forth and the gangue
this method is based on the particles becoming heavy settles
amount of impurity present in down in the base.
different substances.
• Froth Floatation: This method is
based on for the concentration of
sulphide ores. This method is
 leaving behind the non-fusible
form.
• 2. Poling: This method is
generally used in when the impure
metal contains impurities of its
own oxides. The molten impurities
is stirred with green wood poles. At
this high temperature wood
liberates gases like CH4 which
reduces oxide present in it.

Chemical Refinery • 3. Electro-Refining: In this

• The chemical refinery involves the

refining of the metal from its ore
by the following methods.
1. Liquation: This method is used
for the refining of metals which
have lower melting points such as
method, impure metal forms the
Sn, Pb, Hg, Bi than the impurities
anode while the cathode is a rod or
as in consideration. The impure
sheet of pure metal. The
metal is placed on the sloping
electrolytic solution consists of
hearth and is gently heated. The
soluble salts of the metal.
metal melts and flows down
 • 4. Zone refining: This method is • The diagrammatic representation
based upon the principle of is as shown in the figure below.
fractional crystallization.
Semiconductors like silicon,
germanium, gallium are formed by
this method.
Ellingham

Diagram
• The Ellingham diagram pot shows
the amount of temperature
required for the melting of the
metal and its oxide.

Ores RRB NTPC Most Asked Questions

Que. 1 3. Mercury
Corundum and Cryolite are important ores 4. None of the above
of which of the following metals?

1. Silver Que. 3

2. Iron Heating of sulphide ore to a high

temperature in presence of air ________
3. Aluminium
4. Tin 1. Refining
2. Calcination
Que. 2 3. Roasting
Galena is an ore of which among the 4. Smelting
following metals?

1. Lead Que. 4

2. Tin
Chromite is the ore of which of the 4. silver
following elements?

1. Chromium Que. 8
What are Native ores?
2. Aluminium
1. The ores which consist of oxides or
3. Titanium
oxysalts and silicate of metals
4. Zinc
2. The ores which contain halides of
metals
Que. 5
3. The ores which contain sulphides of
Cinnabar is an ore of which among the
metals
following metals?
4. The ores which contain metals in
1. Mercury their free state
2. Lead
3. Tin Que. 9
4. Antimony Epsom Salt is an ore of which among the
following metals?

Que. 6 1. Magnesium
Which among the following is not an ore 2. Manganese
of Aluminium (Al)?
3. Copper
1. Kaolin 4. Strontium
2. Corundum
3. Cryolite Que. 10
4. Chalcocite 'Pitchblende' is an ore of which of the
following metals?

Que. 7 1. Zinc
Cadmium is almost found in the ore of 2. Mercury
________.
3. Uranium
1. aluminium 4. Tin
2. zinc
3. gold
Solutions
Ans.1 Correct Option - 3
• Corundum and Cryolite are the
ores of aluminium.
• Ruby and saphires are varieties of
corundum whereas cryolite is used
as pesticide and insecticide.
Ans.2 Correct Option – 1
Metals Ores
Lead Galena
Tin Cassiterite
Mercury Cinnabar
Ans.3 Correct Option - 3
• Calcination is a process in which the
ore is heated below its melting point in the
absence or in a limited supply of air.
Its aim is to drive off moisture, hydrates of
water and organic matter from the ore.
Other processes are defined as:-
• Refining is a process of
removing impurities or unwanted
elements from a substance, typically as
part of an industrial process.
• Roasting is a process of heating of
sulphide ore to a high temperature in the
presence of air. It is a step in the
processing of certain ores.
• Smelting is a process of extracting
metal from its ore by a process involving
heating and melting.
Ans.4 Correct Option - 1
• An ore is a rock from which
an element is isolated. Every
element has a specific ore.
• Chromite is the only ore of
chromium and its chemical
formuls is: FeCr2O4
Ans.5 Correct Option – 1
Metals Ores
Mercury (Hg) Cinnabar
Lead (Pb) Galena
Tin (Sn) Cassiterite
Antimony (Sb) Stibnite
Ans.6 Correct Option - 4
• The ores of Aluminium are -
Bauxite, Corundum, Felspar,
Cryolite, Alunite and Kaolin.
• Chalcocite is an important copper
mineral ore
• The process of extracting metal in
pure form from its ore is known as
metallurgy.
Ans.7 Correct Option - 2
• Cadmium is generally found in the
ore of Zinc. It is almost always
associated with sphalerite ore
(ZnS).
• Sphalerite is considered as the
most economically viable zinc
mineral.
• It commonly keeps little amounts
of cadmium as well, which shares
certain similar chemical
properties.
Ans.8 Correct Option - 4
• Halide ores - The ores which
contain halides of metals. Eg.
Hornsilver (AgCl), etc.
Ans.9 Correct Option – 1
Metal Ores
Magnesium Magnesite, Dolomite,
Epsom Salt, Kieserite,
Carnalite
Manganese Pyrolusite, Magnite
Copper Cuprite, Copper Glance,
Copper Pyrites
Strontium Strontianite, Silestine

Ans.10 Correct Option - 3

• Native ores - The ores which
contain metals in their free state.
• Pitchblende (UO2)is an ore
These generally have alluvial
of Uranium (U) and is also
impurities like sand, clay, etc.
known as Uraninite.
Native ores of metals like Silver
• It is called as Pitch blende as it
and Gold can be found.
is black in color and has high
• Oxidized ores - The ores which
density.
consist of oxides or oxysalts and
silicate of metals. Eg. Al2O3.2H2O,
etc.
• Sulphurised ores - The ores which
contain sulphides of metals. Eg.
Galena (PbS), Cinnabar (HgS), etc.

Metals & Non-Metals RRB NTPC Most Asked Questions

Que. 1 An amalgam of metal has which another
element?
 1. C Que. 5
2. Au Metallurgy is the process of ______.

3. Ag 1. Extracting metals from the Ore

4. Hg 2. Roasting the Ore
3. Liquefaction of metals
Que. 2 4. Adding metal to the Ore in blast
The process of protecting iron by coating furnace
with Zinc is called _______.

1. Quenching Que. 6
2. Galvanising Which metal melts in the palm?

3. Rusting 1. Potassium
4. Metallurgy 2. Gallium
3. Magnesium
Que. 3 4. Aluminium
Materials having the properties of both
metals and non-metals are called
Que. 7
___________.
Name the reducing agent used in the
1. Alloys reaction to join railway tracks?
2. Metalloids 1. Aluminium
3. Noble Metals 2. Nitrogen
4. Mixtures 3. Carbon
4. Carbon dioxide
Que. 4
________ is a lustrous non-metal. Que. 8
1. Sodium A metal which is a poor conduction of heat
is _____.
2. Iodine
3. Sulphur 1. Lead

4. Phosphorus 2. Gold
3. Zinc
 4. Iron
Que. 12
Que. 9 The only non-metal which is liquid at
Metals are generally ______. room temperature is ________.

1. Mercury
I. Ductile
2. Bromine
II. Malleable 3. Chlorine
4. Gallium
III. Poor conductors of heat

1. Only I and II Que. 13

2. Only I and III Acids that contain Hydrogen and other

non-metallic elements, except Oxygen, are
3. Only II and III
called:
4. All I, II and III

1. Strong acids
Que. 10
Which of the following can be beaten and 2. Weak acids

converted into thin sheets?

3. Hydracids
1. Zinc
4. Dilute acids
2. Phosphorus
3. Sulfur
Que. 14
4. Oxygen
Consider the following statements about
non metals and choose the incorrect
Que. 11
statement.
What are the main components of Brass
Alloy? 1. Non metals are neither ductile nor
malleable.
1. Copper and Zinc
2. Nonmetals have high densities.
2. Copper and Strontium
3. At ordinary temperature nonmetals
3. Copper, Zinc and Nickel
occur as solids, liquids and gases
4. Copper and Nickel
 4. Non metals are bad conductors of
heat and electricity except graphite.
Que. 15
Non-metal oxides are usually:
1. Acidic
2. Basic
3. Amphoteric
4. Neutral
Solutions
Ans.1 Correct Option - 4
• The mixture/alloy of mercury (Hg)
with any other metal is called an
amalgam.
• Tungsten, Platinum, Iron, and
Tantalum are exceptions that do
not form an amalgam.
• Amalgams are extensively used in
dentistry, mining, and probes.
Ans.2 Correct Option - 2
• The process of protecting iron by
coating with Zinc is called
galvanization.
• Rusting is a process of corrosion of
metals.
• Metallurgy is a domain of
engineering and material science
that studies the chemical and
physical properties of metallic
elements and their alloys.
Ans.3 Correct Option - 2
• Metalloids are term given to
those physical elements that
exhibit the physical and chemical
properties of both the metals and
non-metals in them.
They have a metallic appearance with the
brittle property of non-metals. They show
average conductance and most of their
chemical properties resemble the non-
metals.
Ans.4 Correct Option - 2
• Iodine is a lustrous non-metal.
• It shows lustre like metals and has
lower electronegativity like other
non-metals.
• It shows the properties of both
metals and non-metals.
Ans.5 Correct Option - 1
• Metallurgy is the branch of science
that deals with metals and alloys,
 their features, properties and their
extraction from their ores.
• An ore is a part of a rock which
contains metals in impure and
solidified form.
• Extraction of metals involves
removal of the metals from their
ore through the process of mining.
The extracted metal then
undergoes different steps for
its purification.
Ans.6 Correct Option - 2
• Gallium is a metal which easily
melts in the palms as its melting
point is 29.76°C and the average
human body temperature is 37°C.
• It’s atomic number is 31 and it
belongs to group 13 of the periodic
table.
Ans.7 Correct Option - 1
• Reducing agent (also called a
reductant or reducer) is an element
(such as calcium) or compound
that loses (or "donates") an
electron to another chemical
species in a redox chemical
reaction. Since the reducing
agent is losing electrons, it is said
to have been oxidized.
• Fe2O3 and Aluminium as
reducing agent used in the
reaction to join railway tracks and
process is called as
aluminothermy.
Ans.8 Correct Option - 1
• Lead is a poor conductor of heat.
• Lead is a heavy metal with atomic
number 82 and it falls under
Group 14 in the periodic table.
It is soft metal that has thermal
conductivity of 35.3 W/(m.K).
Ans.9 Correct Option - 1
A metal refers to an alloy, compound, or
element which is ductile, malleable and
good conductor of both heat and
electricity. The other properties of metals
include:
• They have high boiling and melting
points.
• They are hard and cannot be
broken easily.
• They are physically lustrous.
• They react with non-metals to form
ionic bonds.
Ans.10 Correct Option - 1
 • Zinc is a metal and is malleable, it
can be transformed into any shape
either by beating or melting.
• Phosphorus, Sulphur, and Oxygen,
on the other hand, are non-metals
and do not possess such
properties.
Ans.11 Correct Option - 1
Brass is an alloy that is made of copper
and zinc. Their flow characteristics make it
a relatively easy material to cast.
Ans.12 Correct Option - 2
Eleven non-metals are gases at room
temperature, including oxygen and
chlorine. One non-metal, bromine, is a
liquid at room temperature. The other
non-metals are solids at room
temperature, including carbon and
sulphur.
Ans.13 Correct Option - 3
• Acids that contain Hydrogen and
other non-metallic elements,
except Oxygen, are called
Hydracids.
• Chromium, Manganese,
Technetium, Rhenium and Boron
are examples of Hydracids.
• Metals are elements which give
cations (positive ions) naturally,
(except for H). Some examples are
Iron (Fe), Aluminum (Al), Copper
(Cu), Cobalt (Co) and Zinc (Zn).
• Non-metals are elements which
give anions (negative ions)
naturally. Some examples are
Oxygen (O), Nitrogen (N), Iodine
(I), Chlorine (Cl) and Fluorine (F).
Ans.14 Correct Option - 2
Physical Properties of nonmetals:
1. Density: Nonmetals
have low densities.
2. Lustre: Nonmetals do not have
lustre, except diamond and iodine
crystals.
3. Brittleness: Solid nonmetals
are brittle. Some nonmetals are soft.
Diamond (an allotrope of carbon) is an
exception, which is the hardest natural
substance.
4. Ductility & Malleability: Non-metals
are neither ductile nor malleable.
5. Conduction of Heat &
Electricity: Non-metals are bad
conductors of heat and electricity except
graphite.
6. Physical State: At ordinary
temperature nonmetals occur as solids,
liquids, and gases.
For example Solids: C, S,
P Liquids: Br2 Gases: H2, N2, O2.
Ans.15 Correct Option - 1
• Non-metal oxides are usually
acidic.
• It reacts with water to give a
proton and the conjugate base of
the oxyacid.
• Non-metal oxides dissolve in water
to form acid.
• Eg. CO2 + H2O = H2CO3 ie.
Carboxylic acid
• Metal oxides are basic because they
react with dilute acids to form salt
and water.

Organic Chemistry RRB NTPC Most Asked Questions

Que. 1 1. hydrocarbons
Chemistry of carbon compounds is known 2. fuel
as ______.
3. fat
1. Biochemistry 4. carbohydrates
2. Physical chemistry
3. Inorganic chemistry Que. 4

4. Organic chemistry Which of the following gases is used for

artificial ripening of green fruits?

Que. 2 1. Ethane
What is the valency of carbon? 2. Acetylene

1. 1 3. Carbon dioxide

2. 2 4. Ascorbic acid

3. 3
4. 4 Que. 5
The natural fibers are made from a simple
molecule that is known as ________.
Que. 3
Compounds of carbon and hydrogen are 1. Plastics
called ________. 2. Cellulose
 3. Polymer
4. Monomer Que. 9
Which of the following statements are
CORRECT?
Que. 6
Which of the following are isomers?
I. Esters are sweet smelling substance.
1. Ethane and Propane
II. Esters are used in making perfumes.
2. Methane & Methene
3. Propane & Propene III. Functional group of ester is R-O-R.
4. Butane and Isobutane
1. Only I and II

Que. 7 2. Only I and III

Which of the following is a part of organic 3. Only II and III

impurities of sewage? 4. All I, II and III

1. Phosphate
Que. 10
2. Urea
Which of the following statements are
3. Carbohydrate
CORRECT?
4. None of these
I. Melamine is a thermosetting plastic.
Que. 8
Which of the following statement(s) is/are II. It resists fire.
INCORRECT?
III. It is a poor conductor of heat.
I. Alkenes are fairly unreactive.
1. Only I and II

II. Alkenes burn with blue flame. 2. Only I and III

3. Only II and III
III. Alkanes burn with yellow flame.
4. All I, II and III
1. Only I and II
2. Only I and III Que. 11
3. Only II and III Which of the following statements

4. All I, II and III are CORRECT?

I. The soap molecules form structures II. Boiling and melting points of ethanol
called micelles. are low with respect to water.

II. Soap micelles cannot scatter light. III. Ethanol is used as tincture iodine.

III. Oily dirt gets collected in the centre of 1. Only I and II

the micelle. 2. Only I and III
3. Only II and III
1. Both I and II
4. All I, II and III
2. Both I and III
3. Both II and III
Que. 14
4. All I, II and III
What is the common name of CaOCl2?

1. Baking Powder
Que. 12
Saturated carbon compounds can form 2. Baking Soda
which types of chain structures? 3. Bleaching Powder
4. Washing Soda
I. Straight chain

II. Branched-chain Que. 15

Which is the most abundant organic
1. Only I compound in the terrestrial environment?
2. Only II
1. Lactose
3. Neither I nor II
2. Cellulose
4. Both I and II
3. Fructose
4. Sucrose
Que. 13
Which of the following statements are
Solutions
CORRECT?
Ans.1 Correct Option - 4

I. Ethanol is a good solvent for organic

• Organic chemistry is the study of
compounds.
the structure, properties,
composition, reactions, and
 preparation of carbon-containing
compounds, which include not
only hydrocarbons but also
compounds with any number of
other elements such as carbon
hydrogen etc.
• Organic chemistry is important
because it is the study of life and all
of the chemical reactions related to
life.
• All organic compounds contain
carbon generally comes under
organic chemistry.
Ans.2 Correct Option - 4
• A carbon atom has four electrons
in its outermost valence shell. So, it
needs four more electrons to
complete. So the valency of carbon
is 4. Carbon is 6th in the periodic
table that means it has 6 electrons,
according to electronic
configuration 2 electrons are in K
shell and the left 4 are in the L
shell.
• Electrons in the last shell are called
valence electrons and the number
of these electrons determin the
valency of the compound this
means the valency of carbon is 4
and carbon’s valency is also called
co-valency.
Ans.3 Correct Option - 1
• Hydrocarbons are the main
components of petroleum and
natural gas which are the chemical
compounds
of Hydrogen and Carbon.
• Hydrocarbons include a great
variety of chemical compounds
which can be used in various
industrial applications.
Ans.4 Correct Option - 2
Acetylene gas is used for artificial ripening
of green fruits.
• It is produced when artificial
ripening agent calcium carbide
comes in contact with moisture.
• It has carcinogenic properties. Its
compound formula is C₂H2. It is
also used in the steel plants for the
purpose of welding and cutting.
Ans.5 Correct Option - 4
• The natural fibers are made from a
simple molecule that is known as
monomer. A monomer is a
molecule that can be bonded in
long chains. While a polymer is
made of thousands of monomers.
 • Plastic is a material which consists
of semi-synthetic or synthetic
organic compounds which are
malleable and can also be moulded
into solid objects.
• Cellulose is an organic compound
and an important structural
component of the primary cell wall
in green plants.
Ans.6 Correct Option - 4
• Butane and Isobutane are called
isomers.
• The organic compounds having
the same molecular
formula but a different
arrangement of carbon atoms in
them are called as Isomers.
Ans.7 Correct Option - 2
• Organic substances are any
substances which consist of
carbon.
• Organic impurities may include the
substances which pollute abiotic
components like water, soil etc.
• Organic impurities which pollute
water are collectively called as
sewage
Phosph Urea Carbohyd
ate rate
Chemi PO43- CO(NH Cm(H2O)n
cal / 2)2
empiri
cal
formul
a
Ans.8 Correct Option - 4
• Alkenes, in organic chemistry, are
the unsaturated
hydrocarbons which at least
contain one carbon-carbon double
bond. They are more reactive than
alkanes, burn with a sooty and
smoky flame which is yellow in
color. This indicates incomplete
combustion due to the presence of
carbon-carbon double bond.
Alkanes are the saturated
hydrocarbons and burn with a blue flame.
Ans.9 Correct Option - 1
• Esters are used in making
perfumes since they are sweet
smelling substances.
• Esters are the chemical compounds
which are derived from any organic
or inorganic acid.
• Its functional group is R-COO-R.
• R-O-R is the functional group of
Ether.
Ans.10 Correct Option - 4
• Plastics which when moulded once
cannot be softened by heating is
known as thermosetting plastic.
• Melamine is a versatile material
which can resist fire and tolerate
heat better than other plastics.
It is used for making floor tiles,
kitchenware and fabrics.
Ans.11 Correct Option - 2
The soap molecules form structures called
micelles
Oily dirt gets collected in the centre of the
micelle.
Soap micelles can scatter light.
Ans.12 Correct Option - 4
Saturated carbon compounds can form
Straight and Branched types of chain
structures.
• Saturated hydrocarbons are
hydrocarbons that contain only
single bonds
between carbon atoms.
• Each carbon atom is bonded to as
many hydrogen atoms as possible.
Ans.13 Correct Option - 4
All I, II, and III
• Ethanol is commonly known as
Ethyl Alcohol.
• Its chemical formula is C2H5OH
• Ethanol is a very good solvent.
Many compounds which are
insoluble in water are soluble in
Ethyl Alcohol.
• It is used in many medicines, such
as tincture iodine, cough syrups,
etc.
• The melting point of Ethanol is –
114° C and boiling point is 78.37° C,
which is very low with respect to
water.
Ans.14 Correct Option - 3
• The chemical formula of Bleaching
powder is written as CaOCl2. It is a
white powder consisting chiefly of
calcium hydroxide, calcium
chloride, and calcium hypochlorite
and used as a bleach, disinfectant,
or deodorant.
The chemical formula of washing soda or
sodium carbonate is Na2CO3. The
chemical formula of Baking powder and
baking soda is NaHCO3.
Ans.15 Correct Option - 2 plants and therefore is the main
Organic compounds are those compounds constituent of woods which makes it the
which contain carbon as their main most abundant organic compound on
constituent. Cellulose is mainly found in earth.

12. Animal Kingdom

• Animals are classified based on

their characteristics. The Animal Kingdom can be
• They are eminent from algae, classified into the following
plants, and fungus where rigid cell categories:
walls are absent. Some are • Protozoa
heterotrophic, in general, they
digest their food at intervals the
inner chambers that once more
distinguish them from protoctist
and plants.
• Another elite character of those
species is that they're motile,
except in certain life stages.

• Protozoa are the different group of

eukaryotic organisms which are
unicellular having some similar
characteristics of animals such as
motility and predation.
• Protozoa take in food by the
process of osmotrophy that is by
engrossing the nutrients through
 which are accountable for feeding
and excretion.
• Vertebrates

the cell membranes or also they

feed on phagocytosis.
• Either by the process of engulfing
the particles of the food with the • Vertebrates are the animals
help of pseudopodia.
possessing backbones. Some
include jawed vertebrates and
• Bryozoans jawless fish. For example sharks,
ray fish, and bony fish. A fish
• Bryozoans are normally
named clad conjointly more falls
acknowledged as moss animals.
into the category of amphibians,
• They are filter feeders that sift food
reptiles, mammals, and birds.
particles out of the water
• Extant vertebrates vary in size
employing a crown of tentacles
beginning from the frog species
lined with cilia and most of them
named Paedophryne amanuensis
dwell in wet waters, few in glacial
to the blue whale.
waters and some in marine
• Amphibians square measure
trenches.
species that board the land and
• Most of them square measure
move to water for breeding.
colonial and one genre is solitary.
Reptiles are covered by scutes.
Zooids square measure people in
• Mammals are terrestrial, aquatic
bryozoans and that they don't seem
or aerial. Birds are covered with
to be fully freelance species. All
feathers and have streamlined
colonies have motorcar zooids,
avenues.
• Organ Level of Organization
Animal tissues comprising of
comparable capability square
measure classified into formed
organs. Every organ is definite for
particular capacity. For example -
Platyhelminthes.
• Tissue Level of Organization:
Animal cells displaying division of
exercises among themselves.Cells
performing the same function
cooperate to form tissues.
• Organ framework Level of
Organization: The organ
framework level of organization
are displayed in those organisms
where organs define the shape of
functional frameworks and each
framework is with a distinct
physiological capacity.
• Cellular Level of Organization
This organization consists of
animals with cells that square
measure shaped as free cell lumps.
Organ Systems Patterns
• Circulatory System: They are 2
types of the Circulatory framework
– open type and closed type.
• Open Type: In this type of
circulatory system the blood is
pumped out of the heart. For
example Mollusca and Arthropods.
• Closed Type: In this type of
circulatory system the blood flows
through a progression of vessels
that is capillaries, arteries, and
veins.
• Digestive System: There are 2
types of digestive system. Complete
and Incomplete digestive systems.
• Complete Digestive System: In
this type of digestive system there
are 2 openings to the outside of the
body, a rear-end and a mouth. For
instance: Chordates and
Arthropods.
Animal Tissues
• Incomplete Digestive System:
It consists of only one open to the
outside of the body a solitary
opening which serves as both rear-
end and mouth. For example -
Platyhelminthes.
Body Symmetry
• There are 3 types of symmetry.
Bilateral, Radial, and
Asymmetrical.
• Bilateral Symmetry: Animals,
where a body can be partitioned
into indistinguishable left and right
parts, are known to be known to be
bilaterally symmetrical.
• Radial Symmetry: Animals tend
to display spiral symmetry. For
example Coelenterates,
Echinoderms, and Ctenophores.
• Asymmetrical: Asymmetry is the
finished nonappearance of
symmetry. That is many animals
can't be divided into 2 equivalent
elements together with any plane
hunting the concentration of the
organism. For example Sponges.
Animal Tissues
• A tissue could be a cluster of
connected cells that have Associate
in Nursingalogous|the same}
perform inside an organism.
• There square measure four basic
sorts of tissue within the body of all
animals, together with the shape.
These frame all the organs,
structures and other contents of
the body. figure below shows AN
example of every tissue sort.
• The four basic types of animal
tissue are:
• Epithelial tissue is formed of
layers of tightly blood cell that line
the surfaces of the body for
defense, secretion, and absorption.
Examples of epithelium embrace
the skin, the lining of the mouth
and nose, and the lining of the
digestive system.
• Muscle tissue is formed of cells
contain contracted filaments that
move past one another and alter
the scale of the cell. There square
measure 3 sorts of muscle tissue:
swish muscle that is found within
the inner linings of organs; muscle,
which is attached to bone and
moves the body; and muscular
tissue that is found solely within
the heart.
• Nervous tissue is made up of the
nerve cells (neurons) that together
form the nervous system, including
the brain and spinal cord.
• Connective tissue is formed of
many alternative sorts of cells that
square measure all concerned in
structure and support of the body.
Bone, blood, fat, and animal tissue
square measure all connective
tissues. Connective tissue may be
densely packed along, as bone cells
square measure, or loosely
• Epithelial Tissue:
• 1. They cowl the body, organs,
blood vessels and everyone body
cavities.
• 2. The cells area unit thin and
lower most layer rest in a very
basement membrane.
• 3. Basically protective. Could be
secretory and absorptive in
function.
• Types: They are of two types.
• 1. straightforward (made of one
layer of cells) and
• 2. Stratified (made up of number of
layers of cells)
1. Simple:
• i) Simple epithelium: Made up
of one layer of cells. Depending on
the shape of cells, it could be of
following types.
• ii) Simple suamous epithelium:
Made up of thin, flattened cells.
Form lining of mouth, lungs and
capillaries. Allow exchange of gases
and materials.
• iii) straightforward cubelike
epithelium: created of cube like
cells. Present in kidney tubules.
Secretory and absorptive in
function.
• iv) straightforward columnar
epithelium: created of long
column-like cells with typically
nuclei at the bottom. Present in the
lining of stomach, intestine,
salivary glands. Secretory and
absorptive in function.
2. Stratified epithelium:
created of range of layers of cells.
Covers the body. Protective in
function.
3. Muscular Tissue
• Smooth, Skeletal, and Cardiac
Muscles
• What exactly are muscles?
Muscles like striated muscle that move
the body area unit straightforward to
feel and see, however they aren’t the
sole muscles within the organic
structure. Many muscles are deep
within the body.
• What Are Muscles?
The muscular system consists of all the
muscles of the body. Muscles area unit
organs composed primarily of muscle
cells, which are also called muscle
fibers. Each muscle fibre could be a
terribly long, thin cell that can do
something no other cell can do. It can
contract, or shorten. smooth, and
muscle tissues. They are shown in
figure below and described
 below.cked, as fat (fat cells) square
measure.

13. Pant Kingdom

Plant Kingdom inexperienced colored pigment

known as pigment that's quite vital
• R.H. Whittaker organized the
for chemical action.
organisms into five kingdoms. He
classified organisms on the premise
of cell structure, mode, the supply
• Hence, they have an autotrophic
of nutrition and body style. The 5
mode of nutrition. The kingdom
kingdoms projected by Whittaker
Plantae could be a huge group; so,
ar kingdom, Protista, Fungi,
the kingdom is further classified
Plantae, and kingdom Animalia.
into subgroups. Levels of
classification are based on the
Plant Kingdom – Plantae
following three criteria:
• Plantae is that the plant
• Plant body: whether or not the
kingdom|kingdom} which has all
body has well-differentiated
plants on the planet. They are
structures or not.
multicellular eukaryotes. Typically,
• Vascular system: whether the
they consist of a rigid structure that
plant has a vascular system for the
surrounds the cell membrane called
transportation of substances or not
the cell wall. Plants even have a
 • Seed formation: whether or not styles like alga and algae. The majority
the plant bears flowers and seeds or of them are aquatic. Common examples
not; if it will, then whether or not are Spirogyra, Chara, Ulothrix, etc.
it's capsulate at intervals fruits or
not. • Bryophyta
• Considering of these factors, the • Bryophyta/Bryophytes: Small, non-
kingdom Plantae has been divided vascular plants that prefer moist
into 5 subgroups. They are as environments
follows: • Bryophytes have differentiated
• Thallophyta plant body like stem, leaf
• Bryophyta structures. But they lack a system
• Pteridophyta for the transportation of drugs
• Gymnosperms across the plant body. Bryophytes

• Angiosperms square measure found in each land

• Thallophyta and aquatic habitats, hence are

known as amphibians of the plant
All the plants that lack a well- kingdom. Mosses and Marchantia
differentiated structure belong to the belong to this subgroup.
subgroup Thallophyta.

• Thallophytes: Primitive plants

wherever the body isn't differentiated
into stem, roots and leaves.

• Thallophytes unremarkably embrace

members with primitive and easy body
• Pteridophyta
• Pteridophytes have well-
differentiated structures like stem,
root, leaves as well as a vascular
system.
• Pteridophyta/Pteridophytes:
Spore-dispersing vascular plants
 possess special characteristics such
as flowers and fruits
• Angiosperms are seed-bearing
plants with well-differentiated
plant body. The word springs from
• Ferns, horsetails, genus Marsilea Greek words: angio: lined and
square measure some common samples sperma: seed. Unlike
of Pteridophytes. gymnosperms, seeds of
• Gymnosperm /Gymnosperms: angiosperms are enclosed inside
Vascular plants that possess the fruits. Angiosperms are
“exposed” seeds commonly known as flowering
• Gymnosperms are plants that have plants. Examples include the
well-differentiated plant body, Mango tree, pomegranate plant,
vascular system and they bear etc. Seeds germinate from
seeds. The term springs from Greek embryonic leaves called cotyledons.
words, gymno: naked and sperma: • Depending on the quantity of
seed. The seeds of gymnosperms cotyledons gift in seeds,
square measure naked which angiosperms are divided into two:
suggests they're not encircled inside monocotyledons or monocots and
a fruit. The perennial, evergreen dicotyledons or dicots.
woody trees belong to this group.
Pines, deodar, redwood, etc. are a
few examples.

• Cryptogams and Phanerogams

• The kingdom Plantae has been
classified into 2 teams ‘cryptogams’
and ‘phanerogams’ supported their
• Angiosperms-Mango Tree
seed formation ability.
Angiosperms: Vascular plants that
 • Cryptogams square measure plants Merismatic tissue and
that don't have well-developed or Permanent tissues.
conspicuous fruitful organs. They
have hidden fruitful organs and
don’t manufacture seeds. The
thallophytes, the bryophytes and
the pteridophytes are ‘cryptogams’.
Reproduction altogether 3 teams
happens through reproductive
structure formation.
• Plants that have conspicuous
• Merismatic tissues consist of a
fruitful organs and manufacture
group of cells that have the ability
seeds square measure referred to as
to divide. These tissues are small,
phanerogams. Gymnosperms and
cuboidal, densely packed cells
Angiosperms belong to the group
which keep dividing to form new
phanerogams.
cells. These tissues are capable of
Plant Tissues stretching, enlarging and
differentiating into other types of
• A collection of cells performing a
tissues as they mature.
specific function is called tissue.
Meristematic tissues give rise to
Plant tissues are often classified
permanent tissues. Merismatic
into plant structure systems every
tissues can be of three types
playing specialised functions. A
depending on the region where
plant tissue system is defined as a
they are present: Apical meristems,
functional unit, connecting all
lateral meristems, and intercalary
organs of a plant. Plant tissue
meristems.
system is additionally classified
• Permanent tissues are derived
into varied tissues supported their
from the merismatic tissues and
functions
have lost their ability to divide.
• Plant tissues are often generally
They have attained their mature
classified supported the power of
form. They are any classified into 2
the cells to divide into
 types: easy and complicated
permanent tissues.
• The permanent tissues form the
major portion of the plant.
• Simple Permanent tissues
• Parenchyma– These tissues are
found in the soft parts of a plant
such as the roots, stems, leaves,
and flowers. The cells of this tissue
are loosely packed and contain
large intercellular spaces between
them. Each cell has a vacuole at the
center. The functions of
parenchyma tissues square
measure storage, photosynthesis,
and to help the plant float on
water.
• Collenchyma- square measure
kind of like parenchyma cells with
thicker cell walls. They are meant
to provide mechanical support to
the plant structure in parts such as
petiole of the leaf.
• Sclerenchyma- The cells of this
tissue are dead. They are rigid,
contain thick and lignified
secondary walls. Their main
function is to provide strength and
support to parts of the plant.
• Complex Permanent Tissue
• Unlike simple permanent cells
which look the same and are made
up of one type of cells, complex
permanent tissues are made up of
more than one type of cells. These
different types of cells coordinate
to perform a function. Xylem and
Phloem are complex permanent
tissues and are found in the
vascular bundles in the plants.
• Xylem- It consists of tracheids,
vessels, xylem parenchyma and
xylem fibres.Tracheids and vessels
are hollow tube-like structures that
help in conducting water and
minerals. The vascular tissue
conducts solely in one direction i.e
vertically. The xylem parenchyma
is responsible for storing the
prepared food and assists in the
conduction of water. Xylem fibres
are supportive in function.
• Phloem- It consists of 4 of
elements: sieve tubes, companion
cells, phloem fibres and the
phloem parenchyma. Unlike the
xylem, phloem conducts in both
directions. It is responsible for
transporting food from the leaves
to the other parts of the plant.
Phloem contains living tissues
apart from fibres that square
measure dead tissues.

• Functions of plant tissues:
• Plant tissues have different
functions depending upon their
structure and location
• Help provide mechanical strength
to organs.
• They help in providing the
elasticity and flexibility to the
organs.
• They help the tissues to bend
simply in varied elements of a
14. Different System Diseases
plant like- leaf, stem, and branches
without damaging the plant
• The vascular tissue and vascular
tissue tissues facilitate in
transportation of fabric throughout
the plants
• They divide to produce new cells
and help in the growth of the
plants.
• They help in various cellular
metabolisms like photosynthesis,
regeneration, respiration, etc.
Circulatory System Diseases. symptoms. Other times, it may cause chest
pain or the sensation of heaviness in the
• High blood pressure
chest.
Blood pressure is that the activity of what
• Heart attacks
proportion force is employed to pump blood
through your arteries. If you have high A attack happens once not enough blood
blood pressure, also called hypertension, it reaches your heart. This can happen due
means the force is higher than it should be. to artery blockage. Heart attacks injury
High force per unit area will injury your the center muscle and square measure
heart and cause cardiopathy, stroke, or medical emergencies.
nephrosis.
Call or have someone else call if you have
There are no symptoms with high blood symptoms such as:
pressure, which is why it’s often called “the
▪ pain within the center or left facet of
silent killer.” For more information, read
the chest that looks like gentle or
about hypertension.
severe discomfort, pressure, fullness,
Atherosclerosis and coronary artery disease or compressing
▪ pain that radiates from the jaw,
Atherosclerosis, additionally called
shoulder, arm, or across the back
hardening of the arteries, occurs when
▪ shortness of breath
plaque builds up on the walls of your
▪ sweating
arteries and eventually blocks blood flow.
▪ nausea
Plaque is made of cholesterol, fat, and
▪ irregular heartbeat
calcium.
▪ unconsciousness
Coronary artery sickness indicates that the
Women typically expertise heart attacks a
plaque buildup in your arteries has caused
bit otherwise, with pressure or aching in
the arteries to slender and harden. Blood
their back and chest.
clots can further block the arteries.

Coronary artery disease develops over time. • Heart failure

You can have it but not be aware of any

Sometimes called congestive heart failure,
heart failure occurs when the heart muscle
is weakened or damaged. It will now not
pump the amount of blood required through
the body. Heart failure unremarkably
happens once you’ve had alternative heart
issues, such as a heart attack or coronary
artery disease.
Early symptoms of heart failure include
fatigue, swelling in your ankles, and
increased need to urinate at night. More
severe symptoms embrace speedy
respiration, chest pain, and fainting. For
more on heart failure and how to recognize
it, read about congestive heart failure.
• Strokes
Strokes typically occur once a blood blocks
Associate in Nursing artery within the brain
and reduces the blood offer. They can also
happen once a vessel within the brain
breaks open. Both events keep blood and
element from reaching the brain. As a
result, elements of the brain square measure
possible to be broken.
Digestive System Diseases
The first sign of issues within the digestive
tube usually includes one or additional of
the subsequent symptoms:
• Bleeding
• Bloating
• Constipation
• Diarrhea
• Heartburn
• Incontinence
• Nausea and vomiting
• Pain in the belly
• Swallowing problems
• Weight gain or loss
A biological process unwellness is any
pathological state that happens within
the digestive tube. Conditions may range
from mild to serious. Some common
issues embody cancer, irritable bowel
syndrome, and lactose intolerance.
Other digestive diseases include:
• Gallstones, cholecystitis, and
cholangitis
• Rectal issues, such as anal fissure,
hemorrhoids, proctitis, and rectal
prolapse
• Esophagus issues, such as stricture
(narrowing) and achalasia and
esophagitis
• Stomach issues, including gastritis,
gastric ulcers usually caused by
Helicobacter pylori infection and
cancer
• Liver issues, such as hepatitis B or
hepatitis C, cirrhosis, liver failure,
and autoimmune and alcoholic
hepatitis
• Pancreatitis and pancreatic
pseudocyst
• Intestinal issues, such as polyps and
cancer, infections, celiac disease,
Crohn disease, ulcerative colitis,
diverticulitis, malabsorption, short
bowel syndrome, and intestinal
ischemia
• Gastroesophageal reflux disease
(GERD), peptic ulcer disease, and
hiatal hernia
• Tests for digestive problems can
include colonoscopy, upper GI
endoscopy, capsule endoscopy,
endoscopic retrograde
cholangiopancreatography (ERCP),
and endoscopic ultrasound.
• Many surgical procedures square
measure performed on the digestive
tube. These embody procedures
done exploitation scrutiny,
laparoscopy, and open surgery.
Organ transplants can be performed
on the liver, pancreas, and small
intestine.
• Many health care providers can help
diagnose and treat digestive
problems. A MD may be a medical
man specialist United Nations
agency has received further coaching
within the diagnosing and treatment
of the biological process disorders.
Other suppliers concerned within
the treatment of biological process
diseases include:
• Nurse practitioners (NPs) or
physician assistants (PAs)
• Nutritionists or dietitians
• Primary care doctors
• Radiologists
• Surgeons
Respiratory System Diseases
• Diseases of the respiratory system
• Diseases and conditions of the
systema respiratorium make up 2
categories: viruses, like contagious
disease, microorganism
respiratory disease,
picornavirus metastasis virus;
 and chronic diseases, like asthma
attack|respiratory illness|respiratory
disorder} and chronic preventive
pulmonic disease (COPD)
• COPD
• COPD is that the intersection of 3
connected conditions — bronchitis,
chronic asthma attack and
respiratory illness, Chaisson told
Live Science. It is a progressive
malady that produces it
progressively troublesome for
sufferers to breath.
• Asthma
• Asthma may be a chronic
inflammation of the respiratory
organ airways that causes coughing,
wheezing, chest tightness or
shortness of breath, consistent with
Tonya Winders, president of the
Allergy & Asthma Network. These
signs and symptoms could also be
worse once an individual is exposed
to their triggers, which might
embody pollution, tobacco smoke,
factory fumes, cleaning solvents,
infections, pollens, foods, cold air,
exercise, chemicals and medications.
• Lung cancer
• Lung cancer is usually related to
smoking, however the malady will
have an effect on non-smokers
additionally. Every year, about
16,000 to 24,000 Americans die of
carcinoma, even if they need ne'er
smoke-cured. In 2018, the yank
Cancer Society estimates there'll be
regarding 234,030 new cases of
carcinoma (121,680 in men and
112,350 in women) and around
154,050 deaths from lung cancer
(83,550 in men and seventy,500 in
women).
• Diagnosing and treating respiratory
ailments
• Pulmonologists treat the respiratory
system, including the lungs,
according to the American College of
Physicians. Because of the essential
nature of the systema respiratorium,
pulmonologists work in hospitals as
well as in private practice. A
pulmonologist should 1st be certified
by the yank Board of medicine and
so get further coaching within the
subspecialty.
• Common diagnostic tools for
diagnosis disease embody chest X-
 rays and a pulmonic perform take a
look at (PFT), according to Merck
Manuals. A PFT measures how well
the lungs take in and release air and
how well they circulate oxygen.
• A doctor may additionally perform a
bronchoscopy by inserting a tube
with a light-weight and camera into
the airways — the trachea and
therefore the cartilaginous tube
tubes — to look at for bleeding,
tumors, inflammation or other
abnormalities. A similar procedure
may be a thoracoscopy, within which
a doctor uses Associate in Nursing
device to look at the surfaces of the
lungs.
Excretory Diseases
• The urinary system controls the
amount of water in the body and
removes wastes. Any drawback with
the systema urogenitale may have an
effect on several different body
systems.
• Kidney Stones
• In some cases, certain mineral
wastes can form kidney stones
(Figure below). Stones kind within
the kidneys and should be found
anyplace within the systema
urogenitale. Often, stones kind once
the piddle becomes focused,
allowing minerals to crystallize and
stick together. They can vary in size,
from small stones that can flow
through your urinary system, to
larger stones that cannot. Some
stones cause nice pain, while others
cause very little pain. Some stones
might have to be removed by surgery
or ultrasound treatments.
• A kidney stone can form anywhere in
the urinary system and can be very
painful
• A kidney stone. The stones can form
anywhere in the urinary system.
• What are the symptoms of kidney
stones? You may have a kidney stone
if you have pain while urinating, see
blood in your urine, and/or feel a
sharp pain in your back or lower
abdomen (the area between your
chest and hips). The pain may last
for a long or short time. You may
also have nausea and vomiting with
the pain. If you have got a little stone
that passes on its own simply, you
 may not experience any symptoms.
If you have some of these symptoms,
you should see your doctor.
• Kidney failure
• Kidney failure happens once the
kidneys cannot take away wastes
from the blood. If the kidneys ar
unable to filter wastes from the
blood, the wastes build up in the
body. Kidney failure may be caused
by Associate in Nursing accident that
injures the kidneys, the loss of plenty
of blood, or by some drugs and
poisons. Kidney failure could result
in permanent loss of urinary organ
perform. But if the kidneys aren't
seriously broken, they'll recover.
• Chronic uropathy is that the slow
decrease in urinary organ perform
which will result in permanent
kidney disease. A person who has
lost kidney function may need to get
kidney dialysis. Kidney chemical
analysis is that the method of
filtering the blood of wastes
employing a machine. A dialyzer
(Figure below) filters waste from the
blood by pumping the blood through
a pretend urinary organ. The filtered
blood is then returned to the
patient’s body.
• During dialysis, a patient's blood is
filtered and returned to the body
• During chemical analysis, a patient’s
blood is sent through a filter that
removes waste products. The clean
blood is returned to the
body.[Figure2]
• Urinary tract infections (UTIs)
• Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are
microorganism infections of any a
part of the tract. When bacterium get
into the bladder or urinary organ
and turn out a lot of bacterium
within the piddle, they cause a UTI.
The most common form of UTI may
be a bladder infection. Women get
UTIs more often than men. UTIs are
often treated with antibiotics.
• Most UTIs aren't serious, but some
infections can lead to serious
problems. Long lasting urinary
organ infections will cause
permanent injury, including kidney
scars, poor kidney function, high
blood pressure, and other problems.
Some fulminant urinary organ
infections may be life threatening,
especially if the bacteria enter the
 bloodstream, a condition called
septicemia.
What are the signs and symptoms of a
UTI?
• a burning feeling when you urinate,
• frequent or intense urges to urinate,
even when you have little urine to
pass,
• pain in your back or aspect below the
ribs,
• cloudy, dark, bloody, or foul-
smelling urine,
ever or chills.
• You should see your doctor if you
have signs of a UTI. Your doctor will
diagnose a UTIs by asking about
your symptoms and then testing a
sample of your urine.

Biology Questions Set-1 RRB NTPC Most Asked Questions

Que. 1 Que. 3
Deformed bones are associated with which BCG vaccine is used to develop immunity
disease? against which of the following disease?

1. Cholera 1. Influenza
2. Scurvy 2. Tuberculosis
3. Anemia 3. Jaundice
4. Rickets 4. Polio

Que. 2 Que. 4
Night blindness is due to ______. Which of the following disease is caused by
Viral infection?
1. Less drinking of water
2. Excess secretion of pineal gland 1. Cholera

3. Vitamin A deficiency 2. Typhoid

4. Inheritance by X-chromosome 3. Diphtheria

4. Influenza
 1. Marasmus
Que. 5 2. Cholera
In Goitre, there is swelling of the
3. Rickets
________.
4. Scurvy
1. Eyes
2. Jaw's Que. 9
3. Stomach Which type of pathogen causes the water-

4. Thyroid gland borne disease Ascariasis?

1. Viral
Que. 6 2. Protozoan
Which of the following diseases is caused by
3. Bacterial
a virus?
4. Parasitic
1. Plague
2. Polio Que. 10
3. Tetanus Which of the following crop is related to

4. Leprosy Tikka Disease?

1. Rice
Que. 7 2. Potato
Who developed polio vaccine?
3. Sugarcane
1. Marie Curie 4. Groundnut
2. Jonas Salk
3. Louis Pasteur Que. 11

4. Alexander Fleming Sleeping sickness disease spreads due to

which of the following insect?

Que. 8 1. Bedbugs
Which one of the following diseases is a 2. Louse
communicable?
 3. Tsetse fly Que. 15
4. Sand fly Which of the following is a genetic disease?

1. Down syndrome
Que. 12 2. Elephantisis
Kwashiorkor is in children who get
3. Asthama
________.
4. Night blindness
1. Low carbohydrate diet
2. Low vitamin diet Que. 16
3. Low mineral diet Cholesterol is related to ________.
4. Low protein diet 1. Fats
2. Starch
Que. 13
3. Proteins
Anaemia is caused by the deficiency of
4. Minerals
which of the following element?

1. Cobalt
Que. 17
2. Iron Which one of the following items is not a
3. Sodium source of Vitamin C?
4. Calcium 1. Potato
2. Tomato
Que. 14
3. Guava
Which metal is responsible for Itai-Itai
4. Egg
disease?

1. Cadmium
Que. 18
2. Nickel A balanced diet has ______.
3. Chromium
1. Only nutrient
4. Mercury
2. Only water
 3. Only roughage Calcium deficiency mainly occurs in the
4. All options are correct absence of which vitamin?

1. Vitamin D
Que. 19 2. Vitamin B
The energy produced by 1 g of carbohydrate
3. Vitamin C
is ______.
4. Vitamin A
1. 4.8 calorie
2. 4.2 kilo calorie Que. 23
3. 27 joules Which of the following vitamins is
4. 18 kilocalorie responsible for blood clotting?

Que. 20 1. Vitamin C
For immediate energy production in cells 2. Vitamin D
one should take ________.
3. Vitamin E
1. Glucose 4. Vitamin K
2. Vitamin K
3. Vitamin C Que. 24
4. Roughage About 70% of a human body’s energy
requirements should be met by ________.

Que. 21 1. Amino acids

Anti scurvy vitamin is ________. 2. Fats
1. K 3. Lipids
2. B12 4. Carbohydrates
3. B2
4. C Que. 25
The function of vitamin K is in ______.

Que. 22
 1. Regulation of calcium and phosphorus I. Oils containing unsaturated fatty acids
metabolism should be used for cooking.
2. Blood clotting
II Animal fats have saturated carbon chains.
3. respiration
4. Carbohydrate metabolism III. Saturated fatty acids are generally
harmful for health
Que. 26
1. Only I and II
The first step of process of nutrition is the
breakdown of glucose into three-carbon 2. Only I and III

molecule called _________. 3. Only II and III

1. Pyruvate 4. All I, II and III
2. Propanol
3. Propane Que. 29

4. methanol Which is NOT an example of organism that

takes in whole food material and breaks it
down inside its body?
Que. 27
1. Mushrooms
Pepsin is an enzyme that digests
________. 2. Fish
3. Snake
1. Proteins
4. Lizards
2. Starch
3. Carbohydrate
Que. 30
4. Fats
Match the following.
Digestive Input Output
Que. 28
I. Proteins 1. Glycerol
Which of the following statement(s) is/are
II. Carbohydrates 2. Amino acids
CORRECT?
III. Fats 3. Glucose
1. I – 2, II – 3, III – 1
 2. I – 1, II – 3, III – 2
3. I – 2, II – 1, III – 3 Ans.2 Correct Option - 3

4. I – 3, II – 2, III – 1
• Night blindness is a type of vision
impairment which happens because
Solutions of the deficiency of Vitamin A.
Ans.1 Correct Option – 4 • People with night blindness
experience poor vision at night or in
Diseases Symptoms Causes dimly lit environments.
Cholera It causes Infection by • Less drinking of water causes
severe the dehydration.
diarrhea bacterium
Vibrio Ans.3 Correct Option – 2
cholerae
Scurvy Weakness, Lack of Vaccine Application
feeling tired, vitamin C BCG Develop immunity
and sore (ascorbic vaccine against Tuberculosis.
arms and acid) Influenza Flu vaccines
legs Jaundice Hepatitis A, B vaccine
Anemia Fatigue, skin Decrease in Polio Poliomyelitis vaccine
pallor, the total
shortness of amount of Ans.4 Correct Option - 4
breath, light- RBCS or
headedness hemoglobin Influenza, also called flu or grippe,

in the blood an acute viral infection of the upper or lower

Rickets Softening Lack of respiratory tract that is marked by fever,

and vitamin D chills, and a generalized feeling of weakness

weakening and pain in the muscles, together with

of bones in varying degrees of soreness in the head and

children abdomen.
Ans.5 Correct Option - 4
In Goitre, there is swelling of the thyroid
gland.
• A goiter is a swelling in
the neck caused due to an
enlarged thyroid gland.
• Around 90% of goiter cases are
caused due to iodine deficiency.
• A goiter is linked
with hypothyroidism or hyperthyroi
dism.
Ans.6 Correct Option - 2
• Polio is a disease that is caused by
the polio virus.
• All the other disases are caused by
bacteria.
Ans.7 Correct Option - 2
• Jonas Salk developed the first polio
vaccine which came into commercial
use in 1955.
• It was an attenuated type of vaccine
and was given by injection.
• The first oral polio vaccine came into
use in 1961 and was developed by
Albert Sabin.
Ans.8 Correct Option - 2
• Cholera is a communicable disease.
• It is transmitted from person to
person by infected fecal matter
entering the mouth through
contaminated food or water with
Vibrio cholerae bacteria.
Diseases Effects
Marasmus It occurs in children during
severe malnutrition.
It is caused by having
contaminated water and
Cholera food with a bacterium
called Vibrio cholera.
Rickets It occurs due to lack of
Vitamin D in children in
legs.
Scurvy It occurs due to lack of
Vitamin C, which leads to
weakness, anemia, gum
disease, and skin problems.
Ans.9 Correct Option - 4
Key facts about pathogen and the diseases
caused by it:
 • Parasitic type of pathogen causes the
water-borne disease Ascariasis.
• It is a roundworm organism found in
the small intestine mostly occurs in
children.
• The infection takes place by eating
food or drink contaminated water
with Ascaris eggs from human
excreta.
• Abdominal pain, Abdominal
swelling, shortness of breathing,
fever and diarrhoea are the main
symptoms of this disease.
Ans.10 Correct Option - 4
• The causal organism for the tikka
disease of ground nut is Cercospora
personata and Cercospora
arachidicola.
• The Symptoms caused by the two
pathogens will differ.
• This disease is also called Leaf spot
of Ground nut because it causes leaf
spots on the leaves.
Ans.11 Correct Option – 3
Sleeping Sickness, also known as African
trypanosomiasis is a parasitic diseases in
humans. It is caused by Tsetse flies which
are found only in rural Africa.
Ans.12 Correct Option - 4
Kwashiorkor is a malnutrition disease,
chiefly of children, caused by severe protein
and vitamin deficiency and characterized by
retarded growth, changes in pigmentation,
potbelly, and anaemia.
Ans.13 Correct Option – 2
Cobalt Numbness in hands
Deficiency and legs, fatigue
Sodium Hyponatremia
Deficiency
Calcium Hypocalcaemia
Ans.14 Correct Option – 1
Itai Itai, which literally translates to ‘it
hurts, it hurts’ is the name given to
cadmium poisoning. The name was given
after the mass poisoning that happened in
1912 in Japanese town. Cadmium poisoning
is characterised by softening of bones,
kidney failure and unbearable pain.
Ans.15 Correct Option - 1
People who inherit an unbalanced Ans.18 Correct Option - 4
translocation involving chromosome 21 may
have extra genetic material from • A balanced diet has an equal or

chromosome 21, which causes Down proper quantity of nutrients, water,

syndrome. Like trisomy 21, mosaic Down and roughage necessary to maintain

syndrome is not inherited. It occurs as a good health.

random event during cell division early in • There are six main components of a

fetal development. balanced diet – carbohydrates,

protein, fats, protein, vitamins,

Ans.16 Correct Option - 1 minerals and water.

• Organic compounds that do not Ans.19 Correct Option - 2

dissolve in water but are soluble in

• Carbohydrates and Protein both
non-polar solvents like benzene,
contain 4 kilocalories per gram,
turpentine, etc. are called lipids.
while Fat provides 9 kilocalories
• Fats and cholesterol are related to
per gram.
each other as these are both types of
• Basically, the energy is measured in
lipids.
kilojoules (KJ) or kilocalories (Kcal)
• They differ in structure and function.
[1 kilo calorie equals to 4.2
While cholesterol is an important
kilojoules].
constituent of the cellmembrane in
animals, fats are macronutrients Ans.20 Correct Option - 1
which are rich in energy.
For immediate energy production in cells,
Ans.17 Correct Option - 4 one should take glucose.

The egg is not the source of Vitamin c. • Glucose is a simple sugar having
molecular formula C6H12O6.
• Eggs contain the protein and fat with
• Glucose circulates in the blood of
the exception of vitamin C.
animals in the form of blood sugar.
• Eggs also contain natural Vitamin D.
 • Glucose is stored as a polymer.
• In plants, it is stored as starch and in
animals as glycogen.
• Vitamin K – is for clotting of blood
• Vitamin C – is for protection against
cardiovascular diseases, immune
system deficiencies, eye disease etc.
• Roughage – is for regulating
digestion.
Ans.21 Correct Option - 4
• Scurvy means the disease of pirates.
• It is caused by lack of vitamin C
• Hence, vitamin C is called Anti
Scurvy vitamin which is useful to
recover scurvy.
Vitamin Helps complete the synthesis
K of proteins
Vitamin Cobalamin: Involved in
B12 metabolism of every cell of the
human body
Vitamin Riboflavin: maintain healthy
B2 blood cells.
Ans.22 Correct Option - 1
• Calcium deficiency mainly occurs in
the absence of vitamin D.
• Lack of vitamin D also causes
Osteomalacia in pregnant women
and rickets in children.
• Deficiency of Vitamin B6 causes
Seborrhoeic dermatitis.
• Deficiency of Vitamin C causes
scurvy.
• Deficiency of Vitamin A causes night
blindness.
Ans.23 Correct Option - 4
Vitamin K is responsible for the coagulation
of blood also known as blood clotting.
• Vitamin K helps in the process of
blood coagulation as it acts as a
cofactor for the enzymes which are
required for maintaining the blood
clotting factors, namely Protein C, S,
and factors VII, IX,and X.
• Vitamin K is found in the following
foods: Green leafy vegetables, such
as kale, spinach, turnip greens,
collards, Swiss chard, mustard
greens, parsley, romaine, and green
leaf lettuce.
Ans.24 Correct Option - 4
 • Energy requirement is the amount of
food energy which is needed for
balancing energy expenditure in
order to maintain body size, body
composition and a level of necessary
and desirable physical activity
consistent with long-term good
health.
• The Dietary Guidelines recommends
that carbohydrates should
comprise of 70% of total calories and
a limit on added sugars to no more
than 10% of total calories for a
healthy diet.
Ans.25 Correct Option - 2
• The function of vitamin K is in
blood clotting.
• Without vitamin K, blood
coagulation is seriously impaired,
and uncontrolled bleeding occurs.
Ans.26 Correct Option - 1
Glucose breaks down into a three-carbon
molecule, called Pyruvate, which is the first
step of process of nutrition.
Ans.27 Correct Option - 1
• Pepsin is an enzyme found in the
gastric juice that digests proteins.
• Pepsin was found by German
physiologist Theodor Schwann.
• Pepsin affects only partial
degradation of proteins into smaller
units called peptides which are
absorbed by the intestines or broken
down further by the pancreatic
enzymes.
Ans.28 Correct Option - 4
Saturated fats are simply fat molecules that
have no double bonds between carbon
molecules because they are saturated with
hydrogen molecules. Saturated fats are
typically solid at room temperature. Some
food items that contain saturated fats are
fatty beef, pork, lamb etc.
Ans.29 Correct Option - 1
Mushroom is NOT an example of organism
that takes in whole food material and breaks
it down inside its body.
• The process by which living
organisms (except green plants)
obtain their food from different
sources is known as the
 heterotrophic mode of nutrition.
These organisms are called as
heterotrophs.
• These organisms have a different
mode of obtaining their food.
For example:
• If the food source is fixed, like
grasses: cows, buffalo, goats, etc.
graze on grasses
• If the food source is mobile or
movable, like deer: lions, tigers, etc.
have to hunt and run to catch their
prey to feed themselves.
• If Food is broken outside the body
for consumption, like decaying
organic food: the organisms
breakdown the complex food outside
and then intake it. Eg. Rhizopus,
Yeast, Mushroom, etc.
• If Food is taken as a whole and
broken inside the body: the
organism take whole complex food
inside their body and break down
Biology Questions Set-2 RRB NTPC Most Asked Questions
Que. 1
What is the normal temperature of the
human body?
into simple food material by the
process of digestion. [This is also
known as Holozoic nutrition] Eg.
Amoeba, frog, fish, snake, lizard, cat,
dog, man, etc.
Ans.30 Correct Option – 1
Digestive Input Output
Proteins Amino acids
Carbohydrates Glucose
Fats Glycerol
• The large biomolecules consisting of
one or more long chains of amino
acid residues is called as Protein.
• A biomolecule consisting
of carbon, hydrogen
and oxygen atoms with an atom ratio
of the hydrogen-oxygen atom as 2 :
1, is called as Carbohydrate.
• Also known as triglycerides, Fats
are esters of three fatty acid chains
and the alcohol glycerol.
1. 30.5°C
2. 37°C
3. 98.4°C
 4. 97.4°C Que. 5
The alimentary canal is a long tube that
Que. 2 extends from ________.
What is produced from the Pancreas? 1. Mouth to stomach
1. Insulin 2. Stomach to large intestine
2. Bile 3. Small intestine to anus
3. Blood 4. Mouth to anus
4. Urine
Que. 6
Que. 3 Rings of ______ are present in the throat
Where is the pituitary gland located? to ensure that the air passage does NOT
collapse.
1. Brain
1. Bone
2. Kidney
2. Tendon
3. Liver
3. Ligament
4. Intestine
4. Cartilage

Que. 4
Which of the following protects the inner Que. 7
lining of the stomach from the action of the What is regulated by the sphincter muscle in
hydrochloric acid under the normal the stomach?
conditions? 1. Exit of the food from the stomach
1. Villi 2. Entry of food in the stomach
2. Mucus 3. Mixing of food in the stomach
3. Saliva 4. Exit of food from the large intestine
4. Digestive Juices
Que. 8
Which of the following is NOT a waste 1. Thyroxine
material removed from blood in the kidney? 2. Auxins

1. Ammonia 3. Cytokinins

2. Carbon dioxide 4. Thymosin

3. Urea
4. Uric acid Que. 12
Which of the following is NOT a function of
kidneys?
Que. 9
What are the organs similar in basic 1. Regulation of acidity of body fluids
structure/ shape, modified to perform 2. Removal of urine
different functions called?
3. Secretion of antibiotics
1. Analogous organs 4. Regulation of blood pressure
2. Homologous organs
3. Heterogeneous organs Que. 13

4. Homogeneous organs Which is the second largest gland of Human

body?

Que. 10 1. Liver
Which of the following is the largest gland 2. Large Intestine
in human body?
3. Thorax
1. Thyroid 4. Pancreas
2. Liver
3. Kidney Que. 14

4. Pancreas The gland which secretes bile, a digestive

fluid is ________.

Que. 11 1. Pancreas
What is the name of the hormone produced 2. Liver
by thymus gland?
 3. Thyroid Which of the following glands is associated
4. Testes with Diabetes?

1. Pituitary gland
Que. 15 2. Thyroid gland
Which of the flowing glands is also known
3. Pancreas
as “Master Gland”?
4. Thymus
1. Hypothalamus
Que. 19
2. Thyroid Which is the smallest gland in the human
3. Adrenal body?
4. Pituitary 1. Pancreas
2. Thyroid Gland
Que. 16
3. Thymus
Which of the following enzymes digests fat?
4. Pineal Gland
1. Amylase
2. Lipase Que. 20
3. Protease The glands in the human body are present
4. Sucrase in the ________ layer of the human skin.

1. Epidermis
Que. 17 2. Dermis
Blood pressure is controlled by _______.
3. Subdermis
1. adrenal gland 4. Hypodermis
2. thyroid gland
3. thymus Que. 21
4. corpus luteum The colour of human skin is produced by
_________.

Que. 18 1. Hemoglobin
 2. Insulin
3. Adrenaline Que. 25
The yellow colour of the urine is due to the
4. Melanin
presence of which pigment?

Que. 22 1. Melanin
Which among the following membranes 2. Rhodopsin
covers the kidneys? 3. Urochrome
1. Pleural Membrane 4. Haemoglobin
2. Pericardium
3. Renal Capsule Que. 26
Which amongst these is not a function of the
4. None of the above
kidney?

Que. 23 1. Detoxifying blood and breaking down

What is the outer layer of the kidney known substances
as? 2. Maintain volume of extracellular fluid

1. Cortex 3. Excrete toxic metabolic by-products

such as urea, ammonia, and uric acid
2. Medulla
4. Maintain pH and osmotic
3. Pelvis
concentration of the extracellular fluid
4. Glomula

Que. 27
Que. 24
The blood vessel which supply blood to the
Where is the blood filtered in the kidney?
kidney is ________.
1. Renal Artery
1. The hepatic artery
2. Ureter
2. The carotid artery
3. Bowman's Capsule
3. The pulmonary artery
4. Pituitary Gland
4. The renal artery
 • The body temperature also varies by
Que. 28 person, age, activity and time of day.
What protects the skin from the ultraviolet
rays of the sun? Ans.2 Correct Option - 1

1. Rhodopsin
• ‘Insulin’is produced from the
2. Carotene
endocrine gland namely ‘Pancreas’.
3. Melanin • Insulin is a hormone made by the
4. Hemoglobin Pancreas that helps the body to
store and use the glucose.
• Insulin helps to keep the blood sugar
Que. 29 level in control, from getting too
The 'Waterproof part' of the skin is known high or too low.
as ________. • Deficiency of ‘insulin’ leads to
‘diabetes’.
1. Epidermis
Ans.3 Correct Option - 1
2. Sensory Cells
• The pituitary gland is a gland which
3. Receptors
is located at the base of the brain,
4. Pupil
right behind the bridge of the nose.
• It is a small, hormone-producing
Solutions
gland(endocrine) whose secretions
Ans.1 Correct Option - 2
are essential for everyday living.
• It is also known as the master gland
The normal temperature of the human body
as its secretions stimulate other
is 37°C or 98.6°F.
glands.
• A temperature over 100.4°F (38°C)
Ans.4 Correct Option - 2
is considered as fever which is
caused by an infection or illness.
 • The stomach consists of a lining of Tendon It connects muscles to
mucus cells which protect the lining the bone but it is
of the stomach from the action of inelastic in nature
hydrochloric acid. Ligament It is a connective tissue
• The mucus cells are destroyed and which joins bone to
produced everyday, by protecting the bone.
lining of the stomach from the action Bone It is very hard whitish
of HCl. and makes up the
skeleton.
Ans.5 Correct Option – 4

Ans.7 Correct Option - 1

• The alimentary canal is the
The exit of food from the stomach is
connected tube consisting of organs
regulated by the sphincter muscle in the
like the mouth, pharynx, esophagus,
stomach. The muscle releases the food in
stomach, small intestine, large
small amounts into the small intestine.
intestine, and anus.
• It is the path that food takes from
Ans.8 Correct Option - 2
ingestion to digestion and finally
excretion out of the body
Carbon dioxide is NOT a waste material
removed from blood in the kidney.
Ans.6 Correct Option - 4

• Blood carrying CO2 enters the Heart

• Rings of cartilage are present in the
through Vena Cava and is sent along
throat to ensure that the air passage
the pulmonary arteries to the lungs
does NOT collapse.
to release CO2 from the body.Carbon
• Cartilage is a flexible tissue which is
dioxide is removed from the lungs
present in the windpipe or trachea.
when we breathe out.
It helps the windpipe to move while
breathing. It does not contain blood
Ans.9 Correct Option – 2
vessels or nerves.
A homologous organ, system, or body part
that shares a common ancestry in multiple
organisms. Organs such as bat's wing, wings
of birds, seal's flipper, forelimb of a horse,
and human arm have a common underlying
anatomy that was present in their last
common ancestors; therefore their
forelimbs are homologous organs.
Ans.10 Correct Option - 2
• The liver helps in digestion by
secreting bile juice mainly along with
making proteins and metabolizing
drugs.
• It is the largest gland in the human
body.
Ans.11 Correct Option - 4
Thymosin is the hormone produced by the
thymus gland. It is responsible for
stimulating the development of disease
fighting T cells. Thymus gland is active only
till puberty, post which it slowly shrinks and
gets replaced by fat.
Ans.12 Correct Option - 3
• The primary function of the kidney
is to make urine and purify the
blood.
• Kidney also regulates minerals and
chemicals like sodium, potassium,
hydrogen and maintains normal
composition of body fluid.
• Kidney produces different
hormones which help regulate water
and salt in the body thereby keeping
blood pressure under control.
Ans.13 Correct Option - 4
The pancreas is the second largest gland in
the human body and plays an important
part in the digestive process. It is
responsible for the production of insulin
and it secretes pancreatic juice into
duodenum. The liver is the largest gland in
the human body.
Ans.14 Correct Option - 2
Bile or gall is a dark green to yellowish
brown fluid, produced by the liver of most
vertebrates that aids the digestion of lipids
in the small intestine. In humans, bile is
produced continuously by the liver (liver
bile), and stored and concentrated in the
gallbladder.
Ans.15 Correct Option – 4 Thyroid • It is present in
the front part of
Gland Functions the lower neck.
Pituitary • It is present at • It is shaped like
the base of the a butterfly or a
brain. bow tie.
• It is also known • It releases
as “Master thyroxine and
Gland” triiodothyronin
• It releases e
growth
hormone, Adrenal • It is present on

Oxytocin. top of both

kidneys.
• It has two parts
– a) adrenal
Hypothalamu • It is present at cortex
s the lower
central part of b) adrenal medulla
the brain.
• It releases
• It links the
endocrine hormones like

system and the cortisol,

nervous system Adrenaline etc.

Ans.16 Correct Option - 2

• Lipase is an enzyme which is

secreted by the pancreas and is
responsible for digesting fat.
 • It breaks down fat into fatty acid and
glycerol which are small, energy-rich
molecules that can be easily taken up
by the cells.
• Amylase breaks down complex
carbohydrates into simpler sugars
while protease is responsible for the
digestion of proteins.
• Sucrase is secreted by the small
intestine which hydrolyzes sucrose
into glucose and fructose.
Ans.17 Correct Option - 1
• Aldosterone, a type of corticosteroid
is a hormone that is secreted by the
adrenal gland and it regulates the
salt balance in the blood which in
turn helps control the blood
pressure.
• Also known as the suprarenal gland,
an adrenal gland is a small,
triangular structure that is attached
at the top of each kidney.
• Located in the neck, the thyroid
gland mainly secretes thyroxine and
triiodothyronine and is responsible
for regulating brain development,
muscle control, metabolism rate and
heart and digestive functions.
• The thymus gland is a part of the
immune system whereas corpus
luteum is a temporary, hormone-
secreting mass of cells that is formed
in the female ovaries and is therefore
concerned with the reproductive
system.
Ans.18 Correct Option - 3
• Diabetes is a chronic, metabolic
disorder in which the pancreas
either produces no insulin or the
cells of the body cannot utilize the
insulin that is produced.
• Insulin is the hormone that is
secreted by the pancreas and is
responsible for enabling the cells of
the body to take up glucose which is
subsequently used to generate
energy.
Ans.19 Correct Option - 4
• Located near the centre of the brain,
the pineal gland is the smallest gland
in the human body with a length of
about 5-8 mm.
• The gland produces melatonin and
serotonin and is, therefore,
 responsible for modulating the sleep
patterns.
Ans.20 Correct Option - 2
• All the vessels, glands, follicles, hair
roots, sensory nerve endings,
muscular tissues are present in the
dermis layer of the human skin.
• The dermis layer in the human skin
is present beneath the epidermis
layer of the skin and it consists of the
papillary and reticular layers.
• The epidermis is the outermost layer
of the skin, while the hypodermis is
the innermost and thickest layer of
the skin.
Ans.21 Correct Option - 4
• The color of the skin is produced by
the pigment Melanin. It is produced
within the skin by cells called
Melanocytes.
• Haemoglobin gives the red color to
blood and helps in the transport of
oxygen. Insulin controls the level of
sugar in the blood.
• Adrenaline is a stress hormone
released from the adrenal glands.
Ans.22 Correct Option - 3
• Renal capsule is made up of thick
fibers.
• It protects the vital tissues of
Kidneys from injury.
• Pleural Membrane is present in
Lungs.
• The pericardium is the membrane of
Heart.
Ans.23 Correct Option - 1
• The outer layer of the kidney is
known as the renal cortex.
• It contains the renal tubules and
renal corpuscles except for the parts
of the loop of Henle which descend
into the renal medulla. It also
contains cortical collecting ducts and
blood vessels. It is that part of the
kidney where ultrafiltration occurs.
• The innermost part of the kidney is
known as the renal medulla.
• The renal pelvis is a funnel-shaped
dilated part of the ureter in the
kidney.
• The glomerulus is a network of
capillaries.
Ans.24 Correct Option - 3
 • The blood is filtered in the
Bowman's Capsule in the kidney.
• The Bowman's capsule is a cup-like
structure situated in the nephrons in
the kidney. Within it, is a coiled ball
of capillaries known as a
glomerulus.
• Renal arteries are those which carry
blood to one or both the kidneys.
• The pituitary gland is a tiny organ
which is found at the base of the
brain.
Ans.25 Correct Option – 3
The urine is yellow due to the presence of
the pigment Urochrome. It is a breakdown
product of haemoglobin from worn out
RBCs. The urine gives a foul odour due to
the conversion of urea into ammonia by
bacteria.
Ans.26 Correct Option - 1
• The liver carries out the
detoxification of blood, one example
is that it makes urea from ammonia
in the blood. It also breaks down
alcohol and other such substances in
the blood.
• The kidneys are bean-shaped organs
which maintain the volume of
extracellular fluid, excrete toxic
metabolic by-products such as urea,
ammonia, and uric acid, and
maintain pH and osmotic
concentration of the extracellular
fluid.
Ans.27 Correct Option - 4
• Renal artery is the branch of
abdominal aorta that carries blood
to kidney. It enters in the kidney
through the hilum part.
• Pulmonary artery is the only artery
that carries deoxygenated blood. It
carries deoxygenated blood from
right ventricle to lungs.
• Hepatic artery is a blood vessel that
supplies oxygenated blood to the
liver, duodenum, pancreas, and
gallbladder.
• Carotid arteries are major blood
vessels in the neck that supply blood
to the brain, neck, and face.
Ans.28 Correct Option - 3
 • Melanin is responsible for Ans.29 Correct Option - 1
protecting the skin from the
ultraviolet rays of the sun. • The waterproof part of the skin is

• Melanin is a pigment that gives color known as the 'Epidermis'.

to the human skin, hair, and eyes • Epidermis acts as a barrier against

accordingly. the germs and keeps the human skin

• Rhodopsin is a light-sensitive healthy and intact.

receptor protein which is involved in • Sensory cells are those which detect

visual phototransduction. information through receptors on

• Carotene is a term used for several their surface.

related saturated • A receptor is a molecule which

hydrocarbon substances which have receives chemical signals from

the formula C40Hx. outside the cell.

• A red protein responsible for

The pupil is a hole in the center of the iris
transporting oxygen in the blood is
which allows light to strike the retina.
known as haemoglobin.

Biology Questions Set-3 RRB NTPC Most Asked Questions

Que. 1
Which one of the following is connected Que. 2
with the transport of water in plants? Which part of the plant helps in holding the
plant firmly in the soil?
1. Phloem
1. Leaves
2. Xylem
2. Fruits
3. Epidermis
3. Stem
4. Cambium
4. Roots
Que. 3 Que. 6

The source of O2 liberated in photosynthesis

The classification of the group ‘algae’ is
is _____.
based on ______.
1. Sunlight
1. Nature of shape
2. Carbohydrate
2. Nature of pigment
3. Water
3. Nature of length
4. Carbon dioxide
4. None of these

Que. 4
Que. 7
Which among the following is NOT a
Which type of plants is very tall and have a
micronutrient for plants?
hard and thick brown stem?
1. Boron
1. Trees
2. Copper
2. Herbs
3. Iron
3. Shrubs
4. Nitrogen
4. None of these

Que. 5
Que. 8
What is thick vein present in the middle of
the leaf called? Bone in most big animals is an example of
which of the following tissues?
1. Midrib
1. Muscular tissues
2. Leaf venation
2. Connective tissues
3. Reticulate
3. Epithelial tissues
4. Parallel venation
4. Nervous tissues 4. None of these

Que. 9 Que. 12

Which tissue provides support to plants and Under which branch of the Science is the
also stores food? study of bones done?

1. Parenchyma 1. Orology

2. Collenchyma 2. Osteology

3. Sclerenchyma 3. Serology

4. Aerenchyma 4. Geology

Que. 10 Que. 13

Which of the following is not a constituent Yeast and mushrooms are the organisms of
of phloem? which kingdom?

1. Sieve tubes 1. Fungi

2. Companion cells 2. Monera

3. Tracheids 3. Plantae

4. Phloem parenchyma 4. Protista

Que. 11 Que. 14

The large carnivores are also called On what basis Greek thinker Aristotle
______. classified the animals for the first time?

1. Primary consumers 1. Habitat

2. Secondary consumers 2. Size

3. Tertiary consumers 3. Locomotion

4. Food

Que. 15 Que. 18

At which level of the food chain do the Which of the following is a cold-blooded
herbivores or the primary consumers exist? animal?

1. First 1. Ape

2. Second 2. Mouse

3. Third 3. Snake

4. Fourth 4. Wolf

Que. 16 Que. 19

The smallest blood vessels which are one- Which among the following is the habitat of
cell thick, are called ______. 'Dog fish'?

1. Vena cava 1. River

2. Arteries 2. Sea

3. Veins 3. Lake

4. Capillaries 4. Marsh

Que. 17 Que. 20

_______ is the largest phylum of Animalia Adamsia (Sea anemone) and Pennatula
which includes insects. (Sea-pen) are examples of which Phylum?

1. Annelida 1. Coelenterata

2. Chordata 2. Platyhelminthes

3. Arthropoda 3. Annelida

4. Platyhelminthes 4. Arthropoda
 Que. 24

Que. 21 Crabs belongs to the phylum ________.

Animals in which the cells are arranged in 1. Mollusca

two embryonic layers are called ________.
2. Cnidaria
1. Diploblastic
3. Arthropoda
2. Extoderm
4. Platyhelminthes
3. Tripoblastic

4. Endoderm
Que. 25
Que. 22
Spiders belong to which class of animals?
Arboreal Ateles is the scientific name of
1. Arachnids
_____ .
2. Aves
1. Squirrel
3. Gastropods
2. Sparrow
4. Anthozoa
3. Lizard

4. Spider monkey
Que. 26

How does a Unicellular Organism

Que. 23
reproduce?
Earth-worms belongs to the phylum
1. Cell division
_______.
2. Cell reproduction
1. Protozoa
3. Cell synthesis
2. Cnidaria
4. Fragmentation
3. Annelida

4. Mollusca
Que. 27
___________ is the second largest animal 4. Oxidation of carbon dioxide to
phylum. carbohydrates

1. Mollusca

2. Chordata Solutions
Ans.1 Correct Option - 2
3. Coelomates

4. Anneldia o Xylem is connected with the

transport of water in plants.
o The components of Xylem tissues,
Que. 28 i.e. vessels and tracheids help in
the transport of water.
What is the botanical name of a wheat
plant?
Ans.2 Correct Option - 4
1. Oryza sativa
• Roots of the plant help in holding
2. Triticum aestivum the plant firmly in the soil.
3. Zea mays • Roots suck water and nutrients from
the soil and transfer the same into
4. Nelumbo Nucifera
the plants.
• Roots also help in holding the soil
Que. 29 together.
• Roots are generally of two
Which among the following is NOT an types- Tap Roots and Fibrous
event during the photosynthesis process? Roots.

1. Absorption of light energy by chlorophyll Ans.3 Correct Option - 3

2. Conversion of light energy to chemical

• Photolysis of water is the source of
energy
oxygen liberated in photosynthesis.
3. Splitting of water molecules into • Photosynthesis is the process
hydrogen and oxygen through which green plants
manufacture food by converting
solar energy into chemical energy. In
 this process, water and carbon
dioxide react in the presence of
sunlight to give off oxygen and
glucose molecules.
Ans.4 Correct Option - 4
• Nitrogen is not a micronutrient
for plants from the options listed
above.
• Micronutrients are those elements
that are required by the plants in
small quantities for their proper
functioning.
• Nitrogen is a macronutrient,
which means it is required in much
larger quantities.
• It is a major component of
chlorophyll, which is the pigment
responsible for photosynthesis. It is
also a part of amino acids which
are sub-blocks of proteins in plants.
Ans.5 Correct Option - 1
o The midrib is a thick vein seen in
the middle of the leaf.
o Venation is the arrangement of veins
in a leaf. The venation is called
Reticulate when this arrangement is
net-like on both sides of the midrib.
o When the veins present within the
leaves are arranged parallel to each
other it is called Parallel venation.
Trick: From the options, midrib itself
mentioned mid, from which we can say
middle of the leaf.
Ans.6 Correct Option - 2
• Different group of algae have
different type of pigments and
the classification of algae is
primarily based upon
characters of pigments.
• Algae, which were formerly classified
as plants, contain the photosynthetic
pigments Chlorophyll of different
types like Chlorophyll A, B, C and D.
• There are 10 classes of Algae
according to their colour which is
imparted by the pigment present in
them.
Ans.7 Correct Option - 1
Trees are very tall and have a hard and thick
brown stem.
Plants Characteristics
Herbs They are short
green plants with
the tender stem.
 Shrubs Their stems are Aerenchyma Permanent tissue that
hard but not very helps the aquatic plants to
thick. float.
Trees They are very tall Collenchyma Elongated cells which have
and have a hard irregular thick cell walls to
and thick brown provide structure and
stem. support
Sclerenchyma Strengthening tissue in a
plant which is formed
Ans.8 Correct Option - 2
from thick walls.
• Bone in most big animals is an
example of Connective tissues. Ans.10 Correct Option - 3
• Connective tissue (CT) is one of
the four basic types of animal tissue Tracheids is not a constituent of phloem.
along with epithelial tissue, muscle
tissue, and nervous tissue. Phloem:-

• Connective tissue is found in

between other tissues everywhere in
the body, including the nervous
system.

Ans.9 Correct Option - 1

• Parenchyma is the living tissue of

plants. It is found in plants and
animals.
• It is a functional tissue which works
as a support to the plants and it
stores food for the plants. Difference between Phloem and Xylem:-

Type of tissue Function Characteris Xylem Phloem

tic
 Conduction Water and Prepared are the apex predators at the top of
minerals Food from the food chain.
from root to leaves to
body parts body parts Ans.12 Correct Option - 2

Strength Provides Donot

• The branch of science which deals
mechanical provide
with the study of bones is known
strength mechanica
as ‘Osteology’.
l strength
• The study of mountains is termed
Elements live Xylem Sieve
as ‘Orology’.
parenchyma tubes,
• The study of serum and other
only companio
body fluids is termed as
n cell and
‘Serology’.
phloem
• The study of Earth (its features,
parenchy
structures, materials, etc.) is termed
ms
a ‘Geology’.
Conduction Unidirectio Bidirectio
direction nal nal Ans.13 Correct Option - 1
Conducting Tracheids Sieve
channel tubes • Fungi are not capable of producing
their own food, so they get their
nourishment from other sources and
Ans.11 Correct Option - 3
appear like plants but are closely
related to animals.
• Large Carnivores are quaternary
• They live everywhere. In water, on
consumers
land, in the soil, and on or in plants
• An example is a hawk that eats owls.
and animals.
Each food chain end with a top
• The organisms in kingdom fungi
predator, and animal with no natural
include mushrooms, yeasts, molds,
enemies.
rusts, smuts, puffballs, truffles,
• Quaternary consumers are predators
morels, and molds etc.
who eat a lot of prey, but are usually
not preyed upon themselves. They
Ans.14 Correct Option - 1
Greek thinker Aristotle classified the Ans.17 Correct Option - 3
animals on the basis of Habitat.
Phylum Animals

• Aristotle classified animals Annelida Earthworms,

according to whether they lived in Leeches

water, on land or in the air. Chordata Fish, Birds,

• Aristotle (384-322 BC) was an Reptiles

ancient Greek philosopher and Arthropoda Insects, Arachnids

scientist. Platyhelminthes Tapeworm,

• He was born in the city of Stagira, Faltworm

Chalkidiki, in the north of Classical

Greece. Ans.18 Correct Option - 3
• Along with Plato, he is considered
Cold-blooded animals become hotter and
the "Father of Western Philosophy".
colder, depending on the temperature
Ans.15 Correct Option - 2 outside. Generally cold-blooded animals are
reptiles, amphibians, and fish. Here, Snake
• At second level of the food chain the is one such cold-blooded animal.
herbivores or the primary
Ans.19 Correct Option - 2
consumers exist.
• A herbivore is an animal eating plant
• The Dogfish is mostly found in
materials. For example Horses.
shallow waters and further offshore
in most parts of the world.
Ans.16 Correct Option - 4
• Spiny dogfish in the northern Pacific
The smallest blood vessels which are one- ocean has recently been re-evaluated
cell thick, are called Capillaries. Their main and found to constitute a separate
function is to enable the exchange of species known as pacific spiny
substances between the blood and dogfish.
surrounding tissues. They provide nutrients
Ans.20 Correct Option - 1
and oxygen to tissues and remove the
byproducts of cellular reactions, such as
carbon dioxide and water.
 Coelenterata/Cnidaria Corals, Hydra,
Jellyfish, Sea
Pen
Platyhelminthes Flatworms,
Earthworms
Annelida Leech
Arthropoda Spider, Crab,
Scorpion
• Coelenterata is also known
as Cnidaria.
Ans.21 Correct Option - 1
The term diploblastic refers to animals
which have a body derived from only two
embryonic cell layers, the ectoderm and the
endoderm. Examples of diploblastic animals
are – jellyfish, corals, sea anemone, etc. The
bodies of more complex animals are
triploblastic, having developed from
mesoderm as well as endoderm and
ectoderm germ layers.
Ans.22 Correct Option - 4
Arboreal Ateles is the scientific name of
spider monkey. Sciuridae is the scientific
name of Squirrel. Passeridae is the scientific
name of Sparrow. Lacertilia is the scientific
name of Lizard.
Ans.23 Correct Option - 3
Annelids are a large phylum that contain
more than 17000 species of ringed or
segmented worms that have adapted to
different marine environments including
freshwater systems to moist terrestrial
environments. The earthworm is a tube-
shaped, segmented worm that belongs to
this phylum. They mostly live in the soil and
feed on dead organic matter.
Ans.24 Correct Option - 3
• Crabs belong to the phylum
arthropod.
• An arthropod is an invertebrate
animal having an exoskeleton, a
segmented body, and jointed
appendages.
• Arthropods from the phylum
Arthropoda, which includes insects,
arachnids, myriapods, and
crustaceans.
Ans.25 Correct Option - 1
Spiders belong to a class of animals called
the arachnids. These are characterised by
joint legged which are eight in number and
are invertebrates.
• Common Name: Spiders
• Kingdom: Animalia
• Phylum: Arthropoda
• Class: Arachnida
 • Order: Araneae
Ans.26 Correct Option - 1
Single-celled organisms which use asexual
reproduction can do so very rapidly simply
by dividing into two equal halves. This is
called binary fission. This is the very
common process of cell division.
Ans.27 Correct Option - 1
• The first largest phylum is phylum
Arthropoda and the second is
phylum Mollusca including oysters,
snails, clams and squid of whom
there are about 100,000 living
species.
• Phylum Chordata is the third largest
phylum in the animal kingdom.
Ans.28 Correct Option - 2
Biology Questions Set-4 RRB NTPC Most Asked Questions
Que. 1
Which among the following is not a part of
the small intestine?
1. Duodenum
2. Jejunum
3. Ileum
4. Myocardium
• Common wheat (Triticum aestivum),
also known as bread wheat, is a
cultivated wheat species. About 95%
of the wheat produced is common
wheat, which is the most widely
grown of all crops and the cereal
with the highest monetary yield.
Ans.29 Correct Option - 4
Photosynthesis is the process by which
green plants prepare their own food. The
events during photosynthesis are:
1) Absorption of light energy by chlorophyll.
2) Conversion of light energy to chemical
energy and splitting of water molecules into
hydrogen and oxygen.
3) Reduction of carbon dioxide into
carbohydrates.
Que. 2
Percentage of O2 present in inhaled air in
human is about ________.
1. 21%
2. 78%
3. 41%
4. 2%
Que. 3 3. sternum
The energy produced by 1 g of carbohydrate 4. scapula
is ______.

1. 4.8 calorie Que. 7

2. 4.2 kilo calorie The olfactory receptors in human beings

detect ________.
3. 27 joules
4. 18 kilocalorie 1. taste
2. smell
Que. 4 3. touch
We usually get all the minerals we need 4. hear
from ______.

1. Only roughage Que. 8

2. Only mineral water Gastric digestion takes place efficiently in

________.
3. Only mineral tablets
4. Food 1. Acidic medium
2. Basic medium
Que. 5 3. Neutral medium
Chief function of bile is ________. 4. None of these

1. To digest roughage
2. To emulsify fat for digestion Que. 9
Which type of pathogen causes the water-
3. To eliminate urine
borne disease dysentery?
4. To regulate the process of digestion
1. Algal

Que. 6 2. Parasitic
In humans, ribs are attached to 3. Protozoan
________. 4. Bacterial

1. clavicle
2. ileum Que. 10
Which type of pathogen causes the water- 4. fats
borne disease Ascariasis?

1. Viral Que. 14
Which is NOT an example of organism that
2. Protozoan
breaks down the food material outside the
3. Bacterial
body and then absorb it?
4. Parasitic
1. Bread moulds
2. Yeast
Que. 11
Which organ is the main digester and 3. Mushrooms
absorber of food? 4. Snake

1. Stomach
Que. 15
2. Liver
The process of acquiring oxygen from
3. Colon
outside the body and to use it in the process
4. Small intestine of breakdown of food sources for cellular
needs is commonly called ________.
Que. 12
1. respiration
Pancreatic juice requires which medium for
2. nutrition
their action?
3. digestion
1. Acidic
4. transportation
2. Basic
3. Neutral
Que. 16
4. All options are correct.
Which of the following is/are the function(s)
Que. 13 of bile juice released from the liver?
Salivary amylase breaks down ________.
I. Make the food coming from stomach
1. protein alkaline.
2. water
II. Conversion of proteins into amino acids.
3. starch
III. Break down of fats into smaller globules. 4. Pancreatic juice

1. Only I
Que. 20
2. Only II and III Which is the longest part of alimentary
3. Only I and III canal?
4. All I, II and III
1. Oesophagus
2. Small intestine
Que. 17
3. Large intestine
In which of the following part of Neuron the
4. Buccal cavity
information is transmitted in the chemical
form?
Que. 21
1. Dendrite
AIveoIi are balloon like structures within
2. Cell body the ______.
3. Axon
1. Iungs
4. No option is correct.
2. kidney
3. liver
Que. 18
4. heart
The saliva in human body contains which
enzyme?
Que. 22
1. Pepsin
The exit of food from the stomach is
2. Salivary Amylase regulated by a _____ muscle.
3. Rennin
1. Cardiac
4. Trypsin
2. Sphincter
3. Skeletal
Que. 19
4. None of the above
Trypsin is present in which of the following?

1. Bile juice
Que. 23
2. Gastric juice Breaking down of fats from large globules to
3. Saliva
smaller globules by Bile juice is similar to 4. kidney
which of the following?
1. Emulsification of soaps Que. 27
2. Esterification of alcohol Brain receives and sends signals in the form
3. Fermentation of glucose of ________.

4. Eutrophication of water 1. Chemical impulses

2. Magnetic impulses
Que. 24 3. Mechanical impulses
Pepsin digests ______.
4. Electrical impulses
1. Proteins in stomach
2. Carbohydrates in mouth Que. 28
3. Fats in duodenum How many canine teeth are there in adult
human?
4. Minerals in ileum
1. 2
Que. 25 2. 8
In which part of the human body fat is 3. 6
completely digested?
4. 4
1. Small Intestine
2. Liver
Que. 29
3. Stomach
4. Large Intestine Where is Stapes bone found in human
body?
Que. 26
1. Fingers
Lymph carries digested and absorbed fat
2. Nose
from ______.
3. Ears
1. lungs
4. Thumb
2. intestine
3. stomach
Que. 30
The original function of the vertebrate by 21% of Oxygen
stomach was_____. and 0.04% of Carbon dioxide.
• Human Being breathes oxygen from
1. Storage
their mouth into their lungs. The
2. Digestion
chest cavity containing the lungs
3. Bile juice secretion expand and contract with the
4. Mixing of food diaphragm as it moves down and
up.
Solutions
Ans.3 Correct Option - 2
Ans.1 Correct Option - 4

• Carbohydrates and Protein both

• Glochidium is not a part of the
contain 4 kilocalories per gram,
small intestine rather it is
while Fat provides 9 kilocalories
microscopic larval stage of some
per gram.
mussels
• Basically, the energy is measured in
• The small intestine is divided into
kilojoules (KJ) or kilocalories (Kcal)
three sections: Duodenum,
[1 kilo calorie equals to 4.2
Jejunum, Ileum.
kilojoules].
• The duodenum is the first section of
the small intestine and is
Ans.4 Correct Option - 4
the shortest part of the small
intestine. • All the mineral requirement of
• The jejunum is the middle section of the human body is fulfilled by food.
the small intestine. • Nutrients and Minerals are
• The ileum is the final section of the essentials for the human body to
small intestine. work properly.
• Foods in which minerals are found
Ans.2 Correct Option - 1
are in large amount are:

• Human Being inhales 21% of

• Brown rice, wholemeal bread, nuts
O2 (Oxygen) present in the air.
and pulses.
• Nitrogen makes to 78%of the air
• Yoghurt and Milk
which human breathes in, followed
 • Green leafy vegetables, sweet corn
and peas.
Ans.5 Correct Option - 2
• Bile is a fluid produced by the liver
which increases the absorption of
fat.
• Bile is dark green to yellowish brown
fluid and it is stored in the
gallbladder.
• The chief function of bile is to
emulsify the fat for digestion.
Ans.6 Correct Option - 3
• In the human body, the ribs are
attached to the sternum in the front
and 12 thoracic vertebrae at the back
thus making up the ribcage.
• The ribcage provides support to the
chest and protection to vital organs
like the heart and lungs.
• There are a total of 12 pairs of ribs
out of which, the first 7 pairs is
called ‘true ribs’ followed by 3 pairs
of ‘false ribs’ and 2 pairs of ‘floating
ribs’.
Ans.7 Correct Option - 2
• The olfactory receptors in human
beings detect the smell.
• Olfactory receptors are proteins that
exist as clusters at the back of the
nasal cavity and interact with the
odor molecules thus playing a role in
smelling.
Ans.8 Correct Option - 1
• Digestion is the breakdown of large
insoluble food molecules into small
water-soluble food molecules so that
they can be absorbed into the
watery blood plasma.
• Gastric juice in the stomach
starts protein digestion. Gastric juice
mainly contains hydrochloric
acid and pepsin,thus gastric
digestion takes place best in acidic
medium.
• Acidic gastric juice, exhibits
enzymatic activities, pronounced
antibacterial properties, and a
capacity to denature cell structures.
Ans.9 Correct Option - 4
Key facts about bacteria and the diseases
caused by it:
• Bacterial type of pathogen causes the
water-borne disease dysentery.
• It is an inflammatory disease of the
intestine mostly in the colon which
 prompts to diarrhoea and abdominal
pains.
• It is caused by various types of
infectious pathogens such as
bacteria, viruses and parasites.
• Its most common symptoms are
fever and dysentery.
Ans.10 Correct Option - 4
Key facts about pathogen and the diseases
caused by it:
• Parasitic type of pathogen causes the
water-borne disease Ascariasis.
• It is a roundworm organism found in
the small intestine mostly occurs in
children.
• The infection takes place by eating
food or drink contaminated water
with Ascaris eggs from human
excreta.
• Abdominal pain, Abdominal
swelling, shortness of breathing,
fever and diarrhoea are the main
symptoms of this disease.
Ans.11 Correct Option - 4
Key facts about small intestine:
• The small intestine is the main
digester and absorber of the food.
• It consists of three parts namely -
Duodenum, Jejunum and Ileum.
Duodenum - It is the first part of small
intestine. It helps in the digestion of chyme
in the food.
Jejunum - It is the second part of small
intestine. Most of the nutrients take place in
it.
Ileum - It is the third part of small
intestine. It absorbs nutrients that did not
get absorbed by the jejunum.
• Colan is the part of large intestine
and Liver is the part of the digestive
gland in the stomach.
Ans.12 Correct Option - 2
• Pancreatic juice is a liquid which is
secreted by the pancreas which contains
variety of enzymes including chymotrypsin,
elastase, carboxypeptidase, trypsinogen,
nucleases, amylase and pancreatic lipase. It
helps in proper digestion.
• They are alkaline/basic in nature due to
high concentration of the bicarbonate ions.
The bicarbonate is useful in neutralising the
acidic gastric acid which allow for the
effective enzymic changes.
Ans.13 Correct Option - 3
• Salivary amylase is an enzyme
present in the human saliva which is
produced by the salivary glands.
• It helps in the process of digestion as
it breaks down complex
carbohydrates such as starch into
simpler sugars like glucose and
maltose.
Ans.14 Correct Option - 4
• Those organisms that break down
the organic food material outside
their body by the secretions of
hydrolytic enzymes are called
decomposers.
• These decompose the complex
organic food into the simpler
inorganic substances and then
absorb them.
• Bread mould, Yeast, Mushrooms are
Fungi. These are decomposers.
• Snake take holozoic nutrition in
which the food is digested in the
body.
• Hence, the correct answer is Snake.
Ans.15 Correct Option - 1
• The process of acquiring oxygen
from outside the body and to use it
in the process of breakdown of food
sources for cellular needs is
commonly called as respiration.
• Nutrition is the process of getting all
the necessary nutrients for growth
and health through food and water.
• Digestion is the process of breaking
down of food that we eat into small
water-soluble food molecules so that
the required nutrients can be
absorbed by the blood.
• Transportation is the process of
transporting something from one
place to another.
Ans.16 Correct Option - 3
Bile makes the food coming from stomach
alkaline.
Break down of fats into smaller globules.
• The liver secretes Bile. When bile
leaves the liver, it gets stored in the
gallbladder, before being released
into the duodenum.
• When it gets released from the
gallbladder, it breaks large fat
globules into smaller particles. This
is known as emulsification.
• As Bile is alkaline in nature, it
neutralizes acidic food coming from
the stomach to provide the alkaline
 conditions needed in the small
intestine.
Ans.17 Correct Option - 4
No option is correct.
At synapses of the Neuron, the information
is transmitted in the chemical form, called
as Neurotransmitter.
Ans.18 Correct Option - 2
• Salivary amylase is an enzyme that is
found in the human saliva.
• It is responsible for the breakdown
of starch into simpler sugars.
• It is produced by the salivary glands.
Ans.19 Correct Option - 4
Trypsin is found in the digestive system. It
hydrolyzes proteins. It is present in the
pancreatic juice and formed in the small
intestine.
Ans.20 Correct Option - 2
The small intestine is the longest part of the
alimentary canal.
• The small intestine is also the largest
part of the alimentary canal.
• The small intestine is divided into
three regions:
• Duodenum (‘C’ shaped)
• Jejunum (a long coiled
middle portion)
• Ileum (highly coiled)
• 90 percent of the absorption and
digestion occurs in the small
intestine.
Ans.21 Correct Option – 1
AIveoIi, balloon like structures are tiny air
sacs within the lungs. The respiratory
system comes into direct contact with the
circulatory system through them. They pass
carbon dioxide in the blood to the lungs
while oxygen in the lungs is passed into the
blood.
Ans.22 Correct Option – 2
A sphincter is a circular muscle that
normally maintains constriction of a natural
body passage or orifice and which relaxes -
as required by normal physiological
functioning. Sphincters are found in many
animals.
Ans.23 Correct Option - 1
Breaking down of fats from large globules to
smaller globules by Bile juice is similar to
Emulsification of soaps.
 • The liver secretes Bile. When bile droplets that are easier for the lipase
leaves the liver, it gets stored in the enzymes to work on.
gallbladder, before being released
into the duodenum. When it gets Ans.26 Correct Option – 2

released from the gallbladder, it

breaks large fat globules into smaller Lymph carries digested and absorbed fat

particles, in the same way as soap from intestine. It also returns excess

breaks fat particles into small interstitial fluid to the blood. The most

globules that are suspended in water important function of lymphatic system is to

and gets washed away. This is known defend our body against invading

as emulsification. It is important microorganisms and diseases.

because fats are not soluble in water,

yet the reaction of digestion must Ans.27 Correct Option – 4

take place in a water solution.

• The process in which one liquid gets The basic unit of the brain is neuron and

dispersed in a second immiscible liq neurons exchange signals in the form of

uid is called Emulsification. electrical impulses through axons and

• The cleansing action of soap is due dendrites.

to emulsification.
Ans.28 Correct Option - 4
Ans.24 Correct Option - 1
A normal adult has 32 teeth: incisors (8),
Pepsin is an enzyme that breaks down Canines (4), premolars (8) and molars (12).
proteins into smaller peptides (that is, a Normal adult's 32 teeth is an upgrade form
protease). It is produced in the stomach and of a 20 piece "milk teeth" version.
is one of the main digestive enzymes in the
digestive systems of humans. Types of Functions
teeth
Ans.25 Correct Option - 1 Incisors Used for cutting food
into small chewable
Digestion of fat is completed in the small
pieces
intestine which is helped by bile, made in
Canines Grip and tear food
the liver. Bile breaks the fat into small
 Premolars Tear and crush food

Molars Chew, crush and grind

food

Ans.29 Correct Option - 3

• Stapes bone is found in the middle

ear of the human body.
• It is one of the three tiny bones
located in middle ear known as
ossicles. Malleus and incus are other
two bones.
• The stapes is a stirrup-
shaped bone and the smallest in
the human body.

Ans.30 Correct Option – 1

The Stomach primary function is storage of

food.