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New عرض تقديمي من Microsoft PowerPoint - Copy.ppsx
New عرض تقديمي من Microsoft PowerPoint - Copy.ppsx
FRACTURE MECHANICS OF
CONCRETE & SIZE EFFECT
Introduction
Fracture Mechanics
Fracture mechanics is a branch of solid mechanics which deals with the
behavior of the material and conditions in the vicinity of a crack and at the
crack tip.
predicts that a crack will propagate when the stresses reach the ultimate
tensile strength of the material.
Introduction
Why Fracture Mechanics in Concrete?
Design of concrete structures has already passed through two
important phases in its historical evolution. The first phase
of development took place until 1930s with the elastic no-
tension analysis and in its second phase during 1940–1970,
the plastic limit theory was introduced.
Since concrete structures have been designed and
successfully built according to national codes of practice
without using the concept of fracture mechanics, it might
seem unnecessary to change the current design practice.
Introduction
However, a reasonable consensus has appeared from the researchers and
professionals around the world to explore the possibility of introducing the
fracture mechanics into the design practices.
The most important reasons (ACI Committee-446 1992, Karihaloo 1995, Bažant
and Planas 1998) for the need of evoking fracture mechanics are briefly
mentioned as below:
Lack of energy criterion for the crack development and its growth in the existing
national design codes.
Application of fracture mechanics will avoid the unobjectivity in the results.
The existing failure theory cannot give information on the post-peak response in
order to obtain the energy absorption under the complete load–deflection curve.
This information can be conveniently determined using fracture mechanics
theory.
Introduction
The concrete structures exhibit size effect due to various reasons including
boundary layer or wall effect, diffusion phenomena, hydration heat,
statistical size effect, fracture mechanics size effect, and fractal nature of
crack surfaces (Bažant and Planas 1998).
Due to lack of yield plateau
Brittle Structure.
Introduction
Figure (2) Progressive Nature of Failure Illustrated for Punching Shear
of a. Slab.
Introduction
There are three ways of applying a force to enable a crack to propagate:
Mode I fracture – Opening mode (a tensile stress normal to the plane of the
crack),
Mode II fracture – Sliding mode (a shear stress acting parallel to the plane of
the crack and perpendicular to the crack front),
Mode III fracture – Tearing mode (a shear stress acting parallel to the plane of
the crack and parallel to the crack front).
size effect is, for design engineers, probably the most compelling reason
The
for using fracture mechanics
The size effect is defined through a comparison of geometrically similar
structures of different sizes, and is conveniently characterized in terms of the
nominal stress at maximum (ultimate) load, Pu. When the -values for
geometrically similar structures of different sizes are the same, we say that
there is no size effect.
This curve approaches the horizontal line for the strength criterion if
the structure is very small, and the inclined straight line for linear
elastic fracture mechanics if the structure is very large.
Size Effect
Figure (6) Fracture Mechanics Size Effect for Geometrically Similar Structures
of Different Sizes.
Construction and Loading of the Large Wide Beam,
Explanation of Size Effect On Ductility
Structural action is normally a combination of series and
parallel couplings of the cracking zones and the uncracked
(elastic) zones. The size effect on ductility is explained by
the series coupling aspect. Consider a cracking element
coupled with an elastic element as shown in Fig(7).
The snapback behavior is unstable even under displacement control, and the
structure fails at the maximum displacement, labeled as ucr. This displacement
represents a ductility limit for the system.
in which is the direct tensile strength, is the direct tensile strength for
maximum aggregate size , and is constant empirical constant.
Effect of Aggregate Size
size effect curves for different da may intersect, as shown in
the
Fig (8) Thus , for a sufficiently small specimen size, a higher
nominal strength is obtained with smaller aggregate size , while
for a sufficiently large specimen size, a higher nominal strength is
obtained With larger aggregate sizes.
For small beams and slabs, this fracture a analysis would suggest
using small aggregate. Concrete dams are so large that the larger
the aggregate the better