Seismic Connections 2per

AISC Live Webinar Series Connection Design for Moment Frames and Braced Frames
March 4, 2020 Session 3: Introduction to Seismic Connections
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Connection Design for Moment Frames and Braced Frames

Session 3: Introduction to Seismic Connections
March 4, 2020 •1
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Course Description
Introduction to Seismic Connections
March 4, 2020
This session will provide an overview of seismic connections for engineers that don’t
typically perform seismic design. The concepts of ductile mechanisms and capacity
design will be introduced. The characteristics of special and intermediate moment frame
connections will be explained, and the current prequalified moment connection types
will be discussed. The session will also cover the design of special concentrically braced
frame connections. Brief design examples, highlighting key calculations for both moment
connections and bracing connections, will be presented to demonstrate concepts.
AISC Live Webinars

Learning Objectives
• Describe the role of ductility in seismic design.
• Explain how to check the strong column-weak beam requirement for special
moment frames.
• List the steps for the design procedure of a reduced beam section moment
connection.
• Identify several unique design requirements for special concentrically braced

frame connections.
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Connection Design for Moment Frames

and Braced Frames
Session 3: Introduction to Seismic Connections
March 4, 2020
Matthew Eatherton, PhD, SE
Associate Professor, Virginia Tech
Blacksburg, Virginia
SCHEDULE
• February 19, 2020 Moment Connections Part I
• February 26, 2020 Moment Connections Part II
• March 4, 2020 Introduction to Seismic
Connections
• March 11, 2020 Bracing Connections
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INTRODUCTION TO
SEISMIC
CONNECTIONS
Sabelli et al. 2013
TOPICS
Introduction to Seismic Connections:
• Overview and Basics of Seismic Design
• Special Moment Frame (SMF) Connections
– AISC 358-16
– Reduced Beam Section (RBS)
• Special Concentrically Braced Frame (SCBF)
Connections
– Fold Lines
– Limit States
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OVERVIEW AND BASICS

OF SEISMIC DESIGN
Audience CJP, Demand Critical,
leave backing bar,
– Intended for non-seismic remove weld tabs
Back up bar
experts Doubler plate
5/16 to column
CJP beam web
to column
Objectives CJP
Backing bar 3/8 in. Shear
to column 5/16 plate
– Introductory information PJP per AWS
D1.8 Clause 4.3
5/16 CJP Plate
to Column
Erection
Weld access Protected
– Schematic examples holes per AWS
D1.8 Figure 6.2
bolts
zone
CJP Demand
provided (not required,
6 in.
but preferred) Critical
Remove backing,
– Focus on aspects unique Continuity plates 5/16 backgouge,
reinforcing fillet
to seismic
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Role of Ductility
Key Concept: Ductility
– Ductility: The ability to
deform inelastically
without significant loss of
Paper Clip
strength.
– Buildings survive
earthquakes through
ductility.
– Buildings deform, dissipate
energy, resist collapse.
End Plate Moment Connection Subjected to
Large Cyclic Deformations
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Material vs. Building Ductility

Material Level Ductility:
ε
μ   max
εy
εmax
εy Typical structural steels:
µε = 100 to 200
δ Building Level Ductility: – Ductility of a building is much

smaller than material ductility.
δ max
μ  – Inelastic strains concentrate and
δy
potential for nonductile limit states.
– Try to spread inelasticity, limit
deformation concentrations, delay
V
Typical: µδ = 1 to 5 fracture and collapse.
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Role of Ductility
V δ • Earthquake effects
– Earthquakes are more like an
applied displacement than an
applied force.
µδ = 1.0
Vdesign=
• As System Ductility ↑
↓ Required Strength
Base Shear, V
Velastic
↓ Amount of Materials
µδ = 1.33 ↑ Detailing and Connection Cost
↑ Inspection Requirements
µδ = 2.0
• Economical Buildings
µδ = 4.0 Vdesign= – For high seismic, highest ductility
0.25Velastic
system typically wins.
Lateral Displacement, δ – For low seismic, not enough
reduction in materials. 14
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Design Forces vs. Actual Forces

Lateral Seismic Force (Base Shear) 1. From seismic
• Design Forces
hazard get Velastic Velastic R = Response
Vdesign  Modification
R Factor
2. Divide
Peak
by R • Actual Forces
Displacement of
Vmax Elastic System
– Estimate actual base
shear:
Vdesign
Expected Peak Vmax  0Vdesign
3. Multiply Displacement of
by Ω0 Inelastic System – However, many local
δelastic δ
forces / moments don’t
δdesign
Lateral Displacement (Roof Drift) scale with Ω0.
– Use capacity design.
ASCE 7-16 Ch. 12 Commentary
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Ductile Mechanisms
Design beams,
columns and Design beams, Design beams, columns
connections for columns and and connections for
maximum forces the connections for maximum forces the EBF
braces can produce maximum forces the Link can produce
braces can produce
Tension Link beams yield
Braces Yield Tension and in flexure or shear
Compression
Compression Braces Yield
Braces Buckle
Special Concentrically Buckling Restrained Eccentrically Braced

Braced Frame (SCBF) Braced Frame (BRBF) Frame (EBF)
Plastic Hinges in Rest of Truss and

Plastic Hinges in
Beams (Moment Columns Designed for
Beams and Some
Connections) Maximum Forces Special
Panel Zone Yielding
Segment Can Produce
Discourage Hinges Thin Web Plate
in Columns Buckles and Special Segment
Yields Along
Hinging at
Tension Diagonal
Column Bases
Special Moment Special Plate Shear Special Truss Moment

Resisting Frame (SMRF) Wall (SPSW) Frame (STMF)
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Designing Rest of Load Path

• Overstrength Factor, Ω0 • Capacity Design
– Calibrated for base shear – Design for maximum
(Vmax = Ω0 Vdesign) forces the ductile
– Not all forces / moments mechanism can produce.
scale the same way: – May need to consider
(Fmax ≠ Ω0 Fdesign) different scenarios.
Example: Beam Compression Largest Compression Largest
Mmax = Ω0 Mdesign Brace at Buckling Beam Brace Post- Beam
Analysis of a Moment
Strength Axial Buckling Strength Moment
Chevron Frame Near Zero 0 = (Ω0) 0
Misses moment
due to unbalanced
forces after brace
F F buckling. T = RyFyAg C = Pcr T = RyFyAg C = 0.3Pcr
– Allowed for some ordinary – Required for most systems

systems. in Seismic Provisions
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When to Use the Seismic Provisions

ASCE 7-16 Table 12.2-1 – 85 Systems Listed
Seismic Force Detailing
R Ωo Cd Height Limits
Resisting System Requirements
All steel systems

B2. Steel special 6 2 5 in list require
concentrically braced frames
AISC 341
H. Steel systems not specifically 3 3 3 One exception
detailed for seismic resistance
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References
Necessary References Useful
Reference
AISC 341-16 AISC 358-16 Seismic Design

Seismic Provisions Prequalified Connections Manual – Contains
the other two, plus
Free download from: tables and examples
www.aisc.org/publications/steel-standards/ 19
Expected Strength of Ductile Mechanism

• Expected yield stress, Fy-expected = RyFy
– Table A3.1 in AISC 341-16 (Excerpt)
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Role of Connections
• Role of Connections in Seismic Design
– Ductility is intimately tied to connection detailing.
– Based on tests.
– Types of requirements: materials, geometry, weld detailing,
surface roughness, etc.
• Focus for This Session
– Seismic Provisions include OMF, IMF, SMF, STMF, OCCS,
SCCS, OCBF, SCBF, EBF, BRBF, SPSW, Composite.
– Focus on two common systems:
– Special moment frames (SMF)
– Special concentrically braced frames (SCBF)
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SPECIAL MOMENT FRAME (SMF)

CONNECTIONS
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Northridge Earthquake Fractures

CJP, leave
• Description backing bar in
place
– January 17, 1994
Northridge Eq. Mw = 6.7
– Hundreds of MRF Sides and a
bit of return
buildings had fractures
(no collapses) CJP, leave backing
bar in place
– January 17, 1995 Kobe Eq. Backing bar
Mw = 6.9 -Similar
fractures
• Pre-Northridge Moment
Connections
– Fracture typically occurred
[From Popov et al. 1998]
at bottom flange.
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Northridge Fractures - Causes

• Contributing Factors
1. Backing bar at bottom
flange – effective crack.
2. Weld quality poor at bottom
flange root and starts / stops
at middle.
3. Composite slab shifts
[From Popov et al. 1998]
neutral axis up – larger Effective Crack Also see:
Miller 1998, FEMA 350
strains at bottom flange.
4. Weld access hole geometry. • Implications
5. Weld filler material low – SMF and IMF connections
toughness. must be tested at full scale.
6. Panel zones were weaker. – Pass qualification criteria.
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Overview of SMF Design

• Primary Checks • Additional Requirements
1. Drift (ASCE 7-16) 1. Bracing of Beams
Will Discuss Today
2. Connection capable of 0.04 (§E3.4b)

rad story drift (§E3.6b/c) 2. Shared columns in
3. Highly ductile section for orthogonal frames
beams and columns (§E3.5a) (§E3.3)
4. Strong Column Weak Beam 3. Protected Zone (§E3.5c)
(Moment Ratio) (§E3.4a) 4. Demand Critical Welds
5. Shear strength of connection (§E3.6a)
(§E3.6d) 5. Column splices (§E3.6g)
6. Panel zone shear (§E3.6e) 6. Clear span to depth ratio
7. Continuity plates (§E3.6f) for beams (AISC 358)
Sections cited are in AISC 341-16
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Ductility and SMF Design

Ductile Mechanism is Plastic • Prevent story mechanisms
Hinging at Beam Ends (Strong-Column-
Weak-Beam)
Plastic Hinges in
Beams and Some • Limit local column
Panel Zone Yielding
deformations that can
Discourage Hinges otherwise reduce ductility
in Columns
(panel zone and
Hinging at
Column Bases continuity plates)
• Restrict attachments in
plastic hinges
• Connection type with proven
(protected zone)
ductility (0.04 rad)
• High toughness weld filler
• Beams and columns capable
metal at hinges
of large rotations (highly
(demand critical welds) 26
ductile section criteria)
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SMF Connection Conformance

• Requirement (§E3.6b) AISC 358-16
1. Full-scale tests.
Ductile Limit
2. Cyclic loading up to story State, ϕd = 1.0
drift of 0.04 rad.
3. Must retain moment strength Nonductile
of 0.80 Mp (nominal). Limit State,
ϕn = 0.9
• Ways to Show Conformance
1. Use a connection in AISC
358-16 (prequalified).
2. Use a connection
prequalified by someone else.
Qualification
3. Conduct two qualifying tests Testing
identical to your building.
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AISC 358-16 Prequalified Conn. 1/3

Each connection has its own limits on Unstiffened
prequalification.
Plastic
Hinge
• Shifts plastic
• Shop welds.
hinge away from
column face. • Both flanges welded
from outside face.
• Protects beam-to-
Plastic
column welds. • No weld access holes.
Hinge
• Slight reduction in Beam flange
stiffness. Plastic
Hinge CJP, but PJP
over web.
Stiffened
1. Reduced Beam Section (RBS) 2. Extended End-Plate

Connections
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Plastic
Hinge
Plastic
Hinge
• Allows plastic hinge up to face

of column.
• Plastic hinge shifts away from
welds. • Special weld access hole
geometry.
• Slip of flange plate bolts occurs.
• Special detailing requirements
• Flange plates shop welded to for beam weld to column.
column.
4. Welded Unreinforced Flange –
3. Bolted Flange Plate
Welded Web (WUF-W)
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5. Kaiser Bolted Bracket 7. Side Plate®

6. ConXtech® ConXLTM
8. Simpson Strong-Tie®
Strong Frame ® 9. Double-Tee 10. SlottedWeb®
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Highly Ductile Members

• Section Compactness (Provisions §D1.1)
– Delay local buckling. Flanges of I-Shape
– §E3.5a requires highly ductile
bf E
section for beams and columns.  0.32
2t f Ry Fy
– Also bracing requirements.
Web of I-Shape
If Ca ≤ 0.114 If Ca > 0.114
h E h  E E 
 2.57 1  1.04Ca   0.88  2.68  Ca   1.57 
tw Ry Fy t w  Ry Fy Ry Fy 
Pu Fy expected = Ry Fy
Ca  Py  Ry Fy Ag Table A3.1 in AISC 341-16
c Py Ry = 1.1 for A992
Note: Presenting LRFD only, 31

not showing ASD version of Ca
Highly Ductile Members - Example

• Determine if the following section is highly ductile
A992 W24x62 with axial force Pu=100 kips to be used as
SMF Beam.
bf h
 5.97  50.1 A  18.2 in 2 From Table 1-1
2t f tw in the Manual.
‒ Check Flanges:
E 29, 000 ksi
0.32  0.32  7.35
Ry Fy   50 ksi 
1.1
 bf   E 
  5.97   0.32  7.35 Flanges satisfy
 2t f   Ry Fy  highly ductile limit.
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Highly Ductile Members - Example

‒ Check Web: A992 W24x62 with Pu=100 kips
Pu Pu 100 kips
Ca     0.111
c Py c Ry Fy Ag 0.9 1.1 50 ksi  18.2 in 2 
Since Ca ≤ 0.114
E 29, 000 ksi
2.57 1  1.04Ca   2.57 1  1.04  0.111   52.2
Ry Fy 1.1 50 ksi  
h  Web satisfies highly
  50.1  52.2 ductile limit.
 tw 
Section satisfied highly ductile compactness criteria
‒ Table 1-3 or Table 4-2 in AISC Seismic Design Manual
shows this also.
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Strong-Column-Weak-Beam (SCWB)
• Moment Ratio (Provisions §E3.4a)
– Project the beam and column moments to
center of connection.  M *pc  1.0
– Sum of column moments should be greater.  M *pb
– Force the beam plastic hinges to occur at
multiple levels. Sh is distance to plastic
Mpc2 Puc2 Mpb* and Mpc* are moments
hinge. See AISC 358.
Plastic Hinge projected to this point
Location Vuc2 • Sh=a+b/2 for RBS.
Plastic Hinge
Location • Sh=min{d/2, 3bbf} for
db / 2 db / 2
Vub1
Unstiff End Plate.
Mpb2 • Sh=end of stiffener in
Mpb1 Vub2 Stiffened End Plate.
Puc1 Vuc1 • Sh=0 for WUF-W.
Sh Sh
Mpc1 34
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• Beam Moment Cpr accounts for strain-hardening.
Fy  Fu Typical unless otherwise
C pr   1.2
M pr  C pr Ry Fy Z e 2 Fy specified in AISC 358.
Eqn. (2.4-1) Cpr = 1.4 for WUF-W
Ze = effective plastic section modulus
Vub = Shear due to + Shear due to M *pb M pr
plastic hinging gravity loads
2 M pr Vub
Vub   Vu gravity
Lh
dc Lh = dist. to
* d   Sh next plastic
M pb  M pr  Vub  c  Sh  2
 2  hinge

neglecting αs term for ASD
• Column Moment
– Does not use expected yield
  stress, RyFy .
P
M pc  Z c  Fyc  uc  – Does not use strain hardening
 Ag
  factor, Cpr .
M *pc  M pc – Can neglect additional moment
due to column shear, Vc db / 2
• Moment Ratio
*
M pc
 1.0 – Sum for all beams and
*
M pb columns framing into joint.
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SCWB Example
• Determine if strong-column-weak-beam is satisfied
– Beam Moment Stiffened Extended
End-Plate Connection
Fy  Fu 50 ksi  65 ksi
C pr    1.15  1.2 Pu=200 kips
2 Fy 2  50 ksi 
Ry=1.1 Table A3.1 for A992
Plastic Hinge Line
Vu gravity=30 kips
Vu gravity=30 kips
W14x455
Per AISC 358

Zx=581 in3 for W36x150
A992
A992
W36x150
M pr  C pr Ry Fy Z x
M pr  1.151.1 50 ksi   581 in3 
M pr  36, 750 k  in. Distance Between

Plastic Hinges
Lh=312 in. Sh=14.4 in.
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SCWB Example
– Beam Moment
2 M pr 2  36, 750 k  in 
Vub   Vu gravity   30 kips  265 kips
Lh  312 in.
d 
M *pb  M pr  Vub  c  Sh 
 2 
 19.0 in. 
M *pb   36, 750 k  in.   265 kips    14.4 in.   43,100 k  in.
 2 
*
M pb   2 beams  43,100 k  in.  86, 200 k  in.
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SCWB Example
– Column Moment
Zx = 936 in3 and A = 134 in2 for W14x455
Puc  Pu  2Vu gravity  200 kips  2  30 kips   260 kips
 P  3  260 kips 
M *pc  Z c  Fyc  uc
    936 in   50 ksi    45, 000 k  in.
 Ag   134 in 2 
*
M pc   2 columns  45, 000 k  in.  90, 000 k  in.
– Moment Ratio
M *
90, 000 k  in.
Strong-Column-Weak-
pc
*
  1.04  1.0 Beam is Satisfied.
M pb 86, 200 k  in.
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Column Panel Zone Shear

• Requirement Mpc2
Vuc2 Vuc2
Provisions Mf1 Mf2
§E3.6e Vu1 db-tbf db-tbf
db - tbf
Panel
Zone
Panel
Zone
Ru  Rn Mf2
Mf1
Vu2 Mf1 Mf2
v  1.0 Vuc1 db-tbf V d b-tbf
uc1
Mpc1
• Demand (Required Strength) Moment at Face of Column
Mf M f  M pr  Vub Sh
Ru    Vc
db  t f M f
Column shear is always Column Shear : Vc  h h

above
 below
opposing beam flange forces. 2 2
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Column Panel Zone Shear

• Design Panel Zone Strength • Doubler Plates §E3.6e
– Specification §J10.6 – Get ϕRn using:
– If panel zone is considered in tw = twc + tdp
frame stability and Pr ≤ 0.75 Pe
– Minimum thickness
 3b t 2  of column web or
Rn   0.6 Fy  d c tw  1  cf cf  (J10-11)
 ddt  doubler plates:
 b c w 
d z  wz d z  db  2t fb
Plastic shear Increase for t
90 wz  d c  2t fc
strength column flanges
Doubler
Plates
– If Ru ≤ ϕRn then done.
Doubler
– If Ru > ϕRn then add doubler Plate Weld
plates. ‒ Also detailing (§E3.6e(3))
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Continuity Plates (Column Web Stiffeners)

• Continuity Plates (§E3.6f) Edge in line with
beam flange or wider
– Provide continuity plates if See Pf
either of the following: §E3.6f.2(c) Mf
db-tfb
(a) Required by Section CJP

J10 of Specification using
force: Pf = Mf / (db-tfb) Pf
Thickness 0.5 tfb for
reduce by 0.85 if welded web one sided or 0.75 tfb
for two-sided
(b) Column flange
thickness less than tlim bbf For beam welded
tlim  to flange of W
– Follow detailing in 6
Specification J10.8 and shape or built-up I
Seismic Provisions E3.6f.2.
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Demand Critical Welds

• Locations (§E3.6a)
– Welds where inelastic strains are expected.
– Beam-to-column, column splices, column-to-base plate (with
exceptions), others as specified in AISC 358.
• Requirements (§A3.4b and AWS D1.8)
– Specify demand critical welds on drawings.
– Filler metals must have high elongation and CVN toughness.
For E70: Elongation > 22%

CVN toughness > 20 ft-lb at 0° F
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Protected Zone
• Locations (AISC 358) to the end
of the RBS
– Where inelastic strains are expected.
– Different for each connection
(see AISC 358). Shaded Areas are
the Protected Zone
• Requirements (§I2.1) Reduced Beam
Section Connection
– No tack welds, holes, erection aids, Distance equal to the
smaller of d or 3bf
arc gouging, thermal cutting, headed
shear studs.
– No welded, bolted, screwed, or
power-actuated fasteners. Unstiffened Extended End-
Plate Connection
– Exception: arc spot welds and PAF
for decking attachments.
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Reduced Beam Section (RBS)

• Learning Objective
– Understand and apply design procedure for one prequalified
connection type.
• Prequalification Limits (§5.3)
– Design to conform to limits of what has been tested.
– Beams: – Columns:
• Maximum of W36 • Beam connects to
• Weight ≤ 302 lb/ft, column flange
• tf ≤ 1.75 in. • Maximum of W36 or
• Clear span to depth ≥ 7 (SMF) equivalent built-up
• W shape or equivalent built- • Up to 24 in. box section
up section
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• Special Requirements
– Allows smaller bf in highly ductile member check (§5.3.1(6)).
– SCWB - Calculates Mpr based on ZRBS (§5.4(2)).
– Use elastic drift x 1.1 for c = 0.25bbf, interpolate for less (§5.8-1).
• Design Procedure (§5.8) a b
c
– Step 1. Choose a, b, c
0.5bbf  a  0.75bbf
0.65d  b  0.85d
Radius Circular
0.1bbf  c  0.25bbf
4c 2  b 2 arc
8c
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• Design Procedure (§5.8)
– Step 2. Plastic section modulus at center of RBS, ZRBS
Z RBS  Z x  2ctbf  d  tbf 
– Step 3. Calculate probable maximum moment, Mpr
M pr  C pr Ry Fy Z RBS
– Step 4. Calculate shear force at RBS, VRBS
2 M pr Lh = distance between plastic
VRBS   Vu gravity
Lh hinges (center of RBS’s)
– Step 5. Calculate beam moment at face of column, Mf
b
M f  M pr  VRBS S h Sh  a 
2
47

– Step 6. Calculate plastic moment strength of beam (strength

at face of column neglecting access holes)
M pe  Ry Fy Z x
– Step 7. Check flexural strength of beam at face of column

M f  d M pe d  1.0 for ductile limit states
– Step 8. Check shear strength of beam
2M pr
Vu   Vu gravity Shear Strength per
Lh Specification Ch. G
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– Step 9. Beam web weld to column flange – detailing per
(§5.6)
– Step 10. Check for continuity plates, design if necessary
– Step 11. Strong-Column-Weak-Beam requirement
– Other. Column panel zone shear
– Other. Detailing requirements in AISC 358
49
Reduced Beam Section Example

• Step 0 – Prequalification RBS Cuts
Limits (§5.3)
– Beams are W36 or smaller, not
W14x82
more than 302 lb/ft,

A992
A992
and tbf ≤ 1.75 in. OK
W24x84
– Clear span / depth greater than or

equal to 7 (394 in. / 24.1 in. =
16.3) OK Clear distance
= 394 in.
– Sections are highly ductile OK
(Seismic Manual Table 1-3) L=34' center to
center of columns
– Column is less than W36 OK
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Doubler plate if
• Step 1 – Trial Values for a, b, c required
bbf = 9.02 in. and d = 24.1 in. for W24x84
Vu gravity=30 kips
W14x82
A992
A992
 0.5bbf  4.51 in.  a  0.75bbf  6.76 in. W24x84
0.65d  15.7 in.  b  0.85d  20.5 in.

 0.1bbf  0.90 in.  c  0.25bbf  2.25 in. RBS Cuts
Continuity plates
if required
Select:
a = 6.00 in.
b = 18.0 in.
c = 2.0 in.
51

• Step 2 – Calculate ZRBS
Z RBS  Z x  2ctbf  d  tbf 
Z RBS  224 in3  2  2.0 in. 0.77 in. 24.1 in.  0.77 in.  152 in3
• Step 3 – Calculate Mpr

Fy  Fu 50 ksi  65 ksi VRBS
C pr    1.15  1.2
2 Fy 2  50 ksi 
Ry = 1.1 Table A3.1 for A992
M pr  C pr Ry Fy Z RBS Mpr
M pr  1.151.1 50 ksi  152 in3 

M pr  9610 k  in.
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• Step 4 – Shear at Center of RBS Center
b 18 in. of RBS
S h  a   6 in.   15 in.
2 2 VRBS
Lh  L  d c  2 Sh
Lh  408 in.  14.3 in.  2 15 in.  364 in.
VRBS  2 M pr Lh  Vu gravity Mf Mpr
2  9610 k  in.
VRBS   30 kips  83 kips
364 in. Sh=a+b/2 Distance
Between
• Step 5 – Calculate Mf L=34' center Plastic
to center of Hinges, Lh
M f  M pr  VRBS S h columns
M f  9610 k  in.   83 kips 15 in.  10,860 k  in.
53

• Step 6 – Calculate Moment Strength at Column Face
M pe  Ry Fy Z x
W24x84 beam
M pe  1.1 50 ksi   224 in3  Zx=224 in3
M pe  12,320 k  in.
• Step 7 – Check Moment Strength at Face

d M pe  M f ϕd = 1.0 for ductile limit states per 358
d M pe  1.0 12,320 k  in.  12,320 k  in.
 d M pe  12,320 k  in.   M f  10,860 k  in.
Beam Moment Strength at Column Face is Sufficient
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• Step 8 – Check Beam Shear Strength
Vu  VRBS  83 kips ‒ Difference is gravity load
between RBS and column face.
‒ Conservatively include in both.
‒ Specification Chapter G
h E
 2.24  45.9  53.9 So, ϕv = 1.0 and Cv1 = 1.0
tw Fy
vVn  v 0.6 Fy AwCv1  1.0  0.6  50 ksi   24.1 in. 0.47 in.  1.0 
vVn  340 kips Eqn. (G2-1)
vVn  340 kips   Vu  83 kips 
Beam Shear Strength at Column Face is Sufficient
55

• Step 9 – Beam Web to Column Weld
– Beam web to Column Flange is CJP.
– Detailing per (§5.6) – 3/8 in. shear tab as weld backing.
• Step 10 – Continuity Plates see AISC 341 §E3.6f
– Check Specification §J10 with concentrated force, Pf
0.85M f 0.85 10,860 k  in. Eqn from AISC 341
Pf    396 kips E3.6f for welded web
d  tbf 24.1 in.  0.77 in.
– Also need continuity plates if: tcf < tc,lim tcf  0.855 in.
bbf 9.02 in. Continuity Plates
tc ,lim    1.50 in. tcf  tc ,lim
6 6 are Required
– Follow reqmnts: AISC 341 §E3.6f.2 and AISC 360 § J10.8
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• Step 11 – Strong-Column-Weak-Beam
– Satisfied (not shown here - already worked an example).
• Panel Zone Shear AISC 341 §E3.6e
– Find that 1/2 in. doubler plate required (not shown here, see
example in previous session).
– Individual layers (web and doubler) minimum thickness:
d z  wz  d  2tbf    dc  2tcf 
t   0.390 in.
90 90
twc  0.51 in   0.390 in. W14x82 column
OK
tdoubler  0.50 in   0.390 in.
– Follow detailing requirements in AISC 341 §E3.6e.3.
57

• Final Detailing AISC 358 §3.3
CJP, Demand Critical, a b
leave backing bar,
c
remove weld tabs

Back up bar
5/16 to column
1/2 in. doubler CJP beam web
plate one side to column Radius
CJP 4c 2  b 2
Backing bar 3/8 in. Shear 5/16 8c
CJP
to column 5/16 plate Plate to
PJP per AWS Column a = 6.00 in.
D1.8 Clause 4.3
Erection b = 18.0 in.
Weld access holes Protected
bolts c = 2.0 in.
per AWS D1.8 Figure zone
6.2 (not required,
but preferred) CJP Demand
6 in.
Critical
Remove backing,
1/2 in. Continuity 5/16 backgouge,
plates reinforcing fillet
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SPECIAL CONCENTRICALLY
BRACED FRAME CONNECTIONS
Back in AISC 341-16 now
59
Introduction to SCBF Connections

• Unique Issues for Seismic Bracing Connections
1. Accommodating rotation in braces – either
accommodate rotation or push plastic hinge into brace.
2. Beam-to-column connections with bracing gussets –
design as simple shear or as moment connection.
3. Designing bracing connections for expected tension
strength of braces.
4. Net section area > gross section area.
5. Demand critical welds.
6. Protected zone.
Member requirements not listed.
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Accommodating Brace Rotation

• Member requirements (not covered here):
‒ Braces in alternating directions – tension and compression.
‒ Required strength for columns and beams: combinations of brace
tension yielding, buckling strength, brace post-buckling strength.
‒ Columns, beams and braces satisfy highly ductile criteria.
Capacity design
beams, columns and
• Bracing Connection connections
‒ Ductile mechanism is brace Connection has to

accommodate
yielding and brace buckling. rotation or push
hinge into brace
‒ Must accommodate brace Tension
rotation as it buckles without Braces Yield
Compression
fracture (§F2.6c.3). Braces Buckle
61

t = thickness of tp = thickness
Line gusset plate of knife plate
perpendicular
to brace
3tp rotation
centerline,
clearance
start at gusset
intersection
nearest brace Knife plate
end.
• 2t Fold Line • Knife Plate Detail
‒ Provide a hinge zone in the ‒ In-plane brace buckling.
gusset plate, width 2t. ‒ Provide a hinge zone in the
‒ Gusset plate buckling may knife plate, width 3tp.
control gusset thickness. ‒ More compact connection.
See 3rd Ed. SDM Example 5.3.9 See 3rd Ed. SDM Example 5.3.11
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8t clearance
• Push plastic hinge into
for fold line brace
‒ Section §F2.6c.3(a) – design
Elliptical brace connection for expected
shaped fold
line brace flexural strength x 1.1.
‒ 1.1RyMp of brace about the
critical buckling direction.
• Elliptical Fold Line
‒ Less common than
‒ Provide an elliptical hinge accommodating rotation in
zone in the gusset, width 8t. gusset per §F2.6c.3(b).
‒ Generally more compact than
straight 2t fold line.
See 3rd Ed. SDM Example 5.3.10
neglecting αs term for ASD
Beam-to-Column Connections
• §F2.6b - Option (a)
(McManus
‒ Design as simple connection. et al. 2013)
Allow rotation per
Specification §B3.4a.
‒ Commentary shows three
options:
(Thornton and
See Example 5.3.9 Muir 2008)
in 3rd Ed. Seismic
Design Manual
(Stoakes and Fahnestock 2010)
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• §F2.6b - Option (b)
‒ Design as moment connection.
‒ Design for either expected
flexural strength of beam x 1.1,
or 1.1 times sum of expected
flexural strength of columns
framing into joint.
‒ Combine with demands from
brace and collector.
Example of loads associated
‒ See Example 5.3.11 in 3rd Ed.
with required moment
Seismic Design Manual.
3rd Ed. SDM Ex. 5.3.11
65
• §F2.6b - Option (c)
‒ Detail similar to WUF- CJP, Demand
Critical, leave
W, see §E1.6b(c). backing bar,
remove weld
‒ Welds per AISC 358 tabs
Back up bar CJP
with CJP at flanges. to column 5/16 web to
column
‒ Special weld access Continuity Plates per
E3.6f (if required)
Alternative:
single plate
hole detailing. Design for strength of bolted web
connection
continuity plate, CJP,
two-sided PJP with
‒ Beam web to column fillets , or double fillet
welded or single plate Weld access holes CJP Demand
Critical
per AWS D1.8
bolted. Clause 6.11.1.2 and 5/16
Remove backing,
backgouge,
Figure 6.2
reinforcing fillet
‒ Continuity plates per
E3.6f.
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Connection Demands - Tension

• Required Tensile Strength §F2.6c.1
‒ Tu = RyFyAg Ag = gross area of brace Tu
‒ This load does not apply to brace net
section check.
‒ Can be limited by the max force that
can be transferred to brace (e.g.
foundation uplift) – not common
and not a good design approach.
‒ For standard size holes, don’t need
to design as slip critical. For
oversized holes, design demand for
slip can be limited by overstrength
loads.
67
Connection Demands - Compression

• Required Compression Pu
Strength, §F2.6c.2
‒ Design connection for
expected brace strength in
compression (see below).
‒ Does not need to exceed
RyFyAg .
‒ Length used in buckling
calculation not greater than
brace end to brace end.
Fcre Ag Fcre = Fcr from
Pu  Specification Ch. E, but
0.877 using RyFy as yield
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Connection Demands - Flexure

• Required Flexural
Mu
Strength, §F2.6c.3
‒ If not detailing connection to
accommodate rotation.
‒ Mu = 1.1 Ry Mp of brace
• Combination of Tension,
Compression, and Flexure
‒ Permitted to consider loads
independently, no interaction.
‒ See beginning of §F2.6c.
69
Overview of Limit States

1. Brace net section fracture - Unique to SCBF
2. Brace to knife plate weld
3. Knife plate tension yielding, net section
rupture, compression buckling
4. Knife plate to gusset weld
5. Gusset tension yield on Whitmore
section, compression buckling
6. Gusset at bolts – tension yield, net
section tension rupture, shear rupture,
block shear
7. Gusset to beam weld 10. Single plates to column weld
8. Shear transfer at single plate connections: 11. Beam web local yielding and
(bolt shear, bearing and tear-out) crippling / stiffeners if necessary
9. Single plates - tension yield, net section 12. Column web local yielding and
tension or shear rupture, block shear crippling / stiffeners if necessary
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Connection Design for Actual Location of Forces

Need to consider actual location of References:
forces applied in a connection to get • Fortney, P.J. and Thornton, W.A.
correct shear and moment in the member (2015), “The Chevron Effect – Not an
Isolated Problem.” AISC Engineering
Journal, 2015, Qtr 2.
“Chevron • Example 5.3.8 in the 3rd Edition of the
Seismic Design Manual
Effect”
Not Specific • Soon to be released paper: Sabelli, R.,
Saxey, B., and Arber, L., “Design for
to Seismic Local Web Shear at Brace
Connections: Full-Height and
Midspan Gussets.” AISC Engineering
Localized Journal.
beam shear • Sabelli, R., Saxey, B., Richards
(2020) “The ‘Chevron Effect’ In Web
[from Sabelli Shear At Midspan Gussets: A
et al. (2020)] Comparison of Design Methods and
FEM Modeling”, 17WCEE
Conference in Sendai Japan
71
Net Section Fracture Requirement

• Brace Net Area, Wrap
around end t
§F2.5b.(c)
‒ Brace effective net area not
Slot not
less than gross area. more than
3/16 in.
‒ For knife plate connection, slot beyond end
in brace can be close to end of of knife
plate. Fillet
knife plate. weld size = t
+ root
‒ AWS D1.1-15 §5.21 says root opening
opening not greater than 3/16
in. and if over 1/16 in. increase
legs of fillet for root opening
One approach for making
size.
net area ≥ gross area
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Net Section Fracture Requirement

• Brace Net Area, tw
§F2.5b.(c)
Lw
If using reinforcement : Slot
Lw
‒ Size reinforcement so that Reinforce-
UAn > Ag . ment both
sides
‒ Reinforcement should have
yield stress at least equal to
yield stress of brace. Increase weld
size for root
‒ Weld to develop reinforcement opening gap
expected strength on both sides
of reduced section.
73
Demand Critical Welds

• Demand Critical Welds
§F2.6a
CJP, Demand
‒ Groove welds at column Critical, leave
backing bar,
remove weld
splices. tabs
Back up bar CJP
‒ Welds at column-to-base to column 5/16 web to
column
plate connections (unless Continuity Plates per Alternative:
E3.6f (if required) single plate
plastic hinging near base Design for strength of bolted web
continuity plate, CJP, connection
plate is prevented and no two-sided PJP with
fillets , or double fillet
net uplift). Weld access holes CJP Demand
Critical
per AWS D1.8
‒ Welds at beam-to-column Clause 6.11.1.2 and 5/16
Remove backing,
backgouge,
Figure 6.2
reinforcing fillet
connection if using
§F2.6b(c) prescriptive
moment connection.
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Protected Zone
• Protected Zone Locations
Figures C-F2.14 and C-F2.15 in AISC 341

§F2.5c
‒ Center 1/4 of brace length.
‒ Within d of the braced connection.
‒ Connection region.
• Limitations §D1.3 and §I2.1
‒ No tack welds, holes, erection
aids, arc gouging, thermal cutting,
headed shear studs.
‒ No welded, bolted, screwed, or
power-actuated fastener
attachments.
75
SCBF - Example
HSS 6.875x0.500
A500 Gr. B
• Do the Following: Buckling
length 1"
1. Calculate the gusset Lbp=17"
plate required tension Brace Length
Lb= 12' from
and compression fold line to
1'-6"
strength. 2t fold line

A572 Gr. 50
2. Design the gusset plate 2'-3" gusset
thickness and fold line Plate width at
end of brace,
dimension. wpa=28"
3. Check the brace net
section and design
reinforcement.
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SCBF - Example
1a. Calculate brace connection required tension strength
HSS 6.875x0.500 A500 Gr. B

Ag = 9.36 in2, Fy = 42 ksi, Ry = 1.4 (Table A3.1)
Pu tens  Ry Fy Ag
Pu tens  1.4  42 ksi   9.36 in 2 
Pu tens  550 kips
77
SCBF - Example
1b. Calculate brace connection required compression
strength - use AISC 360 Ch. E with Fy=RyFy
KLb
Lb = 144 in., K = 1.0, r = 2.27 in.  63.4
r
 KLb   E 29, 000 ksi 
 r  63.4    4.71  4.71  105 
   Ry Fy 1.4  42 ksi  
So use Eq. E3-2 in AISC 360
π2 E π 2  29, 000 ksi 

Fe  2
  71.2 ksi
 KLb  63.42
 r 
 
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SCBF - Example
1b. Calculate brace connection required compression
strength - use AISC 360 Ch. E with Fy = RyFy
 Ry Fy
  1.4  42 ksi  
Fcre  0.658 Fe
 Ry Fy  0.658  71.2 ksi   1.4  42 ksi 
   
Fcre  41.6 ksi

 Fcre Ag 
Pu comp  min  , Ry Fy Ag 
 0.877  Pu comp  444 kips
  41.6 ksi  9.36  
Pu comp  min  , 550 kips   444 kips
 0.877 
79
SCBF - Example
2a. Tension Yield on Gusset Whitmore Section
Gusset plate width at end of brace is given as wpa = 28 in.
Calculate Whitmore width: wpW
wpW  6.875 in.  2  27 in. tan  30 
wpW  38.1 in.
wpa
Plate width to use: wpW
 
wp  min wpa , wpW  28.0 in.
Try 5/8 in. gusset plate
Rn  0.9 Fy t p wp  0.9  50 ksi  5 / 8 in. 28.0 in.  788 kips
Rn  788 kips    Pu tens  550 kips  OK
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SCBF - Example
2b. Block Shear on Gusset Trying a 5/8 in. gusset
Ant  D t p   6.875 in. 5 / 8 in.  4.30 in 2
Agv  2 Lwt p  2  27 in. 5 / 8 in.  33.8 in 2
Anv  Agv
Because Anv = Agv, shear yield controls

Rn  0.75  0.6 Fyp Agv  U bs Fup Ant 
Rn  0.75 0.6  50 ksi   33.8 in 2   1.0  65 ksi   4.30 in 2  
Rn  970 kips    Pu tens  550 kips  OK
81
SCBF - Example
2c. Gusset Plate Buckling Trying a 5/8 in. gusset
tp 5 / 8 in.
rp    0.18 in. Buckling length,
12 12 Lbp=17"
K=0.65 (fxd-fxd)
 KLb  0.65 17   E
   61  4.71 Perpendicular
 rp  0.18   Fy plate width at
π2 E end of brace,
Fe  2
 76.3 ksi wpa=28"
 KLb 
  A572 Gr. 50
 r 
gusset -
Fy
  Trying 5/8" thick
Fcr  0.658 Fe  Fy  38.0 ksi
 
Pn  0.9 Fcr w pa t p  0.9  38.0 ksi  28 in. 5 / 8 in.
Rn  599 kips    Pu comp  444 kips  OK
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SCBF - Example
3a. Brace Effective Net Section without Reinforcement
Slot 1/8 in. larger
HSS 6.875x0.500, tdes=0.465 in. than plate
Trying a 5/8 in. gusset
An orig  Ag  2  t p  1/ 8 in. tdes
An orig  9.36 in 2  2  5 / 8 in.  1/ 8 in. 0.465 in.

An orig  8.66 in 2 AISC 360 Table D3.1
Case 5
U = 1.0 because L > 1.3D 27.0 in. > (1.3)(6.875 in.)
Ae-orig=1.0An-orig = 8.66 in2 < Ag=9.36 in2
→Need reinforcement
83
SCBF - Example
3b. Brace Effective Net Section with Reinforcement
Try 1 in. x 1 in. reinforcement, tr = 1.0 in.
Can’t use U = 1.0 now. Calculate U:
D 6.875 in.
xring    2.19 in.
π π
AISC 360
D tr
xre inf    3.94 in. Table D3.1
2 2 Case 2
tr=1 in.
xring Aring  xre inf Are inf tr=1 in.

x  2.50 in.
Aring  Are inf
x 2.50 in. HSS6.875x0.500
U  1  1  0.91
Lw 27.0 in. D = 6.875 in.
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SCBF - Example
3b. Brace Effective Net Section with Reinforcement
Try 1 in. x 1 in. reinforcement, tr = 1.0 in.
Ae  U  An  orig  2tr2 

Ae  0.91 8.66 in 2  2 1 in.
2
  9.68 in 2
 Ae  9.68 in 2    Ag  9.36 in2  OK
85
SCBF - Example
3c. Length of Reinforcement
Expected strength of the reinforcement
Rey  tr2 Ryr Fyr  1.0 in 2  1.1 50 ksi   55.0 kips
Try 8 in. long 3/16 in. welds

t 
Rn  2 Lwr  wr 1.392
 16 
Rn  2  8 in. 3 sixteenths 1.392 3/16
tr=1 in.
tr=1 in.
Rn  66.8 kips
Rn  66.8 kips    Rey  55.0 kips  OK
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SCBF - Example
Fold Line and Final Detail
3/16
Protected
Zone
HSS 6.875x0.500
A500 Gr. B Brace
1" A572 Gr. 50 square

Fold Line: 1.25" reinforcement both
sides, extend 8" past
2t = 2(5/8 in.) slot on brace side and
8" past gusset on
2t = 1.25 in. other side
5/8" A572 Gr. 50

gusset
87
End of Session 3
Thank You for
Attending
Next Up
88
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44
Next Session
• March 11, 2020 Bracing Connections
TOPICS
• Light Bracing Connections
• Heavy Bracing Connections
• Uniform Force Method
89
AISC | Questions?
Copyright © 2020
45
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AISC Live Webinar Series Connection Design for Moment Frames and Braced Frames

March 4, 2020 Session 3: Introduction to Seismic Connections

AISC Live Webinars

Connection Design for Moment Frames and Braced Frames

AISC Live Webinars

AISC Live Webinars

AISC Live Webinars

© The American Institute of Steel Construction 2020

The information presented herein is based on recognized engineering principles and is

AISC Live Webinars

AISC Live Webinars

• Describe the role of ductility in seismic design.

• Identify several unique design requirements for special concentrically braced

Connection Design for Moment Frames

OVERVIEW AND BASICS

Material vs. Building Ductility

δ Building Level Ductility: – Ductility of a building is much

Design Forces vs. Actual Forces

Special Concentrically Buckling Restrained Eccentrically Braced

Plastic Hinges in Rest of Truss and

Special Moment Special Plate Shear Special Truss Moment

Designing Rest of Load Path

– Allowed for some ordinary – Required for most systems

When to Use the Seismic Provisions

All steel systems

AISC 341-16 AISC 358-16 Seismic Design

Expected Strength of Ductile Mechanism

SPECIAL MOMENT FRAME (SMF)

Northridge Earthquake Fractures

Northridge Fractures - Causes

Overview of SMF Design

2. Connection capable of 0.04 (§E3.4b)

Ductility and SMF Design

SMF Connection Conformance

AISC 358-16 Prequalified Conn. 1/3

1. Reduced Beam Section (RBS) 2. Extended End-Plate

AISC 358-16 Prequalified Conn. 2/3

• Allows plastic hinge up to face

AISC 358-16 Prequalified Conn. 3/3

5. Kaiser Bolted Bracket 7. Side Plate®

Highly Ductile Members

Note: Presenting LRFD only, 31

Highly Ductile Members - Example

Highly Ductile Members - Example

Note: Presenting LRFD only, 35

Ry=1.1 Table A3.1 for A992

Plastic Hinge Line

Per AISC 358

M pr  36, 750 k  in. Distance Between

Column Panel Zone Shear

Column shear is always Column Shear : Vc  h h

Column Panel Zone Shear

Continuity Plates (Column Web Stiffeners)

(a) Required by Section CJP

Demand Critical Welds

For E70: Elongation > 22%

Reduced Beam Section (RBS)

Reduced Beam Section (RBS)

Reduced Beam Section (RBS)

Reduced Beam Section (RBS)

– Step 6. Calculate plastic moment strength of beam (strength

– Step 7. Check flexural strength of beam at face of column

Reduced Beam Section (RBS)

Reduced Beam Section Example