Network Theory 1

Network
Theory
(Solutions for Volume‐1 Class Room Practice Questions)

 I= 0A
1. Basic Concepts
8
And 4
R
01. Ans: (c)
 R = 2
Sol: We know that;
dq( t )
i(t) = 03. Ans: (a)
dt
Sol: The energy stored by the inductor (1, 2H)
dq(t) = i(t).dt
upto first 6 sec:
i(t), Amps
E stored upto 6sec   PL dt
 di( t ) 
5
 L .i( t )  dt
 dt 
3
2 4
 d    d  
=   2  (3t)   3t  dt    2  (6)   6  dt
0   2 
dt  dt  
t(sec)
0 3 4 5 7 6
6
 d  
   2  (3t  18)   (3t  18)  dt
5  sec 4 
dt  
q=  i(t )dt
0
= Area under i(t) upto 5 sec 2 4 6
=  18t dt   0 dt    6  3t  18  dt
0 2 4
q = q1|+q2| + q3 |
= 1  1  1 
= 36 + 0 – 36=0 J
  3  5     1  2  (1  3)     1  1  (1  3) 
2  2  2  (or)
q = 15c E stored upto 6 sec  E L | t  6 sec
L i( t ) | t  6 
1 2
02. Ans: (a) =
2
Sol:
a I b 4A
1
+ + =  2 0 2 = 0 J
4A 2
8V 8V 8V 2 8V
R
04. Ans: (d)
– –
Sol: The energy absorbed by the inductor
4A
(1, 2H) upto first 6sec:
Applying KCL at node ‘b’ Eabsorbed = Edissipated + Estored
I+4=4 Energy is dissipated in the resistor
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: 3 : Postal Coaching Solutions
I A
E dissipated   PR dt   (i(t)) 2 R dt
+
2 4 6 V 
  (3t) 2 1dt   (6) 2 1dt   (3t  18) 2 1dt 2A 10 10V 10
0 2 4
+
1A 1A
2 4 6 
  9t dt   36dt   (9t  324  108t)dt
2 2
B
0 2 4 From the diagram;
= 24 + 72 + 24 I = –1A and V = –10V
=120J
 Edissipated = 120 J 06. Ans: (a)
And E stored upto 6 sec  0 J Sol: V
* linear
 Eabsorbed = Edissipated + Estored
I I * Passive
 Eabsorbed = 120J+0J=120J 0
* bilateral
V
05. Ans: (a)
Sol: Point (20, 0)  V =  20V and I = 0A
07. Ans: (b)
IS 0A
A Sol: +V
IS +
+
* Non linear
ISRS
IS RS V= – 20V I
0
I * Active

– * Unilateral
B
V
By KVL  IS RS – V = 0
 ISRS + 20 = 0 08. Ans: (e)
+V
 ISRS = 20V ……….. (1) Sol:
+5
Point: (0, 2)  V = 0V and I = 2A I

0
I * Non linear
A
3 * Passive
IS
V
* Unilateral
IS = I = 2A
+
IS 0V RS V=0V 09. Ans: (c)

Sol: V
I I
* Linear
 Is = 2A 0
* Active
Substituting Is in eq (1)
* Bilateral
RS = 10 V

: 4 : Network Theory
10. 12. Ans: (d)

V1 (2)
Sol: Sol:  V   16 V1 
12 
 I in 51   I in 5 
2V 4V  
V1
+ 5 +
E Iin 5 3V1 2  VOut
V1
(1)
– –
6V 8V
V2 Applying KVL,
(3) 10V
 V   16V1 
 V1  12 I in  1   2 I in  0
 5  5 
(1) By KVL  + 10 + 8 + E + 4 = 0 12V1 32V1
V1  12Iin   2Iin  0
E = 22V 5 5
(2) By KVL  + V1  2 + 4 = 0 49
14I in  V1
V1 =  2V 5
(3) By KVL  + V2 + 6  8  10 = 0 70
 V1  I in …….. (1)
V2 = 12V 49
 16V1 
 Vout  2 I in   ……. (2)
11. Ans: (d)  5 
Sol: Substitute equation (1) in equation (2)
3 2
 16 70 
Vout  2 I in   I in 
I  5 49 
5V 2V 3V
1A
  25 
= 2  I in
 7 
 50
 I in
Here the 2V voltage source and 3V voltage 7
source are in parallel which violates the  Vout  7.143 I in
KVL. Hence such circuit does not exist.
(But practical voltage sources will have 13. Ans: (c)
some internal resistance so that when two Sol: 1 V=12V 4A
unequal voltage sources are connected in 8A
12A
parallel current can flow and such a circuit +
+
+
may exist). V1 = 20V  V1 
12V 1 12V   = 4A
   5 

0V

By nodal  By using KCL

V  20 + V  4 = 0 Vx  15
 2Vx  0  Vx = IV
8
V = 12volts
Power delivered by the dependent source is By using nodal Analysis at Vz node
Vz  15
Pdel = (12  4) = 48 watts 20  Vz = + 21V
18
14. Ans: (d) 16.

Sol: 0.5 I Sol:  0V
V1 1
+
I 1
+ + –
2
1V i1 1 1 i2 1V
2   2V +
–
V + 2
V2 +
 0V
0.5 I
By KVL  1  i1  i1 = 0
i1 = 0.5A
I
1.5I 1
By KVL  – i2 – i2 +1 = 0
I
i2 = 0.5A
–
V + 2
loop By KVL  V1  0.5 + 2 + 0.5  V2 = 0
V2 = V1 + 2 V
17.
Applying KVL,
Sol: As the bridge is balanced; voltage across (G)
 V + 1.5I +2I=0
is “0V”.
 V = – 3.5 I
By KCL at node “A”   Is + 5m + 5m = 0
IS = 10mA
15. Ans: (c) IS A
Sol: 5mA 5mA

2Vx 1K +
10 Vz 1K +
5V 5V 
 0V 
0A + 0A
IS G
+ Vx 
+
5 5mA 5V 5mA
1K 
8 5V
15V

18. P6 = 0 W (Given)

Sol: Given data:  i 62 .6 = 0
VR = 5V and VC = 4sin2t then VL = ?
 i6 = 0 (V6 = 0)
Q V1  V2
= 0; V1 = V2
6  j8
1A
+
5 VR=5V By Nodal 
 VC = 4sin2t V1
V1  200 0
2A
+  + 0 =0
P R 1 j1
2A ic
iL
+
1F V1 = 10 2 450 = V2
2H VL By Nodal 

V2 V2  V
0  =0
5 5
S
V = 2V2 = 2(10 2 450)
CdVc d
ic =  (4sin2t) = 8cos2t V = 20 2 450
dt dt
By KCL; 1  2 + iL+ic = 0
20. Ans: (d)
iL = 3  8cos2t
Sol: I1 V 2
We know that;
di L d I1
VL = L = 2 (3  8cos2t) +
dt dt V +– 4 – 2I1
= 2(8)(2)sin2t
VL = 32sin2t volt
Note: Since no independent source in the
19. network, the network is said to be
Sol: V = ? If power dissipated in 6 resistor is unenergised, so called a DEAD network”.
zero. The behavior of this network is a load
1 V1 6 j8 V2 5 resistor behavior.
0A By Nodal 
+ V V  2 I1
2000  j1 5  V I1 +  =0
4 2

3V = 8I1
V 8
0V Req =  
I1 3

21. Ans: (a) 1

Z2 = ; C = 1F
Sol: S1
1A 1 2A
1A
ZA ZC
Z3 = ZA + ZC +
R1 ZB
R3
3A 2A
R V1  1  1 
  
1 1 s 3s
=     
R2 s 3s 1
R4   1
 2s  F  Z3 1
1A 2 Z1 = F
I4
2 2A 3
1 1
Z3 = ;C= F
Apply KCL at Node – 1, 1 2
s 
I = IR1+IR3 = 1 + 1 = 2A 2 Z2=1F
Apply KCL at Node – 2,
I4 = I2 – I =  2  2 = – 4A 23.
Sol: Zab = ?
22. a
Sol: 2 4
1F=ZA Z3 Z1 j4

Zab 
3F ZB
ZC 2F j2
2 4
Z2
Fig.1 b
Z Z  Since 2 * 4 = 4 * 2; the given bridge is

Z1 = ZA + ZB +  A B 
 ZC  balanced one, therefore the current through
the middle branch is zero. The bridge acts
 1  1 
   as below :
1 1  s  2s 
=   a a
s 2s 1
  2
 3s  4
1 1
Z1 = ; C= F Zab  Zab  8

1 3 3
s 
3 4
2
 1  1  b
   b
ZB ZC 1 1  2 s   3 s 
Z2  ZB  ZC     48 8
ZA 2 s 3s 1 Zab =  
 
s 48 3
24. R
B
Sol: Redraw the circuit diagram as shown below: R
R R R or 3R or 100R
a
A
3 3 R
RAB
Req
3
d c Rab
B
3 1 R Req
A
b
As bridge is balanced
So RAB=RǁReq=RǁR=R/2
Using  to star transformation:
a 26. Ans: (b)
1 Sol: The equivalent capacitance across a, b is
a
calculated by simplifying the bridge circuit
1
1 1 as shown in Fig. 1 to Fig. 5. [ C  0.1F]
Rab Rab
d c
4
a
3 a
3 1
b
c d
b
4 7
 Rab = 1 + =  b b
3 3 Fig. 1
a
25. a
Sol: On redrawing the circuit diagram

c d
B
R R
R
b
R b
A
R R or 3R or 100R
0.1 0.1
  0.05F
0.2

a R eq  R eq2  2  3 R eq
R eq2  2R eq  2  0
0.05F 
R eq  1  3  
0.05F
29. Ans: (c)

Sol: Applying KCL
b
I0.25 = 2i + i = 3i
Cab = 0.1 F I0.125= (1 3 i) A
Note: The bridge is balanced and the answer
is easy to get. (13i) 1/8
_
+
_ i 1/2 
+ 1/4 
27. Ans:(a) _
3i 2i +
Sol: Consider a  connected network
1A  
3Z
3Z 3 3Z
3Z
3
3Z Applying KVL in upper loop.
1  3i   i  3i  0
3
3Z 
8 2 4
Then each branch of the equivalent  5i 1  3i
  10i = 13i
4 8
3Z Z
connected impedance is = 1
3 3 i= A
13
28. Ans: (a) 3i 3 1 3
V    V
Sol: Network is redrawn as 4 4 13 52
1
a 30. Ans: (a)
Req Req Sol: ix 6 V 4
1
1
+
b 10V 2 
2ix
R eq
R eq  1  1 
1  R eq
Applying KCL at Node V
R eq 2  2R eq  R eq V V  2i x
 2    ix  0 ……….. (1)
1  R eq 1  R eq 2 4

V  10 33. Ans: (d)

ix   V  6i x  10
6
Sol: Redraw the circuit diagram as shown below:
Put in equation (1), we get Across any element two different voltages at
3ix – 5 + ix – 2.5+ix = 0 a time is impossible and hence the circuit
5ix = 7.5 does not exist.
ix = 1.5A I
Another method:
V = – 1V
By KVL  5V  
+ 10V 5
V  2i x 1  3
Idependent souce =   1A 5 + 10 = 0
4 4
15  0
 Power absorbed = (Idependent source) (2ix)
= (1) (3) = –3W 0V
Since the violation of KVL in the circuit, the

31. Ans: (d) physical connection is not possible.
Sol: V0 = ?
+ 34. Ans: (d)

2A
Sol: Redraw the given circuit as shown below:
5 V0
3A
 By KVL  I
10 10 = 0 5
10V   10V
20  0
By KCL  +2 + 3 = 0
+50
Since the violation of KCL in the circuit ;
physical connection is not possible and the
Since the violation of KVL in the circuit, the
circuit does not exist.
physical connection is not possible.
32. Ans: (b)

35. Ans: (b)
+
By KVL 
I
10 – 10 = 0
By KVL  
+
0=0 10V  10V  10V 5
15 V0 = 0 3A 15V 5 V0
+ KVL is satisfied 
V0 = 15V
3A 10
I5 = = 2A
 5
3A 0A I5 = 2A

36. Ans: (d) a
Sol:
2 A 2
+ + 
4V 2V
 2 v0 + 2A 2 2 2A

Fig. 1
The diode is forward biased. Assuming that

the diode is ideal, the Network is redrawn
3A 2 1 3A
with node A marked as in Fig. 1.
Apply KCL at node A
4  v0 v0 v0  2
 
2 2 2
b
3 v0
1 a
2 a
2 a
v0  V
3 1
(Here polarity is different what we assume 4A 5
1
2 3
so V0  V  4V
3  
 4V
37. 2
2 3
Sol: The actual circuit is O.C. b
a 3
b
2 2
b
4V + + 4V
38. Ans: (b) 10
Sol:  20V + 
2 1 5 10V
10V +
 + 3V
6V + 2A
5V
b

Voltage across 2A = 10 + 20 + 10  5
0A 4
= 35 V +

8V +
 Power supplied = VI +
6V 3 +
= 35 2 = 70 W  24V 2A
Vi
 10V

39. Ans: (d) 0A 2A

Sol: V0 1
Since; Pdel = Pabs = 48 watts. Tellegen’s
V0
6 V Theorem is satisfied.
a
+ V0 –
12 V +
–
12  41.
Sol: By KVL in first mesh
b Vx  6 + 6  12 = 0
Applying KCL at node V Vx = 12V
V  12 V P12v = (12  9) = 108 watts delivered
  V0  V0  0 6V
6 12 – +
V V
   2  V = 8V 3A
+
6 12 – (1) +
6V + 4 12V + 12V
 V0 = 4V 

–
Applying KVL in outer loop 6A 2

 –V+1(V0) +Vab = 0 +  9A
Vx
 Vab = V – V0 = 8 – 4 =4V
P4 = (12  3) = 36 watts  absorbed
40. P6V = (6  6) = 36 watts  absorbed
Sol: By KVL P6V = (6  6) = 36 watts  delivered
 Vi  6  10 = 0 P2 = (126) = 72 watts  absorbed
Vi = 16V Since Pdel = Pabs; Tellegen’s theorem is
P4 = (8 * 2) = 16watts  absorbed satisfied.
P2A = (24 * 2) = 48 watts delivered
P3 = (6*2) = 12 watts  absorbed 42. V
2 I
P10V = (10 * 2) = 20 watts  absorbed Sol: + 2I 


+ 4
3 16V
V3 –  16 
+ 4V3 =   Volt
 +
 3
4A

By Nodal  By superposition theorem, treating one

V V 4V independent source at a time.
4  3 = 0
3 2 2
(a) When 1A current source is acting
5V
= 4  2V3 …………. (1) alone.
6
By KVL 
1 1
V3  2I + 4V3 = 0
2
5V3  2I = 0 ………….. (2) 1A 1
By KVL  I1
V = V3 ……….(3) 1 1
Substitute (3) in (1), we get
24 Since the bridge is balanced ; I1 = 0A
V3 =
17 (b) When 1V voltage source is acting
24 60 alone
V3  Volt and I = A
17 17
P3 = 0.663W absorbed 1
1 1
P4 = 64W absorbed
+ 2
P4A = 69.64W delivered 1V

P2 = 24.91W absorbed I2
P4V3 = 19.92Wdelivered 1 1
Since Pdel = Pabs = 89.57W ; Tellegen’s
Theorem is satisfied.
I2 = 0A
2. Circuit Theorems Since the bridge is balanced.
(c) When 2V voltage source is acting
01. alone
Sol: The current “I” = ?
1
I3 2 1 1
1 2V 1 I
+ 2 2V  1
1V 1A + 1
 I
1 1
2
I3 = = 0.66A
3
By superposition theorem ; I = I1 + I2 + I3 By Nodal 

I = 0 + 0 + 0.66A V (V - 2i x 2 )
–3+ =0
I = 0.66A 2 1
3V–4ix2 = 6 ……….. (1)
02. And
Sol: 2 1 ix2 = 0  V  V  2i x 2 …..(2)
2
ix Put (2) in (1), we get
10V  3A  2ix 3
ix2 =  A
5
By SPT ;
ix = ? 3 7
ix = ix1 + ix2 = 2  =
By super position theorem; treating only one 5 5
independent source at a time  ix = 1.4A
(a) When 10V voltage source is acting
alone 03 R1 i = 3A
2 1 Sol:
ix1
Resistive +
10V   2ix1 120V R2 50V
Network

R3
By KVL 
PR 3  60 W
10 2ix1 ix1 2ix1 = 0
ix1 = 2A For 120 V  i1 = 3 A
For 105 V  i1  105  3  2.625A
(b) When 3A current source is acting 120
alone For 120 V  V2 = 50 V

2 1 105
V For 105 V  V2   50  43.75 V
120
ix2
60
3A  2ix2 V2 = 120 V  I2R3 = 60 W I 
R3
For VS = 105 V

 
2
06. Ans: (b)
P3 =  105 60   R 3 = 45.9 W 2 1
 120 R  Sol: a
 3 
+ Vx –
1 1 2 Vx
04. Ans: (b)
b
Sol: It is a liner network
Vx can be assumed as function of is1 and
Excite with a voltage source ‘V’
is2
a 2 1 V2
Vx  Ai s1  Bi s 2 I V1
+ V –
x
80 = 8A+ 12 B  (1) + 1
V  1 2 Vx
0 = 8A+4B  (2)
From equation 1 & 2 b
A = 2.5: B = 5 Apply KCL at node V1

Now, VX = (2.5)(20)+(5)(20) V1 V1  V2
I 
Vx= 150V 1 1
2V1 –V2 – I = 0 ……(1)
05. Ans: (c) Apply KCL at node V2
Sol: V2  V1 V2
1 3A
3 6V   2Vx  0
a 1 1
2A 5V 2V2 – V1 +2Vx = 0 …… (2)
4
But from the circuit,
b
Vx = 2I ……. (3)
For finding Norton’s equivalent resistance Substitute (3) in (2)
independent voltage sources to be short 2V2 –V1 +4I = 0
circuited and independent current sources to 4V2 –2V1 +8I = 0
be open circuited, then the above circuit From (1),
becomes 2 V1 = V2 + I
1 O.C. 3 S.C.  4 V2 – (V2 + I) + 8I =0
a
 3V2 +7I = 0
7I
O.C. S.C. 4  V2  
3
b
Substitute (2) in (1)
 7I 
RN = 3 + 4 = 7 RN 2V1      I  0
 3

7  4I 08.
2V1  I  I  0  2V1 
3 3 Sol: Thevenin’s and Norton’s equivalents across
 2I a, b.
 V1 
3
3 V 5 Vth
 2I  a
V=Vx +V1 = 2I     +
 3 +
2  Vx 
4I Vx 10A   Vth
   4 
3

4I b
V 0V
3
V 4 4 By Nodal 
    Req = 
I 3 3 V V V
10 +  th = 0
5 5 5
07. Vth V Vx
  =0
Sol: 3 5 5 4
+ 2V  V 
 10  th 
+ 5  5 
100 0 ~ -j1 j1 j4 Vth
 Vth  V V 

  
5  10 5 
 2V 
Vx =  
Here j1 and – j1 combination will act as  5 
open circuit. Vth = 150V, V = 100 V
The circuit becomes
3 V 5 0V
a
3
+ + +
2 Vx  Vx 
+ 10A   0V ISC
  4  
100 0 ~ j4 Vth

 b
0V
1000  j 4 V V
 Vth   10  =0
3  j4 5 5
= 8036.86  V 2V
= 10
5
V = 25V

2V 2  25 V 0.8  V
Vx = = I= 
5 5 102 80
Vx = 10V V 1
RL  = 50.5.
I 1 1

 10  15 102 100
ISC =   5  = A
4  2 RL = 50.5
15
ISC = A 10.
2
Sol: Vth:
Vth 150
Rth =  = 20 6 j8 j8 6
I SC 15
2
+ + +
20
a a  110100 Vth 9000 
 

15
150V   20
2
b b By Nodal 
Vth 1100 0 Vth 900 0
   =0
09. (6  j8) (6  j8) (6  j8) (6  j8)
2ia
Sol: a 2Vth = 20000  Vth = 10000.
–+
ia ib I Rth:
100 0.2ib 80  V j8 j8
Rth
b 6
6
Super nodal equation
ia0.2ib + ib I = 0
I = ia + 0.8ib Rth = (6 + j8)||(6+j8)  (3 +j4)
V
V = 80ib ; ib =
80
A
- Inside the supernode, always the KVL is
written. (3+j4)
+
a
By KVL  1000 0
 RL

100ia + 2ia  80ib = 0
50.5
B
b

RL = |3+j4| = 5 ZL = 10 jXC = 10 + j(XC)

1000 0 XL = XC
I=
(8  j4) So for MPT; (XS + XL) = 0
P = |I|2 × RL 10  XC = 0;
Pmax = 125 × 5 = 625 W XC = 10
 Pmax = 625 Watts 1000 0
I= = 500
(10  j10  j10  10)
11. Pmax = |I|2RL = 52(10) = 250W
Sol: Pmax = 250 Watts
10 j10
j15
13. Ans: (b)
+
10000  Sol:
 RL 1 j1  a
+ V0 –
200 V – j1  V0
ZL
The maximum power delivered to “RL” is
RL = R S2  (X S  X L ) 2 b
For maximum power delivered to ZL,

Here RS = 10 ; XS = 10 & XL =  15
Z L  Zth
RL = 10  (10  15) 2 2
1 ix j1  (1+V0) a
RL = 5 5 .
+ V0 – +
10000
I= – j1  V0 V 1A
(10  j10  j15  5 5)
–
2
Pmax = I .5 5  236W b
Zth
 j1
12. i x  1  V0    1  V0  (0.5  j0.5)
1  j1
Sol:
10 j10 But
V0 = –ix
jXC
+ = – (1+V0) ( 0.5 – j0.5)
1000 0
 I
(–1–j) V0 = 1 +V0
 10
V0 (–1 –j–1) = 1
1
The maximum power delivered to 10 load V0   0.4  j0.2
2 j
resistor is:

Applying KVL 15. Ans: (c)

 V0  j1(1  V0 )  V  0 Sol:
a
V = –V0 +j1(1+V0)
= 0.4 – j0.2+ j1(0.6+j0.2) R
1A 1
V = (0.2 +j 0.4)V
V
 Z th   V  (0.2  j0.4) b
1
 Z L  Zth = (0.2 –j 0.4) 
Maximum power will occurs when R = Rs
R=1
14.
a
Sol:
j5 a
+
1A 1 1
+ j5
5000  Vth
 ZL
5 b
 b 2
1 1
 Pmax     1  W
The maximum true power delivered to “ZL” 2 4
is : 1 1 1
25% of Pmax    W
4 4 16
 500 0 
Vth =  ( j5  5) = 50 2 450 a
  j5  j5  5 
Zth = (j5)||(5+j5) = (5 j5)
1A R
1
a
Zth=(5j5)
+ b
50 2 45 0
 I ZL = Zth* = (5+j5) 
 current passing through ‘R’
1 1
I  1 
b 1 R 1 R
2
 1  1
50 245 0 P  I R  
2
 R
I= = 5 245 0 1 R  16
(5  j5  5  j5)
(R +1)2 = 16R
2 2
P = |I| 5 = | 5 2 | .5 = 250 Watts R2 +2R+1 = 16R
 Pmax = 250 Watts  R2 – 14R +1 = 0

R = 13.9282 or 0.072
a a
From the given options 72m is correct
N Rth
b
16. b
Rth
Sol: For, E = 1V, I= 0A then V =3V
Fig.(d)
a
+
E=1V +

N
V= 3V Fig.(c) is the energized version of Fig. (d)
–
b
+
Fig.(b)
Rth V=2V I=2A
Voc = 3V (with respect to terminals a and b)
For, E = 0V, I = 2A then V =2V –
+ 2
 R th   1
N V=2V I=2A 2
– with respect to terminals a and b the
Fig.(c) Thevenin’s equivalent becomes.
Now when E = 10V, and I is replaced by
Rth= 1
R = 2 then V = ? a
a
Vth=30V +

E=10V +

N V R=2 b
b Rth= 1 a
+
When E = 10V, Vth=30V +
 V 2
From Fig.(b) using homogeneity principle –
b
a 2
V  30   20V
+ 2 1
E=10V +

N
Voc= 30V
–  V = 20V
b
For finding Thevenin’s resistance across ab 17.

independent voltage sources to be short Sol: Superposition theorem cannot be applied to
circuited & independent current sources to fig (b)
be open circuited.

Since there is only voltage source given: 18. Ans: (b)

10  Z Z12  4
Sol:     11
 4   Z 21 Z 22  0
+
ISC N 30V 10 = Z11 (4) + Z12 (0)

4 = Z21 (4) + Z22 (0)
Fig (c) 1.5
By homogeneity and Reciprocity principles

to fig (a); 5 1 6A
ISC = 6A
For Rth:
10
N
Z11   2.5
Rth  Rth 4
4
Z 21  1
4
Statement: Fig (a) is the energized version 6 1 6
of figure (d) I 5    0.8 A
6.5  1 7.5
5A
5A
+
19. Ans: (b)
+
10V 10V Rth Sol:
  4A
20V N 1A
Fig (a)
10 = Rth. 5 by ohm 's law Fig.(a)
Rth = 2. –
V N 60V
I=4A +
1 2 6A Fig.(b)
Using reciprocity theorem, for Fig.(a)

Fig (b)
a
6 2
I= = 4A
(2  1) 1A N 20V
I = 4A b

V = – 15V
a
Isc= 3A N 60V
20.
b Sol: 1
Fig.(c) R1 10A 2 10A
+  5A
Norton’s resistance between a and b is 20V
3 5A A
+ + +
E R2 25V 5 5 25V
a a   
B
N RN
b b
A A A
RN Fig.(d)
Fig.(a) is the energized version of Fig.(d) 5A 5A

+
+   25V  25V 5A
4A a
25V 5 

20V RN
B B B
b
PAB = P5 = P25V = P5A = 5*25 = 125 watts
20
 RN   5 (ABSORBED)
4
With respect to terminals a and b the
Norton’s equivalent of Fig.(b) is 21. a
Sol:
a I=?
2 2 1
5 ISC = 3A
3
b 4V  –
+ 12V  2V
b
 From Fig.(b)
By Mill Man’s theorem;
a V1G 1  V2 G 2  V3 G 3
– V =
V N 60V G1  G 2  G 3
+
b 4 12 2
  4  12  4
a
 2 2 1 =  –1V
– 1 1  2*2
   1
V 5 ISC = 3A 2 2 
+
b

a 24. 1 2
1 I Sol:
5F
2
3 1000A 2Ʊ 1Ʊ
–1V  2H
V = –1V
1 1 1 1 1 1
1
     1 = 2 25.
R R1 R 2 R 3 2 2 2 4
Sol:
1
 R1 =  ix
2 +
10V  i1 3  5ix
2 i2
I = 1  I = A 
1  7
  3
2 
Nodal equations
i = GV
22. Ans: (d)
ix = i1
Sol:
10 = 2i1 + 3(i1 i2) ………. (1)
5 5mH 2f
0 = 4i2 + 2ix + 3(i2 i1) ……..…. (2)
+ + Vx = V1
10sin100t   10 10 = 2V1–3(V1 V2) ……….…. (3)
 10sin200t 
0 = 4V2 + 2Vx + 3(V2 V1) ………. (4)
V1 3Ʊ V2
Since the two different frequencies are
operating on the network simultaneously; + +
10A Vx 2 Ʊ 4Ʊ 5Vx
always the super position theorem is used to 

evaluate the responses since the reactive
elements are frequency sensitive
1
i.e., ZL = jL and ZC = .
jc
23.
Sol: In the above case if both the source
are100rad/sec, each then Millman’s theorem
is more conveniently used.

K
3. Transient Circuit Analysis G (s) 
s2
K K
G ( j)  
01. i(t) 2  2 2 2 2
Sol:  
G( j)   tan 1   tan 1 1  
2 4
V(t)=u(t)  N So steady state response will be
K  
y( t )  sin  2t  
2 2  4
i(t) = e3tA for t > 0 (given) 03.

Determine the elements & their connection Sol:
Response Laplace transform 1 2H
= System +
Excitation Laplace transform +
transfer function 5V
 V(t) i(t) 1F
+
1
10sint 
I(s) (s  3)  
i.e., = H(s) =
V(s) 1
s By KVL  v(t) = (5 + 10sint)volt
s 1
= = y(s) = Evaluating the system transfer function H(s).
(s  3) Z(s)
Desired response L.T
s  3  System transfer function
Z(s) =   Excitation response L.T
 s 
I(s) 1 1
1 1 =H(s)=Y(s)= =
=1+ =R+ V(s) Z(s)  1 
1 SC  R  SL  
s   SC 
3
1 S
H(s) =
 R = 1 and C = F are in series
3  2s  s  1
2

1
02. Ans: (c) H(j) =
 1 
Sol: The impulse response of first order system is 1   2 j 
 j 
Ke–2t.
K
So T/F = L(I.R) = II. Evaluating at corresponding s of the
s2
input
sin 2t k y (t) H(j)|=0 = 0
s2

1 Req = (2 || 2) + 9 = 10 
H(j)|=1 = 45
2 Leq : 1H
I(s)
III. = H(s)
V(s) Leq
2H 2H
I(s) = H(s)V(s)
1
i(t) = 0  5 +  10 sin( t  45)
2
Leq = (2 || 2) + 1 = 2 H
i(t) = 7.07sin(t45)A
Leq 2
OBS: DC is blocked by capacitor in  τ    0.2 sec
R eq 10
steady state
06.
04.
Sol: V(s)  H(s)  Z(s)  1 1 Sol:  = Req Ceq

I(s) Y(s) 1 1  Req : 2 1
   s C 
 R sL 
1
H(s)  2 Req
 1 
1   s 
 s 
1
H(j ω) ω 1
  1
 1  Req = 3 
1   j 
 j  Ceq : 2F
V(s) = I(s) H(s) = sin t

v(t) = sin t Volts Ceq 1F 1F
05.
Leq Ceq = 1 F
Sol: τ 
R eq   = 3  1 = 3 sec
Req :
07.
2 9
Sol:  = Req C
Req: 2 1
2
Req = (2||2) + 9=10 
2 Req

Req = 3  1
  4  22  8 J  E L (0 )
  = 3  1 = 3 sec 2
2A
08.
2A
Sol: Let us assume that switch is closed at + + 
2A 60 V 60 V 30  4 2A 20  V
t =  , now we are at t = 0 instant, still the   +
2A iL
switch is closed i.e., an infinite amount of
 
time, the independent dc source is connected 2A 0V
to the network and hence it is said to be in
For t  0
steady state.
In steady state, the inductor acts as short 4H
iL
circuit and nature of the circuit is resistive.
2A
20 
+ V 
2A 30 
iL(0+)
 For t  0 : Source free circuit
L 4 1
I0 = 2 A ; τ    sec
R 20 5
20 
i L  2 e  5 t for 0  t  
2A 2A d iL
VL  L   40 e  5 t V for 0  t  
0A 2A 0A dt
+ + iL
2A 30  0V 20 
iL(0) 0V
  2A
0 t

At t = 0 : Steady state: A resistive circuit
Note: The number of initial conditions to be VL
evaluated at just before the switching action is
0 t
equal to the number of memory elements present
in the network.
40
(i) t = 0
iL(0) = 2 = iL(0+)
1
E L (0 )  L i L2 (0 )
2

1 V20(0) = 0 V V20(0+) = 40 V
t  5 τ  5  1 sec for steady state
5 VL(0) = 0 V VL(0+) = 40 V
practically i.e., with in 1 sec the total 8 J Conclusion:
stored in the inductor will be delivered to the To keep the same energy as t = 0 and to
2A
resistor. protect the KCL and KVL in the circuit (i.e.,
iL 4H to ensure the stability of the network), the
inductor voltage, the resistor current and its
voltage can change instantaneously i.e.,
20  within zero time at t = 0+ .
+ V 
(2)
For t  0 iL(t)
+
20  4H VL(t)
2A

iL(0+) VL(0+) For t  0
 + iL(t) = 2 e5t A for 0  t  

2A
20 
2A VL(t) = 40 e5t V for 0  t  
+ V(0+) 
Conclusion:
+
At t = 0 : Resistive circuit :
For all the source free circuits, VL(t) = ve
Network is in transient state
for t  0, since the inductor while acting as a
By KCL: temporary source (upto 5), it discharges
+
2 + iL(0 ) = 0 from positive terminal i.e., the current will
iL(0+) = 2 A flow from negative to positive terminals.
V(0+) = R iL(0+) |By Ohm’s law (This is the must condition required for
V(0+) = 20 (2) = 40 V delivery, by Tellegan’s theorem)
By KVL:
(3) VL(0+) = 40 V
VL(0+) + V(0+) = 0
VL (0  )   V(0 )   40 V  VL (t) t  0
VL (t) t  0
  40 V
Observations: d i L (t)
L   40
 + dt 
t=0 t=0 t 0
iL(0) = 2 A iL(0+) = 2 A d i L (t) 40 40

 +
    10 A/sec
i20(0 ) = 0 A i20(0 ) = 2 A dt t  0
L 4

Check : 100 10 6

=
iL(t) = 2 e5t A for 0  t   1.6 10 3
d i L (t) 1
  10 e  5 t A/sec for 0  t   
dt 16
d i L (t)
  10 A/sec 11.
dt t0 
Sol: Case (i): t < 0
09. 50
10 
Sol: +
VC(0-) 200 0.1A
–
S t=0
+
40  5H
V
 +
24 V iL VC(0–) = 20V & i(0–) = 0.1A

∵ Capacitor never allows sudden changes in
voltages
iL(0+) = 2.4 A VC(0–) = VC(0) = VC(0+) = 20V
V(0+) = 96 V Case (ii): t > 0
iL(t) = 2.4 e10 t A for 0  t   50
+
10. VC 20F i(0+) 200 0.1A
S 1 732 
2 –
Sol:
t=0 +
800  + 50 V
2 F VC
 To find the time constant  = ReqC

i
After switch closed
VC(0+) = 50 V ; i(0+) = 62.5 mA Req = 50 C = 20F

t i(0+) = 0A
 3
1.6 10
VC (t)  50 e V for t  0  = 5020
d VC  = 1msec
iC  C
dt VC(t) = V0e-t/ = 20e-t/1m
By Ohm's law
t
VC(t) = 20e-t/1mV; 0t

1.6 10  3 1
= 2 10 6 50 e 
1.6 10 3

12. 14.
VC(0)
Sol: After performing source transformation; Sol:
+
20  10  VC(0)
6 mA 4 k +  2 k
+  +  0V 3 k
+ 
5 iL + 5H

 0V
iL
At t = 0: Steady state: A resistive circuit
By KVL; By Nodal:
d iL VC (0 ) VC (0 )
5 i L  30 i L  5  0  6 mA    0
dt 4K 2K
d iL VC(0) = 8 V = VC(0+)
 5 iL  0
dt
iR
(D + 5) iL = 0 +
6 mA iC
i L (t)  K e 5t
A for 0  t   VC 2 F
6 mA 4 k  2 k
VS
1 3 k
τ  sec 6 mA
5  
6 mA 0V
13.
Sol: i L1 (0)  10 A ; i L 2 (0)  2 A For t  0 : A source free circuit

t Vs = 6 m  4 K = 24 V
i L1 (t)  I 0 e τ
L 1  = Req C = (5 K) 2  = 10 m sec
τ    1 sec
R 1 VS
t
i L1 (t)  10 e A 24 V
t
 8V
Similarly, i L 2 (t)  I 0 e τ
 
 0 0 0+
L
τ   2 sec t
R 
t
VC  8 e 10 m
 8 e 100 t V for 0  t  

i L 2 (t)  20 e 2
A d VC
iC  C  1.6 e 100 t m A for 0  t  
dt By Ohm's law
By KCL:
iC + iR = 0
iR =  iC = 1.6 e100 t mA for 0  t  
Observation: VC(0) = 20 V = VC(0+)

In all the source free circuit, iC(t) = ve for 20
i L (0  )   20 m A  i L (0  )
t  0 because the capacitor while acting as a 1K
temporary source it discharges from the +ve
+
terminal i.e., current will flow from ve to iL 0.1 H VC 200 nF
+ve terminals. 
1 k 10 k
15.
Sol: By KCL: For t  0: A source free RL & RC circuit
i(t) = iR(t) + iL(t) 0.1
t τ   100 μ sec
VR (t) 1 1K

R

L  V (t) d t
L
 C = 200  109  10  103 = 2 m sec
V (t) 1
t
τC
 S  i L (0)   V (t)
S dt  20 ; τ C  20 τ L
10 L 0
τL
i(t) = 4 t + 5 + 4 t 2 Observation:
i(t) |t = 2 sec = 8 + 16 + 5 = 29 A = 29000 mA L < C ; therefore the inductive part of the
circuit will achieve steady state quickly i.e.,
16. Ans: (c) 20 times faster.
t

VC  20 e τC
V for 0  t  
17.
t
Sol: 20 u(t) 
i L  20 e τL
mA for 0  t  
20
d iL
VL  L
dt By Ohm's law
 0 0 0+ 
d VC
iC  C
dt By Ohm's law
+
iL(0) VC(0)
+  VC2(s)
20 V
 18. Ans: (c)  +
1 k 10 k Sol: C1 VC|(s)
10/s  +
R=10 5/s
0V
+ +
1/s
 1/2s
At t = 0 : steady state: A resistive circuit.
(i) t = 0

|
Vc (s) 
5 1 
s 2s
Apply KVL in loop1  VC(0)100 = 0
 VC(0) = 100V
R 1  1 100
s 2s
5  +
100V
5 At t = 0+
 2s 2  1A VL(0+)
2Rs  2  1 s(2Rs  3)
VL 0   0
100V

2s
5 di0  
|
Vc 2 ()  Vc| (s)   0 L 0
s dt
| 5 di0  
Vc ()  Vc (s)  0
s dt
 5 5 5 20
Vc ()  Lt s.    5
s0
 s(2Rs  3) s  3 3 21.
Sol: Case -1 at t = 0+
19. Ans: (d) By redrawing the circuit
8A
Sol: at t = 0
di(0)
L  VL (0)  6 +
dt I 1Ω
R
VL  2  3  6
10 V
VL  6V 2Ω
E2 + 6 – 8R = 0 E2
E2 = 8R – 6
current through the battery at t = 0+ is
10
E2 – 4R = 0 Amp
R 4A 3
E2 = 4R
Case -2 at t = 
8R–6=4R
4R = 6
R = 1.5 E2
I 1Ω
20. Ans: (d) 10 V

2Ω
Sol: at t<0
100
u(t) + current through the battery at t =  is 10 A

 VC(0-) 1A
0 1A=iL(0 )
Loop1 

22. VL(0+) = 20 V
Sol: 2
Nodal :
20  60
 20  i C (0  )  0
+ 2.5
+ 1 0V 1
60 V  + iC(0+) =  4 A

iL(0+) VC(0)

23.

At t = 0 : Steady state: A resistive circuit Sol: Repeat the above problem procedure :
d i L (t) VL (0 )
(i) t = 0 :   0 A/sec
dt t  0
L
60
i L (0  )   20 A  i L (0  ) d VC (t) i C (0 )
3    106 V/sec
dt C
V1 = 20 V = VC(0) = VC(0+) t  0
2
24.
Sol: Observation: So, the steady state will occur
1 1
+
either at t = 0 or at t = , that depends
60 V iC(t) where we started i.e., connected the source

+ 20 V

to the network.
L 20 A
10 k VC2() 12 k
C + 
For t  0
+0V 
+ +
100 V +

VC1() 40 k VC3()
 
2
0.5  At t =  : Steady state: A Resistive circuit

+ 20 V 100
60 V iC(0+) VC1 ()   40 K  80 V
 50 K
+ + 20 V
VL(0+) 
20 A
 2 F 3 F
+  + 
VC2() VC3()
At t = 0+ : A resistive circuit :
Network is in transient state 80 V
+ 
80  3 μ F
VC 2 ()   48 V
(2  3) μ F

80  2 μ F and redrawing the circuit

VC 3 ()   32 V
5μ F
12 V
i2C(0+)
2
25.
Sol: 2 4 + 4V
0A 
+
+
+ 4 V2C(0) 18 V
 8V
18 V  3A iC(0+)
 +
iL(0) VC(0) + + 8V
VL(0+) 
 3A

At t = 0 : Circuit is in Steady state: Resistive circuit
iL(0) = 3 A = iL(0+)
V4 = 4  3 = 12 V By Nodal;
12  18 12  8
  i 2C (0  )  0
2 4
+ + 6 4
V2C(0) 2C   i 2C (0 )  0
 2 4
12 V +
VC(0) C i2C(0+) = 2 A = i2C(0)
  8  12
 i 2C (0  )  3  i C (0  )  0
4
iC(0+) = 0 A = iC(0)
12  C
V2 C (0 ) 

2C  C
26.
 4 V  V2C (0  )
Sol: t = 0 t = 0+ t = 0+
VC(0) = 8 V = VC(0+) iL(0) = 5 A iL(0+) = 5 A
d i L (0  ) VL (0  )
  40
i2C(t) dt L
2
4 + 4V
 iR(0) = 5 A iR(0+) = 1A
+ 2C d i R (0 )
18 V   40 A/sec
 dt
iC(t)
+ 8V iC(0) = 0 A iC(0+) = 4A
L 
3A
d i C (0  )
C   40 A/sec
dt
For t  0
VL(0) = 0 V

VL(0+) = 120 V iC(0+) = 4 A

d VL (0 ) (iii). t = 0+
 1098 V/sec
dt By KCL at 1st node 
VR(0) = 150 V  4 + iL(t) + iR(t) = 0
VR(0+) = 30 V d i L (t) d
0  i R (t)  0
dt dt
d VR (0 )
  1200 V/sec
dt VR(t) = R iR(t) |By Ohm’s law
VC(0) = 150 V d d
VR (t)  R i R (t)
dt dt
VL(0+) = 150 V
d VC (0 ) By KVL 
 108 V/sec VL(t)  VR(t)  VC(t) = 0
dt
d VL (t) d VR (t) d VC (t)
(i). t = 0    0
dt dt dt
By KCL  iL(t) + iR(t) = 0
By KCL at node 2:
t = 0  iL(0) + iR(0) = 0
 5 + iC(t)  iR(t) = 0
iR(0) = 5 A
d d
VR(t) = R iR(t) |By Ohm’s law 0 i C (t)  i R (t)  0
dt dt
VR(0) = R iR(0) = 30(5) = 150 V
d
By KVL  VL(t)  VR(t)  VC(t) = 0 i C (0  )   (40)  40 A/sec
dt
VC(0) = VL(0)  VR(0) = 150 V
(ii). At t = 0+
27.
By KCL at 1st node 
Sol: Transform the network into Laplace domain
 4 + iL(t) + iR(t) = 0
 4 + iL(0+) + iR(0+) = 0 + R 
+
iR(0+) =  iL(0+) + 4 1 + I(s) sL 


iR(0+) =  5 + 4 =  1 A
VR(t) = R iR(t) |By Ohm’s law S - domain
VR(0+) = R iR(0+)
V(s) = Z(s) I(s)
VR(0+) =  30 V
By KVL in S-domain 
By KVL  VL(t)  VR(t)  VC(t) = 0
1  R I(s)  s L I(s) = 0
VL(0+) = VR(0+) + VC(0+)
1 1
= 150  30 = 120 V I(s) 
L  R
By KCL at 2nd node; s  
 L
 5 + iC(t)  iR(t) = 0

1  RL t V  V  t/τ V
i(t)  e A for t  0 i(t)   0   e  (1  e t / τ )
L R  R  R
28.
Ldit 
Sol: By Time domain approach; VL   V e  Rt / L for t  0
dt
VC(0) = 5  2 = 10 V = VC(0+)
i(t)
10 V(s) 12
V
+ R
5 t
25V  VC() 2A
 0

At t =: Steady state: A resistive circuit
VL
V ()  25 V ( )
Nodal  C  C 2  0 L
10 5 V = sec
R
VC() = 15 V t
 0
 = Req C = (5 || 10) . 1 = (10/3) sec
t

VC  15  (10  15) e (10/3) Expontionaly Increasing Response
VC = 15  5 e3t/10 V for t  0
31.
d VC
iC  C  1.5 e  3 t/10 A for t  0 Sol: VC(0-) = 0 = VC(0+)
dt
VC() = V
29.
i(t)
Sol:  = RC
VC = V + (0-V)e-t/
 t
= V(1-e-t/RC) for t  0
That is the response is oscillatory in nature dv c V  t / RC
ic  C  e for t  0
dt R
30. = i(t)
Sol: i(0) = 0 A = i(0+) Vc(t)
V
i()  A
R V
 =RCsec
L
τ  sec 0
t
R 

800 20 20
i(t)
I L s    
ss  40 s s  40
V
ILt) = 20u(t) – 20e-40t u(t)
R  =RCsec
t IL(t) = 20(1-e-40t) u(t)
 0
1 iL
il = 10u t   d
Expontionaly Decreasing Response 100 dt
i1 = (10-8e-40t) u(t)
32.
Sol: It’s an RL circuit with L = 0   = 0 sec 34.
V Sol: By Laplace transform approach:
i(t) = , t  0 So, 5 = 0 sec
R
i(t) 2 V(t) 1
+
iC
V 1
R V
2V  2 2 1F Vc(t)
 0

i.e. the response is constant
For t 0
33. Transform the above network into the

100u t   VL Laplace domain
Sol: i1 =
10 V(s)
2 1
+
 1 di L 
i1 = 10u t  
IC(s)
A  1
 100 dt  2 2 2s
 Vc(s)
s
Nodal  1
s 
V  20i1
 i1  i L  L 0
20 For t 0
1 d iL
 2 i1  i L  0 Nodal 
200 d t
2 1
Substitute i1; V(s)  V(s) 
s  V(s)  2s
di L  0
 40i L  800u t  2 2 1
dt 1
s
800
SIL(s) – iL(0+) + 40IL(s) =  1 
s  V(s)  
 2s 
iL(0-) = 0A = iL(0+) I C (s) 
 1 
 1 
 s 

1  2t  = R C = 8 sec
 i C (t)  e A for t  0
4 VC = 10 + (6  10) et/8
By KVL  VC = 10  4 et/8
1 1 VC(0) = 6 V
VC (s)   I C (s)  0
2s s d VC
iC  C  e  t/8  i(t)
1 1 dt
VC (s)   I C (s)
2s s 
 (e
 t/8 2
t E 4Ω  ) 4 d t  16 J
1 
v C (t)  1  e 2
V for t  0 0
2
VC 36.
Sol: 10 A 10 A 10 A
1V
=2sec 0A 0A
+ + +
1/2 V 0V 10 
10 A 0V 0V 5H 10 A
  
t iL(t)
 0
At t = 0 : Network is not in steady state i.e., unenergised

iC
t = 0 :
1 iL(0) = 0 A = iL(0+)
A
4
VL(0+) = 10  10 = 100 V
=2sec
t +
0
10 A 10  VL(0+)

35.
Sol: By Time domain approach ;
VC(0) = 6 V (given) At t = 0+ : Network is in transient state : A
VC() = 10 V resistive circuit
iL() = 10 A (since inductor becomes short)
4
L 5
τ    0.5 sec
+ 0V + R 10
+ VC() = 10 V
10 V  iL(t) = 10 + (0  10) et/

= 10 (1  et/0.5) A for 0  t  
At t =  : Steady state : Resistive circuit d
VL (t)  L i L (t)  100 e  2 t V for 0  t  
dt
1 2 1
ELt=5 or t =  = Li   5  102  250J
2 2
V
37. Ans: (b)
 
i1 0  
2R
 i 2 0  
Sol:
VC1(0)
+  OBS: iL(t) = i1(t) ~ i2(t)
At t = 0+ 
+
+ 0V R iL(0+) = i1(0+) ~ i2(0+)
V IL(0) 
 + = 0A  Inductor: open circuit
Vc2(0)

38.
At t = 0- : Steady state: A resistive circuit Sol: Evaluation of iL(t) and e1(t) for t  0 by
By KVL  Laplace transform approach.
V – Vc1 (0 ) = 0 - iL(0+) = 6A; iL() = 4A
VC1(0-) = V = VC1 (0+) e1(0+) = 8V; e1() = 8V
VC2(0-) = 0V = VC2(0+) 2 e1(t) 2
iL(0-) = 0A = iL(0+)
8
V C 
+- 16V
s 0.5H 6A
8
R F
i1(t) L i2(t) s
R iL(t)
C
For t  0
Transform the above network into Laplace
For t  0 Fig (a) domain.
2 E1(s) 2
V
+-  8
16 s
+ 6
R s s 2
i1(0 ) + 8 s
 i2(0+) 
R s
+ iL(s)
S-domain:
2 E1(s) 2
At t = 0+: A resistive circuit: Network is in
transient state.  3V
8 +
il(0+) = i2(0+) 16

s
s
By KVL  8 s
+ + 2
-Ri1(0 )-V-Ri1(0 ) = 0 s

Nodal in S-domain 4 4
  1
8 n 4
E 1 s  
E 1 s   16 / s s  E 1 s   3  0
  = 1 (A critically damped system)
2 8 s
2
s 2 39.
8  s  6s  32 
2
 L 
E 1 s    2  Sol: t t  t  tan 1  
s  s  8s  32  0  R 
8 2s   L 
E 1 s   1  

t o  tan 1  
s  s  4 2  4 2   R 
e1(t) = 8 – 4e-4t sin 4t V for t  0  2 500.01 
250 t o  tan 1  
 5 
e1(t) 
t o  32 .14 
180 o
to = 1.78 msec.
8V So, by switching exactly at 1.78msec from
the instant voltage becomes zero, the current
is free from Transient.
t
40.
E s   3
I L s   1 
s Sol: to +  = tan-1(CR) +
2 2
2
-4t  
iL(t) = 4+2e cos 4t A 2t o   tan 1 CR  
for t  0 n = 4 rad/sec 4 2
  1    
iL(t) 2t o   tan 1  2  1   
4  2  2 4 2

4A
2t o   t o  0.785 sec
2
t
0 4. AC Circuit Analysis
01.
OBS:   1 sec  1 1 1
 n  n   4 1 T
it dt  3  0  0  3A
T 0
4 Sol: I avg  I dc 
LC 1 1

2 8
1 T 2
i t dt
T 0
1 1 I rms 
 n 
4 

2 2
4 2  5 2 
 3  2
  
  2  000 I 2 j12.5
 2   
= 5 2A
+
3000oV 4–j8
02. –
1 T
Vt dt  2V
T 0
Sol: Vdc  Vavg 
3000
Here the frequencies are same, by doing I
2  j12.5  4  j8
simplification
 I = 40–36.86
1 1
v(t) = 2 – 3 2 (cos10t  sin 10 t  ) Complex power, S = VI
2 2
+ 3cos10t = 2+3sin10t V = 300 0 40 36.86
= 9600 +j7200
3
So Vrms = (2)  ( ) 2  8.5 V
2
Reactive power delivered by the source
2
Q = 72000 VAR
03. = 7.2 KVAR
1 T
x t dt = 0
T 0
Sol: X avg  X dc  06.
Sol: Z = j1 + (1j1)||(1 + j2) = 1.4 + j 0.8
1 T 2 A
X rms   x t dt = E1 1020
T 0
3 I= By ohm 's law =
Z 1.4  j8
04. Ans: (a) = 6.2017  9.744 A
Sol: For a symmetrical wave (i.e., area of I(1  j2)
I1 = = 6.201727.125  A
positive half cycle = area of negative half 1  j1  1  j2
cycle.) The RMS value of full cycle is same
as the RMS value of half cycle. I(1  j1)
I2 = = 3.922  81.31  A
1  j1  1  j2
05.
E2 = (1j1)I1 = 8.7705  17.875  V
Sol: Complex power, S = VI
E0 = 0.5I2 = 1.961  81.31 V
I 2 j12.5
07.
+ –j10  20 Sol: Since two different frequencies are
3000oV
–
operating on the network simultaneously

always the super position theorem is used to V 0

IR2 = = 3.1618.440 = 3.16 e j18.14
evaluate the response. 2
By SPT: (i) iR2(t) = R.P[IR2ej2t]A
= 3.16cos (2t + 18.440)
iR1(t)
+ By super position theorem,
10V
10V 2

iR(t) = iR1(t) + iR2(t)
= 5+3.16cos (2t+18.440)A
Network is in steady state, therefore the
10 08. Ans: (c)
network is resistive. IR1(t) = = 5A
2 1  1
Sol:  Is  2  2s    0
(ii) 1F s 12
 s
1H
 2s  2s 2  1  1
iR2(t)
+ Is    2
2  5cos2t  s  s 1

s
I(s) + 2s2I(s) + 2sI(s) 
s 1
2
2d 2 i di
Network is in steady state it   2
 2  cos t
dt dt
As impedances of L and C are present
d 2i di
because of  = 2. They are physically 2 2
 2  it   cos t
dt dt
present.
1
ZL = jL; Zc =  2 09.
j C
VR2  VL  VC 
2
Sol: V =
1
j2 V = VR = I.R
j2 V
100 = I.20; I = 5A
iR2(t) +
 VR VR
2 500 Power factor = cos =  =1
 V VR
So, unity power factor.
Network is in phasor domain
Nodal  10.
V V V  500 Sol: By KCL in phasor – domain 
  =0
j2 2  j0.5 I1 I2 I3 = 0
I1 I2
V = 6.3218.440 I3 = (I1 + I2)
i1(t) = cos(t + 900) I3

I1 = 1900 = j1 V V
I1 = I C =  90 0
0
I2 = 10 = (1 + j0) ZC X C
I3 = 2  + 450 = 2 ej( + 45) V V V
I2 =   450
i3(t) = Real part[I3.ejt]mA 2  jL 2  j2 2 2
Therefore, the phasor I1 leads I2 by an angle
=  2 cos(t + 450+)mA
of 135.
i3(t) =  2 cos(t + 450)mA
11. 14.
V V V Sol: I2 = I 2R  I C2  10 = I R2  8 2
Sol: I =   = 8 j12 + j18
R ZL ZC IR = 6A
I = 8 + 6j
I 2R  I L  I C 
2
I1 = I =
|I| = 100 = 10A
6 2  I L  I C 
2
10 =
12. IL  IC = 8A
Sol: By KCL  IL 8 = 8
I + IL + IC = 0 IL 8 = 8(Not acceptable)
I = IL + IC V
Since IL =  0.
V V 30 o ZL
IL =  
Z L j L 1
j(3).  IL – 8 = 8
3
IL = 16A
30 0 30 0 IL > IC
IL =  = 3900
j 90 0
IC = 8A
0 0
I = 390 + 490
I2 = 10A 
= j3 + j4 = j1 = 1900 0
IR = 6A 90
 12000
13. Ans: (d) 900
I1 = 10A
Sol: (IL IC) = 8A
I
1
IL = 16A
135
90 =2 rad/sec 8
45 V I2 leads 12000 by tan1  6 
I2

8 f = 19.4Hz
I1 lags 12000 by tan–1  
6 V
OBS: IC =
IR I ZC
Power factor cos = = R
I I 1
ZC = 
6 jc
= = 0.6 (lag)
10 As f   ZC   IC
15. 16.
25A
Sol: Sol: P5 = 10Watts (Given)
IC IR
+ + = Pavg = Irms2 R
3000
50Hz
0
 +
C
R
10 = Irms2.5
  
Irms = 2A
Power delivered = Power observed
Network is in steady state.
(By Tellegen’s Theorem)
V 3000 0 PT = Irms2( 5 + 10)
|IC| =  = vc
1 / jc 
ZC
Vrms Irmscos =  2  (15)
2
= 300 2 50159.23106

50
IC = 15A  2 cos = 2 15
2
I= I 2R  I C2 cos = 0.6 (lag)
25 = I R2  15 2 25
17. Ans: (d)
IR = 20A IC IR
36000
+ + Sol: VL = 14V
50Hz  +
C 15
  
V
VR = RIR|By ohm’s law
300 = R.20 VR = 3V
R = 15
Network is in steady state
VC = 10V
360
IR = = 24A
15
V  VR2  (VL  VC ) 2
So the required IC = 25 2  24 2
vc = 7  (3) 2  (14  10) 2
360 2 f 159.23 106 = 7 V=5V
18. 160 5
Vrms  Vj, I rms 
1 1 2 2
Sol: Y = Yl + Yc = 
ZL ZC 160 5
Real power (P) =   cos 300
1 1 2 2
= 
3040 0
 1  = 200 3 W
 
 j c  160 5 1
Reactive power (Q) =  
1 2 2 2
= jc + 400
30 = 200 VAR
1 Complex power = P+jQ = 200( +j1) VA
= jc + (cos400 jsin400) 3
30
Unit power factor  j term = 0 21.
0
sin 40 Sol: V = 410o and I = 220o
c =
30 Note: When directly phasors are given the
0
sin 40 magnitudes are taken as rms values since
C= = 68.1F
2  50  30 they are measured using rms meters.
C = 68.1F Vrms  4V and I rms  2A
V
19. Ans: (b) Z  2 30 o ;   30 o Inductive
I
Sol: To increase power factor shunt capacitor is
P = 10 3 W, Q = 10VAR
to be placed.
S = 10( 3 +j1) VA
VAR supplied by capacitor
= P (tan1tan2) 22. Ans: (a)
3 1 1
= 210 [tan(cos 0.65) – tan(cos 0.95)] Sol: S = VI*
= 1680 VAR = (10  15) (2  45)
2
V = 10 + j17.32
VAR supplied =  V 2 C 1680
XC S = P + jQ
1680 P = 10 W Q = 17.32 VAR
C   337 F
(115) 2  2   60
23. Ans: (c)
Sol: PR = (Irms)2  R
20.
10
V 16010 o  90 o Irms =
Sol: Z    3230 o 2
o
I 5   20  90 o
2
 10 
  30 o Inductive
PR =    100
 2

24.  100 
2
= 202.3 +  
 2  .1
2  
 240 
2
  P = 6200 W
Vrms  2 
Sol: Pavg =  = 480 Watts Q = Q1 + Q2
R 60
V = 24000 = (I1rms)2.4 + (I2rms)2.(1)
V 240 = 3400VAR
IR =  = 4A So, S = P+jQ = (6200+j3400) VA
R 60
V V 240
IL =   = 6A 26.
Z L X L 40
Sol: 50 1mH 1mH
V V 240
IC =    3A I
Z C X C 80
IL > IC : Inductive nature of the circuit. +
5sin(5000t) 1mH C
I  I L  I C  =
2 –
I= 2
R 4  3 = 5A
2 2
IR 4
Power factor =  = 0.8 (lagging)
I 5 50 j5
j5
I
25. Ans: (a)
Sol: +
5sin(5000t) j5 –jXc
+ I1 + I2 –
3 1
+ 1000 0
1000 0  10000
-j4
- j4
when I = 0,
-
- j3  impedance seen by the source should be
infinite
Z=
NW is in Steady state.  Z = (50+j5) + (j5) || j(5 –Xc)
V = 10000  Vrms = 100V j5  j(5  X c )
 50  j5  
1000 0
j5  j(5  X c )
I1 =  I1 = 20 = I1rms
3  j4  j (10 –Xc ) = 0
1000 0
100 1
I2 =  I2 = A = I2rms  X c  10   10
1  j1 2 c
P = P1 + P2 1
 C = 20 F
= (I1rms)2.3 + (I2rms)2.1 5000  10

27. Ans: (c) IL = QI900 = jQI
 4   4 
2 2 IC = QI900 = jQI
Sol: I rms  3 2      IL + I C = 0
 2  2
|IR + IL| = |I jQI|
 25  5 A
2
= I 1 Q2 > I
Power dissipation = I rms R
|IR + IC| = |I + jQI|
= 52  10 = 250 W
28. = I 1 Q2 > I
Sol: XC = XL   = 0, the circuit is at
31. Ans: (c)
resonance
Sol: Since; “I” leads voltage, therefore capacitive
VC = QVS900
effect and hence the operating frequency
0 L X
Q= = L =2 (f < f0)
R R
1 X 1 L
=  C =2
0 cR R c
R
 VC = 200900 = j200V

29. 0 0
Sol: Series RLC circuit 32.
f = fL , PF = cos  = 0.707(lead) 1 1
Sol: Y  
R L  j L R  j
f = fH , PF = cos  = 0.707(lag) C
C
f = fo , PF = cos  = 1 R L  jL R C  j / c
 
R 2L  L  R C2  1 / C 
2 2
30. Ans: (b)

j  term  0
Sol: Network is in steady state (since no switch is
L
given) R 2L 
1 C rad/sec
0 
LC L
R C2 
3
110 0 A 0 C
R L C 33.
4H 1F
Sol:
10
Let I = 1mA 1F
 = 0(Given)
 IR = I 
A Fig. B

The given circuit is shown in Fig. 5 t 

iL = cos  45 0  A
ZAB = 10 + Z1 2 2 
  j  j I(2  j2) I
where, Z1 =   ||  j 4    ic =  45 0
   2  j2  2  j2 2
  j  j 5 t 
   j4    ic  cos   45 o  A
 
=   2 2 
j j
 j4 
 
Pavg  I L2 ( rms ) .R  I c2( rms ) .R
1
4 2 2
= 2  5   5 
j2  2   2 
j4  =  .2    .2
  2   2 
   
1
For circuit to be resonant i.e., 2 = = 25 watts
4
L
1 (ii)  R2 circuit will resonate at only one
= = 0.5 rad/sec C
2
frequency.
 resonance = 0.5 rad/sec
1 1
i.e., at 0 =  rad/sec
LC 4
34.
L 2R
Sol: (i)  R 2  circuit will resonate for all the Then Y = mho
L
C R 2
C
frequencies, out of infinite number of
2(2) 4
frequencies we are selecting one Y= = mho
4 5
frequency. 22 
4
1 1
i.e., 0 = = rad/sec 5
LC 2 Z= 
4
then Z = R = 2. V 100 0
I=  = 800
V 100 0 Z 5
I= = = 500 4
Z 2
t
t i(t) = 8cos A
i(t) = 5cos A 4
2
ZL = j0L = j1
1
ZL = j0L = j2 ; ZC = = j2. 1
j 0 c Zc = = j1
j 0 C
I(2  j2) I
IL = = 450
2  j2  2  j2 2

I(2  j1) 5 1 Vi t  Vm t

IL =  I.tan-1  2  i t    sin    i R
2  j1  2  j1 4 Z 4 4
8 5 t  1  Vm t
iL = cos  tan 1    V  2i R  sin  V  VC  VL
4 4  2  2 4
dVC Vm t
I(2  j1) 5 1 iC  C  cos 
Ic =  I tan 1   dt 2 4
2  j1  2  j1 4 2
Vm t 
8 5 t  1  ic  sin   90 0 A
ic = cos   tan 1    2 4 
4 4  2 
 Vm t
 V .dt =
1
Pavg  I Lrms
2
.R  ICrms
2
R iL  L cos  
L 2 4
2 2
2 5 2 5 Vm t 
   .2    .2 = 40 Watts iL  sin   90 0 A
 2   2  2 4 
OBS: Here iL + iC = 0
35.  LC Combination is like an open
Sol: (i) Z ab  2  Z L || Z C || 2 circuit.
= 2+jXL||jXC||2
36. Ans: (d)
2  2X L X C X L X C  j2X L  X C  R
= Sol:
X L X C  2
 4X L  X C 
2
L
L
jterm = 0 Q V
R
 2(XLXC) = 0
XL = XC 2L
Q  2  orginal  Q  doubled
1 R
0 L 
0 C S  V.I
1 1 1 V R  jL
0    rad / sec  V. 
LC 4.4 4 R  jL R  jL
At resonance entire current flows V2 V 2 . jL
S 
through 2 only. R 2  L  R 2  L 
2 2
(ii) Z ab   0
 2  2  4 S = P + jQ
XL =XC V2
Active power P  
R 2  L 
2
t
(iii) Vi t   Vm sin  V
 4 V2
P
Z = 4 
R 2 1  Q2 

V2  : 0 and   j the current phasor I2 will

P
R 2 Q2
always lead the voltage E m 0 o .
as Q is doubled, P decreases by four times.
(a)  = 0
= 
37.
1 I2 Em00 
Sol: Z C  0
j C Em
R2
  0; Z C    C : open circuit  i 2  0
(b) =0
= 
I
E 
  ; Z C  0  C :Short Circuit  i 2  m 0 o 0 Em Em Em 00
R2 R1 R2
Transform the given network into phasor
domain.
38.
I
E m 0 o
I1 I2 Sol: R 2  0  I 2   E m C90 o
1
+ 0
Em 00
R2 jC
+ +
R1 R 2    I2  0 A
Em 00  Em 00
 1


 j C R2 = 0
(a)
Network is in phasor domain. R2
Emc I2
By KCL in P-d  I = I1 + I2
E m 0 o Em 00
I1 = 0
R1
R2 = 
E 0 o E 0 o
I2  m  m
1 j
R2  R2 
j C C (b) R2 = 0
 1 
E m  tan 1  
 CR 2  R2
I2  I
 1  I
R2  
 C 
E m 0 o Em 00
   I2  0
R2 Em R2 = 
R1
  0  I 2  0A

39. Em
o R2 = 
E 0 R1
Sol: I = I1 + I2; I1  m 0
R1 (b) Em 00
E m 0 o I
I2 
R 2  j L I
Em  L  R2
   tan 1  
R 22  WL  R
2
 2
R2 = 0
(i) If "" Varied
40. Ans: (a)
Sol: The given circuit is a bridge.
Em
IR = 0 is the bridge is balanced. i.e.,
0 R2
(a) Em 00 Z1 Z4 = R2 R3
I2 Where Z1 = R1+jL1,
=0 j
= Z4  R 4 
C4
As R2 R3 is real, imaginary part of
Z1 Z4 = 0
Em Em
R1 R1  L1 1
0 R2  L1 R 4   0 or 
(b) C4 R1 C4 R 4
I Em00
or Q1  Q 4
= =0 where Q is the Quality factor.
ii. If “R2” is varied

5. Magnetic Circuits
R2 = 
0 01.
(a) Em 00
Sol: XC = 12 (Given)
Em Xeq = 12 (must for series resonance)
L I2
R2 So the dot in the second coil at point “Q”
Leq = L1 + L2  2M
L eq  L1  L 2  2K L1L 2
R2 = 0
L eq  L1  L 2  2K L1L 2 .
12  8  8  2K 8.8
 K = 0.25

02. For maximum power transfer; RL = Rs

Sol: XC = 14 (Given) n25 = 45  n = 3
XLeq = 14 (must for series resonance)
So the dot in the 2nd coil at “P” 06. Ans: (b)
Leq = L1 + L2 + 2M Sol: 5mH +
30mH 30mH
Leq = L1+L2+K L 1 L 2 6V
V2
50
L eq  L 1  L 2  2K L 1 L 2  
14  2  8  2K 28 Apply KVL at input loop

 K = 0.5 di1 di
- 6 - 3010-3 + 5 10-3 2 - 50i1 = 0 …(1)
dt dt
03. Take Laplace transform
Sol: Lab = 4H+22+6H+22+8H22 6
  [30 103 (s)  50] I1 (s)  5 103 s I 2 (s)  0 ...(2)
Lab = 14H s
4H+22
Apply KVL at output loop
a
d i2 di
2H V2 (s)  30 10 3  5 10 3 1  0
dt dt
2H
Take Laplace transform
V2 (s)  30 10 3 s I 2 (s)  5 10 3 s I1 (s)  0
2H
Substitute I2(s) = 0 in above equation
b
V2 + 5  103 sI1(s) = 0 ……… (3)
8H22 6H+22 From equation (2)
04. Ans: (c) 6
  (30  10 3 (s)  50) I1 (s)  0
Sol: Impedance seen by the source s
ZL 6
Zs =  4  j2 I1 (s) 
s (30  10 3 (s)  50)
……… (4)
16
1030o Substitute eqn (4) in eqn (3)
=  4  j2
16  5 10 3 (s) (6)
V2 (s) 
= 4.54 – j1.69 s (30  10 3 (s)  50)
Apply Initial value theorem
45
05.  5 10 3 (s) (6)
2 Lt s
N  s  s (30  10 3 (s)  50)
Sol: Z in   1  .Z L 
 N2  n2.5  5 10 3  (6)
v 2 (t)   1
R in'  n 2 .5 30  10 3

07. 02. Ans: (b)

8   1
Sol: R in '   2
22 0 2    y11 y12 
Sol: The matrix given is 
1 1   y 21 y 22 
R in  3  R in '  3  2  5  
2 2
1020
I1   220 0 since y11 y22
5
 Asymmetrical, and
I1
 n  2  I2 = 1 20A Y12y21 ‘
I2
 Non reciprocal network
08.
03.
Sol: By the definition of KVL in phasor domain
Sol: Convert Y to  :
VSV0V2 = 0
1F
 V  1 1
V0  VS  V2  VS 1  2  1 1F
 VS  1
V= ZI 1 2
By KVL
1 1F=S mho
VS = jL1.I1+jM (0) mho
1
3 2 2
1
V2 = jL2(0)+jMI1
1 1
 mho mho
M 3 3
V0  VS 1  
2 1

2
 L 1  1
Fig:A Fig:B
6. Two Port Networks  2 1

 3  3  S  S
YA   YB  
1 2  
 S S 
 
01.  3 3 
Sol: The defining equations for open circuit  2 1
 S 3 S 
3 mho
impedance parameters are: Y
1 2 
 S  S 
V1=Z11I1+Z12I2  3 3 
V2=Z21I1+Z22I2
10 4s  10  04.
 s 
Z  10s 3s  10  Sol:
  1 1 2
s s 
2
1

06.
1 1
mho Sol:
3 2
 1 
1 1 1 1   j1 1
3 3 2 T1  T2   
 1 1
  j1 
 2 1  1 1
     
YA   3 3 YB   2 2 1  j 1
1 2  1   
   1   j 1
 3 3   2 
T3 Z1=1; Z2 = 
 7 5
   1 1
Y 6 6 T3   
5 5  0 1
 
 6 3  T = (T1)(T2)(T3)
 j3 2  j4
05. T
 1  j2 j3 
Sol: Convert Y to  : Convert Y to  :
1 2
1
1
2 1
2
2
07.
1 2 2 1
Sol: T1 : Z   
1 2 1 2 1 2 
1 1  2 3

3 6
T1   
1 2 
1 1

3

3
1 1 T2 : Z1 = 0 ; Z2 = 2 
6 6
1 0
T2   1 
 2 1
 2 1  2 1 
    
YA   3 3 mho Y   6 6 mho T = [T1] [T2]
1 2  B  1 2 
   
 3 3   6 6  3.5 3
T 
 2 2
 6 3  1
    1  
Y 6 6  2
3 6   1  08. Ans: (a)
   1 
 6 6   2  Sol: For I2 = 0 (O/P open), the Network is shown
in Fig.1

09.
I1 2 I2 = 0
+ + Sol: By Nodal
3 I1
 I 1  V1  3V2  V1  2V1  V2  0
1
V1 3 I1 V2  I 2  V2  V2  2V1  0
2 I1  4  4

Y Ʊ
  3 2 
Fig. 1
[Z] = Y1
We can also obtain [g], [h], [T] and [T]1 by
V1 =  2 I1 ....…...… (1)
re-writing the equations.
V
Z11  1   2
I1
10.
V2 = 6 I1 + V1 ....…….…. (2) Sol: The defining equations for open-circuit
From (1) and (2) impedance parameters are:
V2 = 6 I1  2 I1 V1=Z11I1+Z12I2
or V2 =  8 I1 V2 = Z21I1+Z22I2
V2 In this case, the individual Z-parameter
Z 21   8
I1 matrices get added.
For I1 = 0 (I/P open), the network is shown (Z) = (Za) + (Zb)
in Fig.2 10 2
Z   
I1 = 0
I2
I2
 2 7
+ +
2
1
11.
I2
V1 V2 Sol: For this case the individual y-parameter
matrices get added to give the y-parameter
  matrix of the overall network.
Fig. 2
Y = Ya + Yb
Note: that the dependent current source with The individual y-parameters also get added
current 3 I1 is open circuited. Y11= Y11a + Y11b etc
V1 1.4  0.4
V1 = 1 I2 , Z12 
I2
 1
Y    mho
 0.4 1.4 
V2
V2 = 3 I2, Z 22  3
I2
12. Ans: (c)
2 1
Z  
 8 3

I1 15.
Sol: Y11 
V1 V1 AV2  BI 2 V2  2I 2
V2  0 Sol: Z in  R in    ’
I1 CV2  DI 2 V2  3I 2
V2  10 I 2 
5 5
10 2 12
1
Z in  R in  
13
16.
1 10 2 I1
V +
Sol: 1  Z11 I1 I1
5 5
I1 2
I2 0
2
1
 V1  4 || 4 I1 | I 2  0
3
I
Y11  1   + V2 
0  Z11 = 2 V1
V2  4 || 4 I 2 I1 0 3 1
13.
 Z22 = 2
 Z1 
1  Z Z1  By KVL  
Sol: (i). Ta    2 

 1  3I1 I
Z 1   V2  1  0
 2  2 2
1 Z1  V2  I 1
(ii). Ta    1 Z   Z21=1=Z12
 1 1 
 Z2 Z2 
2 1
Z 
Ta  and Tb  are obtained by defining 1 2
equations for transmission parameters. 2  1
3 3
Y  Z 1  Ʊ
14.  1 2 
 3 3 
Sol: In this case, the individual T-matrices get
Now [T] parameters;
multiplied
T   T1   TN1  V1  2I 1  I 2 …….. (1)
V2  I 1  2I 2 ………. (2)
1  s / 4 s / 2  8 4
(T) = (T1)(TN1) =    
 1/ 2 1   2 5  I1 = V22I2 ……… (3)
 3s  8 3.5s  4  Substituting (3) in (1):
= 
7 

 6 V1  2V2  2I 2   I 2  2V2  3I 2 ……(4)
 2 3
T 
1 2 
 2  3 I2 5
T 1  T 1    So, Y22  V1 0   1 mho
 1 2  V2 5
Now h parameters This has noting to do with fig (b) since fig
2I 2  I 1  V2 (b) also valid for some specific resistance of
 I 1 V2 2  at port-1, but Y22 , V1= 0. So S.C port-1
I2   ……… (5)
I2 2
Substitute (5) in (1) 18.
 I 1 V2 V2 N 2 I
V1  2I 1  Sol:  n 1
2 2 V1 N 1 I2
3 1 V2
V1  I 1  V2 ………. (6) n
2 2 V1
 3 1 1
 2  V1  V2  0I 2
h 2 n
1 1
 
2 2 1 
0
 T  n
1  1 0
  n 
g  h 
1
 2 2
1 3
  n 0
2 2 T 1  T 1   1
 0 n 
17. Ans: (a) n 0
I2 T 1  T 1   1
Sol: Y22  V1  0  0 n 
V2
Now h-parameters
just use reciprocity of fig (a)
1
1A V1  0I1  V2
N n
 I1
0.5A + 1V I2   0 V2
 n
 1
0 n
g 
1
Now use Homogeneity  0
n 
5A
N 0  n 
h 
2.5A + 5V n 0 


Note: In an ideal transformer, it is impossible to 20.

express V1 and V2 interms of I2 and I2, hence the Sol:
N1
‘Z’ parameters do not exist. Similarly, the y-
parameters.
N2
19. Ans: (c)
V2 For series parallel connection individual
Sol: Z 22 
I12 h-parameters can be added.
V1  0
 For network 1, h1 = g11
V1 1 I 2 R I1
  1
V2 n I1 1 0  1 0
1 2    
1 + + 1 1  1 1 
V1  V2 V1 V2
n |   For network 2, h2 = g 21
1 2|
V2  V1 1: n
1
 I1 1 1 1  1
R    
0 1 0 1 
I12  I 2  I1
 1 0  1  1  2  1
1 I 2 I12  I1 I12 h    +   
   1  1 1  0 1   1 2 
n I1 I1 I1
 overall g-parameters,
I12 1 1 n
 1   2  1 1 2 1
1
I1 n n g=h  -1
 
 3  1 2 
 1 2 
1 n 
I12   I1 2 / 3 1 / 3 
 n  g 
1 / 3 2 / 3
 1  n   V2  V1 
I12    
 n  R 
7. Graph Theory
 1 
 V2  V2 
1 n   n 
I12    01. Ans: (c)
 n   R 
 
  b
Sol: n  1
I12  1  n   n  1  2
   Note: Mesh analysis simple when the nodes are
V2  n   nR 
more than the meshes.
V2 n 2R

I12 n2 1 02. Ans: (c)
Sol: Loops = b  (n1)  loops = 5
n=7  b = 11

03. Ans: (a) Nodes = 2; Branches = 1; f-loop= 0

Let N=3
04.
Sol: Nodal equations required = f-cut sets
= (n1)=(101) = 9
Mesh equations required = f-loops
Nodes = 3; Branches = 3; f-loop = 1
= bn+1=1710+1=8
 Links = 1
So, the number of equations required
Let N = 4
= Minimum (Nodal, mesh)=Min(9,8)=8
05. Ans: (c)

Nodes=4; Branches = 4; f-loops=Links=1
Sol: not a tree (Because trees are not in closed
Still N = 4
path)
a
c
b
f
g Branches = 6; f-loops = Links = 3
Let N = 5
06. Ans: (a)
07.
Sol: For a complete graph ;
n n  1 Nodes = 5; Branches = 8; f –loops = Links
b  n C2   66
2 = 4 etc
n = 12 Therefore, the graph of this network can
f-cut sets = (n1)=11 have at least “N” branches with one or more
f-loops = (bn+1)=55 closed paths to exist.
f-loop = f-cutset matrices = n(n2)
09. Ans: (b)
= 12122 = 1210
Sol:
08. Ans: (a) 2 2
1 1
Sol: Let N=1 4
3
Nodes=1, Branches = 0 ; f-loops = 0
Let N=2
2
4
3 3

10. Ans: (d) Fundamental loop should consist only one

Sol: link, therefore option (d) is correct.
(a) 1,2,3,4 
8. Passive Filters
(b) 2,3,4,6 
01.
Sol:
(c) 1,4,5,6 
  0  V0  Vi 
  Low pass filter
(d)1,3,4,5      V0  0 
02.
11. Ans: (b) Vi R 2
Sol:   0  V0 
Sol: m = b – n + 1 = 8 – 5 + 1 = 4 R1  R 2
“V0” is attenuated  V0  0
12. Ans: (d)
    V0  Vi
13. Ans: (d) It represents a high pass filter
Sol: The valid cut –set is characteristics.
(1,3,4,6)
03.
Vi s  S2 LC  SRC  1
Sol: Hs   
Is  SC
14. Ans: (b) 2 LC  jRC  1
Put s = j i  
Sol: j C
  
  0  H s   0

    Hs   0
   It represents band pass filter characteristics
15. Ans: (d)

8 04.
Sol:
Sol:  = 0  V0 = 0
6 7  =   V0 = 0
2 4 It represents Band pass filter characteristics
1 3
5
05.  = 0 : S = 0  H (s) = 0
Sol:  = 0  V0 = 0  =  : S =   H (s) = 0
 =   V0 = Vi It represents a Band pass filter
It represents High Pass filter characteristics. characteristics
06. 11.
1 S2 1
Sol: H s   Sol: H s   2
s  s 1
2
s  s 1
 = 0 : S = 0  H (s)= 1  = 0  S = 0  H (s) = 1
 =  : S =   H (s) = 0  =   S =   H (s) = 1
It represents a Low pass filter characteristics It represents a Band stop filter
07. 12.
s 2
1 s
Sol: H s   Sol: H s  
s  s 1
2
1 s
 = 0 : S = 0  H (s)= 0  = 0  S = 0  H (s) = 1
 =  : S =   H (s) = 1  =   S =   H (s) = 1 = 1 1800
It represents a High pass filter It represents an All pass filter
characteristics
13. Ans: (c)
08. Sol. R
Sol:   0 ; V0  Vi + +
Vi C V0
   ; V0  0  
It represents a low pass filter characteristics.

 = 0  V0 = Vi
09.
 =   V0 = 0
Sol:  = 0  V0 = Vin
 
 =   V0 = Vin  V s  
V0 s    i   1 
It represents a Band stop filter or notch  1   sc 
R 
 sc 
filter.
V0 s  1
 H s  
Vi s  SscR  1
10.
1 1
S H  j  
Sol: H s   1 j c R

f
s  s 1
2 1 j
fL

1
Where f L 
|H (j )| 2  RC
1 1
1 H  j  
2
 f 
2 1   
BW Stop Band  fL 
 f 
0 f = fL
f  H  j    tan 1  
 fL 
f = 0   = 00 = min
f = fL   = 450 = max

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Point: (0, 2)  V = 0V and I = 2A I

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10. 12. Ans: (d)

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By nodal  By using KCL

14. Ans: (d) 16.

Sol: 5mA 5mA

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18. P6 = 0 W (Given)

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21. Ans: (a) 1

Z Z  Since 2 * 4 = 4 * 2; the given bridge is

Sol: On redrawing the circuit diagram

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29. Ans: (c)

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V  10 33. Ans: (d)

Since the violation of KVL in the circuit, the

+ 34. Ans: (d)

32. Ans: (b)

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36. Ans: (d) a

The diode is forward biased. Assuming that

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Applying KVL in outer loop 6A 2

P10V = (10 * 2) = 20 watts  absorbed Sol: + 2I 

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By Nodal  By superposition theorem, treating one

By superposition theorem ; I = I1 + I2 + I3 By Nodal 

alone For 120 V  V2 = 50 V

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A = 2.5: B = 5 Apply KCL at node V1

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100 0.2ib 80  V j8 j8

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RL = |3+j4| = 5 ZL = 10 jXC = 10 + j(XC)

For maximum power delivered to ZL,

Applying KVL 15. Ans: (c)

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For finding Thevenin’s resistance across ab 17.

Since there is only voltage source given: 18. Ans: (b)

By homogeneity and Reciprocity principles

10 = Rth. 5 by ohm 's law Fig.(a)

Using reciprocity theorem, for Fig.(a)

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Fig.(a) is the energized version of Fig.(d) 5A 5A

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i(t) = e3tA for t > 0 (given) 03.

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V(s) = I(s) H(s) = sin t

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iL(0+) VL(0+) For t  0

 + iL(t) = 2 e5t A for 0  t  

iL(0) = 2 A iL(0+) = 2 A d i L (t) 40 40

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Check : 100 10 6

Sol: Case (i): t < 0

iL(t) = 2.4 e10 t A for 0  t   50

VC(0+) = 50 V ; i(0+) = 62.5 mA Req = 50 C = 20F

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