Proving KVL (Kirchhoff voltage Law) by means of four

resistors
 Learning objectives: -
In this lab we had learnt that how to verify KVL by imbedded the
resistance in breadboard. We took the reading by hand and also
with the digital multimeter (DMM). We had first adjust the voltage in
basic trainer with the help of DMM and put the resistance on the
bread board and measure voltage. This law is also
called Kirchhoff's second law, Kirchhoff's loop (or mesh) rule,
and Kirchhoff's second rule.
The principle of conservation of energy implies that
The directed sum of the electrical potential differences (voltage)
around any closed network is zero, or:
More simply, the sum of the emfs in any closed loop is equivalent
to the sum of the potential drops in that loop.
Apparatus: -
1. Basic trainer
2. digital multimeter
3. Resistance
4. Wires
5. Breadboard
Some pictures of the apparatus are following

Basic trainer Digital Multimeter

Resistance Wire
Ground wire and red wire Jumper wire

Bread board:

Procedure and Verification of KVL:

(a)Voltage for resistor 1:
Take four different resistors to find voltages four times. We can do so by
setting Resistor R1 on breadboard then connect ground wire in its
appropriate slots, turn knob to the ohm and put the wire in ohm slot. Now
take the wires and put one on one side and other on other and we will
have our reading of resistance of first resistor that will be 2.2 k ohm.
After that we will make circuit in series as we have voltmeter for fining
voltage and for voltmeter we have series circuit than the parallel one. Put
the ground wire in ground slot and red wire in red slot and turn the knob
to voltage sign and put the wire in voltage slot that we previously putted
in ohm for resistance but during this whole process we will not use
jumper wires as have ground and red wire . Calculate the voltage V1
when the ground and red wires are in their respective slot. Reading of
voltage V1 of first resistor R1 is 0.021 volts

(b)Voltage for resistor 2:

Take resistor R2 on breadboard then connect ground wire in its
appropriate slots, turn knob to the ohm and put the wire in ohm slot. Now
take the wires and put one on one side and other on other and we will
have our reading of resistance of first resistor that will be 1.2 k ohm.
After that we will make circuit in series as we have voltmeter for fining
voltage and for voltmeter we have series circuit than the parallel one. Put
the ground wire in ground slot and red wire in red slot and turn the knob
to voltage sign and put the wire in voltage slot that we previously putted
in ohm for resistance but during this whole process we will not use
jumper wires as have ground and red wire . Calculate the voltage V2
when the ground and red wires are in their respective slot. Reading of
voltage V2 of second resistor R2 is 0.012 volts

(c)Voltage for resistor 3:

Take resistor R3 on breadboard then connect ground wire in its
appropriate slots, turn knob to the ohm and put the wire in ohm slot. Now
take the wires and put one on one side and other on other and we will
have our reading of resistance of first resistor that will be 1k ohm. After
that we will make circuit in series as we have voltmeter for fining voltage
and for voltmeter we have series circuit than the parallel one. Put the
ground wire in ground slot and red wire in red slot and turn the knob to
voltage sign and put the wire in voltage slot that we previously putted in
ohm for resistance but during this whole process we will not use jumper
wires as have ground and red wire . Calculate the voltage V3 when the
ground and red wires are in their respective slot. Reading of voltage V3
of third resistor R3 is 0.10 volts

(d)Voltage for resistor 4:

Take resistor R4 on breadboard then connect ground wire in its
appropriate slots, turn knob to the ohm and put the wire in ohm slot. Now
take the wires and put one on one side and other on other and we will
have our reading of resistance of first resistor that will be 470 k ohm.
After that we will make circuit in series as we have voltmeter for fining
voltage and for voltmeter we have series circuit than the parallel one. Put
the ground wire in ground slot and red wire in red slot and turn the knob
to voltage sign and put the wire in voltage slot that we previously putted
in ohm for resistance but during this whole process we will not use
jumper wires as have ground and red wire . Calculate the voltage V4
when the ground and red wires are in their respective slot. Reading of
voltage V4 of fourth resistor R4 is 4.004 volts

Calculation:
V1+V2+V3+V4 = 0
0.021volts+0.012volts +0.10 volts +4.004 volts = 0
KVL hence proved
Observation and Reading

Resistance(ohm) Voltage(volts)
2.2 k ohm 0.021 volts
1.2 k ohm 0.012 volts
I k ohm 0.10 volts
470k ohm 4.004 volts

Conclusion:

At last we have proven KVL by adding all voltages equal to zero which is
in fact statement of Kirchhoff voltage law which state that sum of all
voltage drops equals to zero.