APUNTES Tema 4 Siglo XX

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{\phpg\posx1188\pvpg\posy-59\absw1399\absh991 \f20 \fs51 \cf100 \f20 \fs51 \cf100
h{\f10 \fs49 m}{\f10 \fs49 \cf125 c }\par
}
{\phpg\posx2452\pvpg\posy481\absw732\absh254 \f20 \fs16 \cf0 \f20 \fs16 \cf0 TEMA 4
\par
}
{\phpg\posx8551\pvpg\posy568\absw2535\absh281 \b \f10 \fs23 \cf0 \b \f10 \fs23 \cf0
1900-2015{\b0 \f21 (}{\b0 \f20 Siglo}{\b0 \f20 XX}{\b0 \f21 ) }\par
}
{\phpg\posx1700\pvpg\posy1585\absw9621\absh4132 \f10 \fs21 \cf0 \f10 \fs21 \cf0 En
la famosa Exposici�n universal de Par�s de 1889{\b C.}{\b Debussy} descubre una
gran va-
\par}{\phpg\posx1700\pvpg\posy1585\absw9621\absh4132 \sl-360 \f10 \fs21 \cf0 riedad
de m�sicas �tnicas como el flamenco (con gitanos de Granada) y, sobre todo, un
\par}{\phpg\posx1700\pvpg\posy1585\absw9621\absh4132 \sl-360 \f10 \fs21 \cf0
gamel�n venido del norte de Java. Sin embargo, no hay argumentos convincentes que
prueben el uso por parte de Debussy de material musical espec�fico de las
interpreta-
\par}{\phpg\posx1700\pvpg\posy1585\absw9621\absh4132 \sl-360 \f10 \fs21 \cf0 ciones
javanesas de 1889. La influencia del gamel�n en el estilo de Debussy sirve m�s
\par}{\phpg\posx1700\pvpg\posy1585\absw9621\absh4132 \sl-360 \f10 \fs21 \cf0 bien
para intensificar t�cnicas que se apartan de los procedimientos convencionales que
dominaban la m�sica tonal centroeuropea desde hac�a unos 200 a�os y que ya estaban
latentes en su m�sica: escalas pentat�nicas y de tonos enteros, ostinatos mel�dico-
r�tmi-
\par}{\phpg\posx1700\pvpg\posy1585\absw9621\absh4132 \sl-360 \f10 \fs21 \cf0 cos,
nuevas sonoridades por resonancia y texturas polif�nicas estratificadas.
Debussy nunca utiliza conjuntos de percusi�n afinada para sugerir sonoridades de
ga-
\par}{\phpg\posx1700\pvpg\posy1585\absw9621\absh4132 \sl-360 \f10 \fs21 \cf0 mel�n,
pero su m�sica est� infundida de ecos de esas sonoridades, sobre todo en su
escritura para piano. A menudo hay pedales graves bajo figuraciones m�s activas. Es
pro-
\par}{\phpg\posx1700\pvpg\posy1585\absw9621\absh4132 \sl-360 \f10 \fs21 \cf0 bable
que su objetivo sea explotar la vibraci�n simp�tica del piano, inspir�ndose en
el \par
}
{\phpg\posx1700\pvpg\posy6267\absw4814\absh895 \f10 \fs21 \cf0 \f10 \fs21 \cf0
sonido resonante caracter�stico del gamel�n.
\par}{\phpg\posx1700\pvpg\posy6267\absw4814\absh895 \sl-359 \par\f10 \fs21 \cf0 {\b
\fs23 4.}{\b \fs23 Expresionismo }\par
}
{\phpg\posx6536\pvpg\posy6264\absw2101\absh212 \f10 \fs16 \cf1 \f10 \fs16 \cf1 Para
saber m�s{\b \fs14 \cf125 LAM}{\b \fs18 \cf125 215 }\par
}
{\phpg\posx8827\pvpg\posy6267\absw1074\absh207 \b \f10 \fs14 \cf125 \b \f10
\fs14 \cf125 LAM{\fs18 216-217 }\par
}
{\phpg\posx1700\pvpg\posy7347\absw9700\absh6938 \f10 \fs21 \cf0 \f10 \fs21 \cf0 Es
la tendencia de vanguardia dominante en el mundo germ�nico en los a�os prece-
\par}{\phpg\posx1700\pvpg\posy7347\absw9700\absh6938 \sl-360 \f10 \fs21 \cf0 dentes
a la 1� Guerra Mundial. Su objetivo no es retratar el cambiante mundo exterior
\par}{\phpg\posx1700\pvpg\posy7347\absw9700\absh6938 \sl-360 \f10 \fs21 \cf0 como
en el Impresionismo sino reflejar la "realidad interior" del hombre, proyectar los
sentimientos, sondear el interior del esp�ritu humano en busca de un mundo de
estados
emocionales y psicol�gicos. El psicoan�lisis de S. Freud y E. Jung acaba de poner
de ma-
nifiesto los profundos impulsos irracionales del hombre.
\par}{\phpg\posx1700\pvpg\posy7347\absw9700\absh6938 \sl-219 \par\f10 \fs21 \cf0 La
poes�a expresionista est� representada, sobre todo, por{\b G.}{\b Trakl}, quien
describe meti-
culosamente la aparici�n de la locura y la desesperaci�n suicida.
\par}{\phpg\posx1700\pvpg\posy7347\absw9700\absh6938 \sl-219 \par\f10 \fs21 \cf0 En
pintura la preocupaci�n es alejarse del naturalismo para crear un estilo de mayor
fuer-
\par}{\phpg\posx1700\pvpg\posy7347\absw9700\absh6938 \sl-360 \f10 \fs21 \cf0 za
emocional. Los pintores expresionistas buscan la autonom�a del color y el divorcio
\par}{\phpg\posx1700\pvpg\posy7347\absw9700\absh6938 \sl-360 \f10 \fs21 \cf0 entre
forma y contenido, iniciando lo que luego se ha conocido como arte "abstracto": la
\par}{\phpg\posx1700\pvpg\posy7347\absw9700\absh6938 \sl-360 \f10 \fs21 \cf0 forma
deja de ser bella para convertirse en soporte del mensaje, por lo que las figuras
se
distorsionan o se retuercen si as� lo exige la idea del artista.{\b \fs14 \cf125
LAM}{\b \fs18 \cf125 218 }
\par}{\phpg\posx1700\pvpg\posy7347\absw9700\absh6938 \sl-220 \par\f10 \fs21 \cf0 Si
en pintura se desintegran las normas de la perspectiva y de la representaci�n de
ob-
\par}{\phpg\posx1700\pvpg\posy7347\absw9700\absh6938 \sl-360 \f10 \fs21 \cf0 jetos,
con agrupamientos de formas y colores sin referencia a nada que sea natural, en la
\par}{\phpg\posx1700\pvpg\posy7347\absw9700\absh6938 \sl-360 \f10 \fs21 \cf0 m�sica
expresionista se desintegran las normas mel�dicas y arm�nicas, con agrupamien-
\par}{\phpg\posx1700\pvpg\posy7347\absw9700\absh6938 \sl-360 \f10 \fs21 \cf0 tos
libres de sonidos, capaces por s� mismos de afectar al espectador. Para expresar lo
s�r-
\par}{\phpg\posx1700\pvpg\posy7347\absw9700\absh6938 \sl-360 \f10 \fs21 \cf0 dido
de la existencia y las frustraciones del ser humano no vale la m�sica del pasado,
sino
\par}{\phpg\posx1700\pvpg\posy7347\absw9700\absh6938 \sl-360 \f10 \fs21 \cf0 una
atonalidad libre y una autonom�a del color y del sonido "puro ". El principal
exponente
\par}{\phpg\posx1700\pvpg\posy7347\absw9700\absh6938 \sl-360 \f10 \fs21 \cf0 del
Expresionismo musical,{\b A.}{\b Sch�nberg}, mantiene una estrecha relaci�n con
el princi-
\par}{\phpg\posx1700\pvpg\posy7347\absw9700\absh6938 \sl-360 \f10 \fs21 \cf0 pal
exponente del Expresionismo pict�rico,{\b V.}{\b Kandinsky}.{\b \fs14 \cf125
LAM}{\b \fs18 \cf125 219}{\fs19 {\f63 \u61486\'3f}}{\b \f30 \fs19 ACT}{\b \f30
\fs19 214}{\b \fs14 \cf125 LAM}{\b \fs18 \cf125 220 }\par
}
{\phpg\posx11240\pvpg\posy15486\absw462\absh267 \b \f10 \fs21 \cf0 \b \f10 \fs21
\cf0 141 \par
}
\sect\sectd\pard\plain
}

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