21st Century Literature Reviewer 2 TYPES OF LITERATURE:

 Oral Literature
LITERATURE - Pleasure of being able to tell the
 Study of literature is known as “study story.
of life” - Started unwritten.
 Literature is the total preserved  Written Literature
writings belongings to a given - Form from the use of pen by
language or people. (Webster) literary genius.
 Literature consist of those writings REASON WHY PEOPLE WRITE:
which interpret the meanings of  For self-expression
nature and life, in words of charm  To spread knowledge and
and power, touched with the information.
personality of the author, in artistic  To pass on ideas and values.
forms of permanent interest (Henry  To impart truth, accuracy, and
Van Dyke) evaluation.
 Literature is a written record of man’s CHARACTERISTICS OF GREAT LITERATURES:
best thoughts and feelings.  Permanence – stands through the ages.
 Literature is the written or printed  Universality – appeals to anyone.
productions of human mind  Artistry – appeals to our aesthetic sense.
collectively.  Intellectual Value – stimulates our
 Literature is the writings having thought.
excellent of form and expressing and  Spiritual Value – inspires and brings out
ideas of permanent or universal moral values.
interest or the body of written works.  Style – marked with the peculiar way
 Literature gives us a picture of life.  Suggestiveness – appeals to our
 Literature is an expression of emotions.
meaning articulated through form.
 Literature is a faithful reproduction of Prose is discourse that follows the usual flow
life. of conversation which uses sentences
 Literature is an oral or written forming paragraphs to express ideas,
reproduction of human experiences. feelings and action.
 Literature gains force from the
universality of its thought and
appeal.
DIVISION OF PROSE
1. FICTION – author’s imagination.

1|Page
 a. Short Story – narrative involving It is a record of the best and happiest
two or more characters. moments of the best minds, the very
b. Novel – divided into chapters image of life expressed in its eternal
c. Play – scripted story executed on truth. (Percy Bysshe Shelly)
stage. The chief work of poetry is not to teach
d. Legend – origin of man, place, anything, nor to explain anything-
event and happenings. though it may both teach and explain-it
e. Fables – characters are animals. is to intensify life. (Wallace Stevens)
It is a type of literature in which words
2. NON-FICTION are selected for their beauty, sound and
a. Essay – viewpoint and opinion of power to express feeling.
the writer. It uses a kind of language that is more
 Formal Essay intense and expressive than everyday
 Informal Essay speech.
b. Oration – intended to be spoken It presents the speaker’s emotions as
before a crowd. they are aroused by beauty, experience,
c. Biography – life account of a or attachment.
person written by another It provides a fresh, unexpected way of
person. looking at things.
d. Autobiography – author writes It gives pleasure, whether it appeals to
his own life account. the senses, emotions or intellectual.
e. News – report of expected and
expected events. 3 TYPES OF POETRY
f. Letters  Narrative Poetry – tells stories
g. Diaries and Journal and has 2 forms:
a. Epics – long poems that
Poetry exemplify the adventures of
Combines the sound and meaning of epic heroes and divine forces.
language to create and express ideas They are the oldest surviving
and feelings. form of poetry.
The spontaneous overflow of powerful b. Ballads – narrative poems
feelings taking its origin from emotion. intended to be sung.
(William Wordsworth)  Dramatic Poetry – tells stories but
It is the rhythmical creation of beauty. one or more characters act out
(Edgar Allan Poe) the poem.

2|Page
  Lyric Poetry – short poem that
expresses the poet’s thoughts
and feeling.
a. Haiku – shortest lyric poems.
b. Ode – lyric poem full of high
praises.
c. Elegy – poem of meditation
on life and death.
d. Sonnet – has pattern of
rhyme and rhythm.
e. Song – lyric poem intended
to be sung.
Imagery – refers to the sensation that
language creates in the mind.
Figurative Language – makes language
more colourful, suggestive, powerful and
therefore exciting.
THE FIGURES OF SPEECH
1. Simile – explicit or direct comparison.
2. Metaphor – bolder than simile and
the comparison is implied or indirect.
3. Personification – gives
qualities or attributes to non- human
or inanimate object.
4. Synecdoche – part of an object to
stand for a whole.
5. Metonymy – use of a term
connected with an object
represent that object.
6. Hyperbole – deliberate exaggeration
used for effect.
7. Oxymoron – putting side by side of
two normally contradictory words.
8. Paradox – something seems true.
9. Allusion – casual reference either
directly or borrowing familiar phrases
from the bible, history or literature.
10. Irony – a discrepancy between the
expected and what actually happen.
11. Onomatopoeia – use of words
having a sound that imitates what
they denote.
12. Litotes – deliberate understatement
used to affirm by negating its
opposite.
13. Apostrophe – direct address to
someone absent.
14. Alliteration – repetition of the initial
constant sound.
15. Assonance – repetition of the middle
vowel sound.
16. Consonance – called “slant” rhyme.
ART APPRECIATION IN GENERAL
A. Purpose of Art – to express man’s
feelings about his surroundings.
Classification
human  Architecture – structural
materials for buildings.
 Sculpture – material for caving,
casting, modelling.
 Painting – pigment on smooth
surface.
to  Music & Dance – sounds-vocal
or man-made, body movements.
 Literature – language.
 Theater & Cinema – picture
frames, story and music or visual
performing arts.
3|Page

B. WHY WE STUDY LITERATURE: Its
Importance
 Literature is a transmitter of
values.
 Literature is preserver of
ideals, customs, and
traditions.
 Literature is a mirror of
culture.
 Literature is an agent of
change.
 Literature is a source of
pleasure.
 Literature uses languages.
 Literature is experience.
 Literature promotes
individual as well as social
insights.
 Literature is an expression of
man’s emotion and ideas.
 Literature, perhaps born out
of social need, has always
had a social function.
 Literature enlarges the mind.
 Literature helps student
make real choices.
 Literature is a way knowing.
 Literature fulfils a double
role: it helps us understand
ourselves better and it brings
us into closer communion
with our fellowmen.
 PRE-SPANISH LITERATURE
- During this period our ancestors already
had their own literature stamped in the
history of our race.
PRE-SPANISH LITERATURE IS
CHARACTRIZED BY:
1. Legend – origin of a thing, location
or name.
 The Legend of Mount Makiling
 Ang Alamat ng Pinya
 Why Woman Wash The Dishes
 The Legend of Olongapo
2. Folk Tales – stories about life,
adventure, love, horror and humor.
 The Moon and the Sun
3. Epics – long narrative poems. Series
of heroic achievements and events.
 Biag ni Lam-ang (Life of Lam-ang
 The Agyu or Olahing of the
Manobos
 Sandayo
 Aliguyon
 Labaw Donggon
4. Myths – describes and portrays
symbolic language. The origin of the
basic element of assumptions of a
culture.
5. Folk Songs – oldest forms of
Philippine literature that emerged in
the Pre-Spanish period.
 Kundiman – song of love
 Kumintang – song of wars
 And Dalit o Immo – worship
songs
 Ang Oyayi and Hele – lullaby
song
 Soliranin – labour’s song
4|Page
  Talindaw – fising songs  ALIBATA was the first Filipino
alphabet w/c was replaced by the
OTHER FORMS OF PRE SPANISH POETRY Roman alphabet.
1. Epigrams (Salawikain) – laws or rules  Lesson on Christian Doctrine
on good behaviour.
became the basis of religious
2. Riddles (Bugtong) – consist of 4 to 12
practices.
syllables.
 The Spanish language which
3. Chant (Bulong) – witchcraft or
became the medium of instruction
enchantment.
and literary language during this
4. Maxims – couplets of 5, 6, or 8
syllables. time this time lent many of its words

5. Sayings (Kasabihan) – used in teasing to use language.

or giving remarks or comments on a  Legends and traditions from Europe

person’s actuation. were assimilated in our songs,
6. Sawikain (Sayings) – does not have Corridos, and Moro-moros.
meaning.  Ancient literature was collected and
translated to Tagalog and other
 SPANISH PERIOD (1565 – 1898) dialects.
 The Spanish period colonized  Grammar books were printed in
Philippines for more than three Filipino, like Tagalog, Ilocano, and
centuries. Visayan.
 They embrace the catholic religion,  Our magazines and periodicals
changed their names, and baptized. gained religious tones.
 They build houses made of stones
and bricks, used kitchen utensils and
B. THE FIRST BOOK
furniture like the piano.
 The Christian Doctrine (Doctrina
 Carriages, trains and boats were
Cristiana)
used as means of travel.
- This was the first book printed in
 They held fiestas to honor the saints,
the Philippines in 1593 in
the pope and the governors.
xylography. It was written by Fr.
Juan De Plancenia and Fr.
A. SPANISH INFLUENCE ON PHILIPPINE Domingo Nieva, in Tagalog and
LITERATURE Spanish.
 Nuestra Senora del Rosario

5|Page
 - This was the second book printed
in the Philippines written by Fr.
Blancas de San Jose in 1602.
- Contains the biographies of
saints, novenas, and questions
and answer on religion.
 Libro de losCuatros Post Primeras de
Hombre (in Spanish and Tagalog)
- This is the first book printed in
typography.
 AngBarlaan at Josephat
- This is the first biblical story
printed in the Philippines and
translated from Greek to Tagalog
by Fr. Antonio de Borja.
 The Passion
- This book is about life and
sufferings of Jesus Christ and it is
read only during the lent.
There were 4 versions in Tagalog,
and each version is according to the
name of the writer.
1. Pilapil version by Mariano
Pilapil of Bulacan, 1814.
2. The de Belen version by
Gaspar Aquino de Belen of
Bataan, 1704.
3. The de la Merced version by
Ancieto de la Merced of
Norzagaray, bulacan, 1856.
4. The de Guia version by Luis
de Guia in 1750.
 Urbana at Felisa
- This book was written by
Modesto de Castro, known to as
the Father of Classic Prose in
Tagalog.
 Ang Mga Dalit Kay Maria (psalms for
Mary)
- This is a collection of songs
praising Virgin Mary.
- It was written in 1865 by a Filipino
priest, Fr. Mariano Sevilla.
C. FOLK SONGS
 During the Spanish period, each
region had its own national song
from lowlands to the mountains of
Luzon, Visayas and Mindanao.
Examples of Folk Songs are:
a. Leron-leronSinta
b. Dandansoy
c. Atin Cu PungSingsing
d. Pamulinawen
e. Sarong Banggi
D. RECREATIONAL PLAY
These recreational plays in poetic forms
were performed by Filipinos during the
Spanish era:
 Tibag means to excavate – this is a
ritual to remind people about the
search of Saint Helena for the Holy
Cross where Jesus Christ was nailed
and died.
6|Page
 Lagaylay– is a special occasion to
get together during the month of
May for the Pilaneros of Sorsogon.
 Cenaculo– is a dramatic
performance to re-enact the passion
and death of Jesus Christ. Cantada
chanted like the Passion. Hablada
more dignified.
 Karagatan– is a poetic contest
where a ritual is performed based
on a legend about a princess who
dropped her ring into the middle of
the sea and who offered her hand in
marriage to anyone who can find it.
 Balagtasan– Is a poetic joust or a
contest of skills in debate on a topic
or issue.

 Panunuluyan– is a reactment of  Dung- Aw–Is a chant in free verse

Virgin Mary and Saint Joseph in by a bereaved person beside the
search to an inn to deliver the baby corpse of the dead.
jesus.
 AMERICAN COLONIAL PERIOD 1910-
 Salubong – is an easter play that 1945
dramatizes the meeting of risen  The introduction of free instruction
Jesus Christ and his mother. for all children of school age.
 The use of English as medium of

 Carillo or Shadow play – is a instruction in all levels of education

dramatic entertainment performed in public schools.

on dark nights projecting cardboard  Free publication made knowledge

figures before a lamp against a and information accessible to all

white sheet. Filipinos.

 During the period of apprenticeship,

 Zarzuela – is considered the father (1910-1930) the Filipino writers

of Drama. imitated English and American

models.

 Moro-Moro – is performed during  The period of Emergence (1920-

town fiestas to entertain the people 1930) was highly influenced by

and to remind them of their western literary trends like

Christian religion. Romanticism and Realism.

7|Page
  Jose villa Garcia earned the  Kahapon, Ngayon, at Bukas
international title “poet of the (Yesterday,Today and Tomorrow)–
century”. written by Aurelio Tolentino.
SHORT STORIES  Tanikalang Ginto of Juan Abad
 Dead Stars was the first short story  Malaya by Tomas Remigio
written in English by Paz Marquez  Walang sugat by Severino Reyes
Benitez.
 The Small Key was written by Paz LITERATURE IN SPANISH
Latorena.  Cecilio Apostol wrote poems
 Footnote to Youth by Jose Garcia dedicated to Rizal, Jacinto, mabini
Villa. and all other heroes.
NOVELS  Fernando Ma. Guerrero shared with
 Child of Sorrow was the first novel Apostol the title Balagtasan during
in English by ZoiloGalang. their time.
NEWSPAPERS  Jesus Balmori is famous of his pen
1. EL NUEVO DIA (The New Day) name Batikuling.
 Established by Sergio Osmenia in  Manuel Bernabe is a lyric poet
1900. exemplified his nationalistic spirit.
 The Americans censored, twice  Claro M. Recto is also famous for his
banned and threatened Osmenia nobility of speech and theme.
with banishment of his nationalistic
writings.
2. EL GRITO DEL PUEBLO (The Call of TAGALOG LITERATURE
the Nation) Tagalog Short Stories
 Established by Pascual  Mga Kwentong Ginto was published
Poblete in 1900. in 1936.
3. EL RENANCIMIENTO (The Rebirth)  Kwentong Ginto Kwentista was
 Founded by Rafael Palma in published in 1939.
1901. Tagalog Poetry
PLAYS Tagalog Poets during the American Period
The following plays during the America were able to compose beautiful poems.
period have consistent theme in nationalism. Poet of the Heart (Makatasa Puso)
 Inigo Ed. Regalado
8|Page
  Carlos Gatmaitan conquered by japan between1941-
 Pedro Deogracias del Rosario 1945.
 Ildelfonso S  There was no freedom of speech and
Poet of the Laborers (Makata ng of the press.
Manggagawa)  Victoria Abelardo describes Filipino

 Amandi V. Hernandez – he pictures writings during the Japanese

in his poems the intense love the occupation as pessimistic and bitter.

poor workers or laborers.  The weekly magazine liwayway was

Ilocano Literature placed under strict surveillance until

 Pedro Bukaneg – father of Ilocano it was managed by Japanese named

literature. Ishiwara.

 Claro Caluya – prince of Ilocano  The common theme of most poems

poets. during the Japanese occupation was

 Leon Pichay – known as the best nationalism, love and life in the

bukanegero. barrios, faith, religion and the arts.

Kapampangan Literature  The only contact with the outside

 Juan Crisostomo Soto – Father of world was done with utmost secrecy

Kapampangan literature. through the underground radio

 Aurelio Tolentino – translated program called “Voice of Freedom”.

kahapon, Ngayon at Bukas into  During this period, Tagalog was

Kapampangan Napon, Ngeni at favored by the Japanese military

Bukas. authority, and eventually influenced

Visayan Literature and encouraged the Filipinos to

develop the vernacular literature.
 EribertoGumban – Father of Visayan
 Filipino writers who were able to
Literature.
write freely were those residing in
 Magdalen Jalondoni – wrote the
the United States.
novel tunuksan Isa Ca Bulaklak.
 Movie Houses showing American
Films were closed.
 JAPANESE PERIOD OF THE PHILIPPINE
 Jose Ma Hernandez – wrote
LITERATURE (1941-1945)
PANDAY PIRA
 Philippine literature was interrupted
 Francisco Soc Rodrigo – wrote
in its development when we were
PULA sa PUTI

9|Page
  Clodualdo del Mundo – wrote  Gregorio Brillantes
BULAGA (Hide and Seek Game)  Gilda Cordero Fernando
 Julian Cruz Balmaceda – wrote  National Artist Awards
SINO BA KAYO?, DAHIL SA  Jose Garcia Villa
ANAK, and HIGANTE NG PATAY.  Nick Joaquin
 The usual and common form of  PHILIPPINE LITERATURE IN POST WAR-
poetry that emerged during the CONTEMPORARY PERIOD (1945 –
Japanese period is the HAIKU. PRESENT)
 Tanaga is similar to Haiku.
 Many wrote short stories during this The rebirth of Freedom (1946-1970)
period. Historical Background
 Carlos P. Romulo was an outstanding  The Americans returned to the
writer of the period. Philippines in 1945 to end the
 Playing and listening to music were Japanese rule.
among the leisure activities that
made life bearable during the Philippine Literature during this Period
Japanese rule.
Read page 26
 Western music identified with the
allied nations of war was prohibited.
 Music remained a popular pastime in
Filipino homes.
 Opera and classical music flourished
during the war.
 All these prove that even during
turbulent times, Filipinos’ love of
music could never be
underestimated.

 Palanca Awardees For Literature:

 Jose Garcia Villa
 Nick Joaquin
 NVM Gonzales
 Bienvenidos Santos

10 | P a g e