Arts presents a high human condition and it has an enabling

quality.
 Highest expression done in an extra-ordinary way
 Anything that has beauty and creativity Amador Daguio
 Has style
 Has life Is the beautiful expression of man’s personal interpretation of
some aspect of human life, or a wording out of unique,
Two Forms: beautiful and personal manner.

Natural Arts Virginia Woolf (feminist)

 Anything that is part of nature It is strewn with the wreckage of men who have minded
 Anything made by God beyond reason the opinion of others.
 Possesses natural beauty
C.S. Lewis
Artificial Arts
It adds to reality. It does not simply describe (realism).
 Anything done by man
Francisco O. Javines
Examples:
Develops a keener sensitiveness to life.
Painting is the combination of brush strokes and hues.
Architecture deals with geometric designs and figures Roger Don S.J
Sculpture is the use of chisel in carving Can escape from reality, liberation from political oppression,
Music is combinations of music, tone, and lyrics social injustice and economic inequality.
Literature
Ester Lombardi
Literature
Creative writing -> technical writing -> scientific writing
 Comes from the word LITERA which means letter
 Mirror of one’s culture Teofilo del Castillo & Buenaventura Medina
 Collection of significant human experience (SHE)
Eternally burning flame
Qualities of a “Good Literature”:
Poetry
 Timeless – appreciate an old work
 Universal – written in other places Aristotle
 Priceless – no equal amount could alter the quality Poetry is finer and more philosophical than history
 Original
 Possesses Positive Values – (case-to-case basis) Edmund Burke

Divisions of Literature It is the art of substantiating shadows, and of lending

existence to nothing
Prose – written in sentences and paragraph forms
T.S. Eliot
Elements:
Not a turning loose of emotion, but an escape from emotion
 Character
 Characterization – creation and development Robert Frost
 Setting – where and when it takes place
 Theme – central idea/lesson When an emotion has found its thought and the thought has
 Plot – events that occur in a story found words
 Conflict – struggle of the chara Khalil Gibran
 Climax – point wherein the conflict peaked
 Imagery – author’s attempt to create a pic Is a deal of joy and pain and wonder, with a dash of the
 POV – if told by a chara/outsider dictionary
 Moral Lesson/Values
John F. Kennedy
Poetry – written in verse and stanzas form
When power corrupts, poetry cleanses
Introduction to Literature
James Russell Lowell
Raymond Chadler
Something to make us wiser and better
When a book or a certain kind of book reaches a certain
intensity of artistic performance, it becomes literature. It Plato

Near to the vital truth than history

Edgar Allan Poe
The rhythmical creation of beauty in words
William Wordsworth
Spontaneous overflow of a powerful feeling recollected in
tranquility
Anonymous
an attempt of an author’s emotional and philosophical
responses to himself and to his environment.
Importance of Literature
1. Helps us grow both personally and intellectually.
2. Links us with the world of which we are a part.
3. Enables us to transcend our immediate time, place,
and culture.
4. Encourages us to build mature empathy with all forms
of life—human, animals, plants
5. Sharpens the sense of moral judgement
6. Stimulates imagination and ingenuity.
7. Significance of irony, paradox, oxymoron,
ambivalence
8. Allows to us to see the world in different vantage
points.
9. Relives history.
10. Reminds us that we are human beings.
Literary Types and Forms
Forms: Oral/Spoken and Written Types: Prose, Poetry, Drama
Prose – written in sentences and paragraphs
Fiction – based on imagination (short stories,
legends, fairytales, parables, myths)
Myths – a traditional story, especially one concerning the
early history of a people or explaining some natural or social
phenomenon, typically involving supernatural beings or events.
Legends – a traditional story sometimes popularly regarded
as historical but unauthenticated
Parable – a simple story used to illustrate a moral or spiritual
lesson, as told by Jesus in the Gospels
Fable – a short story, typically with animals as characters,
conveying a moral
Fairy Tale – a children’s story about magical and imaginary
beings and lands
Short Story – a story with a fully developed theme but
significantly shorter and less elaborate than a novel
Elements:
 Plot
 Character
 Setting
 Theme
 Point of View
Novel – a fictitious prose narrative of book length, typically
representing character and action with degree of realism
Novella – normally longer than a short story but shorter than
a novel
Non-Fiction – based from real life stories/reality
(history, news, journals, diaries, essay, editorial, character
sketch, biography, character sketches, autobiography)
Poetry – lines/verses and stanzas (either lyric, narrative,
dramatic)
Elements:
Lyric Poetry – intended to/can be sung (Ibong
Adarna, Florante at Laura, Bible(s), songs)
Song - a short poem set to music or meant
to be sung
Sonnet – poem of 14 lines using any of a
number of formal rhyme schemes
Elegy – poem of serious reflection, typically
a lament for the dead
Ode – in a form of an address to a particular
subject
Narrative Poetry – intended to be told to people,
like a story
Ballad – narrating a story in short stanzas,
passed orally
Metrical Romance – another term for
chivalric romance
Epic – a long poem, narrating the deeds and
adventures of heroic or legendary figures or
the history of a nation
Dramatic Poetry – drama
Dramatic Monologue - a poem in the form of a speech or
narrative by an imagined person, in which the speaker
inadvertently reveals aspects of their character while
describing a particular situation or series of events.
Soliloquy – an act of speaking one’s thought aloud
Drama – presentation acted on stage (tragedy, tragicomedy,
melodrama)
Elements:
 Dialogue
 Plot
 Character
Comedy (satirical, the comedy of manners, romantic,
black, farce)
 Critical Approaches in Studying Literature
Reader-response Approach – establishes the interaction
between the reader and the piece of literature
Marxism – focuses on class conflicts as well as class
distinctions by emphasizing social, economic, and political
inequalities as exemplified by the characters in a literary work
Feminism – examines the subjugation of women in the
society and how they were personified in literature whether
independent or dependent, superior or inferior, strong or
weak, liberated or conservative, assertive or submissive,
uncompromising or accommodating, expressive or timid
Queer Theory – scrutinizes, problematizes, and criticizes the
role of gender in literature
Formalism – focuses on the inherent features of a text
Historical-Biographical Approach – embraces the idea that
text and author are inseparable, thus, in order to make sense
of the text, the reader must dig the author’s life history to
know what compelled him from writing the text
Deconstruction – strives to exhibit that any text is not a
disconnected whole but contains numerous conflicting
meanings
Moral/Intellectual Approach – concerns itself with the
content and values of the text, that is, to determine if the text
is significant in the reader’s well-being—making them become
better persons and helping them understand the world
Seven Literary Standards
1. Artistry
2. Intellectual Value
3. Suggestiveness
4. Spiritual Value
5. Universality
6. Style
7. Nobelty
Figures of Speech
1. Alliteration – the repetition of an initial consonant sound.
Example: She sells seashells by the seashore.
2. Anaphora – the repetition of the same word or phrase at
the beginning of successive clauses or verses
Example: Unfortunately, I was in the wrong place at
the wrong time on the wrong day.
3. Antithesis – juxtaposition of contrasting ideas in
balanced phrases.
Example: Many are called, but few are chosen.
4. Apostrophe – directly addressing a non-existent person
or an inanimate object as though it were a living being.
Example: “Oh, you stupid car, you never work when I
need you to…”
5. Assonance – identity of similarity in sound between
internal vowels in neighboring sounds.
Example: How now, brown cow?
6. Euphemism – the substitution of an inoffensive term for
one considered offensively explicit.
Example: You’re an idiot. = You have an interesting
point of view.
7. Hyperbole – an extravagant statement; use of
exaggerated terms for the purpose of emphasis.
Example: You’re talking me to death.
8. Irony – use of words to convey the opposite of their
literal meaning.
Example: A pilot has fear of heights.
9. Metaphor – implied comparison between dissimilar things
that have something in common.
Example: The girl was her light.
10. Onomatopoeia – words that imitate sounds.
Example: The pitter patter of the drizzling rain calmed
my nerves.
11. Oxymoron – incongruous and/or contradictory terms
appear side by side.
Example: She let out a silent scream when her friend
surprised her inside the theater.
12, Paradox – statement that appears to contradict itself.
Example: This is the beginning of the end.
13. Personification – an inanimate object or abstraction is
endowed with human qualities or abilities.
Example: He closed his eyes as the gentle morning
breeze brushes his face.
14. Pun – a play on words.
Example: The horse was very “stable”.
15. Simile – stated comparison (formed with like or as) with
fundamentally dissimilar things.
Example: Ponkan was white as sheet when she left
the haunted house.
16. Understatement – writer/speaker deliberately makes a
situation seem less important or serious than it is.
Example: As she saw the flood was until her waist,
she deadpanned. “Looks like it rained a bit last night.”
17. Allusion – is a brief and indirect reference to a person,
place, thing or idea
Example: “Don’t act like a Romeo in front of me.”
18. Ellipses – is the omission of a word/words (prevents
redundancy).
Example: John can speak seven languages, but Ron
can only speak two (languages).
There was a young woman named Ines Kannoyan whom Lam-
ang wanted to woo. She lived in Calanutian and he brought
along his white rooster and gray dog to visit her. On the way,
Lam-ang met his enemy Sumarang, another suitor of Ines
whom he fought and readily defeated.

19. Metonymy – use of a linked term to stand in for an object

or concept. Lam-ang found the house of Ines surrounded by many suitors
all of whom were trying to catch her attention. He had his
Example: Pen is mightier than the sword. rooster crow, which caused a nearby house to fall. This made
Ines look out. He had his dog bark and in an instant, the fallen
.
house rose up again. The girl’s parents witnessed this and
Epic – is a narrative poetry that was spread through mouth called for him. The rooster expressed the love of Lam-ang. The
parents agreed to a marriage with their daughter if Lam-ang
Biag ni Lam-ang would give them a dowry valued at double their wealth. Lam-
ang had no problem fulfilling this condition and he and Ines
A long narrative poetry written by Pedro Bucaneg were married.

Manuel Arsemo attributed the epic to Father Herardo Blanco.

Publicist – Isabelo de los Reyes, friend of Father.
More or less 2,000 verse.
Crisologo Houses (the huge space on the first floor) – Palayok
<- their main product once, they make it there and receive
guests too.
Traditions in this story:
It was a tradition to have a newly married man swim in the
river for the rarang fish. Unfortunately, Lam-ang dove straight
into the mouth of the water monster Berkakan. Ines had
Marcos get his bones, which she covered with a piece of cloth.
His rooster crowed and his dog barked and slowly the bones
started to move. Back alive, Lam-ang and his wife lived happily
ever after with his white rooster and gray dog.

 When the father was decapitated and showed his

head (it’s said that this was a sign of respect).
 The search for his father and bring back the remains
when his father was found dead (a sign of bravery).
 The giving of dowry (the payment of the husband to
their wife’s parents).

Summary:

Don Juan and his wife Namongan lived in Nalbuan, now part of
La Union in the northern part of the Philippines. They had a
son named Lam-ang. Before Lam-ang was born, Don Juan
went to the mountains in order to punish a group of their
Igorot enemies. While he was away, his son Lam-ang was
born. It took four people to help Namongan give birth. As soon
as the baby boy popped out, he spoke and asked that he be
given the name Lam-ang. He also chose his godparents and
asked where his father was.

After nine months of waiting for his father to return, Lam-ang

decided he would go look for him. Namongan thought Lam-
ang was up to the challenge but she was sad to let him go.

During his exhausting journey, he decided to rest for a while.

He fell asleep and had a dream about his father’s head being
stuck on a pole by the Igorot. Lam-ang was furious when he
learned what had happened to his father. He rushed to their
village and killed them all, except for one whom he let go so
that he could tell other people about Lam-ang’s greatness.

Upon returning to Nalbuan in triumph, he was bathed by

women in the Amburayan river. All the fish died because of the
dirt and odor from Lam-ang’s body.
 The Return
(Edith Tiempo)

(Youthful)

If the dead years could shake their skinny legs and run;
As once he had circled this house in thirty counts;
He would go through this door among these old friends and
they would not shun;
Him and the tales he would tell, tales that would bear more
than the spare;
Testimony of willed wit and his grey hairs;
He would enter among them, the fatted meat about his mouth,
As he told of how he had lived on strange boats on strange
waters;
Of stratagems with lean sly winds,
Of the times death went coughing like a sick man on the
motors,
Their breaths would rise hot and pungent as the lemon rinds,
In their cups and sniff at the odors,
Of his past like dogs at dried bones behind a hedge,
And he would live in the whispers and locked heads.

(childhood)

Wheeling around and around and turning back was where he

started;
The turn to the pasture, a swift streak under a boy’s running;
The swing, up a few times and he had all the earth he wanted;
The tower trees, and not so tall as he had imagined;

(Old Age)

The rocking chair on the porch, you pushed it and it started

rocking;
Rocking, and abruptly stopped. He, too, stopped in the
doorway, chagrined
He would go among them but he would not tell, he could be
smart.
He, an old man cracking bones of his embarrassment apart.

What is Emotion
(Tita Lacambra-Ayala)

Swoop – to descend quickly and suddenly with a sweeping

movement

Fiercely – aggressively

Carrion – something that is decaying or disgusting

Impassive – expressionless; showing no outward sign or

emotion, especially on the face

Grudge – to allow, to do something reluctantly

Wily – skilled at using clever tricks