Distinguishes between and among patterns

of development in writing across

disciplines
a. narration
b. description
c. definition
d. exemplification / classification
e. comparison and contrast
f. cause and effect
g. problem – solution
DEVELOPM
ENT IN
WRITING
ACROSS
NARRA
TION
NARRATI
ON
• the most basic pattern of development
• the act or process of telling a story or
describing what happens
• describes how, what, when, and where
something happened
• can be found in any form of literature,
including short stories, novels, or even
 SIX MAJOR
ARRATOR TYPES
IRST PERSON
First person is used when the main
character is telling the story. This is
the kind that uses the "I" narrator.
As a reader, you can only experience
the story through this person's eyes.
So you won't know anything about the
people or events that this character
hasn't personally experienced.
SECOND PERSON
Second person point of
view is generally only used
in instructional writing. It is
told from the perspective of
"you".
THIRD PERSON
Third person POV is used
when your narrator is not a
character in the story. Third
person uses the "he/she/it"
narrator and it is the most
commonly used POV in
MNISCIENT AUTHOR
This type of narrator has access
to multiple characters’ thoughts
and feelings and can describe
them all within the course of a
single book or even chapter. This
is one of the more complex types
RELIABLE NARRATOR
Unreliable narrators are types of first-
person-driven narratives that give the
audience the opportunity to make their own
interpretations of a story.
An unreliable narrator is a character
whose telling of the story is not completely
accurate or credible due to problems with
the character's mental state or maturity.
BSERVER-NARRATOR
This type of narrator tells the events of
the story in either the first or third person,
but does not feature as one of the major
characters in the course of events. Another
term for this narrator could be ‘the
witness’. The narrator is similar to the
omniscient narrator in this respect, but
DESCRIP
TION
DESCRIP
TION
• a statement that describes
something or someone
• the pattern of development
which goes into details about a
specific object, person, or
location, in order to firmly set
 FOUR
TYPES OF
DESCRIPT
CATION DESCRIPTION
 is the description of places.
Remember, you are trying to
paint a picture in the mind of
the reader. This means that all
locations require some level of
ARACTER DESCRIPTION
is simply what characters look
like. Not all characters will need
detailed descriptions, but you
will need to give every
character enough description for
your reader to form a mental
CTION DESCRIPTION
is the words you use to
describe what your characters
are doing. This might be dialing
a number on a phone or flying a
plane. The context of the action
will dictate the level of
OTION DESCRIPTION
description is probably the only one of
the four that raises an eyebrow. In the
Show, Don’t Tell Methodology we
must avoid TELLING readers the way
a character is feeling. This means we
can’t say, “John was sad.” Instead, we
must describe John being sad, hence
DEFINI
TION
DEFINI
TION
• explain not just what
something means or is, but
also what something does,
what something is used for,
what something looks like,
etc.
TYPES
OF
RMAL DEFINITION
A formal definition consists of three
parts: the term, the part of speech to
which it belongs, such as a noun or a verb,
and all the traits or characteristics that are
specific to that term. The dictionary is
filled with formal definitions, but it is not
the only place where you will find them.
Writers often include formal definitions
FORMAL DEFINITION
In an informal definition, the
writer uses known words or
examples to explain an unknown
term. These definitions may be
synonyms or antonyms
TENDED DEFINITION
Extended definitions generally have components of
both informal and formal definitions. However, as
the name suggests, the author uses a number of other
techniques to define a word, concept, or phrase,
including the following:
 Listing and describing the parts: identifying
smaller, more familiar pieces of an idea to point to
the definition of the bigger concept.
 Examples or anecdotes: telling a story or example that
illustrates the term.
 Negation: defining a term by explaining what the concept
is not.
 Evoking the senses: using a word that creates a picture in
the reader's mind so that the reader might relate through
memory of sound, sight, touch, hearing, or smell.
 Environment or sector: pointing out how and where
something is used.
 Ramifications: showing how the term or concept affects
people or objects.
 ATION
and
CLASSIFICA
EXEMPLIFI
•CATION
provide examples and
illustrations in order to further
clarify or explain the concept
or subject matter
• present the general statement
and then provides specific and
CLASSIFIC
ATION
• the act or process of
dividing people or
things into groups
based on ways that they
are alike
COMPARISO
N
and
COMPARISON
& CONTRAST
• Organizes ideas based on
how events, places, people,
things, and concepts, are
similar to or different from
COMPAR
ISON
• the act of looking at
things to see how they
are similar; to see the
similarities
CONTR
AST
• the quality or state
of being different; to
see the difference
 E&
EFFEC
 CAUSE &
EFFECT
•Explains why
something happens
or what results a
particular event
CAU
SE
•something that
produces an effect,
result, or condition
EFFE
CT
• a results when
something is done or
happens; an event,
condition, or state of
 EM-
SOLUTI
 PROBLEM-
SOLUTION
• is a method for analyzing
and writing about a topic
by identifying a problem
and proposing one or
PERSUA
SION
PERSUASI
ON
• convinces readers to agree to an
argument or claim about a
particular topic
• can attempt to influence a person's
beliefs, attitudes, intentions,
• is also an often used tool in the
pursuit of personal gain, such as
election campaigning, giving a
sales pitch, or in trial advocacy.
• can also be interpreted as using
one's personal or positional
resources to change people's
Systematic persuasion is the
process through which attitudes or
beliefs are leveraged by appeals to
logic and reason.

Heuristic persuasion on the other

hand is the process through which
Prepared by Group 2 (11-
STEM B):
• Lordilyn V. Bataanon
• Keesha Mae U. Timog
• Rhea Mea E. Anareta
• Lhoy Vince U. Almiranez
• Ron Vernon R.
Datinggaling
• Ronel L. Samodio