Electric Measurements

  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
0
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 ‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬ 
 W،
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬     ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬   
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
  ?    ? ‫א‬ ‫א‬   
‫א‬? ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ?
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 ،‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬          ‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ،‫א‬   
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫؛‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
1
‫‪ ‬‬ ‫א‪‬א‪‬א‪‬א‪‬‬
‫א‪ ‬‬
‫‪ ‬‬
‫‪‬א‪‬‬ ‫א‪‬‬
‫‪١‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫‪٦‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫‪٧‬‬ ‫א‪‬א‪W‬א‪‬א‪‬א‪‬‬
‫‪٩‬‬ ‫المقاومة الكھربائية‪ ‬‬

‫‪٩‬‬ ‫قياس المقاومة الكھربائية‬
‫‪٩‬‬ ‫تعريفات ھامة للمقاومة‬
‫‪١٠‬‬ ‫أنواع المقاومات‬
‫‪١١‬‬ ‫تحديد قيمة المقاومة باستخدام كود األلوان‬
‫‪١١‬‬ ‫المقاومات الرباعية النطاقات اللونية‪ ‬‬

‫‪١٢‬‬ ‫كود المقاومات الرباعية النطاق‬
‫‪١٢‬‬ ‫المقاومات الخماسية النطاقات اللونية‬
‫‪١٣‬‬ ‫كود المقاومات الخماسية النطاق‬
‫‪١٥‬‬ ‫المقاومات في الدائرة الكھربائية‪ ‬‬ ‫توصيل‬
‫‪١٧‬‬ ‫األولى ‪ :‬توصيل المقاومات على التوالي وتحقيق قانون كيرشوف للجھود‪ ‬‬ ‫التجربة‬
‫‪٢٠‬‬ ‫الثانية ‪ :‬توصيل المقاومات على التوازي وتحقيق قانون كيرشوف للتيار‪ ‬‬ ‫التجربة‬
‫‪٢٣‬‬ ‫القياس باألجھزة التناظرية‪ ‬‬

‫‪٢٣‬‬ ‫تركيب أجھزة القياس التناظرية‪‬‬
‫‪٢٥‬‬ ‫أجھزة الملف ذات الحديدة المتحركة‪‬‬
‫‪٢٦‬‬ ‫الجلفانومتر ذي الملف المتحرك‪‬‬
‫‪٢٨‬‬ ‫جھاز الجلفانوميتر ذي الملف المتحرك المزود بمقوم‬
‫‪٢٨‬‬ ‫‪‬א‪‬א‪‬א‪‬א‪‬א‪‬א‪‬‬
‫‪ ‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬ ‫א‬
٢٩ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ٣٠ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٣٢ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W(3) ‫א‬
٣٤ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W (4) ‫א‬

٣٨ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W (5) ‫א‬
٤٣ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W (6) ‫א‬
٤٩ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
٥٠ ‫א‬‫א‬
 ٥٠  ‫א‬‫א‬
٥١ ‫א‬‫א‬
٥٢ ‫א‬‫א‬
٥٢ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ٥٣  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 ٥٩  ‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 ٦٨  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 ٧٠  ‫א‬‫א‬
 ٧١ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W ‫א‬‫א‬
 ٧٧  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 ٨٣  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ٨٦  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 ٩٢  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ٩٤  ‫א‬
 
3
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬ ‫א‬
٩٥ ‫א‬
 ٩٦  ‫א‬‫א‬
٩٨ ‫א‬‫א‬
٩٩ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
١٠٢ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
١٠٣ ‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
١٠٧ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
١١٠ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ١١٠  ‫א‬
١١١ ‫א‬‫א‬
١١٤ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
١١٧ ‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 ١١٩  ‫א‬‫א‬
 ١٢١  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫ א‬‫א‬
 ١٢٥  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 ١٢٩  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ١٣٢  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 ١٣٦  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫ א‬‫א‬
 ١٤٢ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 ١٤٤  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ١٤٤  ‫א‬
 ١٤٤  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ (Voltage Transformer)‫א‬
 
4
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬ ‫א‬
١٤٥ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(Current Transformer) ‫א‬
 ١٤٦ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
١٤٧ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
١٤٩  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
١٥٢ ‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
١٥٤ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
١٥٦ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
١٥٩ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫ א‬‫א‬
 ١٦١  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫ א‬‫א‬

١٦٣ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫ א‬‫א‬
١٦٧ ‫א‬‫א‬
  
5
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
١ J‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
٢ J‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 KKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
  
6
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
7
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
 ‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬   K٢
K‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٤
‫א‬    ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬   K٥
K‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬   K٦
 K‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٧
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٨
   ‫א‬ ‫א‬     ‫א‬   K٩
K‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١٠
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١١
K‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
8
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬،‫א‬(active elements)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬(Operational amplifier)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(passive elements)‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K(1)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬KEΩF‫א‬‫א‬R‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬KEMΩF‫א‬EkΩF‫א‬
 100Ω‫א‬‫א‬2W، 100Ω‫א‬K‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬K2W
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
‫א‬E1F
  W
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫ א‬EF
W‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫ א‬E
F
V2
P I2 R
R
F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE‫א‬F‫א‬EF
 KE٪‫א‬
9
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
W‫א‬‫א‬
  Carbon Resistor : ‫א‬‫א‬ J١
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬   ‫א‬ 
 
  Wire-wound resistor W‫א‬‫א‬ J٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 J K‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  J
Thermostat :‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٣
. ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬
Photo resistor W‫א‬‫א‬ J٤
‫א‬ ‫א‬ "Cadmium sulfide" 
.‫א‬
Variable resistors W‫א‬‫א‬ J٥
Potentiometers ‫א‬ K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
 
 
 
10
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬K
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  JW‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J١
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫ א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ 10%،‫א‬5%E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬
E2FK‫א‬‫א‬20%،
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E2F
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
11
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫النطاق‬
(‫الرابع )التفاوت‬ (‫الثالث )معامل الضرب‬ ‫الثاني‬ ‫األول‬
‫اللون‬
- 1 0 0 Black ‫أسود‬
± 1% 10 1 1 Brown ‫بني‬
± 2% 100 2 2 Red ‫أحمر‬
- 1,000 3 3 Orange ‫برتقالي‬
- 10,000 4 4 Yellow ‫أصفر‬
- 100,000 5 5 Green ‫أخضر‬
- 1,000,000 6 6 Blue ‫أزرق‬
- 10,000,000 7 7 Violet ‫بنفسجي‬
- 100,000,000 8 8 Gray ‫رمادي‬
- 1,000,000,000 9 9 White ‫أبيض‬
± 5% 0.1 - - Gold ‫ذھبي‬
± 10% 0.01 - - Silver ‫فضي‬
± 20% - - - No Color ‫ال لون‬
 
 W
 
± 5 %47 kΩ E3F
  JW‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J٢
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬ 
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
12
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬  ‫א‬  
E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
E‫א‬F  ‫א‬
  J  1 0 0 0 Black 
 ± 1%  10 1 1 1 Brown 
 ± 2% 100 2 2 2 Red 
  J 1,000 3 3 3 Orange 
  J 10,000 4 4 4 Yellow 
± 0.5% 100,000 5 5 5 Green 
± 0.25% 1,000,000 6 6 6 Blue 
± 0.1%  10,000,000 7 7 7 Violet 
± 0.05%  100,000,000 8 8 8 Gray 
  J  1,000,000,000 9 9 9 White 
 ± 5%  0.1   J   J   J Gold 
± 10% 0.01   J   J   J Silver 
± 20%   J   J   J   J No Color
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
13
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W
 ± 0.1 %47.5 kΩ E٤F

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
14
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
 
15
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١F
 EF‫א‬‫א‬EF‫א‬‫א‬ EF
  
16
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 Rt  R1  R2  R 3 (1)
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
  I  V       (2)
Rt
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
  V1  I x R1
V2 I
xR 2
V3  I x R3 (3)
‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
  Vt  V1  V2  V 3 (4)
 
 
 
 
 
17
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
.(0-15V)‫א‬ 
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 R3  5.1 k   R2  3.9 k   R1  1 k   
K 0.25W‫א‬
K 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(1)
 W‫א‬‫א‬
K10V‫א‬‫א‬(1)‫א‬‫א‬  J١
K(1)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٢
 (2)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J٣
K‫א‬
K‫א‬(3)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٤
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٥
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٦
 
 
18
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬
  R3   , R3   , R3  
Vt   V3   V2 V1  I  Rt  
         ‫א‬‫א‬
       ‫א‬‫א‬
      ELF‫א‬
 (1)
 W‫א‬‫א‬
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
19
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  1  1  1  1        (1)
Rt R1 R2 R3
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
      W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  

  I1  V
R1

V
I2 
R2
  I3  V (2)
R3
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  I  I1  I 2  I 3         (3)
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  I t  I1  I 2  I 3 (4)
 
 
 
 
20
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
.(0-15V)‫א‬ 
K‫א‬‫א‬ 
 R3  5.1 k   R2  3.9 k   R1  1 k   
K 0.25W‫א‬
K 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(1)
 W‫א‬‫א‬
K10V‫א‬‫א‬(1)‫א‬‫א‬  J١
K(1)‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٢
 Rt‫א‬ (1)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J٣
K‫א‬
K‫א‬ (3)(2)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J٤
‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬        J٥
K‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٦
 
21
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
It   I3   I2 I1  Rt  
         ‫א‬‫א‬
       ‫א‬‫א‬
      ELF‫א‬
 (1)
 W‫א‬‫א‬
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
  
22
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬K
    ‫א‬ ‫א‬   W‫א‬ ‫ א‬ J١
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  W‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫ א‬-٢
K‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬    W‫א‬ ‫ א‬-٣
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬  J١
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬  J٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬  J٣
W‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J
23
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J

K‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J
 W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W   J١
 KE J١F
       ‫א‬   W    J٢
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
KE J١F،E‫א‬F‫א‬
 
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(1)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
24
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
‫א‬              
 W‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬W‫א‬‫ א‬ J١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE-2F‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫ א‬ J٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
KE-2F‫א‬‫א‬
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(2)
 
 
 
25
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
(D' ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ JArsonval meter movement)
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬         ،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬KKK‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬  (multipliers)
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬
‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬K‫א‬
          ‫א‬  ‫א‬  
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
F  B I  L  Newton       
،‫א‬ L ،E‫א‬F B ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬I‫א‬F ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ،‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K(3)
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬    
 K‫א‬
 
 
 
26
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(3)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
27
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W(Rectifier)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬             ‫א‬ ‫א‬
   K ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬     K‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
(Rm) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬( Ifs) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬      K    E4F‫א‬
  K‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(4)
 
 
 
28
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ، ‫א‬‫א‬  ،‫א‬ K١

K
  ‫א‬     ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  K٢
K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٤
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ K٥
     ‫א‬      ‫א‬  K٦
K‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٧
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  K٨
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
29
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
F‫ א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬ ١
‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
 E‫א‬‫א‬F
 E‫א‬‫א‬
       ‫ א‬٢

      ٣
 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ٤
 ‫א‬
20Hz-100 kHz DC  20Hz-200 Hz ‫א‬ ٥
  J١   J١ ‫א‬ J١
 J٢  J٢ ‫א‬ J٢
 J٣  J٣  J٣
‫א‬ ‫ א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ J٤ ‫א‬ J٤ ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫ א‬٦
    J٤
‫א‬ J٥  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬
30
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ J١  J١  J١

‫א‬  ‫ א‬ J٢
 ‫ א‬‫א‬ J٢  ‫א‬‫א‬
 J٢ ‫א‬  J٣
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ J٣  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫ א‬٧
‫א‬  J٤
 ‫ א‬‫א‬
   ‫א‬‫א‬
 J٥
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  
31
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
.(0-5V)‫א‬ 
K(0-1 mA) 
K‫א‬‫א‬ 
KEF‫א‬‫א‬ 
K 22k , 100 k   
K 
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ (1)‫א‬‫א‬  J١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K 1 Volt ١‫א‬  J٢
 ‫א‬‫א‬     ‫א‬ ‫א‬      J٣
K I  I fs 
K(1)‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٤
V
Rm 
I fs
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J٥
 
 
 
32
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(1)
 
 W‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
V(mV) 
Ifs(µA) 
 Rm (Ω) 
 (1)
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
 
 
 
33
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
K20V،10V،5V،2V،1V W‫א‬
 W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
   W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
V=IxR
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K‫א‬
   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  
‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  K E F ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   K(10 mV)   ‫א‬   ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬  
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬(multiplier)‫א‬
 
 
 
 
 
 
34
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K(0-20V)‫א‬ 
K(0-1 mA) 
K‫א‬‫א‬ 
KEF‫א‬‫א‬ 
K‫א‬ 
K 
 
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(1)
  W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬RS‫א‬‫א‬ K١
W‫א‬
V
RS   Rm
I fs
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬ V 
 K
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(1)‫א‬ K٢
35
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬Rm‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 1V ‫א‬ K٤
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬E‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٥
V E
error %  100
E
‫א‬‫א‬ V ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E 
‫א‬‫א‬2V ‫א‬1V‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٦
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٧
K‫א‬ K٨
 
 W‫א‬
‫א‬
  ‫א‬ E (Volt) V(Volt) ٪‫א‬
RS‫א‬
1 0-1 V   1  
2 0-2 V   2  
3 0-5 V   5  
4 0-10 V   10  
5 0-20 V   20  
 E1F
 W‫א‬
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
  KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
36
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
37
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬
 EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
(0-100µA)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬(0-20mA)‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬  W‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ،(50 µA)‫א‬
  K‫א‬     ‫א‬ ‫א‬     ‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
  K‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬   (Ifs) ‫א‬‫א‬  
 K‫א‬‫א‬(Rsh)‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K(0-15V)‫א‬ 
K(0-100 µA) 
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
KEF‫א‬‫א‬ 
K(100Ω, 2 W)‫א‬ 
K‫א‬‫א‬ 
K 
 
 
 
 
38
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W R sh ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(1)‫א‬
Vm  Rm  I fs
Vsh  Rsh  I sh
Rm  I fs  Rsh  I sh
I sh  I  I fs
   
Vsh I fs  Rm Rm R
   Rsh   Rsh   m E١F
I sh I  I fs I n 1
1
I fs
   W‫א‬‫א‬ n 
I
  n   
I fs
  
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(1)
 
 
 
 
 
39
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬Rm ‫ א‬K١
Rm
. R sh  ‫א‬‫א‬RSh‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
n 1
‫א‬n 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K
K‫א‬‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(1)‫א‬‫א‬ K٤
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٥
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٦
 K‫א‬I1‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٧
I  I1
error %  *100
I1
‫א‬‫א‬I،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬I1
 K‫א‬‫א‬5 mA ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٨
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٩
K‫א‬ K١٠
 
 
 
 
 
 
40
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
W‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ I1 (mA) I(mA) ٪‫א‬
RSh‫א‬
1  0-5 mA   5  
2 0-10 mA   10  
3  0-20 mA     20  
 E1F
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
  
41
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
42
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
    ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ W‫א‬ 
‫א‬     ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
      K‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬   
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W VRMS ‫א‬‫א‬Vdc‫א‬
Vm 2 V RMS
  Vdc    0.45 V RMS
 
 WSdc‫א‬‫א‬
1
 S dc   /V (1)
I fs
 WSac‫א‬‫א‬
0.45
S ac  0.45S dc   /V
I fs
 W‫א‬RS‫א‬‫א‬
RS  S ac  Rangeac  Rm (2)
 K‫א‬‫א‬ Rangeac 
 
43
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K(0-20V)‫א‬ 
K(10-100 µA) 
KE‫א‬F1 
K‫א‬‫א‬ 
KEF‫א‬‫א‬ 
K‫א‬ 
K 
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(1)
 EF
 
 
 
 
 
44
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬Rm ‫ א‬K١
W‫א‬Sac‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٢
 S ac  0.45  /V
I fs
(5 V,  ‫א‬‫א‬  RS‫א‬ ‫א‬ K٣

       KE2F‫א‬10V, 25V)
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(1)‫א‬‫א‬ K٤
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٥
(V1)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٦
K‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٧
  error %  V  V 1 *100
V1
‫א‬V،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬V1
 K‫א‬‫א‬5V ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٨
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٩
K‫א‬ K١٠
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
45
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
W‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ V1 (V)  V(V)
RS‫א‬  ٪
1 0-5 V   5  
2 0-10 V   10  
3 0-25 V   25  
 E1F
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
 
  
46
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
47
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
‫א‬
  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  
48
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٣
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٤








  
49
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬K
‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   W(Transducer)  ‫א‬   J١
 ‫א‬          
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬   W (Signal Modifier) ‫א‬   J٢
 ‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ W (Indicating Device)‫א‬ J٣
 K(LCD) ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬    (LED Display) ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 (Digital Voltmeter)‫א‬‫א‬
 WE1F‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ W (Attenuator)  J١
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬  W (A/D Converter)      ‫ א‬ J٢
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬  W  (Decade Counter)  ‫א‬  J٣
K‫א‬
 
50
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ W (Digital Display)   J٤

K‫א‬‫א‬
 
 K‫א‬(1)
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W(Digital Ammeter)‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K(2)‫א‬‫א‬
 

K‫א‬(2)
 
 
 
51
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
(Digital Ohmmeter) ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ (Constant Current Source)
 K(3)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 K‫א‬(3)
 
 (Digital Multimeter)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Digital Multimeter‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
  
52
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K(0-200V)‫א‬ 
K(0-220V)‫א‬ 
K 
K 
K(Digital Multimeter) J J‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
K 
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(1)
 
53
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬W
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫ א‬ J١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ –‫א‬‫א‬  J٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J
‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬F ، ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   (1) ‫א‬
KE‫א‬
(100 Ω , 330Ω , 560Ω) ‫א‬‫א‬ (1)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٣
 S ‫א‬   (A,E) ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   
K(1)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 (1)‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J٤
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   R1  R2  R3  R
‫א‬‫א‬        
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬        
(1)
 W‫א‬
 
 
  
54
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬W
KS‫א‬10V VS ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J٢
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬(A,E)‫א‬‫א‬  J٣
(D,E)‫א‬R2(C,D)‫א‬R1(B,C)
K(2)‫א‬R3
Rn
Vn  xVS  W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J٤
R

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(2)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٥
 
 W‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬   VS  V1  V2   V3
 ‫א‬‫א‬        
 ‫א‬‫א‬  J J J J      
(2)
 W‫א‬
 
 
  
55
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 WEF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W
KEF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J١
‫א‬EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٢
KE‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬
 (A,B) ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬ S ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫ א‬ J٣
K‫א‬(1)‫א‬
K(3)‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬S‫א‬‫ א‬ J٤
V
I W‫א‬‫ א‬ J٥
R
   
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(3)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٦
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٧
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٨
 K‫א‬  J٩
 W‫א‬
 ‫א‬ 5  10  20  25
‫א‬‫ א‬       
‫א‬‫ א‬       
(3)
 W‫א‬
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
 
  
56
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬
KEF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J١
E F    EF ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬      J٢
KE‫א‬‫א‬F
K‫א‬(A,B)‫א‬‫א‬  J٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ S‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J٤
K(2)‫א‬‫א‬
K(4)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬S‫א‬  J٥
‫א‬‫א‬200V‫א‬  J٦
K(4)‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 ‫א‬  1  2  3  4
EF‫א‬  50  100  150  200
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬        
(4)
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(2)
 
‫א‬‫א‬  J٧
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬ (5)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٨
57
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬
 ‫א‬  1  2  3  4
 EF‫א‬  50  100  150  200
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬        
(5)
 W‫א‬‫א‬
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
  KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
58
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬K(1)‫א‬‫א‬
(GND) ‫א‬‫א‬
 K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

K‫א‬(1)
K
59
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ،EF     ‫א‬  
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ K(2)  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬
    ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
 K‫א‬
 
  .‫( شاشة راسم الذبذبات‬2) ‫شكل‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K(0-200V)‫א‬ 
K R1 1 , 2W , R2  1 k, 2 W   
KEF‫א‬ 
K 
K 
K 
 
 
 
 
 
60
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬W
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬(3)
 
W‫א‬‫א‬
 K(3)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J١
K(1)‫א‬ V ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J٢
(2V/DIV)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J٣
K (5 ms/DIV) ‫א‬
(GND) ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  (CHI)   ‫א‬ ‫ א‬ J٤
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(Y- POS I)‫א‬‫א‬
K(GND)‫א‬X 
(Div)(Ay) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٥
‫א‬ ‫א‬  (V/Div)  (Ky) ‫א‬     
W‫א‬‫א‬
VOSC  Ay  Ky
K(1)‫א‬‫א‬  J٦
W‫א‬ (E%) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J٧
  E %  V  VOSC X 100
VOSC
61
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬ (Ky)    (7-5) ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬     J٨
 K(1)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ Ay Ky ‫א‬  (E%)‫א‬
EVF (Div) (V/Div) V=Ay X Ky
5        
 10        
 15        
 20        
 25        
(1)
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ (V)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J٩

K‫א‬(E%)
K‫א‬  J١٠
 W‫א‬‫א‬
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
  KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
62
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
W‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
  
63
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬W
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬(4)
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(4)‫א‬‫א‬  J١
K(2)‫א‬I‫ א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J٢
 (2 mV/DIV) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J٣
K (5 ms/DIV) ‫א‬
(GND) ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  (CHI)  ‫א‬ ‫ א‬ J٤
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(Y- POS I)‫א‬‫א‬
K(GND)‫א‬X 
K(2)‫א‬( I )‫א‬‫א‬  J٥
 (Ay) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٦
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(Ky)‫א‬
Ay  Ky
I OSC 
R1
K(2)‫א‬IOSC‫א‬  J٧
64
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬ (E%)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J٨
I  I OSC
E%  *100
I OSC
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬ (Ky)    (8-5) ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬     J٩
K(2)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
(E%)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬( I )‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J١٠

K‫א‬
K‫א‬  J١١
 
 W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬   IOSC‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
Ay Ky Ay  Ky
E IF  ‫א‬  (E%)
(Div) (V/Div) R1
5        
 10        
 15        
 20        
 25        
(2)
W‫א‬‫א‬
 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
65
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
W‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
66
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
67
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .٤
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
68
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(1)‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬E‫א‬F ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬،
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KW‫א‬K
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬(GND)

K‫א‬(1)
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
69
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Ky ‫א‬‫א‬ (Div ) Ay‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ (V / Div ) 
  V  Ay  Ky
K‫א‬1‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Ay  Ky
I
R1
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬ 
K‫א‬‫א‬ 
K‫א‬‫א‬ 
K‫א‬‫א‬ 
K‫א‬1‫א‬ R2 1 k   R1  1   
K 
 
 
  
70
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(1)
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(1)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J١
K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٢
K‫א‬‫א‬
(GND)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J٣
‫א‬(Y- POS I)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬(5 ms/Div.)‫א‬‫ א‬ J٤
K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(GND)‫א‬  J٥
K(1)‫א‬
(Ay) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٦
‫א‬‫א‬(Ky)‫א‬
W
V  Ay ( Div )  Ky (V / Div )
K(2)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J٧
71
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٨
 K
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(2)
 
 W‫א‬
  
  Ay (Div) Ky (V/Div) V  Ay  Ky 
 1  
 2   
 3   
 4   
 5   
 6   
 7   
 8   
 9   
 10   
 11   
 12   
 (1)
 
72
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
73
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E3F
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ (3) ‫א‬‫א‬ K١
K
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬    K٢
K‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(GND)‫א‬ K٤
K(2) 
 (Ay) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٥
‫א‬‫א‬ (Ky)‫א‬ 
W
V  Ay  Ky
I V / R  R1 1 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٦
W‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Ay  Ky
I
R1
74
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬     ‫א‬    ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٧
K‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٨
 
 W‫א‬
 
 
 mA 
Ay (Div) Ky (V/Div) Ay  Ky
I
R1
 1   
 2   
 3   
 4   
 5   
 6   
 7   
 8   
 9   
 10   
 11   
 12   
(2)
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
  
75
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬
 
‫א‬KR‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ VPP ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ T ‫א‬‫א‬K
‫א‬‫א‬ I PP ‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K(1)‫א‬‫א‬
 KT‫א‬
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
76
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(1)
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
VPP
  VP 
2
VP
V RMS 
2
I PP
IP 
2
IP
I RMS 
2
1
f
T
K(DUAL)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(VAB‫א‬)R‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ R 1   ‫א‬R‫א‬  VAB
 K‫א‬
 
77
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬ VBC‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬(INV)
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
K‫א‬ 
K‫א‬‫א‬ 
K‫א‬‫א‬ 
K R 11  ,1W (1000 Wdg.) 
K 
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(2)
 
 
 
 
 
 
78
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ 0V‫א‬‫א‬E2F‫א‬‫א‬ K١
K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬(DUAL)‫א‬‫ א‬K٢
(Y-POS.I, Y-POS.II)‫א‬‫א‬(GND)
K(GND)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(AC)‫ א‬K٣
(INV)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٤
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
KE١F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٥
K‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٦
KT‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬VPP, IPP K٧
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W K٨
K‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٩
 K‫א‬ K١٠
  
79
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ VBC ‫א‬ 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

 ‫א‬‫א‬ VPP ‫א‬
V
V  PP
     
 E F ‫א‬
P
2
‫א‬‫א‬ I RMS ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬ I P ‫א‬
VP
V RMS 
2 ‫א‬‫א‬
IP
I RMS 
2 ‫א‬‫א‬
 E1F
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
  
80
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
W‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
  
81
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
K10 V ‫א‬‫א‬E2F‫א‬‫א‬ K١
‫א‬(DUAL)‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٢
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
(5 ms/DIV)‫א‬‫ א‬K٣
K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٤
K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬(T) ‫א‬‫א‬ K٥
(1) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ (Div ) Ax‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬T ( s / Div ) Kx‫א‬
T  Ax  Kx
(Hz) f T‫א‬ K٦
W‫א‬
1
f
   T
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٧
K‫א‬
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬W K٨
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ K٩
K‫א‬
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١٠
82
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
83
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
W‫א‬‫א‬
84
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬
K
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬
K‫א‬‫ א‬
 W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 K
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
K‫א‬ 
K‫א‬‫א‬ 
K(R= 10 Ω, 2W) 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F500  
KE‫א‬‫א‬
K 
  
85
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E1F
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
(500Wdg)(1)‫א‬ K١
K‫א‬ 2 10‫א‬‫א‬
K 5V‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
K‫א‬(INV) 
(Y-POS.I , Y-‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٤
K(AC)‫א‬‫א‬POS.II)
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٥
(t)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K(T)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W(2)‫א‬‫א‬ K٦
t
   360o
T
 
 
86
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E2F
(X-Y ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٧
 DUAL (X-Y) ‫א‬‫א‬mode)
E‫א‬F‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ K (X-POS., Y-POS.II)‫א‬
‫א‬K(INV) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(3)‫א‬‫א‬(Y1, Y2)
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Y1
  sin 1 ( )
Y2 
‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫ א‬K٨
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٩
 
87
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬(3)
 W‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬ J١

 W J٢
Y1 
Y2
Y1
  sin 1 ( )
Y2
 W‫א‬
 ‫؟‬‫א‬  J١
 ‫؟‬‫א‬  J٢
  
88
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
W‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
89
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
 
 
  
90
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬ K١
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬    ‫א‬   K٢
K‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٤
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٥
 K‫א‬‫א‬ K٦
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٧
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  
91
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬
(Clamp ‫א‬ (Megger)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

(MEGaohm testER)‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬Meter)
 K‫א‬
 
    ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬       W‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬   K‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬    K‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E1FKE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
 K‫א‬E1F
92
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬ E2F ‫א‬ W
 KE‫א‬F‫א‬E‫א‬F 
 
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E2F
 
‫א‬. EB AF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬     ١R ‫א‬  B ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٢R‫א‬A‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ٢R ‫א‬  A ‫א‬       ‫א‬‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬        E3F 
  KKK         ‫א‬‫א‬     ،‫א‬
‫א‬  ‫א‬           K‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
 
93
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 K‫א‬E3F
 
 K‫א‬ J٩  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J١
 K ‫א‬‫א‬ J١٠  K‫א‬ J٢
 K‫א‬‫א‬ J١١  K‫א‬‫א‬ J٣
‫א‬‫א‬ J١٢  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٤
 K‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬ J٥
 K‫א‬‫א‬ J١٣  K(DAR)‫א‬‫א‬ J٦
 K‫א‬‫א‬١٥ J١٤  K‫א‬ J٧
 K‫א‬‫א‬ J٨
‫א‬‫א‬E JHF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬(Guard)
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
94
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬GuardE4F
  
95
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬F
‫א‬     KE‫א‬   F    ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬
F‫א‬،
‫א‬‫א‬KE‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   K‫א‬  ‫א‬     ‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬
 KEF‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬K‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  W(Capacitive charging current)‫א‬ ‫א‬  -١
K‫א‬
 ‫א‬      W (Polarization current) ‫א‬  -٢
‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W(Conduction Current)‫א‬ -٣
‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬     ‫א‬    
      ‫א‬ ‫א‬    K ‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
(Guard ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
KE3F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K terminal)
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
96
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E3F
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬    ‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
 K‫א‬
 
 K‫א‬E4F
 
 
 
97
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E5F
 
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E6F
98
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E7F
99
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
    ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫ א‬-١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   -٢
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬-٣
K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬    ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬   -٤
            ‫א‬
K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -٥
K‫א‬
K‫א‬ -٦
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -٧
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   K‫א‬   
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ Test‫א‬
K‫א‬
  ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫ א‬-٨
 K‫א‬ ‫א‬       ‫א‬     
‫א‬‫א‬  (AC Drives) ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬
   ‫א‬   ‫א‬    (Rectifiers)
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  
100
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬“IEEE Std 43-2000”‫א‬
  ‫א‬    ‫א‬  E  F ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
 500 V <1000 V
500-1000 V 1000-2500 V
 1000-2500 V 2501-5000 V
 2500-5000 V 5001-12000 V
 5000-10000 V >12000 V
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE1F
 
 
101
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ “IEEE Std 43-2000”‫א‬ ‫א‬
  E‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ F ‫א‬   kV  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
KE2F‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ 380 ‫א‬ 1990‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K 300V 500V
.5MΩ
 
 (MΩ)‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
1H‫א‬ ‫א‬،‫א‬،1970
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
100
E‫א‬F1970‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 5
1kV‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E2F
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬
K‫א‬ 
K 
K(Earth)‫א‬‫א‬ 
 
 
102
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬(1)
 
W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J١
Ω‫א‬‫א‬‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
(Earth)‫א‬  J٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K
E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(Phase R)‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
(TEST)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J٤
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٥
103
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K(S &T)52‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J٦

‫א‬‫؟‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٧
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٨
‫؟‬‫؟‬‫א‬
K‫؟‬
 
 W‫א‬
 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
 
 W‫א‬
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
104
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬
‫א‬ Ω‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E∞F‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬TEST‫א‬
 (0 Ω)‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬       ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬
K 
K 
K(Earth)‫א‬ 
 
 
 
105
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E1F
 
W‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Ω‫א‬  J١
(Earth)‫א‬  J٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K
E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(R1)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬(R2)
K‫א‬‫א‬(TEST)‫א‬  J٤
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
KE١F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬4 J3‫א‬‫א‬  J٥
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(R1)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٦
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬(S1)‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(T1)(S1)6‫א‬  J٧
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(R1)(T1)6‫א‬  J٨
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٩
K‫א‬
106
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ExFE√F‫א‬‫א‬  J١٠

،‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫؟‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
‫א‬ EΩF‫א‬  ‫א‬
R‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
    S‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
    T‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
     SR‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
    TS‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
    RT‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
    R‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
    S‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
    T‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
 E1F
 W‫א‬
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
 
107
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  W

   ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬    ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬E1F
 
‫א‬‫א‬(CT)‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬
K‫א‬EF
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬K(N)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F
 K(N)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(i)
108
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬    K ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬     K(LCD)        
 KE2F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 K‫א‬E2F
 
‫א‬  ‫א‬     (3)  W‫א‬   ‫א‬
‫א‬   ‫א‬    K‫א‬  ‫א‬   
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬  ، ‫א‬
‫א‬     ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   KKKK ‫א‬
 ‫א‬K‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬    ‫א‬  ‫א‬     ‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
109
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 K‫א‬E3F
 
 KCOM‫א‬ J٧  K‫א‬ J١
     J٨  K‫א‬ J٢
L1LΩL‫א‬  KLCD‫א‬ J٣
L3‫א‬ J٩  K‫א‬‫א‬ J٤
 ‫א‬ J١٠ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٥
  J١١  K‫א‬‫א‬ J٦
 K‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
 KKK‫א‬
110
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E4F
 
   ‫א‬       ‫א‬  W
K(5)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E5F
111
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬    W‫א‬  ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬ 
K‫א‬ 
K 
K 
K‫א‬ 
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E1F
 
 
 
112
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
W‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J١
KE1F‫א‬‫א‬  J٢
KE1F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٣
K3 J2‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٤
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٥
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J٦
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
1
      2
      3
       4
      5
      6
       7
      8
      9
E1F
 W‫א‬
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
 
 
113
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬  
 
 
 
 
 
 
114
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬ K١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٤
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٥
  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬   K٦
K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٧
KE––F
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٨
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٩
KEF
‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ K١٠
KEF‫א‬
 
115
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
F ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬     ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  K‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 E‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ (Passive) ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
V2
P V  I , P , PI2 R (1)
R
 
‫א‬‫א‬،(S)‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K(Q)‫א‬‫א‬،(P)E‫א‬F
    ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
    
‫א‬K(Q)‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
S V  I (VA) (2)
P  V  I cos ( ) (W) (3)
Q  V  I sin( ) (VAR) (4)
‫א‬ K(1)‫א‬‫א‬ ( ) ‫א‬‫א‬

 K(2)‫א‬(S,P,Q, Φ)‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
116
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(1)
 
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬     ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
K‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
    K‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   (S,P,Q, Φ) ‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 
 
 
‫א‬EF‫א‬EF‫א‬(2)
117
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K(0-10 V)‫א‬ 
K‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬ 
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
K(R=100 , 2W)E‫א‬F 
K‫א‬‫א‬ 
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ (1)
118
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(1)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٢
K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J٣
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K(1)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬10V‫א‬‫ א‬ J٤
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J٥
W‫א‬EF‫א‬EF
 P  V I
(W)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٦
    W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W P
E%  x 100
P
 K‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J٧
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J٨
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J٩
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J١٠
 K
 
 
 
119
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬
‫الجھد‬ ‫التيار‬ ‫القدرة المحسوبة‬ ‫قراءة الواتميتر‬ ‫نسبة الخطأ‬
(V) (mA) (P) (mW) E%
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
 (1)
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
 
 
 
 
 
 
120
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 
  
121
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬EF‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬(1)
E1F‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(P)‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K(S)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬K‫א‬ cos    P
S
 ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬F،‫א‬
122
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
Q‫א‬‫א‬ Q  S 2  P2 ‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
.(0-220V)‫א‬ 
K(600V AC)‫א‬‫א‬ 
K(0-10A) 
K  1  5 A , 100  400V  ‫א‬ 
K 56  , 5 A ‫א‬ 
‫א‬(100 mH, 1.5A) (R-L Load) 
K‫א‬‫א‬ 56  , 5 A
‫א‬(47 µF, 400V) (R-C Load) 
K‫א‬‫א‬ 56  , 5 A
K 
 
W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(1)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J١
K(20V)
K(1)(V, I, and P)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٢
S  V I ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J٣
K cos    P
W‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J٤
S
K‫א‬S‫א‬‫א‬P ‫א‬‫א‬  J٥
KQ  S 2  P2 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J٦
K(6)(2)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٧
123
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(S,P,Q, Φ‫)א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J٨

K‫א‬  J٩
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J١٠
K‫א‬91‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J١١
K‫א‬91‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

 ‫א‬
Vph (V) I V P  S cos   Q
20            
 ‫א‬ 50            
100            
20            
‫א‬ 50            
100            
20            
‫א‬ 50            
 100            
(1)
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
124
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 
  
125
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W  ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  W
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W  ‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬   K‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ (Y- Connected Loads)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W
   ‫א‬    (Δ- Connected Loads) ‫א‬   ‫א‬
 W ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ (Δ- Connected Loads) ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ W‫א‬‫א‬   J١
  ‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬  J٢
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٣
 K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  
126
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(1)‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
EFK‫א‬‫א‬EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(1)
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 WE J1F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KiR w1‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KvRS w1‫א‬‫א‬
 KiT w2‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KvTS w2‫א‬‫א‬
  W1  vRS  iR      WW1‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  W2  vTS  iT      WW2‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
127
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
W1  W2  vRS  iR  vTS  iT   W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
   vR vS  iR  vT  vS  iT
   v R  iR  vS  iR  vT  iT  vS  iT
   vR  iR  vT  iT  vS   iR  iT  
 
  i R  iS  iT  0    W‫א‬
i R  iT   iS 
 W1  W2  vR  iR  vT  iT  vS  iS
 W1  W 2 2   W1  W 2  W3 3  (1)
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(1)‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
  
128
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KEF
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬
‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬(Neutral)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K(0-220V)‫א‬‫א‬ 
K  1  5 A , 100  400V  ‫א‬ 
K 56  , 5 A ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 (100 mH, 1.5A.)    ‫א‬  (R-L Load)   
K‫א‬ 56  , 5 A ‫א‬
      ‫א‬  (R-C Load)   
K‫א‬ 56  , 5 A ‫א‬(47 µF, 400V) 
K 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W
 
129
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(1)
 E4،‫א‬F
 
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(2)
 
 
 
 
 
130
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(1)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J١
K(20V)
K(1)‫א‬(W1, W2, W3)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٢
P1  W1  W2  W3    W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J٣
K‫א‬‫א‬(3-2)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٤
K‫א‬‫א‬(4-1)‫א‬‫א‬(2)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٥
KE‫؟‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬  J٦
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J٧
K61
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J٨
K61
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
131
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬
 E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬  E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ Vph (V)
W1 W2 W3  P1 W1 W2 W3 P2
20                
  30                
40                
20                
 30                
40                
20                
 30                
40                
(1)
 
W‫א‬‫א‬
..................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................
  
132
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E J–F‫א‬
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ J‫א‬ JK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
S‫א‬‫א‬Q‫א‬‫א‬P‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ cos  ‫א‬
P W1  W2  
 Q  3 W1  W 2    
S  P2  Q2 
P
 cos   (1)
S
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K(0-220V)‫א‬‫א‬ 
K  1  5 A , 100  400V  ‫א‬ 
K 56  , 5 A ‫א‬‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬(R-L Load) 
(100 ‫א‬
K‫א‬ 56  , 5 A ‫א‬mH, 1.5A.)
 
133
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬ (R-C Load) 

K‫א‬ 56  , 5 A ‫א‬(47 µF, 400V)
K 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(1)
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(2)
134
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(2) (1)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J١
K(20V)‫א‬
K(1)‫א‬(W1, W2)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٢
‫א‬S‫א‬‫א‬Q‫א‬‫א‬P‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J٣
K(1)‫א‬(1)‫א‬ cos 
 K‫א‬‫א‬3،2‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٤
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J٥
K41
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J٦
K41
KE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬  J٧
K‫א‬‫א‬  J٨
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
135
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬ Vph (V)
W1 W2  P  Q S   cos 
20            
 ‫א‬ 30            
40            
20            
‫א‬ 30            
40            
20            
‫א‬ 30            
40            
(1)
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
  
136
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
137
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
‫א‬‫א‬  
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
 
 
 
 
 
 
138
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬CT‫א‬‫א‬ K١
 ‫א‬‫א‬  PT ‫א‬     ‫א‬   K٢
K‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
 
 








 
  
139
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ (Voltage Transformer)‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
N1
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ KV  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
N2
V1
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K K V  ‫א‬‫א‬
V2
 K(1)‫א‬‫א‬
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(1) 
 
140
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   E‫א‬‫א‬F ‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(Current Transformer) ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K I 
N2
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
N1
I1 V2
K K I  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K I 
I2 V1
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 EKKK‫א‬F
 K(2)
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(2) 
 
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
   ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬   ‫א‬     
      ‫א‬  ‫א‬    ‫א‬  
 K‫א‬
 
 
 
 
 
141
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٢
 K‫א‬‫א‬  J٣
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٤
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٥
K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٦
K‫א‬
 
 
     ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬   J٧
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K(2 , 1)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٨
142
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
   
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬   ‫א‬   W‫א‬ 
   K‫א‬ ‫א‬     ‫א‬  ‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K(0-220V)‫א‬‫א‬ 
K‫א‬‫א‬ 
K 
K 
K 
K 
K 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(1)
143
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
K(1)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
 K I ‫א‬‫א‬ KV ‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
K‫א‬
K‫א‬ I2 ‫א‬ V2 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٣

W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٤
V1  KV  V2
I1  K I  I 2
I1
KI   KV 
V1

I2 V2
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٥
PL V1  I1 V2  I 2 KV  K I Watt 
K‫א‬‫א‬ K٦
K(6-3)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٧
 K‫א‬ K٨
 
 W‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  (I2)‫ א‬ (V1)  (I1)
(V2)  (PL)
1  KV 
2 
3 KI 
 W‫א‬
 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
144
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K(0-220V)‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬1000 R  L Load   
K 56  , 5 A 
K 
K 
K‫א‬ 
K 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(1)
 
145
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬(1)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K I ‫א‬‫א‬ KV ‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
K‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬ W2 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
W‫א‬ W1 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٤
  W1 W2  KV  K I  Watt 
K‫א‬‫א‬ K٥
K(5-3)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٦
K‫א‬ K٧
 
 W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬
W2   W1 
1  KV   
2   
3 KI   
 
 E1F
W‫א‬
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
 
 
 
146
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
‫א‬‫א‬  
 
‫א‬‫א‬  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
147
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 KE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬ K١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٤
K‫א‬‫א‬
 
  
148
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬E J‫א‬F‫א‬Joule
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، J‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
(1)K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 JK‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J90‫א‬
‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ cos  ‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(1)
 
149
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 CZ ‫א‬‫א‬K kWh   J‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬، CZ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K J‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬ P ‫א‬‫א‬، n h ‫א‬
nh
P (kW )
CZ
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
E  Ph  kW .h 
  
150
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
.(0-220V)‫א‬‫א‬ 
K 
K 
K 
K‫א‬‫א‬ 
K 
K 
  
151
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(1)
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
K(1)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
‫א‬‫א‬ K V ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
K‫א‬ K I
K‫א‬ C Z ‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٤
K‫א‬‫א‬ nm ‫א‬
 W‫א‬ nh ‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٥
nh  nm  60 rev / h 
W‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٦
nh
PL   KV  K I kW 
CZ
152
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E  PL  h  kW .h  W‫א‬24‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٧
K‫א‬ K٨
 
 W‫א‬
  KV 
KI 
CZ
nm
nh
PL
E
 E1F
 W‫א‬
  
153
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫ א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K(0-220V)‫א‬‫א‬ 
K‫א‬‫א‬ 
K‫א‬‫א‬ 
K 
K 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(1)
 
154
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
.(1)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
K‫א‬ C Z ‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
K‫א‬‫א‬ nm ‫א‬
 W‫א‬ nh ‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٤
nh  nm  60 rev / h 
W‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٥
PL 
nh
kW 
CZ
  W‫א‬24‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٦
 K‫א‬ h  E  PL  h  kW .h 
 K‫א‬ K٧
 W‫א‬
CZ
nm
nh
PL
E1F
 W‫א‬
 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
 
155
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫ א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K(0-220V)‫א‬‫א‬ 
K‫א‬‫א‬ 
K 
K‫א‬‫א‬ 
K 
K 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(1)
 
156
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
K(1)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
‫א‬ K I ‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
K‫א‬
K‫א‬ C Z ‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
 nm ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٤
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
nh  nm  60 rev / h  W‫א‬ n h ‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٥
nh
PL   KI kW  W‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٦
CZ
E  PL  h  kW .h  W‫א‬24‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٧
 K‫א‬ h  K٨
 K‫א‬ K٩
 W‫א‬
KI
CZ
nm
nh
PL
E
 E1F
 W‫א‬
 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
 
157
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫ א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K(0-220V)‫א‬‫א‬ 
K‫א‬ 
K 
K 
K‫א‬‫א‬ 
K 
K 
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
K(1)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
 K I ‫א‬‫א‬ K V ‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
K‫א‬
K‫א‬ C Z ‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
 nm ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٤
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬ nh ‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٥
nh  nm  60  rev / h 
 
158
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٦
nh
PL   KV  K I kW 
CZ
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(1)
 K‫א‬
 
 E  PL  h  kW .h   W‫א‬24‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٧
 K‫א‬ h 
 K‫א‬ K٨
 
  
159
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬
 
KV
KI
CZ
nm
nh
PL
E
(1) ‫جدول‬
 
 W‫א‬
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
160
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬?،
-
‫א‬،?‫א‬‫א‬ J‫א‬
K١٩٩٤،‫א‬‫א‬
Electronic Instruments and
Lorry D. Jones, A. Foster Chin Measurements, Prentice-Hall
International Editions, 1991.
Electrical and Electronic Principles
and Technology , British Library
John Bird
Cataloguing in Publication Data,
Second Editions, 2003
A Text Book of Electrical
B.L.Theraja, A.K. Theraja, Technology, S. Chand & Company
LTD., New Delhi, 2002.
Electrical Energy Meter- Principles
and Applications, Manual for Using
LON Interface Documentation
Energy Meters, Gossen Metrawatt,
http://www.qmc-instruments.com
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Electric Measurements

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  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫‪٩‬‬ ‫المقاومة الكھربائية‪ ‬‬

‫‪٩‬‬ ‫تعريفات ھامة للمقاومة‬

‫‪١٠‬‬ ‫أنواع المقاومات‬

‫‪١١‬‬ ‫تحديد قيمة المقاومة باستخدام كود األلوان‬

‫‪١١‬‬ ‫المقاومات الرباعية النطاقات اللونية‪ ‬‬

‫‪١٢‬‬ ‫المقاومات الخماسية النطاقات اللونية‬

‫‪١٣‬‬ ‫كود المقاومات الخماسية النطاق‬

‫‪١٥‬‬ ‫المقاومات في الدائرة الكھربائية‪ ‬‬ ‫توصيل‬

‫‪٢٣‬‬ ‫القياس باألجھزة التناظرية‪ ‬‬

٣٤ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W (4) ‫א‬

٤٣ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W (6) ‫א‬

 ١٤٤  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ (Voltage Transformer)‫א‬

١٥٩ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫ א‬‫א‬

 ١٦١  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫ א‬‫א‬

 KKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬

 ± 0.1 %47.5 kΩ E٤F

K‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J

(D' ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ، ‫א‬‫א‬  ،‫א‬ K١

‫א‬ J١  J١  J١

(5 V,  ‫א‬‫א‬  RS‫א‬ ‫א‬ K٣

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ W (Digital Display)   J٤

(Digital Ohmmeter) ‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ (V)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J٩

W‫א‬ (E%)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J٨

(E%)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬( I )‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J١٠

  Ay (Div) Ky (V/Div) V  Ay  Ky 

‫א‬‫א‬ VBC ‫א‬ 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

‫א‬‫א‬ I RMS ‫א‬

(Clamp ‫א‬ (Megger)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

K(S &T)52‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J٦

‫א‬‫א‬ ExFE√F‫א‬‫א‬  J١٠

  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  W

P  V  I cos ( ) (W) (3)

Q  V  I sin( ) (VAR) (4)

‫א‬ K(1)‫א‬‫א‬ ( ) ‫א‬‫א‬

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(S,P,Q, Φ‫)א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J٨

‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

  W1  vRS  iR      WW1‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

  W2  vTS  iT      WW2‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

W1  W2  vRS  iR  vTS  iT   W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

   vR vS  iR  vT  vS  iT

 W1  W 2 2   W1  W 2  W3 3  (1)

‫א‬‫א‬ (R-C Load) 

K‫א‬ I2 ‫א‬ V2 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٣

 W‫א‬ nh ‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٤

  W‫א‬24‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٦

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