What are the F1 through F12 keys?

Question

What are the F1 through F12 keys?

Answer
Commonly known as "function keys", F1 through F12 may have a variety of
different uses or no use at all. Depending on the installed operating system and
the software program currently open will change how each of these keys operate.
A program is capable of not only using each of the function keys, but also
combining the function keys with the ALT or CTRL key, for example, Microsoft
Windows users can press ALT + F4 to close the program currently active.

Below is a short-listing of some of the common functions of the functions keys on

computers running Microsoft Windows. As mentioned above not all programs
support function keys and may perform different tasks then those mentioned
below. If you are looking for more specific shortcut keys and function key
examples we suggest seeing our shortcut key page.

F1
Almost always used as the help key, almost every program will open the help
screen when this key is pressed.
Enter CMOS Setup.
Windows Key + F1 would open the Microsoft Windows help and support center.
Open the Task Pane.

F2
In Windows commonly used to rename a highlighted icon or file.
Alt + Ctrl + F2 opens a new document in Microsoft Word.
Ctrl + F2 displays the print preview window in Microsoft Word.
Enter CMOS Setup.

F3
Often opens a search feature for many programs including Microsoft Windows.
In MS-DOS or Windows command line F3 will repeat the last command.
Shift + F3 will change the text in Microsoft Word from upper to lower case or a
capital letter at the beginning of every word.

F4
Open find window.
Repeat the last action performed (Word 2000+)
Alt + F4 will close the program currently active in Microsoft Windows.
Ctrl + F4 will close the open window within the current active window in
Microsoft Windows.
F5
In all modern Internet browsers pressing F5 will refresh or reload the page or
document window.
Open the find, replace, and go to window in Microsoft Word.
Starts a slideshow in PowerPoint.

F6
Move the cursor to the Address bar in Internet Explorer and Mozilla Firefox.
Ctrl + Shift + F6 opens to another open Microsoft Word document.

F7
Commonly used to spell check and grammar check a document in Microsoft
programs such as Microsoft Word, Outlook, etc.
Shift + F7 runs a Thesaurus check on the word highlighted.
Turns on Caret browsing in Mozilla Firefox.

F8
Function key used to enter the Windows startup menu, commonly used to access
Windows Safe Mode.

F9
Opens the Measurements toolbar in Quark 5.0.

F10
In Microsoft Windows activates the menu bar of an open application.
Shift + F10 is the same as right-clicking on a highlighted icon, file, or Internet link.
Access the hidden recovery partition on HP and Sony computers.
Enter CMOS Setup.

F11
Full-screen mode in all modern Internet browsers.
Ctrl + F11 as computer is starting to access the hidden recovery partition on many
Dell computers.
Access the hidden recovery partition on eMachines, Gateway, and Lenovo
computers.

F12
Open the Save as window in Microsoft Word.
Shift + F12 save the Microsoft Word document.
Ctrl + Shift + F12 prints a document in Microsoft Word.
Earlier IBM computers also had F13 - F24 on the keyboards. However, because
these keyboards are no longer used they are not listed on this page.
 KEYBOARD SHORTCUTS
Shortcut Keys Description
Alt + F File menu options in current program.
Alt + E Edit options in current program
Universal Help in almost every
F1
Windows program.
Ctrl + A Select all text.
Ctrl + X Cut selected item.
Shift + Del Cut selected item.
Ctrl + C Copy selected item.
Ctrl + Ins Copy selected item
Ctrl + V Paste
Shift + Ins Paste
Home Goes to beginning of current line.
Ctrl + Home Goes to beginning of document.
End Goes to end of current line.
Ctrl + End Goes to end of document.
Highlights from current position to
Shift + Home
beginning of line.
Highlights from current position to end
Shift + End
of line.
Ctrl + Left
Moves one word to the left at a time.
arrow
Ctrl + Right
Moves one word to the right at a time.
arrow
 Top 10 keyboard shortcuts everyone
should know

Using keyboard shortcuts can greatly increase your productivity, reduce

repetitive strain, and help keep you focused. For example, highlighting text with the keyboard
and pressing Ctrl + C is much faster than taking your hand from the keyboard, highlighting the
text using the mouse, clicking copy from the file menu, and then putting your hand back in
place on the keyboard. Below are our top 10 keyboard shortcuts we recommend everyone
memorize and use.
1. Ctrl + C or Ctrl + Insert
Copy the highlighted text or selected item.
2. Ctrl + V or Shift + Insert
Paste the text or object that's in the clipboard.
3. Ctrl + Z and Ctrl + Y
Undo any change. For example, if you cut text, pressing this will undo it. This can also
often be pressed multiple times to undo multiple changes. Pressing Ctrl + Y would redo
the undo.
4. Ctrl + F
Open the Find in any program. This includes your Internet browser to find text on the
current page.
5. Alt + Tab or Alt + Esc
Quickly switch between open programs moving forward.
 Press Ctrl + Tab to switch between tabs in a program.
Adding the Shift key to Alt + Tab or Ctrl + Tab will move backwards. For example, if you are
pressing Alt + Tab and pass the program you want to switch to, press Alt + Shift + Tab to move
backwards to that program.
Windows Vista and 7 users can also press the Windows Key + Tab to switch through open
programs in a full screenshot of the Window.
6. Ctrl + Back space and Ctrl + Left arrow / Right arrow
Pressing Ctrl + Backspace will delete a full word at a time instead of a single character.
Holding down the Ctrl key while pressing the left or right arrow will move the cursor one
word at a time instead of one character at a time. If you wanted to highlight one word at
a time you can hold down Ctrl + Shift and then press the left or right arrow key to move
one word at a time in that direction while highlighting each word.
7. Ctrl + S
While working on a document or other file in almost every program pressing Ctrl + S will
save that file. This shortcut key should be used frequently anytime you're working on
anything important.
8. Ctrl + Home / End
Move the cursor to the beginning or end of a document.
9. Ctrl + P
Print the page being viewed. For example, the document in Microsoft Word or the web
page in your Internet browser.
10. Page Up / Space bar and Page Down
Pressing either the page up or page down key will move that page one page at a time in
that direction. When browsing the Internet pressing the space bar will also move the
page down one page at a time. If you press Shift and the Space bar the page will go up a
page at a time.
Unix / Linux shortcut keys
Quick links

Introduction
Keyboard shortcut keys
Command line shortcuts

Introduction

Shortcuts are designed to help shorten the time required to perform frequently used commands or
actions. In the below sections we have listed keyboard shortcut keys that can be performed by
pressing two or more keys at once. In addition to keyboard shortcut keys, we have also listed
command line shortcut keys that can be typed in at the shell.

Not all of the below shortcut keys and command line shortcuts will not work on all variants of
Unix and Linux.

Keyboard shortcut keys

CTRL + B Moves the cursor backward one character.

CTRL + C Cancels the currently running command.
CTRL + D Logs out of the current session.
CTRL + F Moves the cursor forward one character.
CTRL + H Erase one character. Similar to pressing backspace.
CTRL + P Paste previous line(s).
CTRL + S Stops all output on screen (XOFF).
CTRL + Q Turns all output stopped on screen back on (XON).
CTRL + U Erases the complete line.
CTRL + Deletes the last word typed in. For example, if you typed 'mv file1 file2' this
W shortcut would delete file2.
CTRL + Z Cancels current operation, moves back a directory or takes the current operation
and moves it to the background. See bg command for additional information about
background.

Command line shortcuts

In addition to the below command line shortcuts, it is also helpful to use the alias command that
allows you to specify a keyword for frequently used commands or mistakes.

~ Moves to the user's home directory.

Repeats the line last entered at the shell. See history command for previous
!!
commands.
Repeats the last argument for the command last used. See history command for
!$
previous commands.
reset Resets the terminal if terminal screen is not displaying correctly.
shutdown
Remotely or locally shuts the system down.
-h now
 Apple Macintosh shortcut keys
Note that not all of the below shortcut keys will work in all versions of Mac OS.

Open Apple + Down Opens the selected icon.

Shift + Click Select the icon and add it to the set of those selected.
Tab Highlight the next icon inside the folder, in alphabetical order.
Highlight the previous icon inside the folder, in alphabetical
Shift + Tab
order.
Used when viewing by icon to select the icon to the left of the one
Left arrow
highlighted.
Used when viewing by icon to select icon to the right of the one
Right arrow
highlighted.
Up arrow Used to select the icon above the one currently highlighted.
Down arrow Used to select the icon below the one currently highlighted.
Open Apple + ? Mac help
Open Apple + E Eject
Open Apple + Shift + Up
Used to direct the input focus to the desktop level.
Arrow
Open Apple + M Minimize window
Open Apple + N New finder window
Open Apple + Shift + N New folder
Open Apple + W Close the current window.
Open Apple + C Copy the elected item to the clipboard.
Open Apple + X Cut the selected item.
Open Apple + V Paste item from the clipboard
Open Apple + L Make alias
Open Apple + R Show original item
Open Apple + T Add to favorites
Open Apple + O Open the selected icon.
Open Apple + F Display the find dialog box.
Open Apple + G Repeat the last find operation.
Open Apple + Shift + G Takes a snapshot of the screen and saves it to a PICT file.
Microsoft Excel shortcut keys
Below is a listing of all the major shortcut keys in Microsoft Excel. See the computer shortcut
page if you are looking for other shortcut keys used in other programs.

Shortcut Keys Description

F2 Edit the selected cell.
F5 Go to a specific cell. For example, C6.
F7 Spell check selected text or document.
F11 Create chart.
Ctrl + Shift + ; Enter the current time.
Ctrl + ; Enter the current date.
Alt + Shift + F1 Insert New Worksheet.
Shift + F3 Open the Excel formula window.
Shift + F5 Bring up search box.
Ctrl + A Select all contents of the worksheet.
Ctrl + B Bold highlighted selection.
Ctrl + I Italic highlighted selection.
Ctrl + K Insert link.
Ctrl + U Underline highlighted selection.
Ctrl + 5 Strikethrough highlighted selection.
Ctrl + P Bring up the print dialog box to begin printing.
Ctrl + Z Undo last action.
Ctrl + F9 Minimize current window.
Ctrl + F10 Maximize currently selected window.
Ctrl + F6 Switch between open workbooks / windows.
Ctrl + Page up Move between Excel work sheets in the same Excel document.
Ctrl + Page down Move between Excel work sheets in the same Excel document.
Ctrl + Tab Move between Two or more open Excel files.
Alt + = Create a formula to sum all of the above cells
Ctrl + ' Insert the value of the above cell into cell currently selected.
Ctrl + Shift + ! Format number in comma format.
Ctrl + Shift + $ Format number in currency format.
Ctrl + Shift + # Format number in date format.
Ctrl + Shift + % Format number in percentage format.
Ctrl + Shift + ^ Format number in scientific format.
Ctrl + Shift + @ Format number in time format.
Ctrl + Arrow key Move to next section of text.
Ctrl + Space Select entire column.
Shift + Space Select entire row.
Microsoft Word shortcut keys
Below is a listing of all the major shortcut keys in Microsoft Word. See the computer shortcut
page if you are looking for other shortcut keys used in other programs.

Shortcut Keys Description

Ctrl + 0 Adds or removes 6pts of spacing before a paragraph.
Ctrl + A Select all contents of the page.
Ctrl + B Bold highlighted selection.
Ctrl + C Copy selected text.
Ctrl + E Aligns the line or selected text to the center of the screen.
Ctrl + F Open find box.
Ctrl + I Italic highlighted selection.
Ctrl + J Aligns the selected text or line to justify the screen.
Ctrl + K Insert link.
Ctrl + L Aligns the line or selected text to the left of the screen.
Ctrl + M Indent the paragraph.
Ctrl + P Open the print window.
Ctrl + R Aligns the line or selected text to the right of the screen.
Ctrl + T Create a hanging indent.
Ctrl + U Underline highlighted selection.
Ctrl + V Paste.
Ctrl + X Cut selected text.
Ctrl + Y Redo the last action performed.
Ctrl + Z Undo last action.
Ctrl + Shift + L Quickly create a bullet point.
Ctrl + Shift + F Change the font.
Ctrl + Shift + > Increase selected font +1pts up to 12pt and then increases font +2pts.
Ctrl + ] Increase selected font +1pts.
Decrease selected font -1pts if 12pt or lower, if above 12 decreases font by
Ctrl + Shift + <
+2pt.
Ctrl + [ Decrease selected font -1pts.
Ctrl + / + c Insert a cent sign (¢).
Insert a character with an accent (grave) mark, where <char> is the character
you want. For example, if you wanted an accented è you would use Ctrl + ' + e
Ctrl + ' + <char>
as your shortcut key. To reverse the accent mark use the opposite accent mark,
often on the tilde key.
Ctrl + Shift + * View or hide non printing characters.
Ctrl + <left arrow> Moves one word to the left.
Ctrl + <right arrow> Moves one word to the right.
Ctrl + <up arrow> Moves to the beginning of the line or paragraph.
Ctrl + <down arrow> Moves to the end of the paragraph.
Ctrl + Del Deletes word to right of cursor.
Ctrl + Backspace Deletes word to left of cursor.
Ctrl + End Moves the cursor to the end of the document.
Ctrl + Home Moves the cursor to the beginning of the document.
Ctrl + Spacebar Reset highlighted text to the default font.
Ctrl + 1 Single-space lines.
Ctrl + 2 Double-space lines.
Ctrl + 5 1.5-line spacing.
Ctrl + Alt + 1 Changes text to heading 1.
Ctrl + Alt + 2 Changes text to heading 2.
Ctrl + Alt + 3 Changes text to heading 3.
Alt + Ctrl + F2 Open new document.
Ctrl + F1 Open the Task Pane.
Ctrl + F2 Display the print preview.
Ctrl + Shift + > Increases the highlighted text size by one.
Ctrl + Shift + < Decreases the highlighted text size by one.
Ctrl + Shift + F6 Opens to another open Microsoft Word document.
Ctrl + Shift + F12 Prints the document.
F1 Open Help.
F4 Repeat the last action performed (Word 2000+)
F5 Open the find, replace, and go to window in Microsoft Word.
F7 Spellcheck and grammar check selected text or document.
F12 Save as.
Change the text in Microsoft Word from uppercase to lowercase or a capital
Shift + F3
letter at the beginning of every word.
Shift + F7 Runs a Thesaurus check on the word highlighted.
Shift + F12 Save.
Shift + Enter Create a soft break instead of a new paragraph.
Shift + Insert Paste.
Shift + Alt + D Insert the current date.
Shift + Alt + T Insert the current time.
In addition to the above shortcut keys users can also use their mouse as a method of quickly do
something commonly performed. Below some are examples of mouse shortcuts.
Mouse shortcuts Description
Click, hold, and drag Selects text from where you click and hold to the point you drag and let go.
Double-click If double-click a word, selects the complete word.
Double-clicking on the left, center, or right of a blank line will make the
Double-click
alignment of the text left, center, or right aligned.
Double-click Double-clicking anywhere after text on a line will set a tab stop.
Triple-click Selects the line or paragraph of the text the mouse triple-clicked.
Ctrl + Mouse wheel Zooms in and out of document.
Microsoft
PowerPoint
Keyboard Shortcuts
Make developing and showing your presentations more
efficient with these handy keyboard shortcuts for common
functions in PowerPoint.

Shortcuts while preparing your PowerPoint presentation

CTRL+N CTRL+D
Create a new presentation Copy selected slide
CTRL+K CTRL+O
Insert a hyperlink Open a presentation
F7 CTRL+W
Check spelling Close a presentation
CTRL+Z CTRL+P
Undo an action Print a presentation
CTRL+Y CTRL+S
Redo or repeat an action Save a presentation
ALT+F4 F5
Quit PowerPoint Start your slideshow
CTRL+M
Insert a new slide
Shortcuts during a PowerPoint slideshow
B or PERIOD CTRL+P
Display a black screen, or return to the slide Redisplay a hidden pointer and/or change
show from a black screen the pointer to a pen
W or COMMA CTRL+A
Display a white screen, or return to the slide Redisplay a hidden pointer and/or change
show from a white screen the pointer to an arrow
ESC, CTRL+BREAK, or HYPHEN
End a slide show
CTRL+H
Hide the pointer and navigation button
 PowerPoint Keyboard Shortcuts

Text Formatting
Screen Beans To do this: Windows Keyboard:
Products CTRL+Shift+F, then use
Power Pointers Change Font up/down arrow keys, click Enter
PowerPoint when done
FAQ
Resources CTRL+Shift+P, then use
About Us Change Point Size up/down arrow keys, click Enter
Company when done
Policies Increase Font Size CTRL+Shift+>
Contact Decrease Font Size CTRL+Shift+<
Bold CTRL+B
Underline CTRL+U
Italic CTRL+I
Superscript ALT+CTRL+Shift+>
Subscript ALT+CTRL+Shift+<
Plain Text CTRL+Shift+Z
Spelling Checker F7
Center Paragraph CTRL+E
Justified Paragraph CTRL+J
Left-Aligned Paragraph CTRL+L
Right-Aligned Paragraph CTRL+R
Shift+F3 toggles selection
through lower case, upper case,
Change Case
initial caps with each press of
keys
Create Hyperlink CTRL+K

Deleting and Copying

Delete Character Left Backspace
Delete Word Left CTRL+Backspace
Delete Character Right Delete
Delete Word Right CTRL+Delete
Cut CTRL+X
Copy CTRL+C
Paste CTRL+V
Undo CTRL+Z
Create a copy of the text CTRL+Drag

Navigating in Text Blocks

Character Left Left Arrow
Character Right Right Arrow
Line Up Up Arrow
Line Down Down Arrow
Word Left CTRL+Left Arrow
Word Right CTRL+Right Arrow
End of Line END
Beginning of Line HOME
Paragraph Up CTRL+Up Arrow
Paragraph Down CTRL+Down Arrow
End of Text Block CTRL+END
Start of Text Block CTRL+HOME

Navigating and Working With Objects

To Previous Object TAB
To Next Object Shift+TAB
Select All Objects CTRL+A
Drag and Drop Copy CTRL+Select and Drag
Create a Duplicate Object CTRL+D
CTRL+D, move new copy to
Create another Duplicate with desired location, then use
same offset as first Duplicate CTRL+D repeatedly to create
more copies

Outlining, in All Views

ALT+Shift+Left Arrow or
Promote Paragraph TAB from beginning of
Paragraph
ALT+Shift+Right Arrow or
Demote Paragraph Shift+TAB from beginning of
Paragraph
Move Selected Paragraphs Up ALT+Shift+Up Arrow
Move Selected Paragraphs Down ALT+Shift+Down Arrow

Outlining, in Outline View

Collapse to Titles ALT+Shift+1
Expand Text under a heading ALT+Shift+Plus
Collapse Text Under a Heading ALT+Shift+Minus
Show All Text and Headings ALT+Shift+A
Display Character Formatting Keypad / (numlock off)

Selecting, in Text
Character Right Shift+Right Arrow
Character Left Shift+Left Arrow
End of Word CTRL+Shift+Right Arrow
Beginning of Word CTRL+Shift+Left Arrow
Line Up Shift+Up Arrow
Line Down Shift+Down Arrow
Select All CTRL+A or F2
Drag with left mouse button
Select Any Text
depressed
Select Word Double-Click
Select Paragraph Triple-Click
Drag and Drop Select and Drag
Drag and Drop Copy CTRL+Select and Drag

Working with Slides and Presentation Files

New Presentation CTRL+N
Open a Presentation CTRL+O, CTRL+F12
Save CTRL+S, F12
Save As F12
Print CTRL+P
Find CTRL+F
Replace CTRL+H
New Slide (menu) CTRL+M
New Slide like last one, no
Shift+CTRL+M
menu
Exit/Quit CTRL+Q or ALT F4
Move from Title to Text CTRL+Enter
Move from Body text to Title of
CTRL+Enter
Next Slide

Working with Presentation Windows

Go to Previous Window CTRL+Shift+F6
Go to Next Window CTRL+F6
Size Presentation Window
ALT+F5
(Un-Maximize)
Maximize Application Window ALT+F10
Maximize Presentation Window CTRL+F10
Restore Presentation Window to
CTRL+F5
Previous Size
Put Presentation in its own
CTRL+F5
Window

Drawing & Formatting

Show/Hide Guides (toggle) CTRL+G
Switch from Normal View to
Shift+Click Slide View Button
Master View
Group CTRL+Shift+G
Ungroup CTRL+Shift+H
Regroup CTRL+Shift+J
Resize while Maintaining
Shift+Resize
Proportions
Resize from Center CTRL+Resize
Resize from Center while
CTRL+Shift+Resize
Maintaining Proportions
Rotate in 15 degree increments Shift+Rotate tool
Rotate from Corner CTRL+Rotate tool
Rotate in 15 degree increments
Shift+CTRL+Rotate tool
from Corner
Extend Line along same angle Shift+Resize
Make Straight Segment while CTRL+ALT+click (using curve
Using Curve Tool tool)
Nudge object one grid unit Arrow Key
Nudge object one pixel CTRL+Arrow Key
Temporarily Release Grid/Guide
ALT
Snap
Create Multiple Guides CTRL+Drag Guide

Controlling Slides in Slide Show

Go to Slide <number> <number> ENTER
Black/Unblack Screen B or Period
White/Unwhite Screen W or Comma
Show/Hide Pointer A or =
End Show ESC, CTRL+Break, Minus, END
Erase Screen Annotations E
Advance to Hidden Slide H
Mouse Click, Spacebar, N, Right
Advance to Next Slide
Arrow, Down Arrow, Page Down
Backspace, P, Left Arrow, Up
Return to Previous Slide
Arrow, Page Up

Getting Help & Programming Tools

Help F1
Menu and Dialog Explanations Shift+F1
Right Mouse Click without
Shift+F10
Mouse
Bring up Visual Basic Editor ALT+F11
Macro Recorder ALT+F8
Internet Explorer shortcut keys
Below is a listing of all the major shortcut keys in Microsoft Internet Explorer. See the computer
shortcut page if you are looking for other shortcut keys used in other programs.

Shortcut Keys Description

Alt + Left Back a page.
Arrow
Backspace Back a page.
Alt + Right Forward a page.
Arrow
F5 Refresh current page, frame, or tab.
F11 Display the current website in full screen
mode. Pressing F11 again will exit this mode.
Esc Stop page or download from loading.
Ctrl + (- or +) Increase or decrease the font size, pressing '-'
will decrease and '+' will increase.
Ctrl + Enter Quickly complete an address. For example,
type computerhope in the address bar and
press CTRL + ENTER to get
[Link]
Ctrl + D Add a Favorite for the page currently opened.
Ctrl + I Display available bookmarks.
Ctrl + N Open New browser window.
Ctrl + P Print current page / frame.
Ctrl + T Opens a new tab.
Ctrl + F4 Closes the currently selected tab.
Ctrl + Tab Moves through each of the open tabs.
Spacebar Moves down a page at a time.
Shift + Moves up a page at a time.
Spacebar
Alt + Down Display all previous text entered in a text box
arrow or available options on drop down menu.
Alt + D Highlights the text in the address bar
Microsoft FrontPage shortcut keys
Below is a listing of all the major shortcut keys in Microsoft FrontPage. See the computer
shortcut page if you are looking for other shortcut keys used in other programs.

Shortcut Keys Description

Ctrl + C Copy selected text.
Ctrl + X Cut selected text.
Ctrl + P Paste selected text.
Ctrl + K Create a hyperlink.
Ctrl + B Bold highlighted selection.
Ctrl + I Italic highlighted selection.
Ctrl + U Underline highlighted selection.
Ctrl + L Left align the text.
Ctrl + R Right align the text.
Ctrl + E Center the text.
Ctrl + / Turn on or off the display of HTML tags.
Ctrl + S Save document.
Ctrl + Tab Switch between open web pages.
Ctrl + Ins Enter Line break.
Ctrl + Enter Move cursor above or below a table.
Ctrl + Shift +
Preview in web browser window.
B
Ctrl + Shift + < Decrease font size.
Ctrl + Shift + > Increase font size.
Ctrl + Del Deletes word to right of cursor.
Ctrl +
Deletes word to left of cursor.
Backspace
View the properties of a selected item. For
Alt + mouse
example, doing this on a table cell would
double-click
display the properties for that cell.
Microsoft Outlook shortcut keys
Below is a listing of all the major shortcut keys in Microsoft Outlook. See the computer shortcut
page if you are looking for other shortcut keys used in other programs.

Shortcut Keys Description

Alt + S Send the e-mail
Ctrl + Enter Send the e-mail you're composing.
Ctrl + C Copy selected text.
Ctrl + X Cut selected text.
Ctrl + P Print selected text.
Complete the name or e-mail being typed in the e-
Ctrl + K
mail address bar.
Ctrl + B Bold highlighted selection
Ctrl + I Italic highlighted selection
Ctrl + M Send and receive all
Ctrl + U Underline highlighted selection
Ctrl + R Reply to an e-mail.
Ctrl + F Forward an e-mail.
Ctrl + N Create a new e-mail.
Ctrl + Y Go to folder.
Ctrl + Shift + A Create a new appointment to your calendar.
Ctrl + Shift + O Open the Outbox.
Ctrl + Shift + I Open the Inbox.
Ctrl + Shift + K Add a new task.
Ctrl + Shift + C Create a new contact.
Ctrl + Shift + J Create a new journal entry.
Ctrl + Shift + V Move folder.
Mozilla Firefox shortcut keys
Below is a listing of all the major shortcut keys in Mozilla Firefox. See the computer shortcut
page if you are looking for other shortcut keys used in other programs.

Shortcut Keys Description

Alt + Home Go to home page.

Alt + Left Arrow Back a page.
Backspace Back a page.
Alt + Right Arrow Forward a page.
F5 Refresh current page, frame, or tab.
F11 Display the current website in full screen mode. Pressing
F11 again will exit this mode.
Esc Stop page or download from loading.
Ctrl + (- or +) Increase or decrease the font size, pressing '-' will decrease
and '+' will increase.
Ctrl + Enter Quickly complete an address. For example, type
computerhope in the address bar and press CTRL +
ENTER to get [Link]
Shift + Enter Complete a .net instead of a .com address.
Ctrl + Shift + Enter Complete a .org address.
Ctrl + Shift + Del Open the Clear Data window to quickly clear private data.
Ctrl + D Add a bookmark for the page currently opened.
Ctrl + I Display available bookmarks.
Ctrl + J Display the download window.
Ctrl + N Open New browser window.
Ctrl + P Print current page / frame.
Ctrl + T Opens a new tab.
Ctrl + F4 or Ctrl + W Closes the currently selected tab.
Ctrl + Shift + T Undo the close of a window.
Ctrl + Tab Moves through each of the open tabs.
Spacebar Moves down a page at a time.
Shift + Spacebar Moves up a page at a time.
Alt + Down arrow Display all previous text entered in a text box and available
options on drop down menu.
Computer keyboard key explanations
When talking to tech support or to other people about keyboard commands, web pages, and
command line commands, you may hear such things as forward slash, backward slash /
backslash, and caret. Many times this can be confusing for users unfamiliar with each of the
symbols found on a keyboard. Below is a chart that can be used to quickly identify keyboard
keys. Keep in mind that your keyboard may not have every key listed in this chart.

Symbol Explanation
Windows PC keyboards have a Windows key represented by a flag.
Command Apple Mac computers have a command key.
F1 - F12 Information about the F1 through F12 keyboard keys.
Tab Tab key
Caps lock Caps lock key
Shift Shift key
Ctrl Ctrl key
Alt Alt key (PC Only; Mac users have Option key)
Back Back space key
Space
Delete Delete or Del key
Enter Enter key
Prt Scrn Print screen key
Scroll lock Scroll lock key
Pause Pause key
Break Break key
Insert Insert key
Home Home key
Page up Page up or pgup key
Page down Page down or pgdn key
Num Lock Num Lock key
~ Tilde
Acute, Back quote, grave, grave accent, left quote, open quote, or a
`
push
! Exclamation mark, Exclamation point, or Bang
@ At or At symbol
# Octothorpe, Number, Pound, sharp, or Hash
£ Pounds Sterling or Pound symbol
€ Euro
$ Dollar sign
¢ Cent sign
¥ Japanese Yen
$ Generic currency
§ Micro
% Percent
° Degree
^ Caret or Circumflex
& Ampersand or And
* Asterisk and sometimes referred to as star.
( Open parenthesis
) Close parenthesis
- Hyphen, Minus or Dash
_ Underscore
+ Plus
= Equals
{ Open Brace, squiggly brackets, or curly bracket
} Close Brace, squiggly brackets, or curly bracket
[ Open bracket
] Close bracket
| Pipe, Or, or Vertical bar
\ Backslash or Reverse Solidus
/ Forward slash, Solidus, Virgule, or Whack
§ Section
: Colon
; Semicolon
" Quote, Quotation mark, or Inverted commas
' Apostrophe or Single Quote
< Less Than or Angle brackets
> Greater Than or Angle brackets
, Comma
. Period, dot or Full Stop
? Question Mark
 KEYBOARD SHORTCUT FOR WINDOWS
Windows system key combinations
F1: Help
CTRL+ESC: Open Start menu
ALT+TAB: Switch between open programs
ALT+F4: Quit program
SHIFT+DELETE: Delete item permanently
Windows Logo+L: Lock the computer (without using CTRL+ALT+DELETE)
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Windows program key combinations
CTRL+C: Copy
CTRL+X: Cut
CTRL+V: Paste
CTRL+Z: Undo
CTRL+B: Bold
CTRL+U: Underline
CTRL+I: Italic
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Mouse click/keyboard modifier combinations for shell objects
SHIFT+right click: Displays a shortcut menu containing alternative commands
SHIFT+double click: Runs the alternate default command (the second item on the menu)
ALT+double click: Displays properties
SHIFT+DELETE: Deletes an item immediately without placing it in the Recycle Bin
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General keyboard-only commands
F1: Starts Windows Help
F10: Activates menu bar options
SHIFT+F10 Opens a shortcut menu for the selected item (this is the same as right-clicking an object
CTRL+ESC: Opens the Start menu (use the ARROW keys to select an item)
CTRL+ESC or ESC: Selects the Start button (press TAB to select the taskbar, or press SHIFT+F10 for a
context menu)
CTRL+SHIFT+ESC: Opens Windows Task Manager
ALT+DOWN ARROW: Opens a drop-down list box
ALT+TAB: Switch to another running program (hold down the ALT key and then press the TAB key to
view the task-switching window)
SHIFT: Press and hold down the SHIFT key while you insert a CD-ROM to bypass the automatic-run
feature
ALT+SPACE: Displays the main window's System menu (from the System menu, you can restore, move,
resize, minimize, maximize, or close the window)
ALT+- (ALT+hyphen): Displays the Multiple Document Interface (MDI) child window's System menu
(from the MDI child window's System menu, you can restore, move, resize, minimize, maximize, or close
the child window)
CTRL+TAB: Switch to the next child window of a Multiple Document Interface (MDI) program
ALT+underlined letter in menu: Opens the menu
ALT+F4: Closes the current window
CTRL+F4: Closes the current Multiple Document Interface (MDI) window
ALT+F6: Switch between multiple windows in the same program (for example, when the Notepad Find
dialog box is displayed, ALT+F6 switches between the Find dialog box and the main Notepad window)
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Shell objects and general folder/Windows Explorer shortcuts
For a selected object:
F2: Rename object
F3: Find all files
CTRL+X: Cut
CTRL+C: Copy
CTRL+V: Paste
SHIFT+DELETE: Delete selection immediately, without moving the item to the Recycle Bin
ALT+ENTER: Open the properties for the selected object
To copy a file
Press and hold down the CTRL key while you drag the file to another folder.
To create a shortcut
Press and hold down CTRL+SHIFT while you drag a file to the desktop or a folder.
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General folder/shortcut control
F4: Selects the Go To A Different Folder box and moves down the entries in the box (if the toolbar is
active in Windows Explorer)
F5: Refreshes the current window.
F6: Moves among panes in Windows Explorer
CTRL+G: Opens the Go To Folder tool (in Windows 95 Windows Explorer only)
CTRL+Z: Undo the last command
CTRL+A: Select all the items in the current window
BACKSPACE: Switch to the parent folder
SHIFT+click+Close button: For folders, close the current folder plus all parent folders
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Windows Explorer tree control
Numeric Keypad *: Expands everything under the current selection
Numeric Keypad +: Expands the current selection
Numeric Keypad -: Collapses the current selection.
RIGHT ARROW: Expands the current selection if it is not expanded, otherwise goes to the first child
LEFT ARROW: Collapses the current selection if it is expanded, otherwise goes to the parent
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Properties control
CTRL+TAB/CTRL+SHIFT+TAB: Move through the property tabs
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Accessibility shortcuts
Press SHIFT five times: Toggles StickyKeys on and off
Press down and hold the right SHIFT key for eight seconds: Toggles FilterKeys on and off
Press down and hold the NUM LOCK key for five seconds: Toggles ToggleKeys on and off
Left ALT+left SHIFT+NUM LOCK: Toggles MouseKeys on and off
Left ALT+left SHIFT+PRINT SCREEN: Toggles high contrast on and off
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Microsoft Natural Keyboard keys
Windows Logo: Start menu
Windows Logo+R: Run dialog box
Windows Logo+M: Minimize all
SHIFT+Windows Logo+M: Undo minimize all
Windows Logo+F1: Help
Windows Logo+E: Windows Explorer
Windows Logo+F: Find files or folders
Windows Logo+D: Minimizes all open windows and displays the desktop
CTRL+Windows Logo+F: Find computer
CTRL+Windows Logo+TAB: Moves focus from Start, to the Quick Launch toolbar, to the system tray (use
RIGHT ARROW or LEFT ARROW to move focus to items on the Quick Launch toolbar and the system tray)
Windows Logo+TAB: Cycle through taskbar buttons
Windows Logo+Break: System Properties dialog box
Application key: Displays a shortcut menu for the selected item
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Microsoft Natural Keyboard with IntelliType software installed
Windows Logo+L: Log off Windows
Windows Logo+P: Starts Print Manager
Windows Logo+C: Opens Control Panel
Windows Logo+V: Starts Clipboard
Windows Logo+K: Opens Keyboard Properties dialog box
Windows Logo+I: Opens Mouse Properties dialog box
Windows Logo+A: Starts Accessibility Options (if installed)
Windows Logo+SPACEBAR: Displays the list of Microsoft IntelliType shortcut keys
Windows Logo+S: Toggles CAPS LOCK on and off
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Dialog box keyboard commands
TAB: Move to the next control in the dialog box
SHIFT+TAB: Move to the previous control in the dialog box
SPACEBAR: If the current control is a button, this clicks the button. If the current control is a check box,
this toggles the check box. If the current control is an option, this selects the option.
ENTER: Equivalent to clicking the selected button (the button with the outline)
ESC: Equivalent to clicking the Cancel button
ALT+underlined letter in dialog box item: Move to the corresponding item
 VIRUS AND SPYWARE
Viruses and Spyware are pretty much the worst hassles to deal with when it comes to
computers. A small price, for revolutionizing every aspect of our lives, businesses and day
to day tasks making things a lot more efficient and productive. However, this one issue has
proved to cost companies and individuals a fortune every year.

Image Credit: gonzales2010

While, damage can get this far rarely, at any scale viruses and spyware affect computers in
some way, for a personal, home computer, it could go as far as to display a message
prompt that you are a loser, or it could result in you having to reformat your computer
completely. Spyware can be a privacy threat as it’s more of spying (as the name suggests)
on the victim’s computer and retrieving information without their consent. On a more
commercial level, viruses and spyware could spread across a network of thousands of
computers resulting in thousands of dollars spent on getting rid of the malware.
Sometimes though, you might be infected by either of these without even being aware of it,
ignorance could result in your computer running a lot slower, or information from your
computer being tracked without you knowing, or the scenario could be a lot worse than
that, so below I have outlined the most common ways to identify if your computer is
infected with a virus.
This is aimed mainly towards the Windows OS, while Mac is catching up with viruses in
recent times, viruses are still far from a threat for Macs.
1. Computer Performance Degrades
If you notice your computer performing degrade with time, it is probably a virus issue, as
viruses accumulate they drain CPU resources and tie up your usual tasks resulting in your
computer running a lot slower. If it’s been a low performing computer ever since you
remember though I think it’s time for a hardware upgrade.
2. Takes forever to startup
If you notice your computer taking forever to startup without any significant modifications
to your system (installing a CPU heavy application like an antivirus is a significant
modification) it’s probably because your malware are starting up too. One way to check this
is to open Start > Run > “Msconfig”>Startup and check the applications on startup, if you
notice anything you don’t recognize in the list, it could be malware, however you can’t be
too sure as it could be a third party process of a trusted installed application.
3. Toolbars and Tray Icons out of nowhere
This could be either a virus or spyware, usually malware toolbars installed are usually
spyware, installed into the browser to track user browsing habits and information. Tray
icons, which is again malware (as it was installed without the user’s consent) could be
viruses or spyware, they could be harmless, meant to drain your computer off its resources
or spyware to track your usage again.
4. Your computer is infected!
This is another common form of tricking the user to install a malicious software tool.
Usually, a malicious script is installed into your system or hijacks your browser (another
form of spyware) and continually prompts the user that the computer is infected and needs
to be scanned for issues, users who are tricked by this message, install the apparent anti
malware tool which in itself is a virus.
5. Your browser keeps crashing and/or you get a new home page
This is a definite case of spyware, where the browser is hijacked and results in your browser
crashing and your home page being modified to a malicious website as well.
6. You can’t access your task manager
This is typical of a virus, the virus while creating a background process to exploit the
victim’s computer, disables the task manager as well via a registry key so that the running
virus process cannot be ended. This can be fixed using Disk Heal if the virus is no longer
active.
7. You can’t access your folder options or the preferences are read only.
The Folder Options (My Computer > Tools > Folder Options) controls numerous functions on
the windows operating system. One of the main functions controlled is whether files given
the ‘hidden’ or ‘system’ attribute should be displayed in your file explorer/My Computer.
Viruses usually sit somewhere in the hard disk with these attributes appended to them to
prevent the user finding them, therefore it also disables the Folder Options or makes its
preferences ‘read only’ where when preferences are changed and applied, you’ll notice them
revert to the previous settings right away. This can be fixed using Disk Heal if the virus is no
longer active.
8. You can’t access the Windows Registry Editor
The windows registry editor (Start > Run > “Regedit” ) is your system’s ‘headquarters’. This
is where most of your operating system and application software preferences are stored.
Viruses after penetrating into a system, usually disable the registry editor to prevent system
administrators manually reverting settings like the previous two points. This can be fixed
using Disk Heal if the virus is no longer active.
9. Your CPU Usage is 100% all the time.
Open the task manager (Ctrl + Alt + Del / Ctrl + Shift + Esc). If it’s disabled, you have your
answer, you have a virus (unless you are not the admin of the computer and the
administrator has disabled this feature). If you notice the CPU usage is 100%, arrange the
processes by by CPU usage and check the process taking up the bulk, if it has a weird name
(you should be able to figure or else leave a comment below) chances are it’s a virus.
10. [Link] in your local or external drive
Take the letters of the active drives in your computer now, replace it in the letter field in the
following location and open it in the My Computer address bar: “[letter]:/[Link]”, if it
opens a notepad file with a reference to an EXE or any unidentified file it is probably another
sign of a virus, unless that drive has a designated autorun program on startup however this
is unlikely on local or even external hard drives unless manually done.
So there you have it, these are 10 of the most popular ways to know if your computer is
infected by a virus, of course there are plenty of other symptoms to determine if your
computer is infected and also the above factors may not necessarily mean you could be
infected, but if you find more than a couple of the above familiar maybe, you should be
looking to switch to a better antivirus and antispyware or get a new one if you don’t use
them.
I’ve tried several antivirus and antispyware programs and concluded that Kaspersky and Ad
Aware are the best in the market. I’m currently another two similar products as well, await
the reviews of them.

 Kaspersky Review
 Ad Aware Review

Virus- A word that arouses bad memories for a lot of computer users. Formatted drives,
stolen passwords, brand new computer behaving like a Pentium-2 with 16 MB RAM-
sounds familiar? I know. You are not alone. Almost every computer has fallen prey to
these pesky little programs created to cause problems to us and fun to their creators.
But you are not helpless. Infact you are very much in a safe position if you follow the
rules and follow them [Link], introducing to you, the rules:

Image Credit
Rule one:- Use a good antivirus. Hopefully everybody knows what an antivirus is and
does. As the name suggests an antivirus is the in-house security against viruses. They
are the main force which fights the viruses front on and stop them. This is a must
whether you are connected to the Internet or not. It is recommended that you get an
Internet connection though as that will help in keeping the program and virus database
updated. Good free options include Avast anti-virus and AVG anti-virus. If you can
afford and are willing to go professional we suggest you buy Kaspersky antivirus. And if
you would like to keep faith in the tried and tested then you can still go for Norton
AntiVirus 2009.
Rule two:- Use a firewall. Firewall is the type of software which acts as a barrier
between the computer and the Internet. It protest outside intruders from accessing your
computer and also malicious software residing in your computer to access to their
hosts. That’s why the name firewall. Although Microsoft Windows has a default firewall,
it is not very good at preventing attacks and is less customizable and user-friendly. That
is why we recommend that you buy or at least use a free firewall available on the
Internet. Good free options include Comodo firewall and Zonealarm Free Edition.
Rule three:- Don’t use pirated software. First of all, this is legally very wrong. And even
if you don’t care about the legality, you must know that most of this pirated software are
full of trojans, dialers and keyloggers which infect your computer, make the system go
bizarre and steal confidential data like credit card numbers. And what did you think they
do this for? Now you know the answer. And even if you can’t follow this tip at least make
sure that you don’t use pirated anti-irus and firewall. If you don’t follow these, you’re
bringing about your own downfall.
Rule four:- Be cautious when using external USB drives and the flash drives. And more
so when they are from the office or a friend. Always do a thorough a scan of them by
the anti-virus before using any files from them. Personally, I can tell you that I used to
ignore this thing and as a result had to format my hard drive a couple of times. So, if you
don’t want that, do follow this tip.
Rule five:- Make regular backups. Though this is not directly related to keeping a
computer free from viruses, it is always better to do regular backups so that you don’t
lose valuable information and data if somehow all the above methods fail to keep the
viruses at bay. That way you’ll never have a chance of losing too much data and will be
in a much easier position to recover. But that does not mean that you can ignore the
above four steps. As they say ” prevention is better than cure”. And you cannot even
totally cure in this case. Good luck and be safe.
Submitted by:

ANGELA DIANNE F. REYES

Submitted to:

PROF. ROY HECTOR T. CASEM