Introductory Chapter An Introduction To

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1. Introduction
This is the introductory chapter of the book “Seismic and sequence stratigraphy and inte-
grated stratigraphy - new insights and contributions.” In this chapter, the research themes
studied in this book have been introduced referring to the seismo-stratigraphic and sequence
ȱȱȱǰȱǰȱȱǰȱȱęȬȱȱ
ȱȱȱ¢ǰȱȱȬȱȱȱȱȱȱěȱ
the northern Taiwan and to the integrated stratigraphic studies, including the stratigraphy of
the Jurassic deposits in the Irkutsk sedimentary basin studied through lithologic and paleo-
botanical data, the disconformities in stratigraphy, reviewing their theoretical concepts and
studying selected examples from Paleozoic successions and the integrated stratigraphy of the
foreland basin of the Andean fold and thrust belt.
The topics and the research themes developed in this book are of the great actuality and
ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱęȱȱ¢ǯȱȱǰȱȱȱ-
graphic studies and the seismo-stratigraphic concepts have been typically developed on the
deposits pertaining to the marine environment in a geodynamic context of a passive, Atlantic-
type continental margin [1–13]. In this book, instead, emphasis is given to the sequence strati-
ȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱęȬȱǯ
The passive margins are characterized by thick successions of clastic and carbonate depos-
its, mainly of shallow water depositional environments, constituting sedimentary wedges
thickening toward the ocean. The sedimentary wedge overlies a continental lithosphere seg-
mented in horst and graben structures and tends to be prograding on the newly formed con-
tinental lithosphere. The sedimentary successions of a passive continental margin may reach
thicknesses in the order of 14 kilometers and accumulate during and after the continental
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GLVWULEXWLRQDQGUHSURGXFWLRQLQDQ\PHGLXPSURYLGHGWKHRULJLQDOZRUNLVSURSHUO\FLWHG
6HLVPLFDQG6HTXHQFH6WUDWLJUDSK\DQG,QWHJUDWHG6WUDWLJUDSK\1HZ,QVLJKWVDQG&RQWULEXWLRQV
rifting and the formation of oceanic lithosphere. In a well-developed Atlantic-type continental

margin, a continental shelf, continental slope and rise and basin occur [14–28].
ȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱęȬȱǰȱ
studied in this book, may be considered as both a counterpart and an integration of sequence
stratigraphic analyses of marine deposits in continental shelf, slope and basin environments.
ȱ ȱ ȱ Ĵȱ ȱ ȱ Ěȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ
ȱȱȱěȱȱ ȱǽ29–35ǾǯȱȱȱĚȱ¢ȱ
(DFS) [35Ǿǰȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱǰȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱĚȱ¢ǰȱ
which is characterized by a downstream whose size decreases, is not bounded from valleys
ȱ ȱ ȱ Ĵȱ ȱ ěȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¡ǯȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ
ȱęȬȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱǰȱȱȱȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Ĵȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ǽ36–40]. In
ǰȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱĴȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱ
Shale is among the most studied research topics regarding the shales and has been coupled
with other geological methodologies, including the geochemistry and the evaluation of the
gas content for petroleum studies [41–45].
ȱȱǰȱěȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱǯȱȱȱǰȱȱȱ
ȱȱȱ¢ȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱȬ¢ȱǯȱȱȬ¢ȱ
ȱĴȱȱȱȱȱǰȱȱǰȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱ
amalgamation of several Paleozoic continental blocks and many insular arcs. Ziegler et al. [46]
ȱĴȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ-
ęȱȱȱȱȱȱȱǯȱȱȱȱȱȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ£ȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ-
forms, which have been captured during the growth processes in the Paleozoic (i.e., the Tarim
ǰȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ Ǽȱ ǽ47]. During the formation of the Meso-
£ȱȱǰȱȱ ȱȱȱȱ ȱǰȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱ
of the Lut, Iran, Tibetan block, and Indochinese platform, merging with the initial Paleozoic
ǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ -
ȱ ȱ ȱȱ ȱ ȱȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ £ǰȱ ȱ ȱ
of the Asia with the Indian block occurred [48ǾǯȱȱȱȱȱȱǰȱȬ
Nan Shan, Tsaidam, Tarim, Turfan, and Dzungarian and are characterized by the occurrence
of Mesozoic-Tertiary continental successions deformed by both strike-slip and reverse faults
involving the Paleozoic basement [49]. Their individuation appears to be related to compres-
sional stresses [50]. Three types of basins, hosting important oil and gas resources, have been
ȱȱǰȱ¢ȱȱ¡ȱǰȱȱȱǰȱȱȱ-
sitional basins [50Ǿǯȱȱ¡ȱȱȱȱȱȱǰȱȱȱȱ
and Bohai Gulf basins (the second one has been investigated in this book). The compressional
ȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱǰȱȱȱTarim and Junggar basins, while
ȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱǰȱȱȱȱȱȱ
basins [50].
In this book, another important research topic is represented by the Andean foreland basin,
ȱȱȱ£ȱȱȱȱȱǯȱȱȱȱȱȱ
,QWURGXFWRU\&KDSWHU$Q,QWURGXFWLRQWRWKH6HLVPLFDQG6HTXHQFH6WUDWLJUDSK\ő
ȱȱ¢ȱȱȱ ǰȱęȱȱĜȱȱȱȱȱřŖŖŖȱ2/year
ȱȱĜȱȱȱȱȱŘŖǰŖŖŖȱ2/year [51]. These parameters have pre-
dicted the basin geometry of the Andean foreland basin [51]. It is a belt of foreland basins
ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱ¡ȱȱěȱǰȱȱȱ
eastern Bolivia, the northern Argentina, the Paraguay and the southwestern sector of Brazil.
Perhaps, this belt is characterized by several depocenters, whose regional sediment distribu-
ȱȱȱȱ¢ȱ
ȱȱȱǽ52]. According to the obtained results
[52Ǿǰȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ęȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ £ȱ ȱ ȱ
wedge-top, the foredeep, the forebulge and the back-bulge depocentral zones. This varia-
ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ęȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǽ52].
ęȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱ¢ȱ
geological studies [53ǾǯȱǰȱȱȱĚ¡ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ-
responding bending of stratigraphic sequences have been investigated in detail [54].
2. Seismic stratigraphy
ȱȱǰȱȱȬȱĴȱȱȱȱ ȱěȱȱȱ-
ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱǻȱȱřǼǯȱǰȱȱ
ȱśǰȱęȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ǰȱȱ
on examples of Paleozoic successions. Perhaps, it should be useful to clarify some seismo-
stratigraphic concepts and methods.
ȱȱȱ¢ȱ ȱ¢ȱȱȱȱęȱȱ¢ǰȱȱȱ
measurement of stratigraphic sections and on the lithologic and paleontologic descriptions,
aimed at reconstructing the depositional environments and at correlating the stratigraphic
sequences among them, this work methodology has been deeply changed after the onset
of the seismic stratigraphy, which has allowed for obtaining detailed seismic records of the
stratigraphic successions.
ȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱĚȱ
¢ȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱǰȱǰȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱĚȱ
corresponds to the depositional geometry [55]. In this sense, the seismic stratigraphy repre-
sents a geological and geophysical approach to the stratigraphic analysis and interpretation.
ȱ ȱ Ěȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ęȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ǰȱ ȱȱȱęȱȱȱȱ¢ǯȱȱȱȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ěȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱȱĴȱȱȱȱǰȱ ȱȱȱȱĚȱȱȱȱ
among the two media. The concept of the acoustic impedance allows for the calculation of the
¢ȱȱĴȱȱĚȱȱ¢ǯ
If we consider U as the energy of the wave crossing the media M1 and M2 and we suppose
that Z1 is the acoustic impedance of the medium M1 and Z2 is the acoustic impedance of the
medium M2ǰȱȱĴȱ¢ȱt can be calculated through the following equation:
2ȹZ
Utȷ=ȷ_____
1
Z +Z
ȹ.ȹU (1)
1 2
ȱȱĚȱ¢ȱr can be calculated through the following equation:

Z ƺZ
Urȷ=ȷ_____
2
Z +Z
1
ȹ.ȹU (2)
1 2
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Ěȱ
are located along surfaces corresponding to strata surfaces or to other discontinuities having
a chronostratigraphic meaning. The strata surfaces represent the old surfaces of deposition,
and then, they are coeval in the depositional area. The discontinuities are old erosional or non-
ȱȱȱȱęȱȱǯȱȱȱ¢ȱȱ
events varying during the geological time, the discontinuities are considered as chronostrati-
graphic surfaces, since all the strata overlying the discontinuity are younger than the underly-
ing strata [2, 9–12Ǿǯȱȱęȱȱȱȱǰȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱ
most important lateral variations in the deposition of a stratigraphic succession. Moreover,
¢ȱěȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ
sequences, which are the basic stratigraphic units of seismic stratigraphy [2, 9–12].
ȱȱȱȱȱȬȱ¢ȱȱȱ¢ȱȱęȱȱȱ
discontinuities and consequently of the depositional sequences, by the reconstruction of the
original geometry of the sedimentary bodies and related sedimentary environments and by
the chronostratigraphic correlation [2, 9–12].
ȱȱȱ¢ȱ ȱȱȱęȱȱȱȱǯȱȱ
geometric relationships between the lateral terminations of the strata and the discontinuities
ȱȱȱȱęȱȱȱȱȱȱȱǽ2]. The
lateral terminations of the strata with respect to the sequence boundaries individuate the
ęȱȱǰȱ ǰȱ¢ȱǻ ȱǼȱȱȱȱǰȱ
toplap and continuity (upper boundaries) [1, 2, 7–12].
The seismic facies analysis deals with both the individuation and the geologic interpreta-
ȱȱȱ¢ǰȱ¢ǰȱǰȱ¢ȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱĚǰȱ
more than the outer shape of the sedimentary bodies and the seismic facies associations in a
depositional sequence [2, 56–61]. In the modern development of this methodology, one aim
ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ęȱ -
ȱȱȱȱȱȱǰȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱĚǯȱȱȱ
¢ȱěȱȱęȱȱȱȱȱȱȱęȱȱȱȱȱ
the seismic traces grouping them into clusters, often using an unsupervised process without
ȱȱęȱȱȱȱǽ57, 60, 61].
ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ Ȭȱ Ěȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ -
graphic diagrams and of curves of relative sea-level cycles [1, 6–10, 62]. In a chronostrati-
graphic section, reporting the chronological units in the ordinates of the graph, each layer has
an equal time duration. Both erosional and non-depositional hiatuses may occur among the
time surfaces corresponding to the layers of the depositional sequences. Three-dimensional
ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ
of the seismic sections [63–65Ǿǯȱȱȱȱȱǰȱ ȱȱ¢ȱ
made by hand, include sketch diagrams showing the extent of chronostratigraphic sequences,
ȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ
seismic three-dimensional volume [63–65].
3. Sequence stratigraphy
The concepts of depositional sequence, isochronous boundaries, and characteristic correlation

geometry, which have been typically developed in the seismic stratigraphy, may be applied
in the stratigraphic analysis of outcrops, representing, in that case, the sequence stratigra-
phy. Some beautiful examples of progradation, toplap, and other stratigraphic relationships
have been described by Bosellini [66], an Italian geologist who has applied the concepts of
ȱȱ¢ȱȱęȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ
Dolomites (Northern Italy). Bosellini [66] has described several types of progradational geom-
etries occurring in spectacular outcrops located in the Dolomites at an outcrop scale com-
parable with one of the seismic sections. In the Dolomites, an episodic progradation of the
carbonate platform has been suggested based on outcrop analysis. During the periods of high
debris input, the progradation of the carbonate platform occurred, which was evidenced by
ȱ ȱȱ ȱ ȱȱȱǯȱȱȱ¢ǰȱȱ
the periods of low debris input, the basinal sedimentation prevailed on the shallow water
carbonate deposition. The onlap of the basinal facies at the toe of the carbonate slope may
be observed in outcrop [66]. The progradational geometries have been interpreted accord-
¢ȱ ȱ ȱěȱǰȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱǯȱ
In the Ladinian model, the progradation and the aggradation of the carbonate platform took
ȱ¢ǰȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȬȱǯȱȱȱȱǰȱ
toplap geometries have been observed in the carbonate platform, indicating a phase of rela-
tive sea-level stand [66].
Numerous are the sequence stratigraphic studies carried out on carbonate platform outcrops.
Ěȱȱȱǽ67] have carried out a sequence stratigraphic study in which pseudo-
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ęȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ȱ
ȱȱȱęȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱǽ67].
Two lithological models have been constructed to explain the geologic evolution of the car-
bonate platform, that is, (1) rapid progradation of the carbonate platform coupled with slow
aggradation and (2) toplap of the prograding clinoforms against the topsets deposited in the
inner platform. The seismic models have generated a pseudo-toplap, which is not coincident
with a toplap in the outcropping sections [67].
The siliciclastic sequence stratigraphy, its concepts and application have been resumed by
Posamentier and Allen [68]. The key concepts of siliciclastic sequence stratigraphy have been
considered, including the key stratigraphic surfaces, such as the transgressive surface, the max-
ȱĚȱǰȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱǰȱȱȱȱǯȱ
The control factors on the deposition of sequences and system tracts have been considered,
ȱȱȬȱĚǰȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱǽ68].
Some applications of siliciclastic sequence stratigraphy have been given in the recognition of
ȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱ ȱȱȱ ȱȱęȱȱ
biostratigraphic data [69]. The integration of these stratigraphic methods has been applied to
the Gulf of Mexico and has allowed for the prediction of reservoirs, seals and source rocks,
useful in the petroleum exploration. The stratigraphic architecture has evidenced the occur-
rence of a complete depositional sequence, consisting of lowstand system tract (LST), trans-
gressive system tract (TST), and highstand system tract (HST), whose stratigraphic signature
ȱȱęȱȱȱ ȱȱǯȱ
Ȭȱ¢ȱȱ
ȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱĴǯ
Some key concepts of sequence stratigraphy, particularly referring to the stratigraphic uncon-
ǰȱȱȱȱȱȱśȱȱȱǯȱȱȱȱȱ-
ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱęȱȱȱȱȱȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ęǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
cyclostratigraphy, the absolute dating and the biostratigraphy. At the scale of the seismic pro-
ęǰȱȱȱ ȱȱȱ¢ȱȱ¢ȱȱȱ
surface. In the sense of this chapter, they are considered to include the ravinement surfaces,
which are important stratigraphic surfaces, related to the erosion during the transgressive
movement of the landward margin of the transgressive system tract (TST) [70–72]. Moreover,
the concept of drowning unconformity has been reviewed, considering this stratigraphic sur-
ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱĴȱǽ73–76].
These surfaces develop when the rate of vertical aggradation of the carbonate platform is
lower than the rate of the accommodation space. Perhaps the deep water sedimentation tends
to prevail on the shallow carbonate sedimentation, as evidenced by the individuation of the
ȱ ¢ǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ěȱ ȱ
the Apulian region in the Southern Adriatic Sea [62] and onshore in the Gargano Promontory,
showing a well-developed carbonate platform margin-slope-basin succession [77].
4. Integrated stratigraphy
ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ěȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ
grouped in the second section of the book. These studies are based on the integration of
several stratigraphic methodologies, including the lithologic and paleobotanical data, the
three-dimensional seismic models, the biostratigraphy, the paleopedology and paleoaquifer
ǰȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ¡ȱęǰȱȱȱ
of the eroded paleosols, the lithologic and lithofacies logs of wells and some corresponding
ȱǰȱę¢ǰȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱ-
ȱȱȱȱȱĴǯ
ěȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ǰȱȱȱ-
mostratigraphy, the isotopic stratigraphy, the oxygen isotopes, the carbon isotopes, the strontium
isotopes, the orbital cyclostratigraphy, the response of the climate system to the orbital forcing,
ȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱǰȱȱęȱȱ¢ȱȱȱ
ȱȱ¢ȱȱȱǯȱȱĴȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ
dating and to the geological timescale.
ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱęȱȱȱȱ¢ǰȱȱ
ȱ ȱȱȱǯȱȱȱȱȱ ȱǻȱǰȱ¢Ǽȱ
is one of the most studied research topics in the integrated stratigraphy [78Ǿǯȱȱȱ
ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ -
ȱ ȱ ŗşŖŖǯȱȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Ĵȱ £ȱ ǻŗşŖŜȮŗşşŘǼǯȱ ¢ȱ ȱ
investigations have also been carried out on the Mesozoic-Paleogene stratigraphic record of
ȱȮȱǯȱȱȱȱȱęȱȱ¢ȱȱȱ¢ȱȱ
Scaglia limestones, whose directions of remnant magnetization have indirectly given indi-
cations on the geodynamic evolution of the Adria African Promontory [79]. Starting from
the Middle Jurassic, the magnetic stratigraphy of the Mesozoic-Paleogene succession of the
Umbria–Marche basin has allowed to individuate a record of the geomagnetic polarity [78].
ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱęȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱ-
netic records. The integrated stratigraphic studies of the Gubbio section include the individu-
ȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ǰȱȱȱȱȱ
Umbria-Marche pelagic basin, the Barremian-Aptian boundary in the Poggio Le Guaine core,
giving evidence on the magnetic polarity chron M0r and on the oceanic anoxic event 1a, the
Rotalipora cushmani extinction at Gubbio, a planktonic foraminifer testifying the emplacement
ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱĚȱȱȱ
ȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱǽ78].
In my opinion, another main research topic in the integrated stratigraphy is represented by

the Messinian Global Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP) [80]. High-resolution integrated
stratigraphy has been presented by Hilgen et al. [80Ǿǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ěȱ
stratigraphic methodologies, including the calcareous plankton biostratigraphy, the magnetic
stratigraphy and the cyclic stratigraphy. The Messinian GSSP has been individuated at the
ȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱ¢ȱǯȱŗśȱȱȱȱȱǯȱȱȱ ȱȱęȱ
occurrence of Globorotalia mitumida and is dated back at 7.251 My [80]. For the upper part of
the Miocene, the Messinian is the standard chronostratigraphic unit, whose knowledge is due
to the corresponding salinity crisis occurring in the Mediterranean Sea.
5. Outline of this book
ěȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ǰȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ
sequence stratigraphic architecture of siliciclastic- and carbonate-dominated shales in USA and
ǰȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱǯȱȱȱ¢ȱȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱȱǰȱęȱȱ ȱ¢ȱȱĚȱǰȱ
ȱȱȱȱ¢ȱǰȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ¡ȱȱ
Ĵǯȱȱȱȱ ȱěǰȱȱȱȱȱǻŗȱȱŘǼȱȱȱ
related seismic units (SU I, SU II, SU III) have been singled out as an answer to the collapse of
the fold and thrust belt located in the emerged areas. A new stratigraphic scale for the Jurassic
deposits of western Siberia has been constructed based on the correlation of these deposits with
the surrounding regions. The theoretical aspects of the stratigraphic unconformities have been
reviewed, focusing on the drowning unconformities (Middle Devonian drowning unconfor-
mity).ȱȱęȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱěȱȱȱ¢ǯȱ
Most of the work which has been described in this book derives from detailed in situ observa-
tions and sophisticated stratigraphic analyses.
This book contains six chapters, as follows:
ȱŘȱǻȱ¢ȱȱȬ ȱȃȄȱǱȱȱȱȱȱ
ȱȱȱȱǼǯ
ȱřȱǻȱ¢ȱȱȱǱȱȱ ȱ¢ȱȱȱȱ
ǰȱȱ¢ȱǰȱǼǯ
ȱ Śȱ ǻȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Ȭȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱȱǰȱȱěȱ Ǽǯ
ȱ śȱ ǻ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǻǼȱ
Studied Through Lithologic and Palaeobotanical Data).
ȱ Ŝȱ ǻȱ Ǳȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¡ȱ ȱ ȱ
Middle-Upper Paleozoic).
ȱŝȱǻȱ¢ȱȱȱ£ȱȱȱȱǻȱǼǼǯ
Author details
Gemma Aiello
Address all correspondence to: gemma.aiello@iamc.cnr.it
ȱȱȱȱȱȱǻǼǰȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱ

ǻǼǰȱǰȱ¢
References
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[60] ȱǰȱȱǰȱ£ȱ ǯȱȱȱȱęǱȱȱ ȱ

ȱȱȱȱǯȱȱȱǯȱŘŖŖřǲ22(10):942-953
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[65] ¢¢ȱǰȱȱ ȱǰȱ

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ȱǰȱŗşŞşǲ44:15-25
[76] ȱǰȱȱǯȱȱȱǰȱ ȱȱȱȬ
ȱȱȱǯȱ ¢ǯȱŗşŞŜǲ14:762-765
[77] £ȱ ǯȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱȱ ȱ -
ȱǻ ȱ¢ǰȱȱ¢ǼǱȱȱęȱȱȱ-
ȱǯȱȱǯȱŗşşşǲ11:245-250
[78] Ĵȱǰȱȱǰȱȱǯȱȱȱȱȱ Ǳȱȱ

¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Ȭȱ Ȭȱ ȱ ǯȱ
ȱǰȱśŘŚǰȱĴǱȦȦ¡ǯǯȦŗŖǯŗŗřŖȦśŘŚǰȱȱǱşŝŞŖŞŗřŝŘśŘŚŜǯ
[79] ȱ ǰȱ Ȃȱ ǰȱ

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ȱ¢ǯȱȱȱ ǯȱŗşŝşǲ15(3):213-292
[80]
ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱǰȱ ȱ ǯȱ ȱ
¢ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǻȱ
Ǽǯȱȱȱ¢ȱȱĴǯȱŘŖŖŖǲ182:237-251

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ȱȱĚȱ¢ȱr can be calculated through the following equation:

The concepts of depositional sequence, isochronous boundaries, and characteristic correlation

In my opinion, another main research topic in the integrated stratigraphy is represented by

5. Outline of this book

This book contains six chapters, as follows:

Address all correspondence to: gemma.aiello@iamc.cnr.it

ȱȱȱȱȱȱǻ Ǽǰȱȱȱȱȱ ¢ȱ

[1] ȱȱ ǯȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱǰȱȱ ǲȱ ¢ȱ

[14] ȱǰȱ  ȱ ǯȱȱȱȱȱǯŗşŞŞǯȱ ǱȱŗŖǯŗŗřŖȦ Ȭ

[15] ȱ ǰȱȱǰȱȱǯȱ ȱȱ¢ȱȱȱ

[17] ȱǰȱ ¢ȱ

[18] Ĵȱǰȱȱǯȱ ¢ȱȱȱǯȱȱǯȱŘşřȱ

[19]  ȱ ǰȱĴȱǰȱȱ ǯȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ-

[20]  ȱ ǰȱ

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[22] ȱǰȱȱ ǰȱȱȱǰȱ ȱǯȱȱȱȱȱȱ-

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[27] ¢ȱǰȱȱǰȱȱǯȱ ȱȱȱȱȱǱȱȱ-

[28] ȱǰȱ Ĵȱǰȱ

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[55] ¢ȱǯȱȱǯȱǱȱ ȱ

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[58] ȱǰȱ¢ȱǰȱ ȱ ǰȱȱǯȱ ȱȱȱęȱȱ

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[60] ȱǰȱȱǰȱ£ȱ ǯȱȱȱȱęǱȱȱ ȱ

[65] ¢¢ȱǰȱȱ ȱǰȱ

[67] Ěȱ ǰȱȱǯȱȬȱȱȱȱȱȱȬȱȱǻȱ

[70] Nummedal D, Swift D. J P Transgressive stratigraphy at sequence-bounding unconfor-

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[14] ȱǰȱ ȱǯȱȱȱȱȱǯŗşŞŞǯȱǱȱŗŖǯŗŗřŖȦ Ȭ

[15] ȱǰȱȱǰȱȱǯȱ ȱȱ¢ȱȱȱ

[17] ȱǰȱ¢ȱ

[18] Ĵȱǰȱȱǯȱ ¢ȱȱȱǯȱȱǯȱŘşřȱ

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[20] ȱǰȱ

[21] ȱǰȱȱ ǰȱěȱ ǰȱȱǰȱȱȱǰȱ

[22] ȱǰȱȱ ǰȱȱȱǰȱ ȱǯȱȱȱȱȱȱ-

[26] ȱ ǯȱ¢ȱǰȱȱĚ¡ǰȱȱȱȱȱ-

[27] ¢ȱǰȱȱǰȱȱǯȱȱȱȱȱȱǱȱȱ-

[28] ȱǰȱ Ĵȱǰȱ

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[53] ȱǰȱȱ ǰȱ¢ȱǰȱȱǰȱȱ ǰȱȱǯȱȬȱȱ

[55] ¢ȱǯȱȱǯȱǱȱȱ

[57] ȱȱǰȱȱǰȱȱǯȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱ ȱ

[58] ȱǰȱ¢ȱǰȱ ȱǰȱȱǯȱȱȱȱęȱȱ

[59] ȱǯȱȱȱ¢ȱǯȱ ¢ȱǯȱŗşŝŞǲ26(2):

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[65] ¢¢ȱǰȱȱ ȱǰȱ

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[71] ȱǯȱȱ¢Ǳȱ ȱȱȱȱ¢ǯȱ¢ȱ

[75] ȱǯȱ ȱȱȱȱǯȱǱȱȱǰȱȱǰ

[78] Ĵȱǰȱȱǰȱȱǯȱȱȱȱȱ Ǳȱȱ

[79] ȱ ǰȱ Ȃȱ ǰȱ