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Chalor Slide PDF
Chalor Slide PDF
DISEASE PROBLEMS
IN SHRIMP CULTURE
Chalor Limsuwan 4
www.themegallery.com
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CURRENT SITUATION
•Most white feces occur during 40-50
days in the grow-out pond
•After white feces have solved in the
grow-out pond, the remaining shrimp
are more likely to develop slow-
growth. Most farms have to harvest
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CURRENT SITUATION OF
WHITE FECES IN THAILAND
• Found everywhere no matter of the
differences in
• Farm location
• Water salinity
• Stocking density
• Farm management
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OUR RESEARCH FOUND …..
•PLs or shrimp after stocking showed
gregarine-like in hepatopancreas
before white feces occurred.
• Shrimp that developed gregarine-like
structure developed white feces afterward.
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GREGALINE-
LIKE
AGGREGATED
TRANSFORMED
MICROVILLI
(ATM)
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WHAT IS THE GREGARINE-LIKE IN HP??
•TEM (transmission electron microscope)
shows……
microvilli aggregated in HP,
so we call
“aggregated transformed microvilli”
or “ATM” 10
11
Transmission
electron
microscope
shows
slough-off of
microvilli in
hepatopancreas
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THE EFFECTS OF ATM??
•This should be the main cause of the
problems.
•Shrimp that has microvilli sloughed off
should not be in good health, and make
it more susceptible to diseases.
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WHAT CAUSES ATM??
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WHAT HAS BEEN CHANGED IN SHRIMP FEED IN
THAILAND ???
Shrimp feed with 35% fish meal
in the beginning of shrimp culture
Under certain
Increase use of circumstances: BAP,
soybean meal IUU, supply and price
of fish meal
5-8% of fish meal 15
CAUSES OF WHITE FECES........
trypsin inhibitor
lectin
β-conglycinin)
..can affect on growth and health of shrimp… 17
TRYPSIN INHIBITOR
•Inhibit the activity of trypsin (the protein digesting enzyme)
•Can be destroyed by heat
•Most SB meal have passed the process of oil extraction by
heat. This should reduce trypsin inhibitors.
18
LECTINS
•Macromolecules of carbohydrate-binding proteins
(glycoprotein). Also known as hemagglutinin.
•Multiple functions.
•Research study showed that the lectins when pass into small
intestine, can cause damage in mucosal layer of small
intestine, resulting in slough off of microvilli. 19
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OTHER COMPOUNDS IN SB MEAL:
OLIGOSACCHARIDES
•Compose of raffinose and stachyose, more than 5%.
•Can not be digested in monogastric animals. So they
can become food for bacteria in the intestine; both good
and bad bacteria like vibrio
• source: Chen et al., 2010 21
SUMMARY : THE EFFECTS OF ANTINUTRITIONAL FACTORS
EMS / APHNS
35
Acute Hepatopancreatic Necrosis
Syndrome : AHPND
37
EARLY MORTALITY SYNDROMES: EMS
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HOW TO PREVENT EMS
45
Unhealthy hepatopancreas
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3. SHRIMP HEMOCYTE IRIDESCENT VIRUS
(SHIV)
• First reported from China, in 2017
• Clinical signs of diseased-shrimp are similar to EMS
• Histopathological examination revealed basophilic inclusions and pyknosis in :
hematopoietic tissues and hemocytes in gills, hepatopancreas etc.
Clinical signs of
L. vannamei challenged with
the virus compared with the
control
a: external appearance
b: internal appearance
Histological features of
L. vannamei challenged with
the virus
Black arrows show the
basophilic inclusions while
white arrows show the
karyopyknotic nuclei
(a) hematopoietic tissue
(b) (gills
(c) hepatopancreas
(d) periopods .
Transmission electron
microscopy of naturally
infected L. vannamei showing
a large number of virions
in hemal sinuses of
hepatopancreas (a and b) and
skeletal muscle (c and d).
PREVENTION OF SHIV