4.

3 EXERCISES
Solve the following initial-value problems with the initial
condition y0 = 0 and graph the solution.
119. dy
dt = y + 1
120. dy
dt = y - 1
121. dy
dt = y + 1
122. dy
dt = -y - 1
Find the general solution to the differential equation.
123. x2 y′ = (x + 1)y
124. y′ = tan(y)x
125. y′ = 2xy2
126. dy
dt = ycos(3t + 2)
127. 2xdy
dx = y2
128. y′ = ey x2
129. (1 + x)y′ = (x + 2)⎛ ⎝y - 1⎞ ⎠
130. dx
dt = 3t2 ⎛ ⎝x2 + 4⎞ ⎠
131. tdy
dt = 1 - y2
132. y′ = ex ey
Find the solution to the initial-value problem.
133. y′ = ey - x, y(0) = 0
134. y′ = y2(x + 1), y(0) = 2
135. dy
dx = y3 xex2, y(0) = 1
136. dy
dt = y2 ex sin(3x), y(0) = 1
137. y′ = x
sech2 y, y(0) = 0
138. y′ = 2xy(1 + 2y), y(0) = -1
139. dx
dt = ln(t) 1 - x2, x(0) = 0
140. y′ = 3x2(y2 + 4), y(0) = 0
141. y′ = ey 5x, y(0) = ln(ln(5))
142. y′ = -2xtan(y), y(0) = π
2
For the following problems, use a software program or your
calculator to generate the directional fields. Solve explicitly
and draw solution curves for several initial conditions. Are
there some critical initial conditions that change the
behavior of the solution?
143. [T] y′ = 1 - 2y
144. [T] y′ = y2 x3
145. [T] y′ = y3 ex
146. [T] y′ = ey
147. [T] y′ = yln(x)
148. Most drugs in the bloodstream decay according to
the equation y′ = cy, where y is the concentration of
the drug in the bloodstream. If the half-life of a drug is
2 hours, what fraction of the initial dose remains after 6
hours?
149. A drug is administered intravenously to a patient
at a rate r mg/h and is cleared from the body at a rate
proportional to the amount of drug still present in the body,
d Set up and solve the differential equation, assuming
there is no drug initially present in the body.
150. [T] How often should a drug be taken if its dose is
3 mg, it is cleared at a rate c = 0.1 mg/h, and 1 mg is
required to be in the bloodstream at all times?
151. A tank contains 1 kilogram of salt dissolved in 100
liters of water. A salt solution of 0.1 kg salt/L is pumped
into the tank at a rate of 2 L/min and is drained at the same
rate. Solve for the salt concentration at time t. Assume the
tank is well mixed.
Chapter 4 | Introduction to Differential Equations 391
152. A tank containing 10 kilograms of salt dissolved
in 1000 liters of water has two salt solutions pumped in.
The first solution of 0.2 kg salt/L is pumped in at a rate
of 20 L/min and the second solution of 0.05 kg salt/L is
pumped in at a rate of 5 L/min. The tank drains at 25
L/min. Assume the tank is well mixed. Solve for the salt
concentration at time t.
153. [T] For the preceding problem, find how much salt is
in the tank 1 hour after the process begins.
154. Torricelli’s law states that for a water tank with a
hole in the bottom that has a cross-section of A and with
a height of water h above the bottom of the tank, the
rate of change of volume of water flowing from the tank
is proportional to the square root of the height of water,
according to dV
dt = -A 2gh, where g is the acceleration
due to gravity. Note that dV
dt = Adh dt . Solve the resulting
initial-value problem for the height of the water, assuming
a tank with a hole of radius 2 ft. The initial height of water
is 100 ft.
155. For the preceding problem, determine how long it
takes the tank to drain.
For the following problems, use Newton’s law of cooling.
156. The liquid base of an ice cream has an initial
temperature of 200°F before it is placed in a freezer with
a constant temperature of 0°F. After 1 hour, the
temperature of the ice-cream base has decreased to 140°F.
Formulate and solve the initial-value problem to determine
the temperature of the ice cream.
157. [T] The liquid base of an ice cream has an initial
temperature of 210°F before it is placed in a freezer with
a constant temperature of 20°F. After 2 hours, the
temperature of the ice-cream base has decreased to 170°F.
At what time will the ice cream be ready to eat? (Assume
30°F is the optimal eating temperature.)
158. [T] You are organizing an ice cream social. The
outside temperature is 80°F and the ice cream is at 10°F.
After 10 minutes, the ice cream temperature has risen by
10°F. How much longer can you wait before the ice cream