Central Dogma

DNA is the genetic material

within the nucleus.
Replication

The process of replication

DNA
creates new copies of DNA.
Transcription
The process of transcription
creates an RNA using RNA
DNA information.
Nucleus
Translation
The process of translation
creates a protein using Protein
RNA information.
Cytoplasm
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 Transcription
• DNA is used as a template for creation
of RNA using
• the enzyme RNA polymerase.
DNA

5’
G T C A T T C G G

3’

3’

C A G T A A G C C 5’

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 Transcription
• RNA polymerase reads the nucleotides
on the
• template strand from 3’ to 5’ and creates
an RNA
• Molecule in a 5’ to 3’ direction that looks
like the codingGstrand.
T C A T T C G G

C A G T A A G C C

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 Transcription
• The new RNA molecule is formed by incorporating
• nucleotides that are complementary to the
template strand.

DNA coding strand DNA

5’
G T C A T T C G G

3’
3’
G U C A U U C G G 3’

C A G T A A G C C 5’

DNA template strand

5’

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings RNA

 Two types of nucleic acids
•RNA •DNA

•Usually single-stranded •Usually double-stranded

•Has uracil as a base •Has thymine as a base

•Ribose as the sugar •Deoxyribose as the sugar

•Carries protein-encoding •Carries RNA-encoding

information information

•Can be catalytic •Not catalytic

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 Two types of nucleic acids

# of strands

kind of sugar

bases used

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 rRNA is part of ribosome, used to translate
mRNA into protein

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tRNA is a connection between anticodon and
amino acid

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Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
 Initiation of transcription
Transcription begins at the 3’ end of the gene in a
region called the promoter.
The promoter recruits TATA protein,
a DNA binding protein, which in turn recruits
other proteins.

TATA binding protein

Promoter Gene sequence
to be transcribed

DNA GG TATA CCC

TATA box Transcription begins

Transcription factor

When a complete transcription complex is formed

RNA polymerase binds and transcription begins.
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10.10 Eukaryotic RNA is processed before leaving
the nucleus
• Noncoding DNA
Exon Intron Exon Intron Exon

segments called Transcription

Cap Addition of cap and tail
introns are
RNA
spliced out transcript
with cap Introns removed Tail
and tail

• A cap and a tail

are added to Exons spliced together

the ends to mRNA

protect against Coding sequence

degradation in
NUCLEUS

the cytoplasm
CYTOPLASM

Figure 10.10

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Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
 Fig. 10.20

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10.8 The genetic code is the Rosetta stone of life

• Virtually all
organisms
share the same
genetic code
• All organisms
use the same 20
aa
• Each codon
specifies a
particular aa

Figure 10.8A

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10.8 The genetic code is the Rosetta stone of life

• Three codons do
not code from an
aa
• Rather they are
found at the end
of the coding
sequence
• Tell a ribosome
to stop
translation and
release the
protein

Figure 10.8A

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• Tryptophan and
Methionine have
only 1 codon each
• All the rest have
more than one
• AUG has a dual
function
• 3 stop codons that
code for
termination of
protein synthesis
• Redundancy in the
code but no
ambiguity
Figure 10.8A

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 Translation
• The process of reading the RNA sequence of an
mRNA and creating the amino acid sequence of a
protein is called translation.

DNA DNA
template
T T C A G T C A G
strand
Transcription
A A G U C A G U C Messenger
RNA
mRNA
Codon Codon Codon

Translation

Polypeptide
Protein Lysine Serine Valine (amino acid
sequence)
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10.11 Transfer RNA molecules serve as
interpreters during translation
• In the cytoplasm,
Amino acid attachment site

a ribosome
attaches to the
mRNA and
translates its
message into a Hydrogen bond

polypeptide
• The process is RNA polynucleotide chain

aided by transfer
RNAs
Anticodon
Figure 10.11A

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A codon of three nucleotides determines choice of
amino acid

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Translation is composed of three steps

• Initiation translation begins at start codon

(AUG=methionine)

Elongation the ribosome uses the tRNA

anticodon to match codons to
amino acids and adds those amino
acids to the growing peptide chain

Termination translation ends at the stop codon

UAA, UAG or UGA

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 • mRNA, a specific tRNA, and the
ribosome subunits assemble during
initiation

Large
Initiator tRNA Ribosomal
subunit
P site
A site

Start
codon Small ribosomal
subunit
mRNA binding site

1 2

Figure 10.13B

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 Translation initiation

Leader Small ribosomal subunit

sequence
5’ 3’
mRNA mRNA
U U C G U C A U G G G A U G U A A G C G A A

U A C

Assembling to
begin translation Initiator tRNA

Met

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 Translation Elongation

Ribosome

5’ 3’
mRNA

A U G G G A U G U A A G C G A
U A C C C U

P tRNA
A
Amino acid Met Gly
Large ribosomal subunit

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 Translation Elongation

5’ 3’
mRNA

A U G G G A U G U A A G C G A
U A C C C U
A
A C
P A

Met Gly

Cys

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 Translation Elongation

5’ 3’
mRNA

A U G G G A U G U A A G C G A
A C A U U C
U
C
C

P
Cys Lys
A
Gly
Lengthening t
Me
polypeptide
(amino acid chain)

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 Translation Elongation
Stop codon

5’
mRNA

A U G G G A U G U A A G C G A U A A
U U C G C U A
A
C
A
P
Lys Arg
Cy s
Gly Release
et factor
M

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 Translation Termination

Stop codon
Ribosome reaches stop codon

5’
mRNA

A U G G G A U G U A A G C G A U A A
G C U
C
U Release
P U
factor
Arg
Lys
Cys
Met Gly A
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 Translation Termination
Once stop codon is reached,
elements disassemble.

A U G G
GA UG U
AA G C
G A U
A A

U Release
G C
P factor

A rg
s
Ly
s
Cy
Gly
Met A
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Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
 Levels of protein structure
Primary structure sequence of amino
acids
Secondary structure shapes formed with
regions of the protein
(helices, coil, sheets)
Tertiary structure shape of entire folded
protein due to interactions
between particular peptides
Quaternary structure structures formed by
interaction of several proteins
together
e.g. Functional hemoglobin is
two alpha-hemoglobin proteins and
two beta-hemoglobin proteins
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 10_14d.jpg

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Levels of protein structure

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Misfolding of protein impairs function

•Misfolded prion protein disrupts functions of other

normally folded prion proteins.
•Aberrant conformation can passed on propagating like
an “infectious” agent.
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