Sustainability of Tall Building - Issues and Structural Design PDF

CORSO DI COSTRUZIONI METALLICHE
Sustainability of
tall buildings:
issues and
structural design
Konstantinos Gkoumas,
Ph.D., P.E.
Docente: Franco Bontempi,

Ph.D., P.E.
Facoltà di Ingegneria
Sapienza Università di Roma
CORSO DI Konstantinos Gkoumas

COSTRUZIONI METALLICHE
17/12/2015
Sustainability
Overview
SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT:
“Development that meets the needs of the
present without compromising the ability of
future generations to meet their own needs.”
(Brundtland Commission, 1987)
SOCIAL
SUSTAINABILITY ENVIRONMENTAL
ECONOMIC
CORSO DI Sustainability of tall buildings: Konstantinos Gkoumas Page 2

the case of diagrid structures 17/12/2015
Sustainability
Use of steel and structural form
Steel Material
• 40% of resources
from recycling
• Manufacturing
Material
process with
Used
controlled
environmental
impact
Structural Resource Construction
Form Efficient End of Life • Material durability Phase
• Easy dismantling • High recycling rate
• prefabrication/
• Reusability/Reciclability offsite manufacture
SUSTAINABILITY
IN
STRUCTURES
Design and Service Life
Energy Site • Weight reduction of structure
Efficiency Planning • Creation of versatile spaces
• Longevity and robustness of
steel components
Non • Simple incorporation of
Pollution renewable energy generation
systems
Source: Foster + Partners Hearst Tower USA, 2000 - 2006

Sustainability
Building automation and energy harvesting
Material
Used
Structural Resource
Form Efficient
SUSTAINABILITY
IN
STRUCTURES
Energy Site
Efficiency Planning
Non
Pollution

Sustainability
Diagrid, building automation and energy harvesting
Material
Used
Structural Resource
Form Efficient
SUSTAINABILITY
IN
STRUCTURES
Energy Site
Efficiency Planning
Non
Pollution
Diagrid: double façade - chimney effect

Sustainability
Tall buildings
Interior structures
Exterior structures
Ali, M. M., Moon, K. S. (2007). Structural Development in Tall Buildings: Current Trends and Future Prospects. Architectural
Science Review,Vol. 50, pp. 205-223.
Sustainability
Diagrid structures – what about
“Nature’s own system of coordination [is] based on triangles,”

R. Buckminster Fuller
“A series of triangles that combine gravity and lateral support into one,
making the building stiff, efficient, and lighter than a traditional high-rise.”
Yoram Eilon, project manager on Foster’s Hearst Tower
“It’s the image of sustainability.”

Craig Schwitter, managing director for design consultant Buro Happold.
“What diagrid does is take the structure of a continuous shell, which

works in any direction, and pair it with the constructability of the discrete
element, the beam-and-stick approach. It’s a discretized shell.”
Dominic Munro, ARUP, structural engineer on the Swiss Re project.

Sustainability
Diagrid structures – precursor
The World's First Hyperboloid
Lattice Shell structure.
The Russian engineer and
architect Vladimir Shukhov was
the first in the world to invent and
use in construction hyperboloid
towers.
For the 1896 All-Russia industrial
and art exhibition in Nizhniy
Novgorod Shukhov built the steel
lattice 37-meter tower, which
became the first hyperboloid
structure in the world.
© By Arssenev (Own work) [CC BY-SA 3.0

(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0) or
GFDL (http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/fdl.html)], via
Wikimedia Commons
Sustainability
Further development of lattice
structures and their wide
implementation in architecture
started after the 1950s.
The most famous example is a
structure called the Biosphere that
Buckminster Fuller presented at
the Montreal Expo in 1967.
The construction was made with
tubular steel elements, was 60 m
tall and had a diameter of 75 m.
© Archdaily
Buckminster Fuller's geodesic dome built as the
United States Pavillion for the 1967 International
and Universal Exposition or Expo 67 held in
Montreal, Canada

Sustainability
Further development of lattice
structures and their wide
implementation in architecture
started after the 1950s.
The most famous example is a
structure called the Biosphere that
Buckminster Fuller presented at
the Montreal Expo in 1967.
The construction was made with
tubular steel elements, was 60 m
tall and had a diameter of 75 m.
© FLICKR
Montreal, Canada

Sustainability
© FLICKR
Montreal, Canada

Sustainability
Diagrid structures - office buildings
An early example of the diagrid

structure is the IBM Building (now
United Steelworkers Building) in
Pittsburgh built in the early 1960s.
With its 13-story building height,
this building was not given much
attention by architects and
engineers.
Curtis & Davis, architects - IBM building,

Pittsburgh, PA, 1961-63 (Engineers: John
Skilling and Leslie Robertson, Seattle)
© 2006 Teenie Harris Archive
http://teenie.cmoa.org
Sustainability
Diagrid structures - office buildings
An early example of the diagrid

structure is the IBM Building (now
United Steelworkers Building) in
Pittsburgh built in the early 1960s.
With its 13-story building height,
this building was not given much
attention by architects and
engineers.
Curtis & Davis, architects - IBM building,

Pittsburgh, PA, 1961-63 (Engineers: John
Skilling and Leslie Robertson, Seattle)
© 2006 Teenie Harris Archive
http://teenie.cmoa.org
Sustainability
Diagrid structures - residential buildings
NEO Bankside
A multi award winning set of four
prestigious apartment blocks beside the
Tate modern art gallery designed by Rogers
Stirk Harbour + Partners.
The towers feature an external bracing
system that forms a rigid diagrid across the
facade. This bracing has allowed the
removal of internal structural walls and
provides greater flexibility for the internal
space.
NEO Bankside / Rogers Stirk Harbour +

Partners. Image © Edmund Sumner

Sustainability
NEO Bankside:
compression strut
and tie bars
NEO Bankside / Rogers

http://www.daversteels.co.u
k/project-
showcase/commercial-
projects/neo-bankside-
london-uk.html

Sustainability
NEO Bankside:
compression strut
and tie bars

k/project-
london-uk.html

Sustainability
NEO Bankside:
compression strut
and tie bars design
scheme

k/project-
london-uk.html

Sustainability
Diagrid structures – landmark buildings
30 St Mary Axe, known fondly as “The
Gherkin”, is one of the most dramatic
landmarks in London. Situated in the
main financial district, the 40-storey 180
meters tall office has won a unique place
in the affections of many, as well as a
host of awards.
The building’s concept was generated
from its circular plan which embodied
radial geometry inspiring the architects
to widen the building’s profile as you
move up and slowly lessen it as you
approach the top most lens.
It received the Royal Institute of British
Architects (RIBA) Stirling Prize in 2004.
© Foster and Partners

Sustainability
30 St Mary Axe, known fondly as “The
Gherkin”, is one of the most dramatic
landmarks in London. Situated in the
main financial district, the 40-storey 180
meters tall office has won a unique place
in the affections of many, as well as a
host of awards.
The building’s concept was generated
from its circular plan which embodied
radial geometry inspiring the architects
to widen the building’s profile as you
move up and slowly lessen it as you
approach the top most lens.
It received the Royal Institute of British
Architects (RIBA) Stirling Prize in 2004.

Sustainability

Sustainability

Sustainability
The CCTV Headquarters is a 234m,
44-story skyscraper in the Beijing
Central Business District (CBD). The
tower serves as headquarters for
China Central Television (CCTV).
Groundbreaking took place on 1 June
2004 and the building's facade was
completed in January 2008. The
Headquarters has been finally
completed in May 2012.
The CCTV Headquarters won the
2013 Best Tall Building Worldwide
from the Council on Tall Buildings and
Urban Habitat.
© Rem Koolhaas and OMA

Sustainability
The CCTV Headquarters is a 234m,
44-story skyscraper in the Beijing
Central Business District (CBD). The
tower serves as headquarters for
China Central Television (CCTV).
Groundbreaking took place on 1 June
2004 and the building's facade was
completed in January 2008. The
Headquarters has been finally
completed in May 2012.
The CCTV Headquarters won the
2013 Best Tall Building Worldwide
from the Council on Tall Buildings and
Urban Habitat.
© Rem Koolhaas and OMA

Sustainability
Diagrid structures – functioning scheme
5EpcNaDo_Uw/U3JAvantNHI/AAAAAAAAAUE/Ti_omxg1p3Y/s1600/diagram+model+
http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-
2.jpg

Diagrid structure
Diagrid module
effect of gravity load
effect of overturning moment
effect of shear force
Mele, E., Toreno, M., Brandonisio, G. and Del Luca, A. (2014). Diagrid structures for tall buildings: case studies and design
considerations.The Structural Design of Tall and Special Buildings.Wiley Online Library,Vol. 23, No. 2, pp. 124-145.
Diagrid structure
Initial configuration and diagrid schemes
Outrigger Structure Diagrid Structures

36 m 42° 60° 75°
160 m

Diagrid structure
Structural configuration
Original Structure: Improved Structure: Perimetral Internal

Outrigger Diagrid Structure Structure

Diagrid structure
Materials
 S275 used for all profiles of

S275 (UNI EN 10025-2)
outrigger structure and for the Modulus of Elasticity E 210000 N/mm2
interior structure of diagrid Poisson’s Ratio n 0,3
buildings Yield Strength fyk 275 N/mm2
Tensile Strength fyk 430 N/mm2
S460N/NL (UNI EN 10025-3)

Modulus of Elasticity E 210000 N/mm2
 S460N/NL with better mechanical Poisson’s Ratio n 0,3

Yield Strength fyk 430 N/mm2
properties, is used for perimeter
Tensile Strength fyk 540 N/mm2
structure of diagrid buildings

Diagrid structure
Outrigger structure
a1 a2 a3 b1 b2
b3
a – sections XZ (a1-Y=0m; a2-Y=9,5m; a3-Y=19,5m)
b – sections XZ (b1-X=0m; b2-X=4m; b3-X=13,5m)

Diagrid structure
Outrigger structure - beams

Diagrid structure
Outrigger structure - columns

Diagrid structure
Analyses and comparisons 9000
Weight
8000
Acronym Description Color
7000
Outrigger Outrigger Structure 6000
Diagrid Diagrid Structure with inclination 5000
P (ton)
42° of diagonal members of 42° 4000
Diagrid Diagrid Structure with inclination 3000

1000
Diagrid Diagrid Structure with inclination
ULS Dead Gk Tamp Qk Qn W+X W-X W+Y W-Y

Outrigger 42° 60° 75°
COMB5 1,3 1,3 1,3 1,05 0,75 1,5 - - -
P
COMB6 1,3 1,3 1,3 1,05 0,75 - 1,5 - - 8052 6523 5931 5389
(ton)
COMB7 1,3 1,3 1,3 1,05 0,75 - - 1,5 - Saving
- 19 26 33
(%)
COMB8 1,3 1,3 1,3 1,05 0,75 - - - 1,5
SLS Dead Gk Tamp Qk Qn W+X W-X W+Y W-Y

COMB5 1 1 1 0,7 0,5 1 - - -
COMB6 1 1 1 0,7 0,5 - 1 - -
COMB7 1 1 1 0,7 0,5 - - 1 -
COMB8 1 1 1 0,7 0,5 - - - 1

Diagrid structure
Modal analysis
First six periods
4,00
3,50
3,00
2,50
T (s)
2,00
1,50
1,00
0,50
0,00
T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6
Outrigger 3,7 3,6 2,5 1,2 1,1 0,8
Diagrid 42° 3,1 3,1 1,7 1,0 1,0 0,8
Diagrid 60° 3,3 3,3 1,9 1,0 1,0 0,9
Diagrid 75° 3,7 3,6 2,8 1,3 1,2 1,2
Traslational Traslational Rotational Traslational Traslational Rotational

in Y in X around Z in Y in X around Z
direction direction axis direction direction axis
Diagrid structure
Wind load
Z q We,l We,u Z q We,l We,u
(m) (kN/m2) (kN/m2) (kN/m2) (m) (kN/m2) (kN/m2) (kN/m2) We
0 0,94 0,787 -0,972 80 1,95 1,639 -0,972 160
4 0,94 0,787 -0,972 84 1,98 1,66 -0,972

8 0,94 0,787 -0,972 88 2,00 1,68 -0,972 140
12 1,09 0,919 -0,972 92 2,02 1,699 -0,972
16 1,21 1,018 -0,972 96 2,04 1,718 -0,972 We,u
120
20 1,31 1,097 -0,972 100 2,07 1,735 -0,972
24 1,38 1,163 -0,972 104 2,09 1,752 -0,972
28 1,45 1,22 -0,972 108 2,11 1,769 -0,972 100
32 1,51 1,271 -0,972 112 2,12 1,785 -0,972

36 1,57 1,316 -0,972 116 2,14 1,8 -0,972 80
40 1,62 1,357 -0,972 120 2,16 1,815 -0,972
44 1,66 1,394 -0,972 124 2,18 1,83 -0,972
60
48 1,70 1,429 -0,972 128 2,20 1,844 -0,972
52 1,74 1,461 -0,972 132 2,21 1,858 -0,972
40 We,l
56 1,78 1,491 -0,972 136 2,23 1,871 -0,972
60 1,81 1,52 -0,972 140 2,24 1,884 -0,972
64 1,84 1,546 -0,972 144 2,26 1,897 -0,972 20
68 1,87 1,571 -0,972 148 2,27 1,909 -0,972
72 1,90 1,595 -0,972 152 2,29 1,921 -0,972
0
76 1,93 1,618 -0,972 156 2,30 1,933 -0,972 -1,5 -1 -0,5 0 0,5 1 1,5 2 2,5
80 1,95 1,639 -0,972 160 2,31 1,944 -0,972

Diagrid structure
Horizontal displacements
Outrigger Diagrid 42°
160 160
144 144
128 128
112 112
96 96
Z (m)
Z (m)
80 80
64 64
48 48
32 32
16 16
0 0
0 0,1 0,2 0,3 0,4 0 0,1 0,2 0,3 0,4
U1 (m) U1 (m)
Diagrid 60° Diagrid 75°

160 160
144 144
128 128
112 112
96 96
Z (m)
Z (m)
80 80
64 64
48 48
32 32
16 16
0 0
0 0,1 0,2 0,3 0,4 0 0,1 0,2 0,3 0,4
U1 (m) U1 (m)

Diagrid structure
Horizontal displacements
160
Diagrid 42°
Outrigger
144
128
112
96
Z (m)
80
64
48
Diagrid 60°
Diagrid 75°
32
16
0
0 0,05 0,1 0,15 0,2 0,25 0,3 0,35

U1 (m)
Diagrid 42° Diagrid 60° Outrigger Diagrid 75° SLS limit

Diagrid structure
SLS - load combinations
Diagrid 60°
Diagrid 42°
Diagrid 75°
Outrigger
Outrigger Outrigger Structure
Diagrid Structure with inclination of

Diagrid
diagonal members of
42°
42°

Diagrid
diagonal members of
60°
60°
COMB
Diagrid
diagonal members of
75°
75°
SLS Dead Gk Tamp Qk Qn W+X W-X W+Y W-Y

COMB5 1 1 1 0,7 0,5 1 - - -
HORIZONTAL
COMB6 1 1 1 0,7 0,5 - 1 - -
DISPLACEMENTS
COMB7 1 1 1 0,7 0,5 - - 1 -
COMB8 1 1 1 0,7 0,5 - - - 1

Diagrid structure
ULS - load combinations, pushover
Outrigger Outrigger Structure
Diagrid 42°
Diagrid 60°
Diagrid 75°
Outrigger
Diagrid
diagonal members of
42°
42°

Diagrid
diagonal members of
60°
60°

Diagrid
diagonal members of PUSHOVER
75°
75°
DEA VERT
D
ULS Dead Gk Tamp Qk Qn W+X W-X W+Y W-Y
DEAD 1 - - - - - - - -
VERT 1 1 1 - - - - - -
+STATIC PUSHOVER FORCES

Diagrid structure
COMB 5 U.L.S.
Shear Normal
1% 2%
Interior 11% Interior
Columns Columns
DIAGRID 44%
42° Diagrid/ Diagrid/
Edge 45% Edge
Diagrid 42° Interior Columns 97% Columns Columns
Shear Normal
3% 11%
Interior Interior
DIAGRID Columns Columns
60°
Diagrid Diagrid
Diagrid 60° Interior Columns 97% 89%
Shear Normal
5% 7%
Interior Interior
DIAGRID Columns Columns
75°
Diagrid Diagrid
Diagrid 75° Interior Columns 95% 93%

Diagrid structure
SAP 2000 plastic hinges
Axial hinges, used for all
elements of the outrigger
structures and the perimetral
system in the diagrid structures,
and, bending hinges for the
internal columns in the diagrid
structures.
For the axial hinges the
constitutive equation is rigid and
perfectly plastic, with a yield
stress equal to fyk (430 MPa for
diagrid structures and 275 MPa
for the outrigger structure) and
an ultimate deformation (eu) of
5%. These hinges are placed in
the middle of the elements, with
a relative length of 1, i.e. the
hinges extend for the entire
length.
Diagrid structure
SAP 2000 plastic hinges
For the bending hinges the behavior is defined starting from a moment-curvature diagram
with a rigid and hardening-plastic constitutive equation, extrapolated using FEMA356.
Diagrid structure
Diagrid 60°: Pushover (YZ Sections)
Step 25 Step 37 Step 44 Step 51 Step 67
180000
Pushover
160000
140000 Step25
120000 Step28
F (kN)
100000
Step37
80000
60000 Step44
40000 Step51
20000
Step67
0
0 0,5 1 1,5 2 2,5 3 3,5 4 4,5 5
U1 (m)
Diagrid structure
Diagrid 60°: Pushover+Vert (YZ Sections)
Step 11 Step 39 Step 47 Step 55
180000
160000 Pushover+Vert
VERT
140000
Step11
120000
F (kN)
100000 Step16
80000
Step39
60000
40000 Step47
20000
Step55
0
0 0,5 1 1,5 2 2,5 3 3,5 4 4,5 5
U1 (m)

Diagrid structure
Comparison of capacity curves
Pushover Pushover+Dead Pushover+Vert
180000
160000 Outrigger
140000
120000
Diagrid
42°
100000
F (kN)
DEAD VERT
80000
Diagrid
60°
60000
40000
Diagrid
20000 75°
0
0 0,5 1 1,5 2 2,5 3 3,5 4 4,5 5 0 0,5 1 1,5 2 2,5 3 3,5 4 4,5 5 0 0,5 1 1,5 2 2,5 3 3,5 4 4,5 5
U1 (m) U1 (m) U1 (m)

Diagrid structure
Definition of significant properties
K=Fy/Dy
(Stiffness)
R=Fmax
(Strength)
m=Dmax/Dy
(Ductility)
Diagrid structure
Comparison of significant properties
Outrigger Diagrid 42° Diagrid 60° Diagrid 75°
Pushover+Vert Pushover+Vert Pushover+Vert Pushover+Vert
Strength
94775 110185 104972 97131
(R) – kN
Stiffness
77143 80615 71306 60897
(K) – kN/m
Ductility
1,535 3,587 5,681 2,564
(m)
Weight
8052 6523 5931 5389
(P) - Ton
W.A. 4,20 5,97 7,25 5,08
Weighted average (W.A.) of significant properties

Diagrid structure
Comparison of Mechanical Properties
Pushover+Vert
R/R0
4
3,5
3
2,5
2
1,5
1
0,5
1,2 ((P0-
0 K/K0
P)/P0+1)
m/m0
Outrigger Diagrid 42° Diagrid 60° Diagrid 75°

Diagrid structure
Diagrid 60°: Robustness checks
Analysis interruption: two cases:
D3,L2 • «first plastic hinges»

D3,L1 • «last plastic hinges»
D2,L2
D2,L1
D1,L2
D1,L1

Diagrid structure
Diagrid 60°: Robustness checks
Pushover
140000
D3,L2
D3,L1 120000
100000
D1,L1
80000 D1,L2
F (kN)
D2,L1
D2,L2
60000 D2,L2
D2,L1 D3,L1
D3,L2
40000 INTATTA
20000
D1,L2
0
0 0,5 1 1,5 2 2,5 3
D1,L1
U1 (m)

References
• J.R. Ehrenfeld. “Sustainability by Design: A Subversive Strategy for Transforming Our
Consumer Culture”, Yale University Press, New Haven, 2008.
• United Nations World Commission on Environment and Development. “Report of the World
Commission on Environment and Development: Our Common Future”. UN - United Nations,
1987.
• Berardi, U. “Clarifying the new interpretations of the concept of sustainable building”.
Sustainable Cities and Society, 8, pp. 72-78, 2013. DOI: 10.1016/j.scs.2013.01.008.
• Robin, C.P.Y., Poon, C.S. “Cultural shift towards sustainability in the construction industry of
Hong Kong”. Journal of Environmental Management, 90(11), pp. 3616-3628, 2009. DOI:
10.1016/j.jenvman.2009.06.017.
• Moon, K.S. “Diagrid Structures for Complex-Shaped Tall Buildings”. Procedia Engineering, 14,
pp. 1343-1350, 2011. DOI: 10.1016/j.proeng.2011.07.169.
• Mele, E., Toreno, M., Brandonisio, G., Del Luca, A. “Diagrid structures for tall buildings: case
studies and design considerations”. The Structural Design of Tall and Special Buildings, 23(2),
pp. 124–145, 2014. DOI: 10.1002/tal.1029
• Richie, I. “Diagonal Architecture: Diagrid Structures”. 2012. E-architect, available online at:
http://www.e-architect.co.uk
• Leonard, J. “Investigation of Shear Lag Effect in High-rise Buildings with Diagrid System”.
Master thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2007.

References
• Milana, G., Olmati, P., Gkoumas, K., Bontempi, F. (2015) “Ultimate capacity of diagrid
systems for tall buildings in the nominal configuration and the damaged state”, Periodica
Polytechnica Civil Engineering, Vol.59, No. 3, pp. 381 - 391.
• Foster and Partners – The Hearst Tower, available online at:
www.fosterandpartners.com/projects/hearst-tower
• Moon, K.S. “Stiffness-based design methodology for steel braced tube structures: A
sustainable approach”. Engineering Structures, 32(10), pp. 3163-3170, 2010. DOI:
10.1016/j.engstruct.2010.06.004
• Moon, K.S., Connor, J.J., Fernandez, J. E. “Diagrid structural systems for tall buildings:
characteristics and methodology for preliminary design”. The Structural Design of Tall and
Special Buildings, 16(2), pp. 205-230, 2007. DOI: 10.1002/tal.311.
• Montuori, G.M., Mele, E., Brandonisio, G., De Luca, A. "Geometrical patterns for diagrid
buildings: Exploring alternative design strategies from the structural point of view".
Engineering Structures, 71, pp. 112-127, 2014 DOI: 10.1016/j.engstruct.2014.04.017.
• Montuori, G.M., Mele, E., Brandonisio, G., De Luca, A. "Secondary bracing systems for
diagrid structures in tall buildings". Engineering Structures, 75, pp. 477-488, 2014. DOI:
10.1016/j.engstruct.2014.06.011.
• Pinho, R. “Using pushover analysis for assessment of building and bridges”. Pecker, A, editor,
Advanced earthquake engineering analysis, CISM International Centre for Mechanical
Sciences, 494, Springer, Vienna, pp. 91-120, 2007. DOI: 10.1007/978-3-211-74214-3_6.

Resources
https://www.pinterest.com/gkoumas/strcting-diagonal-grid

Sustainability of
tall buildings:
issues and
structural design
Thank you!
konstantinos.gkoumas@uniroma1.it


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CORSO DI COSTRUZIONI METALLICHE

Docente: Franco Bontempi,

CORSO DI Konstantinos Gkoumas

CORSO DI Sustainability of tall buildings: Konstantinos Gkoumas Page 2

Source: Foster + Partners Hearst Tower USA, 2000 - 2006

CORSO DI Sustainability of tall buildings: Konstantinos Gkoumas Page 4

Diagrid: double façade - chimney effect

CORSO DI Sustainability of tall buildings: Konstantinos Gkoumas Page 5

“Nature’s own system of coordination [is] based on triangles,”

“It’s the image of sustainability.”

“What diagrid does is take the structure of a continuous shell, which

CORSO DI Sustainability of tall buildings: Konstantinos Gkoumas Page 7

© By Arssenev (Own work) [CC BY-SA 3.0

CORSO DI Sustainability of tall buildings: Konstantinos Gkoumas Page 9

CORSO DI Sustainability of tall buildings: Konstantinos Gkoumas Page 10

CORSO DI Sustainability of tall buildings: Konstantinos Gkoumas Page 11

An early example of the diagrid

Curtis & Davis, architects - IBM building,

An early example of the diagrid

Curtis & Davis, architects - IBM building,

NEO Bankside / Rogers Stirk Harbour +

CORSO DI Sustainability of tall buildings: Konstantinos Gkoumas Page 14

NEO Bankside / Rogers

CORSO DI Sustainability of tall buildings: Konstantinos Gkoumas Page 15

NEO Bankside / Rogers

CORSO DI Sustainability of tall buildings: Konstantinos Gkoumas Page 16

NEO Bankside / Rogers

CORSO DI Sustainability of tall buildings: Konstantinos Gkoumas Page 17

CORSO DI Sustainability of tall buildings: Konstantinos Gkoumas Page 18

CORSO DI Sustainability of tall buildings: Konstantinos Gkoumas Page 19

© Foster and Partners

© Foster and Partners

© Rem Koolhaas and OMA

© Rem Koolhaas and OMA

CORSO DI Sustainability of tall buildings: Konstantinos Gkoumas Page 24

effect of gravity load

effect of overturning moment

effect of shear force

Outrigger Structure Diagrid Structures

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Original Structure: Improved Structure: Perimetral Internal

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 S275 used for all profiles of

S460N/NL (UNI EN 10025-3)

 S460N/NL with better mechanical Poisson’s Ratio n 0,3

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Diagrid Diagrid Structure with inclination 3000

ULS Dead Gk Tamp Qk Qn W+X W-X W+Y W-Y

SLS Dead Gk Tamp Qk Qn W+X W-X W+Y W-Y

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Traslational Traslational Rotational Traslational Traslational Rotational

4 0,94 0,787 -0,972 84 1,98 1,66 -0,972

32 1,51 1,271 -0,972 112 2,12 1,785 -0,972

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Diagrid 60° Diagrid 75°

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0 0,05 0,1 0,15 0,2 0,25 0,3 0,35

Diagrid 42° Diagrid 60° Outrigger Diagrid 75° SLS limit

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Acronym Description Color