Fischer - Basic Fixing Technology

Fixing Technology
Fixing Technology
Main Situation in Fixing Technology
- Attachment (Birdhouse)
- Fixing element (Screw/Plug/Anchor) and
- Substrate/building material (tree trunk/anchorage)
must fit to each other
2 / 01-Basics-of-Fixing Technology-2018-06-en.pptx
Fixing Technology
Selection of anchors
General Issue:
If Anchorages,
„the failure of which would comprise the stability of works, cause risk to
human life and / or lead to conciderable economic consequences “,
then anchors have to be used, which have an approval / assessment for those applications.
ETAG 001, Annex C, or MBO § 3
Is the fastening Fastening by

no
safety-related recommended loads
in this sence? of the fixing company
(e. g. catalogue)
yes
... in cracked concrete
Fixing must be done by
approval / assessment ... in uncracked concrete
... in masonry
Fixing Technology
Approvals/Assessments
European technical assessment (ETA)

FAZ II
SXRL 8, 10 und 14
German Approval (DIBT)

„Allgemeine bauaufsichtliche Zulassung (AbZ)“
e. g. FBS II: ... for temporary
anchorage and multiple use in
concrete "
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First question:
Why is the correct selection

of anchors so important?
We need a satisfied
customer!
Fixing Technology
Examples
for not satisfied customers
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Here presentation with

cases of damage
Fixing Technology
1) Substrate / Building material

 Concrete, masonry, panel boards
2) Fixing materials, installation and function

2.1 Fixing materials and their properties
2.2 Drilling methods, dry holes
2.3 Anchoring depth, thickness of attachments
2.4 Geometrical distances
2.5 Installation types
2.6 Important criteria for anchor selection (summary)
3) Type and direction of loads

4) Load capacity of the anchors
 Operation modes
 Failure modes
5) Design of anchors
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 Operation modes
 Failure modes
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Substrates / Building materials
Concrete
is a material containing cement
Masonry
is a composite material made from
stones and mortar
Board elements
are thin-walled plates
made from plasterboard, hard fibres,
plywood etc.
Fixing Technology
Substrate
Concrete Masonry Board Elements
Load decreasing
 Materials with high compression density  higher loads

 Thinn-walled materials  low stability
 special plugs
 The substrate determines the drilling method
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Concrete
Concrete is an artificial stone, made of:
• Cement (bonding agent)
• Aggregates (sand and gravel or flint, pumice,

expanded clay, fly ash, …)
• Water  chemical reaction of the binder
Cristal-Needles
in Concrete
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Concrete
Standard Compressive strength - (DIN EN 12390-3)

at normal temperature and humidity after 28 days
Concrete strength [N / mm²]
Standard strength
42
35
28
21
Don’t install an anchor in ETA is valid
14
young concrete from here
7
0
1 8 15 22
Time [days] 28 days
1) Substrate
Fixing Technology
Concrete
Compressive strength
 one of the most important properties of concrete!
Test method acc. EC after 28 days either on:
Cylinder or cube
Edge length:
Height: 15 cm
30 cm
Ø: 15 cm f ck,cyl [N/mm²] < f ck,cube [N/mm²]
1) Substrate
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Concrete
Classification of strength classes
C12/15 low strength concrete

normal strength concrete C 20 / 25
C30/37
C35/45
f ck,cube [N/mm²]
C40/50
C50/60
f ck,cyl [N/mm²]
C 60 / 75 high-strength concrete
1) Substrate
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Cracked Concrete
Cracks in the tension zone
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What happens to cracks in a concrete building

during its lifetime?
(ETAG 001 expects a lifetime of min. 50 years)
Changing or moving
loads lead to changing
forces and bending
moments
Cracks open and close

due to moving loads
1) Substrate
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First conclusions
 Cracks can occur in any concrete
 Cracks can occur at any time during the lifetime, even after
several years
 Cracks are strongly “attracted” by existing anchor holes
 The depth of cracks are not predictable
 Changing loads can influence and change the course and the
position of cracks during the building’s life.
1) Substrate
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Influence of cracks on anchor load capacity
Uncracked concrete
Cracks have 2 effects on the

concrete failure of anchors:
• Alters the hoop tensile stress
Cracked concrete
(for all anchors)
Cracked surface
• Impairs load transmission
(composite anchor, expanding
anchor)
•Source: Eligehausen, et al., fastening technology 1997
1) Substrate
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Anchor is approved for cracked concrete

 Load bearing capacity is about 30%
higher in non-cracked concrete
9,5 kN
6,2 kN
e. g. FAZ II M10
Theoretical curves
Load displacement curve of
force-controlled anchors M12
1) Substrate
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2) Anchor is not approved for cracked concrete:

 Cracks reduce load capacity by approx. 50-80%
 Load capacity is not predictable
Theoretical expected
curves Load displacement curve of
force-controlled anchors M12
1) Substrate
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Cracked concrete
Approved fixing systems
1) Substrate
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Failures due to tension loads
• steel break
• pull-out failure
• concrete cone failure
• Member splitting
 The minimum force is the maximum resistance
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Masonry
Characteristics:
1)Significantly lower strength than concrete
and therefore more influence on the load
– different compressive strengths
– joints
– cavities in bricks
– temperature
– humidity
– load/burden
– plaster
– …
 low loads
1) Substrate
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Masonry
Characteristics
2)Significantly larger distances than in concrete
– edge distance
– spacing
 depending on the size of the brick
 pullout of a brick
 large anchor plates
1) Substrate
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Masonry
Fixing Systems
Masonry has lower load bearing

capacity than concrete
for perfect solutions
special anchors are required
e. g. FIS V
(a chemical composite anchor for masonry)
1) Substrate
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aerated concrete
(= solid bricks/blocks with air inclusions)
High insulation effect
→low compressive strength due to
many air inclusions
→low loads
→special anchors, e.g. FIS V
aerated concrete
1) Substrate
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Masonry
Single fixings Multiple use fixings

FIS V, Mounting
FIS V High Speed mortar Green SXR /SXR-L
SXS
additional for aerated concrete:

FPX-I GB with safety screw FUR
1) Substrate
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Masonry
1) Substrate
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Panel building materials
thin-walled materials,
often with very low strength
no safety-relevant fixings
cavity fixings without approval /

assessment
 good anchors take more load than the building material!

1) Substrate
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Panel materials (Cavity fixings)
Plasterboards
Rigips, Knauf, Norgips, Giproc, …
Gypsum fiberboards
Fermacell, Vidiwall, …
Wood panels
Chipboard, OSB, plywood, …
Other
Plastic sheeting, sheet metal,
fiberboards, wallboards, MDF, …
1) Substrate
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Load transmission with plate elements
Load transfer via “interlocking”:

the shape of the anchor connects
to the shape of the plate
Metal cavity fixing HM
anchoring behind the plate

in the cavity
larger surface  higher loads
Nylon toggle-anchor DUOTEC

1) Substrate
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Panel building materials
1) Substrate
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The fischer cavity fixings
DUOTEC
GK
KDH
GK
Green
HM PD
GKM
1) Substrate
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 Operation modes
 Failure modes
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3 different anchor materials
1. Plastic (nylon) plugs
without approval / assessment for

non-safety relevant applications
DUOPOWER
SXRL
with approval / assessment for
safety relevant applications
2) Installation and Function
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2. Steel anchors
without approval / assessment for

non-safety relevant applications
FTP-M
FAZ II
with approval / assessment for
safety relevant applications
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3. Chemical composite anchors
Injection Capsule systems
In most cases with approval / assessment

for safety-relevant applications
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Ref. to 1. plastic (nylon) anchors
Polyamide (nylon) compared to polyethylene
Raw Loads:
Melting- UV-
Material material after
point stability after years
costs installation
Polyamid 100 % ca. 220 °C Yes 100 % 100 %
(Nylon)
Polyethylen 50 % 25 %
30 % ca. 110 °C No (losses of
(material is softer)
plasticisers)
Loads for polyamide = 100% load even after years

Loads for polyethylene = 25 % of the load of polyamide
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Product features
fischer: diagonal sleeves fischer: Anti-torsion protection
Safe screw guidance rectangular contact areas

 the screw can’t run out  maximum resistance against torsion
 no dysfunction (especially by thin drywalls)
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Product features
fischer: pronounced anchor rim
Anchor can‘t slip too deep

 screw achieves optimal position
• Anchor is  the anchor has the maximum load
hollow inside bearing capacity
• Anchor doesn’t
have a rim
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Ref. to 2. steel anchors
3 different stele grades for anchors
- galvanized (gvz)
Corrosion resistance classes in compliance with stainless steel approval*:
- III: Stainless Steel A4 (A4)
- V: High Corrosion resistant steel 1.4529 (C)
 prevents corrosion damage,

ensures the durability of the fixing
*: General building authority approval Z-30.3-6 of 12 May 2017:

" Erzeugnisse, Bauteile und Verbindungsmittel aus nichtrostenden Stählen "
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Use conditions (environmental conditions)
Corrosion protection, e.g. in accordance with ETA-05/0069 (FAZ II)
e.g. gvz, A4, 1.4529 e.g. A4, 1.4529 e.g. 1.4529
"Components In addition: In addition:

under "components "components
dry internal - external, including - external
conditions" industrial - in damp rooms
environments and in particularly
sea proximity aggressive conditions
- in damp rooms (swimming pools, road
without being under tunnels, … ) "
particularly aggressive
conditions "
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Use conditions ( environmental factors)
Particularly aggressive conditions are e. g.:

- constant, alternating immersion in sea water or in sea water
spray zone area
- chlorinated atmosphere of indoor swimming pools
- atmosphere with extreme chemical pollution (e.g. in flue gas
desulphurization plants or road tunnels where de-icing
materials are used)
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Consequences of choosing
wrong materials
 Expected lifetime of at least 50 years!
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Strengths (standardized in EN-ISO 898-1 EN 20898-2)
General classification, e. g.:
Steel 5.8
minimum tensile strength: 1. Number multiplied by 100

here: 500 N/mm²
lower yield strength:

Multiply the first number by 10 times the second number
here: 400 N/mm²
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Ref. to 3. Chemical composite anchors
Hybrid System: 2K injection mortar

e. g. high-performance mortar FIS V
FIS V: Fischer Injection-System with Vinylester resin
360 S:
360 ml Shuttle cartridge
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Mixture of water + hardener, mortar + resin and fillers
water + hardener portland cement

+ synthetic resin
static mixer
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Functions of the 4 main components in the cartridge
 Water: correct and complete mixture water + hardener

 Hardener (peroxide): ensures the hardening (a type of peroxide)
of the mortar
 Cement: Binding agent, high temperature portland cement

resistant, alkaline (protection) + synthetic resin
 Vinylester resin: ensures the strength of the
mixture
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Reaction of the components:
• mixing of the two components in the

static mixer by squeezing
• activation of the reaction by the contact of
the resin with hardener
• Hardening of the mixture (resin and
hardener) under heat development
(exothermia)
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Static mixer
 Mixing the two mortar components while squeezing

 1 mixer for all mortars in red
FIS MR Plus For all

(Mixer Red) fischer mortar systems
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2 strong partners complement each other brilliantly
Advantages of the 2 component mixture of

vinyl ester resin and hardener
• very fast setting due to instant reaction

• high strengths
• alkaline environment: pH value of the injected mortar  13
Hardener  excellent corrosion protection for embedded anchors
Resin
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Drilling methods in different substrates

Hammer Drilling Impact drilling Rotary drilling
(pneumatic) (mechanical) • only rotary motion
• rotary motion • rotary motion • sharpened stone
• small number of strokes • large number of strokes drill
• high impact energy • low impact energy
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Core drilling using a diamond core drill

• rotary motion, water cooling
• lower vibration & less noise
• drills also through rebars
 very smooth drill hole wall, i. e.

special anchors are required such as:
FIS EM, capsule RSB from M16, concrete screw, FAZ II, …
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Hollow drilling
• Special drill with hollow core; connected to a vacuum cleaner
• cleans the drill hole while drilling
• when using a adequat dust extraction system (dust class M),

for many anchors no further bore hole cleaning
is necessary as per assessment.
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Drill bit
Twist drill:
 conventional "fixing drill"
 also with centering point (pointer), which
facilitates point-accurate drilling
Four cutting edge drill:

 drilling head with four cutting edges
 simplifies drilling
 less vibration
 no “catching” when in contact with
reinforcements
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Drill bit
The cutting edge dimension of a new SDS-Plus drill

is always larger than its nominal diameter
Refer to:
German Institute for Structural Engineering (2002):
"Information sheet on the characteristic values,
requirements and tests of wall drills with carbide
cutters used for the production of drill holes for
anchoring fasteners"
d1
Mark of
conformity
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Rotary drilling
Standard Sharply grinded

carbide drill carbide drill
Carbide drills drill faster when they

are sharpened like a steel drill
Straight shank drill
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Drill pictures
- Straight drill bit
- Hex shank bit
- DUSS HR drill bit
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Drill pictures
- SDS-Plus bit
SDS (developed by Bosch)
Special Direct System
- SDS-Max bit
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Drill pictures
- Straight drill bit
- Hex shank bit
- SDS-Plus bit
- SDS-Max bit
- DUSS HR drill bit
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Drilling – drilling errors
Drilling error - What to do?
- if the product has an ETA

 treat drilling errors according to ETAG
- if the product has a German Approval

 treat drilling errors according to DIBT
- if instructions in approvals / assessments are

available, they are always superior
Fixing Technology
1) Hit of Reinforcement
normal reinforcement pre-stressed reinforcement

"Rebars near the borehole must
not be damaged" According to
ETAG 001, Part 1 and DIBT recommendation of DIBT
< 50 mm  50 mm
not allowed not recommended

allowed recommended
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2) not-used drill holes
1) Drilling depth not reached, 2) Anchor was 3) Wrong drilling position

e.g. hit of reinforcement removed  new drilling required
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2) not-used drill holes

Action:
 fill the drill holes with low-shrink, high-strength mortar
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Drilling – drilling errors (dry hole)
Where to drill a new drill hole?
1. According to approvals / assessments
e. g. according to FHB II assessment (Bonded System):
"In case of incorrect drilling,

these drill holes have to be
refilled with mortar"
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Where to drill a new drill hole?

2. According to ETAG 001, part 1, metal anchors, 3 options:
1) Make a new drill hole 2) Make a new drill hole at

3) Fill with mortar
with double the depth a distance of double the depth
hef,1 hef
hef,2
 2*hef
hef,2  2*hef,1
 Pre-stressing and stressing of the anchors only after complete hardening of the mortar
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Deciding where to drill a new drill hole?
3. According to A. a. R. d. T. corresponding to DIBT:

“Instructions for the installation of fixings” (DIBT, 2011)
1) the dry holes have to be filled with mortar
2) Distance of new holes:
h < ¼hef
hef
h  ¼hef
 1xd0
 3xd0
 Pre-stressing and stressing of the anchors only after complete hardening of the mortar
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Anchoring depth, effective length

Effective Anchoring depth hef Maximal usable length tfix
= embedding depth = attachment thickness
(including non-load-bearing layer!)
hef tfix
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Anchoring depth
Anchoring depth hef = embedding depth, specified in ETA

≠ Total length of the anchor in the substrate (hnom)!
- usually hef can be chosen larger

- there are anchors with variable anchoring
depths hef (e.g. mortar with threaded rod)
 influence on load-bearing capacity
hef
hnom hef
h1: drill hole depth
hnom
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Anchoring depth
Influence on load bearing capacity
The deeper an anchor is placed, the higher is its load bearing capacity
Example:
Bolt anchor FAZ II
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Anchoring depth
Influence on load bearing capacity
Attention when spacing is too short!
 break-out cones influence each

other
 reduced load capacity
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Maximum effective lenght tfix (thickness of fixing)
tfix Statement:
 max. usable ! thickness of

length tfix,max ≥ attachment (fixture) tfix
 for push-through anchors, the maximum

usable attachment length
tfix,max is determined by the anchor length
e. g. FAZ II 10 / 30  tfix,max = 30 mm are possible
 non-bearing layers (e. g. plaster layers) count as part of the useable length!
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Spacings and edge distances
s
h
c
- cmin: Minimum edge distance, important for corners, edges, reveals

- smin: Minimum spacing distance (between two anchors)
- hmin: Minimum thickness of the member / substrate
For installation characteristics see: assessment and catalog

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for the maximum permissible tension load the

 characteristic spacing scr,N and the
 characteristic edge distance ccr,N
must be fulfilled:
Nzul
s ≥ scr,N = 3  hef Nzul
c ≥ ccr,N = 1,5  hef

hef
hef: effective anchoring depth
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Reduction of spacing or edge distance

(s < scr,N resp. c < ccr,N)
 leads to a reduction of load bearing capacity
 load capacity has to be

calculated N < Nzul
(e.g. using fixperience)
s < scr,N = 3  hef
c < ccr,N = 1,5  hef
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Minimum permissible spacing or edge distance

(s = smin resp. c = cmin according ETA or catalog)
 If not fulfilled: danger of member breaking during installation
 Simultaneous selection
of smin and cmin is possible N = 3 kN
in some anchor systems N = 3 kN
(e.g. bonded systems)
e. g.: fischer Highbond-anchor

FHB II-A S M10x60
Nallowed, 2 anchors = 2x8,0 kN
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Minimum permissible spacing or edge distance

(s = smin resp. c = cmin according ETA or catalog)
 for other fixing systems:

There is only the choice of smin (for c > cmin)
or cmin (for s > smin) (e. g. metal expansion anchor)
N = 3,5 kN N = 3,7 kN
N = 3,5 kN
N = 3,7 kN
e. g.: fischer FAZ II 10

Nperm.,2 anchors= 2x5,7 kN
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Installation types
Pre-positioned installation
Push-through installation
Stand-off installation
The bending moment of the
anchor must be considered
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Installation types
Pre-positioned installation
The anchor
• is installed before the installation of
the fixture
• is flush with the concrete surface or
sits deeper
Duopower SX
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Installation types
Installation steps for pre-positioned installation

(example: Duopower)
1. Drill hole 2. Install anchor 3. Mount 4. Done

attachment
Installation tips:
- Use rotary drilling to mount an anchor in hollow brick
- Lightly hammer the anchor flush to the surface
- "Feel-Good-Factor" when anchor fits right
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Installation types
Push-through installation  The anchor is inserted through

the attachment into the wall
A huge advantage especially for

more than one anchoring point:
SXRL
 Rotating of the attachment is
not possible
 Compressive loads are
transferred directly from the
attachment into the substrate
FBS II  No bending moment occurs at
the anchor
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Installation types
Installation steps for push-through installation

(example: SXRL)
drilling hammer screw done!

(cleaning in full brick)
Assessment ETA-07/0121:
" The anchor is properly anchored if, after the screw has been fully
screwed in, the anchor sleeve does not turn or it is not possible to slightly
turn the screw more."
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Installation types
Stand-off installation  pressure and tension resistant

fixing of an attachment
e at a certain distance e to the
anchoring base
FAZ II
e
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Installation types
Stand-off installation
• Occurrence of bending moments
which affect the anchor adversely
• Additional washers + nuts are required
• Installation
- Step 1: Installation according to ETA
- Step 2: Fasten the attachment on both sides with a nut
 For uneven walls and for bridging distances

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Important points for selecting anchors (summary)
- No gvz in outdoor areas

- A concrete age of at least 28 days before anchoring
- Cleaning the drill hole before setting a mortar system
- Keep axis and edge distances clearance
- Use rotary drilling in perforated brick and not hammer drilling
- The last step when installing a FAZ II is torque
- Advantages of steel anchors: fast installation, bear loads instantly, inexpensive
- Advantages of mortar: high loads due to high anchoring depths, no spreading
forces (smaller edge distances), seales the hole
- For more than 10,000 changes in load, use dynamic anchors
-  Craftsmen generally use approved anchors (warranty)

-  Concrete is always cracked!
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1) Anchoring base / building materials

 Concrete, masonry, panel building materials

2.2 Drilling methods, drilling errors
2.3 Anchoring depth, attachment thickness
2.6 Important criteria for selecting anchors (summary)

4) Anchor load capacity
 Operation modes
 Failure modes
5) Structural design
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Loads
Loads are
- Forces that occur during installation
- Loads that occur later due to external influences
A load is defined by:

• direction
• amount
• changes over time
The unit of force is Kilonewton [kN].
3) Type and Direction of Loads
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Force unit: The newton
International unit of force: N (Newton)
1 kN (Kilonewton) = 1.000 N, this is equal to 100 kg
Sir Isaac Newton

National Portrait Gallery, London
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An anchor’s possible load directions
N
N
R
Tension Combined tension V
and shear load
V V
Shear load Shear Load

at distance e
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Bending and shear load
Moment M = Force x lever arm = F x l
V: Vertical Force
M l V= 2 kN
l= 0,1 m
M= 0,2 kNm
V
The unit of force is kiloNewton-meters [kNm]
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Bending and lateral force
Influence of lever arm
N = ?? kg
F = 80 kg
e1 = 1 m e2 = 0,1 m
F * e1 = N * e2
 1
e2 0,1 m
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Load types
As per ETA predominantly static loads

e. g. wind, snow, dead load, …
 the number of load changes is

less than 10,000
 all anchors are suitable
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Load types
Dynamic loads
e. g. crane loads, elevators,

production robots, …
 the number of load changes is

more than 10,000
 Only two fischer anchors are suitable
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 Operation modes
 Failure modes

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Principles of function: Bearing mechanisms
Friction locking
Through distance- or
torque-controlled spreading
Form locking
Fixing geometry matches
the shape of the substrate
Adhesive bond
A mortar binds the fixing
with the anchor base

4) Bearing Capacity of the anchors
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Expansion  Friction locking

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Transmitting forces in building material:

Friction locking: Friction between expansion anchor and
building material
Expansioncone
Expansionsleeve

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building material

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building material

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building material

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building material
Anchor rod
Friction resistance moves out

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Form locking
Thread flanks cut into the concrete

 formlock
Tension load on concrete screw:

 Flanks exert pressure on the concrete
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Transmitting forces in the substrate:

Form locking
Forces are transmitted into the concrete via positive fitting threaded flanks
 Large areas with low forces
 Overall high force absorption
Threaded flanks
The head of the

suits to the
attachment

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Adhesive bond
• Mortar binds the anchor to the anchoring base
• Load transfer: Shear forces along the circumference
• 2 “contact zones”: Anchor/mortar and mortar/concrete
 no high expasion forces

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Adhesive bond and form locking

• Mortar binds the anchor to the anchoring base
• Load transfer: - Shear forces along the circumference
- Expansion forces on the cones
• 2 “contact zones”: Anchor / mortar and mortar / concrete
Apply torque

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Breakout load with center pull - overview
• Steel failure
• Pull out failure
• Concrete cone failure

(substrate failure)
• Splitting the substrate
 the smallest failure load is decisive

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What can be done against steel failure?
Cause:
Anchoring or steel strength is too low for
suspended loads
How to prevent?
• Use a steel part with a larger diameter
• Choose another steel grade (quality
class)
fischer has mainly two strength classes:

 5.8 with a failure tension of 500 N / mm² and
 8.8 with a failure tension of 800 N / mm²
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What can be done against the pull out?
Cause:
Failure of friction or material connection
due to excessive load or wrong installation
How to prevent?
By correctly installing the anchor as per
instructions on the package, e.g.
• cleaning the drill hole
• applying the correct pre-tension using a
torque wrench

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What you do against a concrete cone failure?
Cause:
The substrate is not strong enough
3 hef (too low structural strength)
How to prevent?
hef • increasing the material resistance has
a positive effect:
e. g. C20/25 to C50/60
• Increasing anchoring depth hef
• Choose the edge distance and
spacing as large as possible

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Concrete
Concrete cone failure under tensile load
N  k1  fck ,cube  hef1,5

3 hef
hef The diameter of the break-

out cone is approx.
3 * anchoring depth hef.
= 7,2 for cracked concrete

k1
= 10,1 for un-cracked concrete
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Characteristic space and edge distance
scr = 3 * hef The maximum concrete pull-out load

can be achieved only when the cone
can form unhindered.
hef
The characteristic spacing

of the anchors is 3 * hef .
ccr = 1.5 * hef
The characteristic edge distance

of the anchor therefor is 1,5 * hef .

Fixing Technology
What can be done against cracking of the substrate?
Cause: How to prevent?

Substrate failure due to For each anchor
low bending strength
• the minimum member thickness
• the minimum edge distance and the
• spacing to other anchors
must be considered
b
h
s
c1 c2

Fixing Technology



 Operation modes
 Failure modes

Fixing Technology
The balance
S d  Rd
Sum of external stress
(loads) on the anchor, such as wind,
snow, dead load, ...
 The anchor’s
resistance
Sd: design stress Rd: design resistance

= rated load = rated resistance
Determination of Rd by test results and

calculation methods
5) Design
Fixing Technology
The balance
S d  Rd
Sum of external stress
(action loads) on the anchor,
such as wind, snow, ...
 The anchor’s
resistance
Engineer Anchor
producer
5) Design
Fixing Technology
Calculation methods
Rd
• ETAG 001, Annex C: steel anchors in concrete
• TR 029: Composite anchor in concrete
• ETAG 029: Composite anchor in masonry
• ENSO: Engineering solution: fischer’s own

calculation basis
• and others ...
5) Design
Fixing Technology
Stress S and Resistance R
Sd  Rd
Force
Sk * gF = Sd R d * gF = R k
Wind, snow, ice, dead load, ... Resistance

 engineer  anchor producer

5) Design
Fixing Technology
Stress S and Resistance R
Sd  Rd
Wind, snow, F
ice, dead load,
Sk * g F = S d
...
 Static
calculation
gM = 1,5 * 1,0 (high) = 1,5 (formerly: 1,8)
gM = 1,35 (dead load) 1,4 1,2 (medium) = 1.8 (formerly: 2,16)
1,5 (live load) 1,4 (low) = 2.16 (formerly: 2,52)
Installation safety factor

5) Design
Fixing Technology
Determination of the permitted load Nperm
Example of centric tension

Maximum permissible load = characteristic influence, for which the
max. Nperm following limit condition is fulfilled:
n NSd = NRd
. gL : gM
Load
NRd NRk
max. NSd
max. NSk
Nperm
5) Design
Fixing Technology
Determination of the permitted load Nperm
Example of centric tension
N Rk
zul .N 
gL gM
Anchor with
“regular” scattering
:(gL . gM)
zul N1 NRk,1 NRu

Conclusion:
1. the permissible load Nperm results from the characteristic resistance NRk,
not from the failure load NRu (Resistance ultimate)
5) Design
Fixing Technology
Determining the permitted load Nperm

Example of centric pull
N Rk Anchor with
zul .N  low variance
gL gM
Anchor with
:(gL . gM) “standard“ variance
:(gL . gM)
Anchor with a
:(gL . gM) large variance
zul N3 zul N1 zul N2 NRk,3 N N N

Rk,1 Rk,2 Ru
Conclusion:
1. the permissible load N perm results from the characteristic resistance NRk,
not from the failure load NRu (ultimate)
2. Equal failure load NRu: Anchor with the largest variance has the smallest allowed load

5) Design
Fixing Technology
Types of resistance
Definitions
Failure load "Ru" (Average taken from the test series)

 not important for selecting the anchor
Rk
Characteristic resistance "Rk" (5%-fractils)
divided by gM: Rk
Rd 
 Design value of resistance "Rd" gM
divided by gF: NRk R
zul.N 
Nperm  d
 Safe design load g L g M g L
 permissible load (according to approval)
 recommended load (according to manufacturer’s tests)
5) Design
Fixing Technology
Global safety factor of loads

recommended by fischer
The following principles are extremely important, when the correct

anchor without an approval / assessment has to be found :
Recommended loads Nrec (based on tests by fischer) are calculated

by
Nrec = Ru/gglobal
with "Ru“: failure load

gglobal = 4 for chemical anchors and steel anchors
gglobal = 7 for nylon / plastic plugs

5) Design

Fischer - Basic Fixing Technology

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Fixing Technology

Main Situation in Fixing Technology

Is the fastening Fastening by

European technical assessment (ETA)

German Approval (DIBT)

Why is the correct selection

Here presentation with

1) Substrate / Building material

2) Fixing materials, installation and function

3) Type and direction of loads

1) Substrate / Building material

2) Fixing materials, installation and function

3) Type and direction of loads

Substrates / Building materials

Concrete Masonry Board Elements

 Materials with high compression density  higher loads

Concrete is an artificial stone, made of:

• Cement (bonding agent)

• Aggregates (sand and gravel or flint, pumice,

• Water  chemical reaction of the binder

Standard Compressive strength - (DIN EN 12390-3)

Time [days] 28 days

Ø: 15 cm f ck,cyl [N/mm²] < f ck,cube [N/mm²]

Classification of strength classes

C12/15 low strength concrete

Cracks in the tension zone

What happens to cracks in a concrete building

Cracks open and close

 Cracks can occur in any concrete

 Cracks are strongly “attracted” by existing anchor holes

 The depth of cracks are not predictable

Influence of cracks on anchor load capacity

Cracks have 2 effects on the

•Source: Eligehausen, et al., fastening technology 1997

Influence of cracks on anchor load capacity

Anchor is approved for cracked concrete

Influence of cracks on anchor load capacity

2) Anchor is not approved for cracked concrete:

Approved fixing systems

Failures due to tension loads

• concrete cone failure

 The minimum force is the maximum resistance

 large anchor plates

Masonry has lower load bearing

Approved fixing systems

Single fixings Multiple use fixings

additional for aerated concrete:

Approved fixing systems

Panel building materials

cavity fixings without approval /

 good anchors take more load than the building material!

Panel materials (Cavity fixings)

Load transmission with plate elements

Load transfer via “interlocking”:

Metal cavity fixing HM

anchoring behind the plate

Nylon toggle-anchor DUOTEC

Panel building materials

Approved fixing systems

The fischer cavity fixings

1) Substrate / Building material

2) Fixing materials, installation and function

3) Type and direction of loads

2) Fixing materials, installation and function