Elastic Behavior of Materials: Elasticity

Elastic behavior of materials
n Elasticity - Analysis of stress
q State of stress at a point
q Normal and shear stress components

q Stress components on an arbitrary plane
q Principal stresses
q Plane stress & Plane strain, Generalized Hooke’s law
q Atomic equivalent of Hooke’s law
q Elastic behavior of anisotropic and isotropic materials
MME Dr. rer. nat. Ravi Kumar, N. V

The Materials Tetrahedron
Ultimate goal
To synthesize materials with improved performance
Performance
Materials
synthesis/processing Structure
q Various tools for characterization

q To understand the science
Properties
q Analytical and experimental techniques

Structure
Size (metres)
10-12
Atomic structure
Physics & X-ray & Neutron diffraction
Chemistry
10-9
Crystal structure Transmission electron
microscopy
Materials 10-6
Science
Microstructure
Scanning electron
10-3 microscopy
Engineering Macrostructure Optical microscopy
1

Structure-property relationship
High performance Microstructure- SEM Microstructure-HREM

Si3N4 ceramic Elongated
Si3N4 grains
Improved
fracture
toughness
Intergranular
phase
High temp
mechanical
properties

Sintered
Sintered at
at 1650
1650 °C
°C
SEM images of spark plasma sintered (SPS) SiC

nanoceramics co-doped with Al2O3 and Y2O3,
(a) at 1650 °C (b) at 1700 °C
Sintered at 1700 °C
Superplasticity – YES
Creep resistance – NO
Fracture toughness – NO

SEM micrographs of liquid-phase-sintered
alumina (Al2O3) samples with 4 wt% oriented
template particles;
5 wt% CaO SiO2, 1600 °C: 2s
5 wt% CaO SiO2, 1600 °C: 2h
Control on electronic and structural properties of Alumina (Al2O3) - Anisotropy

AZ61 Mg alloy subjected to severe plastic deformation (ECAP)
As-recieved One pass Eight passes
Refinement of grain size – Control on strength
Kim et al, Scripta Materialia, 2004

Materials design: Micro- & macroscale
n How does microstructures control mechanical properties of materials ?
n What components of stress control deformation & failure in a component?
n How does elastic properties differ between single and polycrystalline

materials ?
CONCEPT: State of stress at a point

Mechanical Behavior
n Analysis of stress
F d F F s F
F 4F
s= = 2
Acs pd
q What if the structural member is not of uniform geometry of shape/size …?

q What if the loads acting are complex and dynamic in nature…?
Assumptions:
Concept of State of stress at a point • Body is continuous -
Continuum mechanics
Adv. mechanics of solids, L. S. Srinath

Definition of a stress vector
n Consider a body, B which is in equilibrium

under the action of these forces, F2
F3
n Consider a point P, & plane 1 passes C DA'
through point P P’
F1 1
F2 1
n' DT '
F3 1
n DA
Y 1
F1 DT
1 P
P
P(x,y,z) D
p R1
plane p R1
Free body diagram of the body which
X has been cut into two parts C & D
Z Adv. mechanics of solids, L. S. Srinath

F2 n Parts C & D are in equilibrium under the

action of external forces and internally
F3
distributed forces across the interface,
C DA'
F1
P’
1 n Small area surrounding P in part D, DA
1
n' DT '
and surrounding p’ is DA'
1
n DA
1
DT n Infinitesimally small areas are
P 1
distinguished by their outward normals, n
D 1
p R1 & n'
1
Free body diagram of the body which n Action of part C on DA at point P is D T
has been cut into two parts C & D
represented by the force vector
1
and of D on DA '
at P’ is DT '

F2
n As DA tends to zero in the limit, the limiting
F3 vector can be written as
C DA' 1 1
P’ DT d T 1
F1 1 lim
DA®0 DA
=
dA
=T
1
n' DT '
1
n DA
1 n Similarly, in the limit for part C as DA' tends
DT to zero, one can define T1 '
P
D
p R1
1 1
n Vectors T & T ' are called stress
vectors acting
1
on 1planes with outward
normals n & n' at points P and P’
respectively.
1 1
Adv. mechanics of solids, L. S. Srinath n And, T = - T'

State of stress at a point
n Totality of all stress vectors acting on every possible plane passing through
the same point is defined as the State of Stress at a Point.
n Stress at a point depends not only on the location of the point (identified by
its coordinates) but also on the plane passing through the point identified by
its outward normal n (identified by its direction cosines, nx, ny and nz )
[Direction cosines nx, ny and nz are nothing but the cosine of the angles made
by the outward normal n with x, y and z directions]

Normal & shear stress components
𝑛 q Consider a surface area in a Cartesian
𝑇 coordinate system X,Y,Z identified by its outward
𝑦 n normal n.
s
Y n
n T q Write the magnitude of the stress vector in terms
n of the normal and shear components -------- ?
T n 2 n 2 n 2
n
n x T = s +t
T
z t
X q Write the magnitude of the stress vector in terms
of its resolved components along the Cartesian
coordinate system--------?
n 2 n 2 n 2 n 2
Z T = T +T +T
x y z

Can we determine the stress vector at a point
acting on any plane ?

Rectangular stress components
q Represent the material particle by a small cube, with
its edges parallel to the coordinate axes. Cut the cube
out from the body to expose all the forces on its 6 faces.
Define stress as force per unit area.
s zz
q On each face of the cube, there are three stress
components, one normal to the face (normal stress), and
the other two tangential to the face (shear stresses).
s yx s zx s zy Now the cube has six faces, so there are a total of 18
s yy s xx
stress components.
s xy
s yz
s yz qNotation: s ij The first subscript signifies the plane on
s xz s xz
which the stress component is acting. The second
s yy subscript signifies the direction of stress vector.
s zy s zx
z s yx
s xy qSign convention: On a face whose normal is in the

x s xx positive direction of a coordinate axis, the stress
y
s zz component is positive when it points to the positive
direction of the axis.
txy =sxy
Stress components on an arbitrary plane
q It is possible to obtain the stress components acting
on any arbitrary plane of area A and identified by its
outward normal n provided you know the stress
Z-plane components acting on three mutually perpendicular
n
planes APC, APB, BPC .
T (XY-plane)
Y y qRemember, the normal and shear stress components
n on the 3 mutually perpendicular planes APC, APB,
X-plane A
s zz BPC are negative.
q Only the resolved stress components of the resultant
n
(YZ-plane) n stress vector in the x, y and z directions on the inclined
T T plane, ABC, are in the positive directions of the co-
z
ordinate axes.
s xx P
x
X q Assuming the tetrahedron APBC is in equilibrium

C under the action of surface forces & body forces, the
sum of the forces in the x, y and z directions must be
B equal to zero.
q For writing the forces, you need to multiply the
Z s yy corresponding stresses by the areas on which these
Y-plane stresses are acting.
(XZ-plane) q Knowing the area of the arbitrary plane, ABC as A
and its outward normal n , you should be able to
PABC is a tetrahedron, & h is the perpendicular calculate the projected areas on to the x, y and z
distance from P to the inclined plane planes.

q For eg: Area of APB = Projected area of ABC on

X plane.
n Z-plane Area of APB = Area of ABC multiplied

T (XY-plane)
by nx
Y y
n After summing up the forces in x, y and z directions
X-plane A s zz and equating them to zero, convince yourself that

you will be arriving at obtaining the Cauchy’s stress
n equations. The equations connect the stress
(YZ-plane) T n
components acting on any arbitrary plane at point P
z T and the rectangular stress components through the
s xx P
x
direction cosines.
X
C
Cauchy’s stress equations
B
énù
Z s yy êTx ú é
Y-plane ê n ú ês xx t yx t zx ù én x ù
úê ú
êT ú = êt xy s yy t zy ú ên y ú
(XZ-plane) êyú ê
ê n ú ët xz t yz s zz úû êën z úû
Remember in the analysis we shrink the tetrahedron in the êTz ú
limit so that the plane passes through the point P ë û

Cross shears are equal
n When you are able to calculate/determine the resolved stress components acting on the arbitrary plane
ABC, you can also determine the resultant stress vector on the arbitrary plane,
n 2 n 2 n 2 n 2
T = T +T +T
x y z
n The normal and shear components

n
of stresses on this arbitrary plane ABC can now be related to the
resultant stress vector T ,
n 2 n 2 n 2
T = s +t
n The normal stress is along n

the outward normal n , and normal stress is also equal to the projection of the
resultant stress vector T along the normal. This means that the normal stress can be written as the sum
of the projections of the individual stress components of the resultant stress vector along the normal n.
n n n
s n = nx T + n y T + nz T
x y z
n You can calculate the normal stress on the arbitrary plane completely in terms of the rectangular
stress components & subsequently you can calculate the shear stress on this arbitrary plane.
and now substitute and write the equation-----?

Equality of cross-shears
énù
êTx ú é
ê n ú ês xx t yx t zx ù én x ù
úê ú
êT ú = êt xy s yy t zy ú ên y ú
êyú ê
ê n ú ët xz t yz s zz úû êën z úû
êTz ú
ë û
9 rectangular components of stresses, but

cross shears are equal – ONLY 6
COMPONENTS ARE INDEPENDENT
Sum of the squares of the direction cosines = 1

2 2 2
nx + n y + nz = 1

Problem
Y F
A rectangular steel bar having a cross section 2 cm x 3 cm is
subjected to a tensile force of 6000 N. If the axes are chosen
as shown in figure, determine the normal and shear stresses
on a plane:
(a) which is equally inclined to the positive X- and Y- axes

and parallel to the Z- axis.
(b) which is equally inclined to the positive Y- and Z- axes
and parallel to the X- axis.
(c) which is equally inclined to all the 3 axes.
X
(a) Ans. sn = 5 MPa, tn = 5 MPa
(b) Ans. sn = 5 MPa, tn = 5 MPa
Z
F (c) Ans. sn = 3.3 MPa, tn = 4.3 MPa

Concept of principal stresses
q Cauchy’s stress equations with respect to

an arbitrary plane inclined at an arbitrary angle
at a point - DONE.
q Normal and shear stress components on
this arbitrary plane at that point - DONE.

Principal stresses and stress invariants
q At some orientation of that arbitrary plane at the same point, no shear stresses and only
normal stresses exists.
q Stress vector is completely normal - Principal planes/Shearless planes and the stresses
Principal stresses.
Now let us assume a plane whose outward normal is n and the direction cosines to be
nx, ny and nz and s to be the normal stress (assuming no shear stresses on this
plane),
components of the resultant stress vector along the x, y and z directions will be
n
T = sn x
x
n Subtracting these equations from the Cauchy’s stress
T = sn y equations, you get a set of 3 homogeneous, simultaneous
y n
n T =s •n equations with nx ny nz being the unknowns.
T = sn z
z

(sxx - s) nx + txy ny + txz nz = 0 The trivial solution for these equations is nx =

ny = nz = 0, and for the existence of a non-
txy nx + (syy - s) ny + tyz nz = 0
trivial solution, the determinant of the
txz nx + tyz ny +(szz - s) nz = 0 coefficients of nx, ny, and nz should be zero.
Expanding this determinant, leads to a cubic

s xx - s t xy t xz equation.
t yx s yy - s t yz =0
The roots of this cubic equation are the
t xz t yz s zz - s principal stresses,s 1 , s 2 , s 3
Where, I1, I2 and I3 are called the stress

s - I 1s + I 2s - I 3 = 0
3 2
invariants.

I1 = s xx + s yy + s zz
s xx t xy s yy t yz s xx t xz
I2 = + +
t xy s yy t yz s zz t xz s zz
s xx t xy t xz
I 3 = t yx s yy t yz
t zx t zy s zz
Stress invariants can be calculated from the rectangular stress matrix (stress
components acting on 3 mutually perpendicular planes at a point)

Principal stresses and invariants
q Solve the cubic equation for obtaining the principal stresses (s1, s2, s3). Substituting any
of these 3 solutions in the 3 simultaneous equations along with the identity n x 2 + n y 2 + n z 2 = 1
you can solve for the corresponding nx, ny and nz. (principal directions)
q I1, I2, I3 are called the first, second and third invariants of stresses and the values do not
change when the frame of reference is changed.
q The principal stresses (s1, s2, s3) at a point depend only the state of stress at a point and
not on the frame of reference describing the rectangular stress components.

Exercise– To be done outside the class room
n The cubic equation which yields the three principal stresses are always
real. The following equation has always three real roots (s1, s2, s3).
s 3 - I 1s 2 + I 2s - I 3 = 0

Expressing state of stress using principal axes
n Instead of expressing the state of stress at a point P (x, y, z) in a body within the
frame of a Cartesian co-ordinate axes, we may chose the principal axes as the
reference co-ordinate axes.
s2
We then can define the stress matrix as

s1
(s1, s2 & s3 are the principal stresses):
és 1 0 0ù
[s ]ij = êê 0 s 2 0 úú
êë 0 0 s 3 úû
s3

Using principal axes as frame of reference
n Now if you consider any arbitrary plane (whose outward normal is n), then we can
define the resultant stress vector on that plane and its corresponding components in
the X, Y, Z directions.
n From the Cauchy’s stress equations, we can write the individual stress components
acting on this arbitrary plane:
n
T = s 1n x
x
n Remember the shear components don’t
T = s 2ny exist on the volume element in the frame
y
of reference of the principal axes!
n
T = s 3nz
z

Using principal axes as frame of reference
n If the resultant stress is given by then, the resultant stress

vector would be:
n 2 n 2 n 2 n 2 n 2
T = T +T +T T = s 12 n x2 + s 22 n y2 + s 32 n z2
x y z
(substituting the values of stress

components in X, Y & Z directions)
You may then write the normal & calculate the shear stress
stress acting on this plane as: from:
n 2 n 2 n 2
s = s 1 n x2 + s 2 n y2 + s 3 n z2 T = s +t
I1 = 𝝈1 + 𝝈2 + 𝝈3
I2 = 𝝈1 𝝈2 + 𝝈2 𝝈3 + 𝝈3 𝝈1
I3 = 𝝈1 𝝈2 𝝈3
Octahedral stresses
s2
s3
Octahedral plane 8
equally inclined to all octahedral
the 3 axes planes
nx = ny = nz
s1 s1
Frame of reference –
along principal
stresses, s1, s2 & s3
s3
s2

Octahedral normal & shear stresses
n Normal and shear stresses acting on each of these octahedral planes are called
octahedral normal and octahedral shear stresses:
n In the frame of reference of principal axes, we know that:
s = s 1 n x2 + s 2 n y2 + s 3 n z2 (normal stress)
2 2 2
æ 1 ö æ 1 ö æ 1 ö 1
s oct = s 1 çç ÷÷ + s 2 çç ÷÷ + s 3 çç ÷÷ since, n x = n y = n z =
è 3ø è 3ø è 3ø 3
1 1
s oct = (s 1 + s 2 + s 3 ) = I1 (octahedral normal stress)
3 3
MME
Dr. rer. nat. Ravi Kumar, N. V
calculate the shear stress from:
n 2 n 2 n 2
T = s +t
We know that the resultant

stress vector is
n 2
T = s 12 n x2 + s 22 n y2 + s 32 n z2
n 2
(substituting the values of resultant
t = T -s 2
2
stress vector & normal stress)
t 2 = n x2 n y2 (s 1 - s 2 ) 2 + n y2 n z2 (s 2 - s 3 ) 2 + n z2 n x2 (s 3 - s 1 ) 2

n Substituting the values of the direction cosines in the previous equation;
t oct
2
=
1
9
[
(s 1 - s 2 ) 2 + (s 2 - s 3 ) 2 + (s 3 - s 1 ) 2 ]
Expanding and rewriting in terms of the stress invariants,
( )
1
2 2
t oct = I1 - 3 I 2 2 (octahedral shear stress)
3

Decomposition of state of stress
n A given state of stress (with in the framework of the Cartesian co-ordinate system),
can be decomposed in to purely hydrostatic state and purely shear state of stress.
és xx t xy t xz ù
[s ]
ij
ê
= êt yx s yy t yz ú
ú
ê t zx t zy s zz úû
ë
First stress
invariant (I1) is
p=
1
(s xx + s yy + s zz ) = 1 (I1 ) zero
3 3
(necessary &
sufficient condition)
és xx t xy t xz ù é p 0 0 ù és xx - p t xy t xz ù
ê ú ê ú
êt yx s yy t yz ú = êê 0 p 0 úú + ê t yx s yy - p t yz ú
ê t zx t zy s zz úû êë 0 0 p úû êë t zx t zy s zz - p úû
ë
Hydrostatic Deviatoric state

state of stress of stress
MME Dr. rer. nat. Ravi Kumar, N. V Adv. mechanics of solids, L. S. Srinath
Problem – To be done in the class room
n Determine the principal stresses and principal directions for the state of stress given
below:
é0 1 1 ù I1 = 0, I2 = -3, I3 = 2
[s ]
ij = êê1 0 1úú
s 3 - I 1s 2 + I 2s - I 3 = 0
êë1 1 0úû
- s 3 + 3s + 2 = 0
(-s 3 - 1) + (3s + 3) = 0
(sxx - s) nx + txy ny + txz nz = 0 - (s + 1)(s 2 - s + 1) + 3(s + 1) = 0
txy nx + (syy - s) ny + tyz nz = 0 (s + 1)(s - 2)(s + 1) = 0

txz nx + tyz ny +(szz - s) nz = 0
Principal stresses :
1 s1 = s2 = -1 & s3 = 2
Principal directions: nx = ny = nz =
3
Problem – Assignment
n The state of stress at a point is such that sxx = syy = szz =

txy = tyz = tzx = P. Determine the principal stresses and
directions.
Solution: Principal stresses: 𝝈1 = 3P, 𝝈2 = 𝝈3 = 0
Since, there exists only one principal stress which is unique (𝝈1 = 3P),
principal directions must be calculated only for 𝝈1.
Note: Every direction perpendicular to 𝝈1 is a principal direction and no
need to calculate principal directions for 𝝈2 & 𝝈3
1
Principal directions for 𝝈1: nx = ny = nz =
3

Plane state of stress (2 D stress state)
sy
sz = 0, txz = 0, tyz = 0
txy
Consider a plane whose normal (n) lies on the
XY plane (making an angle q): the direction
txy cosines are now given by,
n
sx q sx nx = cosq
txy ny = sinq
nz = 0
txy
You can now write the resultant stress vectors (from Cauchy’s
sy stress equations) acting on this plane (whose outward normal
is n ).
Similarly, the normal and shear components acting on this
plane can be written.
Displacement and strain fields
Displacement: Vector by which a material particle
moves relative to its position in the reference
configuration.
Rigid-body translation: All material particles in the Y P’ (x’, y’, z’)

body move by the same displacement vector - the Displacement
body as a whole moves. u vector
r'
Deformation: Material particles in the body move
relative to one another. P (x, y, z)
r
X
u = iux +juy + kuz
Z
r’ = r + u
Displacement vector = u = r’ - r
Displacement field = u = (x2 + y)i + (3 + z)j + (x2+2y)k

Y P’ (x’, y’, z’)
u What is the position of this point after deformation ?

r'
P (x, y, z)
r Point with in a body located at (3, 1, -2) before
X
deformation
Position vector of point before deformation

Z
= r = 3i + j – 2k
u = (32 + 1)i + (3 - 2)j + (32 + 2)k = 10i + j + 11k
Position vector of point after

r’ = r + u = 13i + 2j + 9k
deformation
Duy Dux
q2
Dy
q1 Duy
Dux
Dx
Linear strain in Linear strain in Shear strain in XY plane

X-direction Y-direction 𝛾&+ = 𝜃. 𝑟𝑎𝑑 + 𝜃3 𝑟𝑎𝑑
Δ𝑢& Δ𝑢+ 𝛾&+ = 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃. + 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃3

𝜀& = 𝜀+ =
Δ𝑥 Δ𝑦
Δ𝑢+ Δ𝑢&
𝛾&+ = +
Δ𝑥 Δ𝑦

Strain field
State of strain at a point, P can be written in a 3 x 3 matrix of normal and shear components:
ée xx g xy g xz ù
[ ] ê
e ij = êg yx e yy g yz ú
ú
êg zx g zy e zz úû
ë
DV
Volumetric strain at a given point, P, = e xx + e yy + e zz
V
If an element within a body is subjected to only a strain deviator, then the volumetric
strain will be equal to ?

Assignment – Practice exercise
If the displacement field is u = (x2 + y)i + (3 + z)j + (x2+2y)k, write

the displacement gradient matrix at point (2, 3, 1).

Robert Hooke (1635 – 1703)
678
1
In
ceiiinosssttuv Ut tensio sic vis As the tension goes, so does the stretch
Anagram In Latin Meaning
MME Dr. rer. nat. Ravi Kumar, N. V http://www.roberthooke.org.uk/

Linear elastic solids – Elastic constants
q Relationships between the stress and strain components – constitutive equations

q Equations define the manner in which the material resists deformation.
q Constitutive equations are mathematical descriptions of the physical phenomena based
on experimental observations and established principles.
Generalized Hooke’s Law:
s = Ee s i = å cije j 36 constants
j Since cij =cji, 21 independent constants
éσ xx ù = éc11 c12 c13 c14 c15 c16 ù éε xx ù éε xx ù = é s11 s12 s13 s14 s15 s16 ù éσ xx ù
ê ú ê úê ú ê ú ê úê ú
êσ yy ú êc21 c22 c23 c24 c25 c26 ú êε yy ú êε yy ú ê s21 s22 s23 s24 s25 s26 ú êσ yy ú
êσ zz ú êc31 c32 c33 c34 c35 c36 ú êεzz ú êεzz ú ê s31 s32 s33 s34 s35 s36 ú êσ zz ú
êt xy ú êc41 c42 c43 c44 c45 c46 ú êg xy ú êg xy ú ê s41 s42 s43 s44 s45 s46 ú êt xy ú
êt ú êc51 c52 c53 c54 c55 c56 ú êg yz ú êg ú ê s51 s52 s53 s54 s55 s56 ú êt yz ú
ê yz ú ê úê ú ê yz ú ê úê ú
êt ú êëc61 c62 c63 c64 c65 c66 úû êg ú êg ú êë s61 s62 s63 s64 s65 s66 úû êt ú
ë zx û ë zx û ë zx û ë zx û
Stiffness matrix compliance matrix

Anisotropic elasticity
Examples for anisotropy?
E.g., single crystals, each stress component is a function of all six strain components.
Consequently, 21 constants are needed to specify the elasticity of a completely linear
anisotropic elastic solid (extent of anisotropy determined by symmetry).
,
Eg: For a crystal of cubic symmetry, such as silicon and germanium, when the
coordinates are along the cube edges, the stress-strain relations are given below:
és 1 ù éc11 c12 c12 0 0 0 ù ée1 ù

ês ú êc c11 c12 0 0 0 úú êêe 2 úú
ê 2 ú ê 12 Three independent
ês 3 ú êc12 c12 c11 0 0 0 ú êe 3 ú
ê ú=ê úê ú constants, c11, c12 and c44 for
ês 4 ú ê 0 0 0 c44 0 0 ú êe 4 ú
ês 5 ú ê 0 0 0 0 c44 0 ú êe 5 ú a cubic crystal – but why?
ê ú ê úê ú
êës 6 úû êë 0 0 0 0 0 c44 úû êëe 6 úû

Three – 2 fold
Four – 3 fold rotations
rotations
around <111>
None (no
centre of
symmetry)
Orientation convention of unit cells relative to orthogonal stress and strain axes for
description of single-crystal elastic constants

Cubic crystal
x3
c11 = c22 = c33
s3
c44 = c55 = c66
a
What about c12, c13 & c23 ?
s1
c12 = c13 = c23
s2 s2
x2
s1
a
a s3
x1
Rest of the components are zero !!

Elastic constants for a cubic crystal
zero
éc11 c12 c13 c14 c15 c16 ù éc11 c12 c12 0 0 0 ù
ê ú ê ú
ê c22 c23 c24 c25 c26 ú ê c11 c12 0 0 0 ú
ê ú ê ú
ê c33 c34 c35 c36 ú ê c11 0 0 0 ú
ê ú ê ú
ê c44 c45 c46 ú ê c44 0 0 ú
ê ú ê ú
ê c56 ú ê
ê
c55
ú c44 0 ú
ê ú
ê ú ê ú
êë c66 úû êë c44 úû
c11 = c22 = c33

c12 = c13 = c23 3 elastic constants to describe the
c44 = c55 = c66 deformation behavior !

Notations
Simplification of the stress-strain relationship by simplifying the matrix notation
for stresses and strains (tensor notation).
Indices are replaced as shown below
11 ® 1 23 ® 4
22 ® 2 13 ® 5
33 ® 3 12 ® 6

Notations
Dux
" σ1 1 σ 1 2 σ 1 3% " σ 1 σ 6 σ 5%
$ σ 2 1 σ 2 2 σ 2 3' ←*→$ σ 6 σ 2 σ 4 ' q2
$ ' $ ' Dy
# σ 3 1 σ 3 2 σ 3 3& #σ 5 σ 4 σ 3&
q1 Duy
←*→(σ 1 ,σ 2 , σ 3 , σ 4 ,σ 5 ,σ 6 ) Dx
γxy = exy + eyx = εxy + εyx
= 2εxy (Pure shear)
1 1
" ε1 1 ε1 2 ε1 3% " ε1 2
ε6 2
ε5 %
$ ε 2 1 ε 2 2 ε 2 3' ←*→$ 1 ε 6 ε2 1
ε4 '
$ ' $ 21 1
2
'
# ε 3 1 ε 3 2 ε 3 3& # 2 ε5 ε
2 4
ε3 &
←*→(ε 1 ,ε 2 , ε 3 , ε 4 , ε 5 , ε 6 )
Notations
æ s 1 ö æ C11 C12 C13 C14 C15 C16 öæ e1 ö

ç ÷ ç ÷ç ÷
ç s 2 ÷ ç C21 C22 C23 C24 C25 C26 ÷ç e 2 ÷
çs ÷ ç C C32 C33 C34 C35 C36 ÷ç e 3 ÷
ç 3 ÷ = ç 31 ÷ç ÷
ç s 4 ÷ ç C41 C42 C43 C44 C45 C46 ÷ç e 4 ÷
çs ÷ ç C C52 C53 C54 C55 C56 ÷ç e 5 ÷
çç 5 ÷÷ çç 51 ÷÷çç ÷÷
è s 6 ø è C61 C62 C63 C64 C65 C66 øè e 6 ø

Deformation modes of a cubic crystal
3 independent modes of deformation
µ0 µ1
c11 = c22 = c33 {100}<100> shear {110}<110> shear

Dilatational mode of deformation
First mode: Dilatation by hydrostatic stress (s = s1 = s2 = s3)
From Hooke’s law:

s = s1 = c11 e1 + c12 e2 + c13 e3
(c12 = c13)
s = s1 = c11 e1 + c12 e2 + c12 e3

s = (c11 + 2c12 ) e ( since e1 = e2 = e3 = e)
s c + 2c12 DV
Bulk mod ulus = = 11 sin ce, = e 1 + e 2 + e 3 = 3e
DV 3 V
V

Shear modes of deformation
Second mode: {100}<100> shear
Independent mode of shear deformation, yet

µ0 volume conserved
{100}<100> shear
Third mode: {110}<110> shear

Independent mode of shear deformation, yet
volume conserved
µ1
<110> shear strain is equivalent to two equal & opposite normal
strains (e along x1, -e along x2) along orthogonal directions
s 1 = c11e - c12e s 4 s (c11 - c12 )

(s 1 = -s 2 = s ) µ1 = = =
{110}<110> shear s 2 = c12e - c11e e 4 2e 2
MME Elastic anisotropy factor (Zener ratio) = Z = µ0/µ1

Zener ratios of cubic crystals
μ1/μo

Orthorhombic crystal (Eg. Aragonite)
x3
Since the lattice constants, a ¹ b ¹ c the

s3 normal stresses will not produce the same
amount of strain along x1, x2 & x3
c
c11 ¹ c22 ¹ c33

s1
Similarly, the shear stresses acting on

the planes, x1x2, x2x3 & x1x3 will not
s2 s2
produce the same amount of shear
strain,
s1 x2
b c44 ¹ c55 ¹ c66

s3
a
What about c12, c13 & c23 ?
Rest of the
x1 c12 ¹ c13 ¹ c23 components are
zero !!

Elastic constants – Orthorhombic crystal
éc11 c12 c13 c14 c15 c16 ù éc11 c12 c13 0 0 0 ù

ê ú ê ú
ê c22 c23 c24 c25 c26 ú ê c22 c23 0 0 0 ú
ê ú ê ú
ê c33 c34 c35 c36 ú ê c33 0 0 0 ú
ê ú ê ú
ê c44 c45 c46 ú ê c44 0 0 ú
ê ú ê ú
ê c55 c56 ú ê c55 0 ú
ê ú ê ú
ê ú ê ú
êë c66 úû êë c66 úû
Orthorhombic crystal require 9 elastic constants to describe the deformation behavior !

Elastic constants – Triclinic crystal
éc11 c12 c13 c14 c15 c16 ù

ê ú
ê c22 c23 c24 c25 c26 ú
ê ú
ê c33 c34 c35 c36 ú
ê SY
ú
ê M
M c44 c45 c46 ú
ê ET
RI
ú
ê C
c55 c56 ú
ê ú
ê ú
êë c66 úû
Triclinic crystal require 21 elastic

Turquoise crystal constants to describe the deformation
behavior !

Elastic constants – crystal systems
Physical Properties of Crystals, Nye

Problem – Practice exercise
The elastic constants of Niobium are given as, C11 = 242 GPa, C12
= 129 GPa and C44 = 286 GPa. Find the elastic compliances.
HINT: Product of stiffness and compliance matrices is equal to one.

Elastic Behavior of Materials: Elasticity

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Elastic Behavior of Materials: Elasticity

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Elastic behavior of materials

n Elasticity - Analysis of stress

q State of stress at a point

q Normal and shear stress components

MME Dr. rer. nat. Ravi Kumar, N. V

q Various tools for characterization

q Analytical and experimental techniques

MME Dr. rer. nat. Ravi Kumar, N. V

MME Dr. rer. nat. Ravi Kumar, N. V

High performance Microstructure- SEM Microstructure-HREM

MME Dr. rer. nat. Ravi Kumar, N. V

SEM images of spark plasma sintered (SPS) SiC

MME Dr. rer. nat. Ravi Kumar, N. V

5 wt% CaO SiO2, 1600 °C: 2s

5 wt% CaO SiO2, 1600 °C: 2h

Control on electronic and structural properties of Alumina (Al2O3) - Anisotropy

MME Dr. rer. nat. Ravi Kumar, N. V

AZ61 Mg alloy subjected to severe plastic deformation (ECAP)

As-recieved One pass Eight passes

Refinement of grain size – Control on strength

Kim et al, Scripta Materialia, 2004

MME Dr. rer. nat. Ravi Kumar, N. V

n How does microstructures control mechanical properties of materials ?

n What components of stress control deformation & failure in a component?

n How does elastic properties differ between single and polycrystalline

CONCEPT: State of stress at a point

MME Dr. rer. nat. Ravi Kumar, N. V

q What if the structural member is not of uniform geometry of shape/size …?

MME Dr. rer. nat. Ravi Kumar, N. V

n Consider a body, B which is in equilibrium

Z Adv. mechanics of solids, L. S. Srinath

MME Dr. rer. nat. Ravi Kumar, N. V

F2 n Parts C & D are in equilibrium under the

MME Dr. rer. nat. Ravi Kumar, N. V

MME Dr. rer. nat. Ravi Kumar, N. V

Adv. mechanics of solids, L. S. Srinath

MME Dr. rer. nat. Ravi Kumar, N. V

Adv. mechanics of solids, L. S. Srinath

MME Dr. rer. nat. Ravi Kumar, N. V

MME Dr. rer. nat. Ravi Kumar, N. V

s xy qSign convention: On a face whose normal is in the

X q Assuming the tetrahedron APBC is in equilibrium

MME Dr. rer. nat. Ravi Kumar, N. V

q For eg: Area of APB = Projected area of ABC on

n Z-plane Area of APB = Area of ABC multiplied

X-plane A s zz and equating them to zero, convince yourself that

MME Dr. rer. nat. Ravi Kumar, N. V

n The normal and shear components

n The normal stress is along n

and now substitute and write the equation-----?

MME Dr. rer. nat. Ravi Kumar, N. V

9 rectangular components of stresses, but

Sum of the squares of the direction cosines = 1

MME Dr. rer. nat. Ravi Kumar, N. V

(a) which is equally inclined to the positive X- and Y- axes

MME Dr. rer. nat. Ravi Kumar, N. V

q Cauchy’s stress equations with respect to

MME Dr. rer. nat. Ravi Kumar, N. V

Adv. mechanics of solids, L. S. Srinath

MME Dr. rer. nat. Ravi Kumar, N. V

(sxx - s) nx + txy ny + txz nz = 0 The trivial solution for these equations is nx =

Expanding this determinant, leads to a cubic

Where, I1, I2 and I3 are called the stress