Subject: COMPARATIVE EDUCATION

Time & Day: 10:00-12:00 noon SATURDAY

Topic: COMARATIVE EDUCATION IN PHILIPPINES AND MALAYSIA

Name: DEBERLYN HERBOLINGO OMALAY

PHILIPPINES MALAYSIA

GENERAL BACKGROUND GENERAL BACKGROUND

There were approximately 1,621 institutions of

Malaysia is a multi-ethnic society, the major ethnic
higher education in the Philippines, of which some 1,445
groups being Malays, Chinese, and Indians. Before Singapore
(nearly 90 percent) were in the private sector. There are
became an independent state in 1965, the Chinese made up
approximately 2,500,000 students who participate in
about half of the Malaysian population, outnumbering the
higher education each year, 66 percent of whom are
indigenous Malay population. In the last few decades, it has
enrolled in private institutions.
declined from a share of 35 per cent in 1970 to around 27 per
cent in 1991 (Chan and Tey, 2000). However, in certain
The public institutions of higher learning include
geographical areas- notably Penang, the ethnic Chinese still
some 112 charted state universities and colleges, with a
predominate.
total of 271 satellite campuses. There are also 50 local
universities, as well as a handful of government schools Malaysia is one of Asia's top education destinations. The
whose focus is on technical, vocational and teacher Malaysian government provides free education on primary
training. Five special institutions also provide training and and secondary level, summing up to an amount of 11 years
education in the areas of military science and national for each student.
defense. Malaysia ranked 11th as most popular destination in the
world for international education at tertiary level.
The school year in Malaysia starts in January and goes
to the third week of November. The minimum number of
schooling days per year is 190. Malaysian students have 5
holidays which sum up to an amount of 11 weeks.

GOALS
GOALS
Under the Malaysia Education Blueprint 2013-2025, the
To provide a general education program that will
education system will focus on making changes to structural
promote national identity, cultural consciousness, moral
elements that are in line with international best practices of
integrity and spiritual vigor. To train the nation’s manpower
high- performing education systems. In preparing students for
in the skills required for national development.
the demands of the future, structural adjustments across each
To develop the professions that will provide leadership
phase of education will be made and resources maximized to
for the nation. To advance knowledge through research
provide the very best to Malaysians of all levels.
work and apply new knowledge for improving the quality
To realize the aim of becoming a center of educational
of human life and responding effectively to changing
excellence, the government has allocated more than 20% of
societal needs and conditions.
the national budget for education and training. Among the
nation's goals are to: ensure that 40% of the 17-24 years’
age group will have tertiary education; provide primary school
 education for all children; ensure that 60% of public
university lecturers possess PhD qualifications; and have
150,000 international students studying at higher educational
institutions by 2015.

FORMAL SYSTEM OF EDUCATION FORMAL SYSTEM OF EDUCATION

Elementary Education Primary Education

Elementary school, sometimes called primary Only primary school education is compulsory in Malaysia,
school or grade school (Filipino: paaralang elementarya, where multilingual public schools, private schools and home
sometimes mababang paaralan), is the first part of the educators co-exist side by side. Following unregulated
educational system, and it includes the first six years of preschool education, a child enters primary school at age 7 for
compulsory education (Grades 1–6) after cumpolsory pre- a period of 6 years. Following schooling in the community
school education called Kindergarten. language of their choice they must sit for their primary school
achievement test in order to qualify to study further.
Secondary Education
Secondary school in the Philippines, more Secondary Education
commonly known as "high school" (Filipino: paaralang There is no identified middle school period although
sekundarya, sometimes mataas na paaralan), consists of 4 secondary education is divided into 2 phases. Following the
lower levels and 2 upper levels. It formerly consisted of first 3 years of general education students write for their
only four levels with each level partially lower certificate of education. Thereafter they enter either the
compartmentalized, focusing on a particular theme or arts or the science stream according to personal choice and
content. Because of the K-12 curriculum, the high school teacher advice for 2 years. Once in that stream though,
system now has six years divided into 2 parts. The lower switching opportunities are limited. Following this latter
exploratory high school system is now called "Junior High period, they may complete 6th form, or study for a further 2
School" (Grades 7-10) while the upper specialized high years for matriculation exemption.
school system is now called "Senior High School" (Grades
11 and 12). Vocational Education
The department of skills development oversees the
Vocational School establishment and operation of all public and private training
Formal technical and vocational education starts at institutions. It has developed almost 1,000 standards for
secondary education, with a two-year curriculum, which certificate, diploma and advanced diploma training, and is
grants access to vocational tertiary education. However, rolling more out in approximately 20 identified key areas.
there is also non-formal technical and vocational education
provided as alternative learning programs. Tertiary Education
Controversy continues to surround heavily subsidized
Tertiary Education Malaysian tertiary education because of tight quotas that
Most institutions of higher learning are regulated by protect the racial majority. Some progress has been made in
the commission for higher education. the direction of a greater meritocracy though, and in the
Colleges typically offer 1 or more specialized programs interim disadvantaged students have the opportunity of
while universities must offer at least 8 different enrolling at private or foreign branch universities.
undergraduate degree programs in a wide array of subjects
and at least 2 graduate programs.

ADMINISTRATIVE AND SUPERVISORY STRUCTURE ADMINISTRATIVE AND SUPERVISORY STRUCTURE

Education Governing Authorities
Education in the Philippines is managed and There are 2 different types of government-run primary
regulated by the Department of schools. As opposed to the “normal” government schools
Education (DepEd), Commission on Higher there are also the so-called “vernacular” schools which have
Education(CHED) and Technical Education and Skills Chinese or Tamil as teaching language.
Development Authority (TESDA). DepEd is responsible for Primary and secondary education in Malaysia are
the K–12 basic education; it exercises full and exclusive regulated by the Ministry of Education whereas tertiary
control over public schools and nominal regulation education is under the supervision of the Ministry of Higher
over private schools, and it also enforces the national Education.
curriculum that has been put in place since 2013. CHED Secondary school are subdivided into more or less 3
and TESDA, on the other hand, are responsible for higher parts: national schools, religious schools and national-type
education; CHED regulates the academically- Chinese or Tamil schools.
oriented universities and colleges while TESDA oversees Generally, the Malaysian education structure can be
the development of technical and vocational divided into pre-tertiary and tertiary education levels.
education institutions and programs in the country. Previously, there were two governing authorities in education:
the pre-tertiary education sector (from pre-school to
secondary education and teacher education) was placed under
the jurisdiction of the Ministry of Education (MOE), while the
higher education sector came under the Ministry of Higher
Education (MOHE). In May 2013, the two ministries were
merged as one entity and named the Ministry of Education
Malaysia (or KementerianPendidikan Malaysia in Malay).

EDUCATIONAL FINANCE EDUCATIONAL FINANCE

The 1987 Constitution provides that "the State Funding for Higher Education
shall assign the highest budgetary priority to education." Students studying at public universities need to pay
In 2016, DepEd was allotted P411.905 billion out of the P3- tuition fees. However, the fees are highly subsidized by the
trillion national budget. government. Students at private institutions pay full fees.
Students graduating from the elementary level There are many types of financial aid available for
automatically enroll in junior high, which covers four years Malaysian students who pursue their higher education in the
from grades 7 to 10. This level is now compulsory and free country. These include scholarships and study loans from
to all students attending public schools. public and private sectors.
The private sector and non-government organizations
also provide funding in the form of scholarships, grants or
study loans. Fee waiver schemes are offered by many private
higher educational institutions and many study loan schemes
are offered by various organizations.

CURRICULUM DEVELOPMENT
CURRICULUM DEVELOPMENT

 For the national schools, language of instruction is

 In kindergarten, the pupils are mandated to learn the
Bahasa Melayu. Medium of instruction in national-type
alphabet, numbers, shapes and colours through
schools is Mandarin if it is a Chinese type national
games, songs, pictures and dances, but in
school or Tamil if it is Tamil type national school. Malay
their native language; thus after Grade 1, every
language known as Bahasa Melayu is a
student can read on his/her native tongue.
compulsory/mandatory subject and English is taught as
 In Grade 1, the subject areas
a second language. Private schools are approved under
of English and Filipino are taught, with a focus on
the Education Act (1996) for teaching the fundamental
"oral fluency".
core subjects which are part of the curriculum.
 In Grade 4, the subject areas of English and Filipino
are gradually introduced, but now, as "languages of
 instruction".  Kindergartens have been mandated to adopt Pre-School
 The Science and Mathematics subjects are now Curriculum which is national and established by the
modified to use the spiral progression approach Ministry. This curriculum gives pre-school children a
starting as early as Grade 1 which means that every chance to develop their personality and communication
lesson will be taught in every grade level starting skills.
with the basic concepts to the more complex
concepts of that same lesson until Grade 10.  National curriculum for primary schools or Primary
 The high school from the former system will now be School Integrated Curriculum/Kurikulum Bersepadu
called junior high school, while senior high school will Sekolah Rendah is mandatory This education curriculum
be the 11th and 12th year of the new educational is divided into two phases namely Grade 1 to 3 and
system. It will serve as a specialized upper secondary Grade 4 to 6. At the time of Phase 1, the stress is on
education. In the senior high school, students may strong reading, writing as well as mathematical skills.
choose a specialization based on aptitude, interests, Phase 2 involves further mastery of these skills.
and school capacity. The choice of career track will
define the content of the subjects a student will take
in Grades 11 and 12. Senior high school subjects fall
under either the core curriculum or specific tracks.
There are four choices that are available to be chosen by
the students — or the so-called "specific tracks". As part of
the government’s “Education for All” mandate,
the Madrasah Education Program was adopted in madaris
(Muslim schools) especially in Mindanao. The Arabic
Language and Islamic Values (ALIVE) are part of the basic
education curriculum of these schools.
SYSTEM OF EXAMINATIONS SYSTEM OF EXAMINATIONS
Secondary students used to sit for the National Examinations and Qualifications
Secondary Achievement Test (NSAT), which was based on The Examination Syndicate or LembagaPeperiksaan
the American SAT, and was administered by the (LP) conducts several national examinations. At the end of the
Department of Education. Like its primary school six years of primary schooling, pupils are required to sit for a
counterpart, NSAT was phased out after major common public examination called the Primary School
reorganizations in the education department. Its Achievement Test / UjianPenilaianSekolahRendah (PSAT /
successors, the National Career Assessment Examination UPSR). The subjects tested in UPSR include Bahasa Malaysia,
(NCAE) and National Achievement Test (NAT) were English, Mathematics, and Science. Students at national-type
administered to third- and fourth-year students primary schools also sit for Mandarin or Tamil.
respectively, before the implementation of the K-12 After two years of upper secondary education, students
system. The National Career Assessment Examination sit for the public common examination SijilPelajaran Malaysia,
(NCAE) is now being administered for Grade 9 and SPM (also known as the Malaysian Certificate of Education).
the National Achievement Test (NAT) is being administered Compulsory subjects include Bahasa Malaysia, English,
at Grade 6, 10, and 12. Neither the NSAT nor NAT have Islamic Education (for Muslim students), Moral Studies (for
been used as a basis for being offered admission to higher non-Muslim students), History, Mathematics, and Science.
education institutions, partly because pupils sit them at Elective subjects are also offered across the fields of arts and
almost the end of their secondary education. Instead, health, information and communication technology, languages
higher education institutions, both public and private, and literature, technical and vocational studies, science and
administer their own College Entrance Examinations (CEE) mathematics, social sciences and religion.
(subjects covered will depend on the institutions).
Vocational colleges usually do not have entrance
examinations, simply accepting the Form 138 record of
studies from high school, and enrollment payment.

EDUCATIONAL ASSESSMENT EDUCATIONAL ASSESSMENT

The credit and degree structure of university The qualifications awarded by all higher educational
education in the Philippines bears a striking resemblance to institutions in Malaysia registered under laws related to
that of the United States. Entrance into Philippine Malaysian education are governed by the Malaysian
universities and other institutions of higher education is Qualifications Framework (MQF). The Malaysian Qualifications
dependent on the possession of a high school Certificate of Act 2007 provides for the establishment of the Malaysian
Graduation and in some cases on the results of the National Qualifications Agency (MQA) whose main role is to implement
Secondary Achievement Test (NSAT), or in many colleges MQF.
and universities the results of their own entrance The framework specifies that a programme is required
examinations.There are essentially three degree stages of to achieve the following minimum credits before an academic
higher education in the Philippines: Bachelor (Batsilyer), qualification can be awarded by the approved higher
Master (Masterado) and PhD ((DoktorsaPilospiya). educational institutions, e.g. certificate (60 credits), diploma
The Philippines is one of the countries to be the first to (90 credits), bachelor degree (120 credits), and taught
have an accrediting agency, independent of the master degree (40 credits). Master and doctoral degrees
government. PAASCU was created through the efforts of obtained by research do not have credit values.
the Catholic Educational Association of the Philippines, National Quality Assurance Agency for Higher Education –
composed mainly of Catholic HEIs. Like other accrediting MQA
agencies, it subscribes to two steps in the accreditation The national quality assurance agency of Malaysia is
process: (1) self-survey; and (2) on-site visit by members known as the Malaysian Qualifications Agency (MQA) which
of the accrediting board. was established on 1 November 2007 under the Malaysian
Qualifications Agency Act 2007. MQA is entrusted with
implementing the national framework known as the Malaysian
 Qualifications Framework (MQF), to accredit higher
educational programmes and qualifications, supervise and
regulate the quality and standard of higher education
providers, establish and maintain the Malaysian Qualifications
Register, and provide for related matters.

MAJOR REFORM MAJOR REFORM

There are large-scale shortages of facilities across The problem posed by the digital divide, or the
Philippine public schools - these include classrooms, segregation between the core and periphery of societies in the
teachers, desks and chairs, textbooks, and audio-video developing countries as well as in the world as a whole, is an
materials. According to 2003 Department of Education issue which has been created by the advance of ICT. To
Undersecretary Juan Miguel Luz, reportedly over 17 million reduce the effects of this divide, the Malaysian government
students are enrolled in Philippine public schools, and at an has introduced programs to increase the awareness of the use
annual population growth rate of 2.3 per cent, about 1.7 of ICT among rural households. In Malaysia, the requirement
million babies are born every year which means that in a to bridge the “digital divide” among the countries
few years time, more individuals will assert ownership over communities and the need to augment the accessibility to ICT
their share of the (limited) educational provisions. To sum services and structures was acknowledge through the creation
it up, there are too many students and too little resources. of the Universal Service Provision fund by the industry
alongside government funding.
COMPARATIVE EDUCATION IN PHILIPPINES AND MALAYSIA

Subject & Time:

COMPARATIVE EDUCATION
10:00-12:00 noon

Submitted by:

DEBERLYN HERBOLINGO OMALAY

Submitted to:

DR. JASMINE B. MISA