A Dictionary of Japanese Particles PDF

A DICTIONARY OF JAPANESE PARTICLES Sue A. Kawashima KODANSHA INTERNATIONAL Tokyo * New York LondonTo my studentsPREFACE Although there are many difficult grammatical points that a student must master in learning the Japanese language, particles belong in a class by themselves. Appearing in nearly every sentence, they are absolutely crucial to a proper understanding of the intended meaning. A student may possess a large vocabulary and a good grasp of verb conjugation, but without a firm command of particles, he or she cannot hope to construct consistently cor- rect sentences. In choice and placement, particles can completely transform the meaning of two sentences that are otherwise exactly the same. Throughout my teaching career I have felt that particles were the key to learning Japanese. Though not a linguist, I have many years of teaching experience, and in this book I hope to have made good use of that experience by helping students come to a better understanding of particle usage. If the student benefits in any substantial way, I will feel my efforts have been rewarded. I wish to thank my students at Hunter College, who, by posing many thought-provoking questions, have contributed to the making of this book. I would also like to express my sincere gratitude té Tetsuo Kuramochi of Kodansha International, who helped to bring about this incarnation of the original edition, Particles Plus. Lastly, I am indebted for much of the translation herein to my daughter, a professor of Japanese literature, who has edited all of my work. Sue A. Kawashima Spring, 1999Previously published by Harcourt Brace Jovanovich Japan as Particles Plus. Distributed in the United States by Kodansha America, Inc., 575 Lexington ‘Avenue, New York N.Y, 10022, and in the United Kingdom and continental Europe by Kodansha Europe Ltd,, 95 Aldwych, London WC2B 4JF. Published by Kodansha International Ltd., 17-14 Otowa I-chome, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 112-8652, and Kodansha America, Inc. Copyright © 1999 by Sue A. Kawashima All rights reserved. Printed in Japan First edition, 1999 99000102 10987654321 ISBN 4-7700-2352-9CONTENTS PREFACE INTRODUCTION --- 1 5 10 13 14 15 17 26 29 29 30 30 34 42 42 BA (f= BAKARI [£A‘0 DAKE #It DAKE-NI #IFIC(C.P.) DANO HO: DATTE #3T DE tT DEMO 7% DOKORO #ZS -- DOKOROKA ¢Z4y* Domo ¢%& EA GA * GA-NA (GA-NAA) GATERA #°TS B-7E (1-158) (C-P.) 43 45 45 46 KAI DLVCP.) st KA-NA(KA-NAA) 2-7 (-7685) (C.P.) 52 KARA 25 - 53 KARA-SHITE '5-LT(CP.) 65 KASHIRA 2US > 66 KE [t - 09KEREDOMO(KEREDO,KEDO,KEDOMO) nese, FE. (te) KIRL #9: Koso zz- KOTO ce: KURAI(GURAI) << 5L\(<5L1) KUSE-NI < t#-IC(C.P.) MADE £T- MADE-MO #7-%(C.P.) MADE-NI &T- MO #- MONO &@ MONO-DE(MON-DE) $0-@(A-T) (C.P.) MONOKA(MONKA) =®@A(6 AA) MONONARA(MON-NARA) O75 (6A-7E5) - MONONO #00 MONO-O %0-% NA(NAA) 7 (7585) NADO(NANKA) § &¢ (7E/ut") NAGARA 25 « NAGARA-MO ASE NANTE AT NARI “£0 - NDE A-C(CP.) NE(NEE) 4a(4a%) NEMO (2-8 (CP.) + NI-MO-KAKAWARA-ZU NI-OI-TE [£-é5l1-T(C.P.) NFSHITE [<-UT(G.P.) NI-SHITE-MO_ [c- . 140 NI-SHITE-WA NITE [c@ NO(N) (Ay) vevesreesestseseseseeseseseetseeeeeeeeneseneneseseseesseesenenenes 143 5-F(CP.)NO-DA(N-DA) @-#E (Av-#E) (C.P.) NO-DAROO(N-DAROO) = ®-#235(A-ES5S)(CP.) NODE(N-DE) ®T@(A-T) NO-DE ®-C@(CP.) NO-DE ARU @-7&S(CP.) NO-DESHOO(N-DESHOO) ®-TL&S(A-TL KS) (CP.) NO-DESU(N-DESU) ®-@3(A-TS)(CP.) NOMI Oa NONI OIE NO-NI @-IZ(C.P.) O(WO) %@ SA &* 158 159 160 162 163 164 164 166 167 169 170 177 179 180 182 183 185 186 188 189 190 195 196 198 SHIMO Lt SURA 35 TARA kS TAR DO - TATIE OT Te T TEBA Tig TEMO(DEMO) 7(7%) TE-NE T-4a(C.P.) TE-WA T-ld(C.P.) To TO-IE-BA &-\\Z-IE(C.P.) TO E-LIV(C.P.) + TO-TTA &-lLi>k(CP.) TOATTE &-LIDT(CP.) TO-WA-ZU &-L\40-3'(CP.) TOKA ¢p TOKORO ¢z3 TOKORODE ¢Z243T 210 210 211 211 212 213 215 215TOKORO-E &Z3-A(CP.) - TOKOROGA ¢cJt'- TOKORO-O ¢z23-%- ToMO ¢#---- TO-MO ¢-%(C.P.) TO-MO-ARE ¢-6-&*(CP.) - TO-SHI-TE ¢-UL-T(C.P.) TO-SHITEMO ¢-UT-8(CP.) TO-SHITE-WA ¢-UT-Id(CP.) TO-WA ¢-I¢(CP.) TOWAMIE &-[d-l\X(CP.) TO-YUU &-lI5(CP.) TO-YUU-KOTO-WA €-l1\5-Ze-lt(CP.) TO-YUU-NO-WA(MO) — &-115-O-I.() (CP.) TO-YUU-TO &-l\5-&(CP.) TIE 3T: WA [s- WA > YA »- YAL PLY “ YA-INA-YA 4P-LZE-P(CP.) YARA ?5- Yo ke YORI &O - zE tt: zo @: ZUTSU FD MASTERING PARTICLE: ANSWER KEYS ---« PATTERNS --- GLOSSARY (English-Japanese) GLOSSARY (Japanese-English) EXERCISESINTRODUCTION DEFINITION OF PARTICLES 1) A particle (89#4 joshi) in the Japanese language follows a word to: A) show its relationship to other words in a sentence, and/or B) give that word a particular meaning or nuance. 2) Unlike verbs, adjectives and adverbs, particles are not inflected, and therefore stay in the same form regardless of where they appear in a sentence. 3) Generally, particles are considered to be equivalent to prepositions, conjunctions and interjections of the English language; of these three, the majority of particles belong to the first category. 4) A particle should always be placed after the word it modifies, which means that in translating them into English, the word order should be changed. Example: English phrase: “top of the desk” Japanese phrase: tsukue no ue = “(the) desk of top” WHEN TO USE PARTICLES Consider the following sentence: “My mother and my father had dinner at a restaurant in Tokyo with a friend.”This example contains three prepositions (at, in, with) and one conjunction (and). However, the same sentence translated into Japanese is: “Watashi o haha to chichi wa tomodachi to issho ni tookyoo no resutoran de yuushoku o tabe-mashita.” There are eight particles in the above example. Note, then, two points: 1) You cannot simply replace English prepositions, conjunctions and interjections with particles; there are particles that cannot be translated into English but still have vital functions in a Japanese sentence. 2) Nouns are usually followed by particles. When you are just starting to learn Japanese, get into the habit of looking for the appropriate particle every time you see a noun. Of course, there are exceptions to this rule: A) Particles are normally not placed directly before a copula (desu, da, deshita, datta, etc.). Example: “This is an apple.” = kore wa ringo desu. Note the absence of any particles before “desu,” even though ringo (“apple”) is a noun. B) Words that express quantity, extent, or numbers are not usually followed by particles, even though they are considered nouns. Example: “Please give me three of those.” = sore o mit-tsu kudasai. Note that mit-tsu (“three”) is not followed by a particle, though it is considered a noun. Particles also follow verbs, adjectives, and adverbs, though less frequently than nouns. Learning when to use particles after verbs, adjectives, iiand adverbs is really a matter of memorization. FUNCTIONS OF PARTICLES As stated above, particles are vital in Japanese. Consider the case of pronouns in English: “I,” “my,” and “me” are separate words that indepen- dently signify their functions in a sentence. However, in Japanese, there is one word watashi that serves as the basic “stem” for the singular first- person pronoun, and the subjective, possessive, and objective cases are constructed in the following ways, through the use of particles: “[” = watashi [wal/watashi [ga brL[B]/be LU [a ‘my” = watashi {no| brL[o “me” = watashi | ni|/watashi |o (wo)| #L [I= |/bAL]& It's clear, then, that only through the use of particles can the precise function of the stem “watashi” be identified. Let’s look at another set of examples. The meaning of the English sentence “I eat fish” is straightforward: the subject is “I,” the verb “eat” is a transitive verb that requires an object, which is “fish” in this case. However, if we translate it into Japanese without particles, it would look like this: watashi sakana _ taberu. As it stands, this group of words has no apparent meaning. If we were to insert some possible particles after the two nouns, we can create sentences with vastly different meanings (particles are enclosed in squares): ifiwatashi [wa] sakana | 0 | taberu. “I eat fish” (the meaning of the original English sentence) watashi | o | sakana |ga| taberu. “The fish eats me.” c+) watashi [md sakana [0] taberu. “I, too, eat fish.” watashi [to] sakana [ga] taberu. “The fish and I eat (something).” 5amwatashi [wa] sakana |mo, taberu. “I eat fish also (as well as other things).” watashi mo, sakana |wa] taberu. “Even I eat (it if it's) fish.” There are other possibilities as well, but you can see from these rather humorous examples that you could be communicating completely different messages depending on the particles you choose, even though your nouns, verbs, and other parts of speech in a sentence remain the same! It is therefore essential for you to grasp the usage of particles in order to master the Japanese language. FEATURES OF THIS BOOK This book is designed for use by students of Japanese at almost all levels. For the beginners, the most fundamental particles are shown in bold face, explained in detail, and accompanied by illustrations where appropri- vate. Since this book contains most particles in the Japanese language with their usages and examples, even intermediate- and advanced-level students can use it as a reference tool. (1) Only particles used in Modern Japanese are included. Some archaic or very rarely-used particles have been omitted. Certain combination particles (C.P.) called rengo (#28) which frequently occur are also explained in this book. The combination particle (C.P.) combines particles and other words such as adverbs, copulas, etc. (2) Particles have squares around them every time they appear in an example sentence (such as |no]), and parts of speech of the words, or phrases/clauses that they modify are underlined: ,, for nouns, y,__ for verbs, 4a for adjectives, ,cs for adverbs, « for copulas, __ for clauses, ,,___ for phrases, etc. However, certain patterns and phrases are not underlined, since they are considered one unit, including the particle enclosed in the square. Their usages are listed in outline form, together with the closest approximate English equivalents where applicable. Sample sentences using the particles follow their defini- tions. (3) Particles are listed in alphabetical order in dictionary form, and there is a glossary at the back that lists the approximate English meanings and the corresponding particles. Also, for quick reference, see the chart on the endpapers. (4) Although the Japanese sentences contain mostly Joo-yoo-Kanji (most commonly used standard Kanji), there are a few exceptions where other Kanji appear. vi(5) Some sample sentences contain some compounds that are slightly advanced, but most of the sample sentences rely on basic vocabulary so that they are easy to understand, even for beginning-level students. (6) All Kanji (Chinese characters) are accompanied by furigana (phonetic readings in hiragana) over them so that the student can immediately recog- nize their pronunciation. (7) Grammar is explained in a way that English-speaking students can understand clearly; consequently, the method differs from the way grammar is taught to native Japanese speakers. (8) Question marks appear much less frequently in a Japanese question than in English. However, in order to clearly indicate interrogative sentences, they are followed by question marks. (9) There are exercises at the back of the book that are designed to familiarize the beginning-level student with the most fundamental particles. ‘An answer key is also provided. (10) The Romanization system of this book basically follows the Hepburn system as shown in the chart below. ab Fits 4 ud 7 eR =F ob 4 kat 4” kiX * ku¢ 7 kelt F koo 2 sas 4 shil ¥Y suv A set *€ sot VY tak 9% chib F tsur Y teT F toe Ff naz oF nic = nuaa % nesta * nom 7 halt 7s hi® &— fus. 7 hen ~ holi *# mat 2 mi&* = mut A meH X mob € yar ox — yup 2 yok 4rab Fri) Y mS ww reh b- ros D wab Fo — - _ o(wo)& 7 n& Y gas ow giX ¥ gue 7 gel¥ + gor F zaX oF il Y my XK wet & zt VY da 7 jit F me Y det F dork F balf 78 bIB LE buss F bex ~< bold palf 7S pit E pus: 7 pex ~ pole # kyaso 4+ kyuso 42 kyoS: 43 shale Yr shulw Ya shoLt Ya chabe Fx chubn Fa chobs Fa nyalie Sy nyulin 22 nyolis 23 hyate tx hyut» ca hyovr Ea myaAe i+ myu% myoAr ia ryan e x ryu.® Ya Tyo. Ya jale Yr july Ya jolr Ya byaUe Ex byuv Ea byoks Eas pyae Ex pyuvw Ea pyoks Ea (a) Long vowels are indicated by two vowels placed one after the other. Example: Tokyo ......... Tookyoo The second vowel will remind the beginning-level student that there should be a hiragana character there that stands in for the long vowel sound. Example: To o kyo o (Tokyo) ; Copka7 e ga (movie) z ar Me viii(b) Two identical vowels that are placed right next to each other are separated by hyphens, in order to avoid confusion with the long vowel sound. Example: kinoo (yesterday) mono-o (particle “mono” + another particle “o”) (c) Some words are divided by hyphens to indicate the separate syllables, or the separate units, that compose the word, so that it is easier to identify these elements visually. Examples: 5 £44- --ari-masen (there is/are not) SRT 3° +-benkyoo-suru (to study) ESFHl- iki-jibiki (a walking dictionary) Bows. --omoi-dasu (to remenber) ke *-on-na (a woman) --shite-iru (be doing) tabe-tai (to want to eat) REG “-yoma-nai (do not read) (a) The honorific prefixes “o” and “go” are considered as being part of the word, and therefore are not set off by a hyphen. Example: oree (appreciation) omatsuri (festival) gohan (meal) gochisoo (delicacies)List of Abbreviations adj. = adjective adv. = adverb c. = copula (da/desu, datta/deshita, daroo/deshoo, etc.) cl. = clause conj. = conjunction cp. = combination particle g. = gerund (te/de form) interj. = interjection m. = mimesis n. = noun (including pronouns), and nominal 0. = onomatopoeia p. = particle ph. = phraseBA [¢ 1, Presents a condition that would result in the clause that follows. English approximation: “if...” A) Fhain[ahicdoase. Ima ,,dekakere [ba] maniai-masu yo. If you leave now, you'll make it in time. B) CANNY TELM AEC IS Kon-na pen demo 44 yokere [ba] doozo. If this sort of pen is okay with you, go ahead (and use it). (implication: the pen is not so great.) ap mascot C) MS AMM IT| BEIM BOBO KA Ame sae ,, fure [ba] hoosaku wa machigai-nai noda ga. If only it would rain, there's sure to’be a bountiful harvest. 2, Shows a cause-and-effect relationship between the topic it presents and the clause or phrase that follows. English approximation: “when (something happens)...” (instead of “if...” above) ee ae ee A) CBA Sah ewes} E ML, Koorogi ga ,, naki-dase |ba| aki mo ma-jikai. When crickets start to chirp, autumn is just around the corner. 93 & acto the PRITAM L|BBILARI GS. B) Yuuyake ni , nare |ba] yokujitsu wa tenki ni naru. When there’s a vivid sunset, the next day will be clear. 3. In set patterns such as “... to ieba ~%+»2 (d,” and “... hara ba ~& 15 IX,” indicates the topic which is to be discussed in the phrase or clause that follows. English approximation: the nuance is similar to “speaking of (topic A) B) Cc) terms of (topic)...,” or “according to (topic)...” Bt Leela] eobapulocse. Osushi . nara [ba] ano mise ga oishii desu yo. In terms of sushi, that restaurant is a good one. jbsictn[a], RLaHA Haze, Uwasa ni, yore [ba], kanojo wa koibito to wakareta rashii. According to rumors, she broke up with her boyfriend. aoe ow wsee LAF V-RBCTAIZ], Pols ey FayI7IO+s—-#HKEN, Misuterii eega to ,, ie [ba], yappari Hicchikokku no ga ichiban da ne. Speaking of mystery movies, Hitchcock’s are the best after all, don't you think? 4. Similar to the meanings of the patterns “... suru to ~$ 4 &” and “... shita tokoro ga ~L AX ISA” English approximation: “considering (something, it is evident that ...)” A) B) a2 Lee ay vt bse ag HOES BAIL], FORFAR LOTT. Mae no shigoto 0 , omoe |ba}, ima no shigoto wa rakuna mono desu. Considering my former job, my current job is pretty easy. BBWEs.anla], eobbho hase Berean. Yoron-choosa kara ,, mire |ba], sono seejika no ninki wa kanari ochita yoo da.In looking at the public opinion polls, it seems that the politician’s popularity has fallen quite a bit. 5. Ina“..mo..ba ~%~ld” pattern, serves to list events, categories and things. English approximation: “(something) and (something) also,” or “neither ... nor ... he ore A) kbVnils| Bbw, On-na mo ,, ire |ba| otoko mo iru. There are women, and there are also men. ess B) &xshenunla], domo. Taberu mono mo ,,nakere [ba], sumu tokoro mo nai. There isn’t anything to eat, or anywhere to live. (ie. There’s neither food nor shelter.) © Rxiaer ehula|bes< Fakes. Kanojo wa piano mo ,, hike |ba| e mo kaku tasai na hito desu. She’s a multi-talented person who can play the piano and paint as well. 6. Inthe patterns “ne ba nara-nai #ld%@ 5 44” and “nakere ba nara-nai/ nari-masen @I}hId& 5 &\\/4 £4A,” to indicate that something has to be done or that a standard must be observed. English approximation: “must do (something).” A) yoga: errs 29 RRNA HRS wlt HITED eA. Tookyoo ni wa maitsuki shucchoo de ,,,ikanakere |ba| nar- imasen. (1) have to go to Tokyo every month on business trips.B) Cc) shew 2 meme FRATH ME DTA Zou. Yosan-nai de keekaku o ,,, tatene [ba naranai. (I) must devise plans within the budget. be pea ae AC ORRILE 5 WIHT] BSB. Hito to no yakusoku wa ,, mamoranakere |ba| naranai. One has to keep promises one makes to others. 7. In set patterns such as “iwa ba \+414” and “tatoe ba A & 215." English approximation: “let us say ...” or “so to speak.” A) B) eee ge AOVE—VI, KEA[IAROKBOLI LL Harowiin wa, ,,tatoe [ba| nihon no obon no yor Halloween is, let us say, similar to the Obon fest iha, op[a]ea Floss wor. Kare wa, p,iwa |ba] iki-jibiki no yoo na mono He is, so to speak, like a living dictionary. 8 Inthe set pattern “naze nara ba #4 51d.” English approximation: A) B) Siaanit, ARC XaK. ee [T Biosms. DTT. 0 Na mono desu. tival in Japan. da. “the reason being...” or “because...” 42 gue ews EDGHRE ETS Jikan ga are ba, kisha de iku beki da. ,,.Naze nara |baj sono hoo ga keshiki o juubun tanoshimeru kara. If (you) have the time, (you) should go by train, because (you) will be able to fully enjoy the scenery that way. ve ow cbs . AR BMRBELAMLT A, BESS] IL} o abboke. Hito ni ijiwaru o shi-nai hoo ga ii. »»,Naze nara ee oe ‘ PARILROTR ba] itsuka jibunni modotte-kuru kara da. One shouldn’t do mean things to others, because some day, (your deeds) might be returned to you. BAKARI [£A‘) 1. Indicates a limit. 1) Shows that something is always limited to a particular action, place, or thing. Similar to “dake #17” or “nomi 0%.” English approximation: “always just doing (something),” or “doing only one thing all the time” A) 20FRV 7 bi [BHD Oat. Sono koinu wa itsumo ,.nemutte |bakari| i-masu. That puppy is always just sleeping. at ae ue 8 B) WOS TERA THILO) [vB CH CMTE ROA, Itsu made mo , asonde |bakari| i-nai de hayaku shoku demo mitsuke nasai yo. Why don’t you stop playing around all the time and look for a job or something? © 36a D]owoc AaUHL ES. Uchi ,.ni |bakari| i-nai de, tama ni wa gaishutsu-shiyoo. Instead of just being at home all the time, let’s go out once in a while. 2) English approximation: “could only do (something)”A) to2a-28BOt, HaAKEABAT [ER TICLA Sono nyuusu o kiite, kare wa tada , oro-oro-suru |bakari deshita. Hearing that news, he could only panic. Boek toe weve 0 pean B) RROPSILAZLSEAET 4S |lka) [Kok Totsuzen no teeden ni hito-bito wa , uoo-saoo-suru [bakari] datta. In the sudden blackout, all people could do was wander in confusion. 3) In the pattern “bakari ni 1¥4>") 12.” English approximation: the nuance is “solely due to (one cause), matters took a turn for the worse.” A) bOERIROK (e409 [bey a shor. [bakari] ni, jiko ni atta. It was only because I got on that train that I was involved in an Ano densha ni ,,notta accident. B) Miiowicnsrskaver[ao ois, RR ARATLSE atte Hanzai no ba ni tama-tama_ , i-awaseta |bakari| ni, jiken ni maki-komarete shimatta. It was only because (I) just happened to be at the scene of the crime that (I) got dragged into the case. 2. Indicates a degree of things. 1) Similar to “hodo 1§¢” and “kurai/gurai¢ 5\\/¢ 5+,” Usually preceded by a number or quantity.English approximation: “approximately” A) #iakx—pnfaea]e es He is a big man, at about tw aes : KRSTT. mo aru 00-otoko desu. ‘oO meters tall. bacd pad wee cemsenre B) RATORAASBCATIA (for Dots. Ryokoo no hiyoo wa zenbu de ,, gojuu-man en bakari} kakatta. The total cost of the trip came to about five hundred thousand yen. O br Taleo] esi ate Watashi wa ,, tooka |bakari rusu ni shi-masu. I will be away for about ten days. 2) Following a verb, shows that the English approximation: “just about to A) R¥E eT DR, bss BELA. Shokuji o tsukuri-owatte, moo , taberu action is/was about to be carried out. do (something)” Ik) |OL IAI Ebon rot bakari| no tokoro ni, denwa ga kakatte ki-mashita. Thad finished cooking the meal and was about to eat it when there was a phone call. an ke maa RSA Ieo09 tou B) DER 2 ARTE. Ame ga ,, furi-dasan |bakari no sora moyoo da. The sky looks like it's about 3) Inthe pattern “...ta bakari ~#1d: had just been completed. English approximation: “have/has just te eae A) bELILBCA|IKA) |O BA to rain. *°"),” to indicate that an action has/ st done (something)” teeRotnalr.B) 3. In the pattern “bakari ka 4+") 4 Watashi wa , naratta bakari] no nihon-go o tsukatte mi- mashita. I tried using Japanese that I had just learned. SoSENA[MD DEO, EAT OBEODTOTCLE OK. Sakki ,,tabeta | bakari shimatta. na noni, mata sugu onaka ga suite Although I had just eaten a little while ago, I was hungry again right away. (also see p. 12 4.) English approximation: “not only (something), but also (something)...” A) B) nee [aD] [DZ] be. n.Atama |bakari| ka nodo mo itai. Not only my head but my throat hurts, too. pode Mal ca es a[Eo Da, avar7aTlL Tous ELAIETFSZtIK. % Ano seeto wa kyooju ni ,,goma-o-suru [bakari] ka, kanningu made shite ii ten 0 toroo to suru soo da. I hear that student not only butters up professors, but even cheats to get good grades. 4. In the patterns “... bakari de (wa) naku...mo ~I¥4-") T(l4)@¢~b,” “bakari ja naku .. mo ~ld#*) Ue tt (~ 8.” (also see p. 12) English approximation: “not only ... (a noun, an adjective, a verb) but also ... (a noun, an adjective, a verb)” n, Otoko no ko | bakari Bet 5 eee Ce, eOFERBOE ES ja naku, on-na no ko mo oozee ita yo.There were not only boys but also many girls. B) dL, BREED] CHC, PHRLBBL AL. Watashi wa, ,,Nihon-go |bakari] de naku, Chuugoku-go mo. benkyoo-shitai. I would like to study not only Japanese but also Chinese. © codiina, c4 va fren ead, MBL can, Kono tesage wa, dezain ga qi [bakari] de naku, nedan mo tegoro da. As for this bag, not only is its design nice, but the price is reason- able as well. D) arva®ur [EPO] THK. BERETA. Nodo ga ,, kawaita |bakari] de naku, onaka mo suita. Not only am I thirsty, but I’m also hungry. 5. In the pattern “bakashi !44-L,” a variant of “bakari [4-",” used casually. 1) Indicates an approximate amount, often with the implication that it is not very much. English approximation: “(only) about...” aes fuecayy A) bELOMHORAIILABAlis LLP. Watashi no saifu no naka ni wa ,,go-hyaku en |bakashi| shika nai. There is only about five hundred yen in my wallet. bree base B) CALA LIOMS TIA, HIT LATA, Kore |bakashi| no chokin de wa, ryokoo ni mo ike-nai. With only about this much savings, (I) can’t even go on a trip.2) Indicates a limit. English approximation: “only” oe obsess se 2 A) S®Alk, —BP HANES LMA TS. Ano hito wa, ichi-nichi-juu_,, osake |bakashi| nonde-iru. That person is drinking only liquor all day. : ¢ edhe tole lecture, Hiiee 3d. B) Son-na ni ,, p,,amai_mono |bakashi| tabete-iru to, mushiba ni naru yo. If (you) keep eating only sweets like that, (you)'ll get cavities. 3) Shows that it has only been a short while after an action has been completed. English approximation: “just” A) BRBOT Zh ab oK[EOL|ROK, RT IY ABOTZS Ko Nihon-go no tesuto ga , atta |bakashi| na noni, tsugi wa furansu-go no tesuto da. We've just had a Japanese test, but we have a French test next. B) Suve[aaclo#e, abuciss. Ima ,, iketa |bakashi| no hana yo. Kiree deshoo. These are the flowers that I just finished arranging. Aren't they beautiful? DAKE #It 1. Indicates a limit imposed upon something. 10English approximation: “only” or “just” 2. A) B) C) D) E) Placed after the potential form of verbs “... ru~4,” ap AN ACHE Akai ,.ringo GEO HN. og Mi dake] mittsu kudasai. OOO we) Please give me three of the red apples only. veo brLIS-A EU ]RY BA Nt. Watashi wa I was left all money n.hitori |dake| tori-nokosareta. alone. (Only I was left.) Rae EG Thi bab BV. Hito wa ,.gaiken |dake| de wa wakara-nai. You can't tell a person just by his/her looks. Il HSAL 43 bheK LB SB] EU | TT. Koko ni aru no wa furui ,,shinbun |dake} desu. What's available here is only some old newspapers. Ba CeKitk toms cclEnoticts, pA LARA E HEL COATT. n. Koko {dake} no hanashi desu ga, watashi wa nankyoku- tanken o keekaku-shite-iru-n desu. This is just between you and me, but I’m planning an antarctic expedition. reru~# 3” and “..rareru ~~ 5 #4,” refers to a degree of something, with the implication that that degree cannot be surpassed. English approximation: “'as much as ...” as 23 A) HELILFU SEU |F SEL Watashi wa v. arukeru |dake| aruki-mashita. I walked as much as I could.ze a B) BRS|KUVIBU THIEL EG. y. Dekiru |dake| tasukete age-mashoo. I'll try to help you as much as I can, C) enslkit|PotaLis. vy. Yareru |dake| yatte miyoo yo. Let's try to do as much as (we) can. 3. In the pattern “... ba ... dake ~I¥~H17.” English approximation: “the more (something), the ...” A) Bunko lea ous. Yasukere ba 4, yasui |dake| ii desu. The cheaper the better. ae 939 BC THT SKU WK. Hayaku sure ba , suru |dake| yuuri da. B The faster you do it, the more advantageous it is. 4, In the pattern “.. dake de (ja) naku ... mo ~#HT(Le) eC ~8.” English approximation: “not only ... but (also) ...” A) r-a[EO] eat. TAA7)-Lbe Xa Lek n. Keeki |dake| de naku, aisukuriimu mo tabe-mashoo yo. Let’s eat not only a cake, but also ice cream. B) commam[ea]ea(, ote Bsun, Kono heya wa 4y.hiroi |dake| de naku, totemo akarui ne. This room is not only spacious, but also very sunny. be eno ge te C) CMRIZ, LFAC KU THC BRIE. Kono inu wa, joozu ni , oyogu |dake| de naku gee mo umai. This dog not only swims well, but also does tricks well.DAKE-NI 7E[F-[F Combination particle A combination of the particles “dake #\+” and “ni |<,” Often takes the form “dake atte #1} 42 T.” 1, Expresses an opinion that a situation is appropriate and fulfills its expectations. English approximation: “since/because (as expected) ...” wuane wees some A) £¢ @BLALEUGI|, OUR COL AW Yoku , benkyoo-shita |dake ni|, ii seeseki de gookaku-shita. Since I studied hard, (as expected) I passed with good grades. ame paca * aves oe gee B) ClIsASUMAM KIC], ABKK SADAAHNS, Koko wa yuumee na _,, kankoo-chi |dake ni}, mainichi takusan no hito ga otozureru. Since it’s a famous tourist spot, (as expected) many people visit it every day. e822 se C) lols aR [EGE], to¢ Bon, Koko wa sekidoo ni 4g.chikai |dake ni], sugoku atsui ne. Since this place is close to the equator, it’s terribly hot, isn’t it? 2. Indicates that something did not proceed as expected, with the implication that it was an unexpected surprise. English approximation “since (... was not expected) ...” A) Biss heres ves oocor[Auh], Chaos CARMI, UTLINL HK. Kare ni wa moo ae-nai daroo to ,,akiramete-ita |dake ni], denwa ga kakatte-kita toki ni wa, totemo ureshikatta.Since I had thought that I'd never be able to see him again, I was very happy when he called (unexpectedly). B) NYT YORBARA Dot: . 20 OBR 1B e BRS LOND OP, Harikeen no higai ga a 0okikatta [dake ni], sono machi no fukkoo-buri ni wa me o miharu mono ga atta. Since the damages caused by the hurricane were extensive, that town's rate of rebuilding was quite something to behold. DANO #® Used to list things successively, usually in a “... dano ... dano ~KO~ 7 ” pattern. English approximation: similar in feeling to “things like (something) and A) B) (something).” nace aa Ra[Ao|ee eo], Bichkosotus. n. Kamikuzu |dano} ,, akikan |dano}, michi ni chirakatte-iru. Things like scraps of paper and empty cans are scattered on the street. ¥ penne 8 Beto sp ys AP SILER|EO], WTRILRO EO], =a-3-7 ial : eee we FURS ChORED SPS ANK, Hitori aruki wa ,.kiken |dano], chikatetsu wa 44, kowai |dano|, Nyuuyooku ni hikkosu to kimattara tomodachi kara odokasar- eta. When it was decided that I was to move to New York, my friendsscared me, saying things like “it’s dangerous to walk alone” and “subways are frightening.” DATTE KOT 1. Takes a special case and shows that it is really the same as other cases. English approximation: in the sense of “even (something) is/does ...” Pat A) FR[Ko ttn Cbvba rete n. Kodomo |datte} sore kurai wakari-masu. Even children can understand something like that. amaes v B) RAP KoCMASTS LL dS, n, Shinyuu-dooshi |datte| kenka-suru koto mo aru. Even best friends quarrel sometimes. 12) aetee © R[FocMR ae as. Natsu |datte| hada-zamui hi mo aru. Even in the summer, there are chilly days. 2. Lists things in order to show that each thing is the same as the other, ina“... datte...datte ~# ot~#> T” (or, variation: “... tatte .. tatte ~* 2t~t>T”) pattern. Note that for this usage, “datte #72 €” can also take the form “tatte £2.” English approximation: “whether it's (something) or (something) ...” A) bLt[Hot) b8ot[Hot), Hosere, Ashita |datte], ,,asatte |datte|, kamai-masen yo. It's fine with me, whether it's tomorrow or the day after. Baap» epana fe B) RRCHo[Aot], RRTH [ASX], HBR.Oosaka de , kat |tatte], Tookyoo de , kat |tatte}, nedan wa onaji da yo. It’s the same price, whether you buy it in Osaka or Tokyo. 3. Follows an interrogative pronoun. 1) To qualify anything in its category as valid in the clause that follows. English approximation: “anyone’ A) wo[Fot|Rona te. anytime” “anywhere” etc. ..[tsu [datte] mirare-masu yo. You can see it anytime. B) eAmMiaercic[Kot] 5S s. Son-na mono wa ,,.doko ni |datte| aru sa. That sort of thing can be found anywhere. OC) Khl|KotleN( Sv bHSLF TT. n. Dare |datte| sore kurai wakaru hazu desu. Anyone should be able to understand something like that. 2) Ina negative sentence, to show that nothing in the group specified by the interrogative pronoun wants to be something or does something. English approximation: “no one” “ A) xalHo tHE Re rH. » Dare [datte] binboo wa iya da. nothing” etc. No one likes being poor. (literally: Everyone doesn’t like being poor.) B) CARMA TTS CEO. Don-na ,, tokoro |datte| iki-taku-nai. No matter where it may be, (I) don’t want to go.©) tAmoUI, Ho[KoT Son-na koto wa, ,,itsu LAC ah, datte} shitaku-nai. I never want to do something like that. 4, Placed at the end of a sentence, expresses surprise (and sometimes disapproval) after quoting something someone else has said. English approximation: “he/she said that ...” A) iapkarobycosers[Fot|, BAKOSLS. a, Boku wa okane nanka karite i-masen yo |datte]. Wasureta no kashira. He said to me, “I haven't borrowed any money.” I wonder if he forgot? B) S&eiee— bao Kot > ae lo kk MODAL, DAA, a. Konya mo kare to deeto na no |datte|. Yoku aki-nai wa ne, ano futari. She said, “I've got a date with him again tonight.” They're not bored with each other, those two (i. it’s a wonder that they’re not). DE ¢ FUNDAMENTALS OF “DE ©” 1. Placed after a noun of location, indicates it is where an action takes/ took place. It is static. Note that the particles “ni !=” or “e ~\” indicate the direction of the action. Compare the following:Borden) 423 A) #4] T/T. B) F#b Gakkoo|de|benkyoo-suru. Gakkoo}ni |iku. (I) study at school. (1) go to school. a) © +742[_R]eHenus. D) +74 2[e Jeers. Ofiisu[de]denwa o kakeru. Ofiisu{ni|denwa o kakeru. () make a call at the office. (1) telephone the office. English approximation: “at” “in A) bALIAB[ TRS SLA Watashi wa ,,umi oyogi-mashita. I swam in the ocean. B) HOAOT TBH SESE LEG. 5 Ano ki no ,, shita |de| obentoo o tabe-mashoo. Let's have lunch under that tree. =fogs cake thes? C) bRELISAR|T SB EMRL TET. Watashi wa ,, daigaku [de] nihon-go o benkyoo-shite-i-masu. I'm studying Japanese at college. D) Fr— bP eEREL Hb, KALA EHS LA. »Depaato [de] shokuji o shite kara, ,,hon-ya [de] jisho 0 kai-mashita. After eating at the department store, I bought a dictionary at the bookstore. 2. Indicates the superlative. English approximation: “in” “among” ane vas —engee at Sg A) Sarkis, 7729[T]-BE CADET. Miyata-san wa ,, kurasu-juu (del ichiban > < y hayaku hashiri-masu. Ms. Miyata is the fastest runner in our class. to be oy ote ow B) LOP| CMA BI 58 EAT IT CAE? Kono ,, naka [de] dare ga neko no kubi ni & suzu 0 tsuke ni iku-n dai? : qj Among us, who's going to go hang a bell oJ SS on the cat’s neck? 3. In the pattern “... de mo .. demo, ~Tt ~T4,” lists locations. English approximation: “in/at (location) and in/at (location) ...” ese A) col[R]e. oec[e]b. FRR cos, n. Koko |de| mo, ,,asoko {de} mo, kodomo-tachi ga asonde-iru. Here and over there children are playing.gb ao 4a ot es eu B) SFO RIL] TC] | Tb SRS MELA. Kotoshi no natsu wa ,,umi [de] mo ,,yama [de] mo jiko ga zokuhatsu-shita. This summer, accidents occurred one after another both at the ocean and in the mountains. 4. Indicates the time when an action or process happened or happens. 1) Shows the time period when something occurred/occurs, often found in “de wa Tl” and “de mo €%” patterns. English approximation: “in” “at” eABerva rece rBatiey A) — #% BO FRI THI, CABHAIEE EI Ke » Sen-kyuuhyaku-yonjuu-nen-dai [de] wa, kon-na uta ga hayatta soo da. In the 1940's, this sort of song was supposedly popular. ue ke aee. B) A C]8. TORRES biT HATS, n.Ima [de] mo, sono shuukan wa nao okonawarete-iru. Even now (at present), that custom is still carried out. 2) Indicates the age of a person. English approximation: “at” Bc tess — mouse A) ha FRCL A. Kare wa_,, rokujus-sai [de] taishoku-shita. He retired at age sixty. oth "2 Tee LA. Haha wa ,, nijuu-go-sai [de] kekkon-shita. My mother got married at age twenty-five. 3) Imposes a time limit on an action or occurrence. 20English approximation: “in (amount of time)” A) coh#REPS dR to? deki-masu ka? Kono shigoto wa ,, nijup-pun Can you do this job in twenty minutes? Ele ee oer B) & FSM TIRHAL GIST. Moo ,, ni-shuukan |de| natsu-yasumi ni nari-masu. Summer vacation is coming in two weeks. Den wees reey end cree ae Sls“ HEC PRR e LE nF + 3, © Hikari wa ,, ichi-byookan [de] chikyuu o nana-mawari-han suru. Light travels around the earth seven and a half times in one second. 5. Indicates what method or tool is/was employed for an action. English approximation: “do (something) by using (something)” A) bALAERABES[<]o coast, Watashi wa gakkoo e , jitensha [de] kayotte-i-masu. I commute to school by bicycle. 212 Cc) D) E) F) G) H) be beLGRER Roy Fy ito ca, BE]andt vittas Lhe Watashi wa _ ,, hikooki |de) rondon ni itte kara, , fune |de supein ni iki-mashita. I went to London by plane, then went to Spain by boat. Be eb ee bELILKE SB] THBLALA. Watashi wa chichi to ,,denwa hanashi-mashita. I talked with my father on (literally: by using) the phone. WE] Bo< (eth. ».Enpitsu [de] kaite kudasai. Please write with a pencil. tb Saeed BIA TLC FeROGIVS. ».Sekken [de] yoku te o arai-nasai yo. Wash your hands thoroughly with soap. Giav.pa—e7[CjarcneRoea st. Kare wa itsumo ,, yuumoa |de| min-na o warawase-masu. He always makes everyone laugh with his sense of humor. Be BARE CHL T SS, n.Nihon-go [de] hanashite kudasai. Please speak in Japanese. wo x[CBee LG CL EOE LAS » Garasu [de] yubi 0 sukoshi kitte shimai-mashita. I cut my finger a little on glass.6. Gives the price of something. English approximation: “at” “for” 5 epee A) co#ke=FR[C]ROS LA Sono hon o ,,ni-sen en |de} kai-mashita. I bought the book for two thousand yen. B) 97 4nit<¢ ol c]ttate? Hawai e wa ,, ikura |de| ike-masu ka? How much would it cost for a trip to Hawaii? 7. Indicates time or quantity that makes a unit. English approximation: “by” “for” A) Rashi] 7st heL TOs. Boku wa ,, jikan |de| arubaito o shite-iru. I'm working part time by the hour. sosckh B) 29 7 a223[t] RBA CH. Sono ringo wa ,, futatsu [de] go-hyaku en desu. Those apples are two for five hundred yen. O bALEoF—-A 8 k[ Bon. Watashi-tachi no chiimu wa ,, it-ten-sa katta. Our team won the game by only one point. 8. Indicates the composition of an object. English approximation: “from” “of” A) caazvoaty 7 [Re] caries. Kore wa _,, purasuchikku |de] dekita hako desu. This is a box made out of plastic. Bee toe B) thst] TEOKBETT. 23Sore wa ,,nendo |de] tsukutta utsuwa desu. It’s a vessel made of clay. walelten at. C) 787 —lh Bataa wa ,. miruku |de/ tsukuri-masu. Butter is made from milk. 9. Indicates the manner of an action, or the condition/intention at the time of occurrence/action. English approximatio A) bALIGBO mais LAS “(in this manner) ...” “(with intention to) ...” Watashi wa , isoi |de] dekake-mashita. I left in a rush. on ues B) RUF c]Eo A. Kare wa ,,muchuu {de} hashitta. & He ran frantically. Sg © BaLasoeo]ionoctaan, Boku wa shikaru ,,tsumori |de] itta no de wa nai. I didn’t say it with the intention to scold (you). 10. Indicates a reason or motive for an action or occurrence. English approximation: “due to ...” “owing to ...” abe oe A) Ha tPS [CRBs . aon, = Kare wa _,,fuchuui [de| kaidan kara ochita. ¢, He fell down the stairs due to carelessness. tto23 Pa Cees oy B) RAF BBB THFRERAKE. 24Boku wa kyoo ,, kaze |de| gakkoo o yasunda. Today, I was absent from school due to a cold. © #ale]Feii225 6. n. Samusa |de| te ga kogoe soo da. My hands are almost frozen from the cold. we eonsess TEILAR RE Kono dezain no ,, ryuukoo [de] mise wa dai-hanjoo da. D) cor y ORF Due to the popularity of this design, the store is doing very well. 11. Indicates the source of information, basis of a condition. English approximation: “by” “from” “on” “according to” Lake BRA yo KAUL BBe oe ® A) Rei Bwlt, AMOF i seeRLbs]OU( motor. Sensoo-kinenhi wa, ningen no arasou saga o ,, kanas! gal gotoku tatte ita. The war memorial stood, as if grieving over the nature of human- kind to fight against each other. ha, Botts [a]s sickepicnon. B Kare wa, haha no ,, susumeru |ga| mama ni, gishi ni natta. Following his mother’s advice exactly, he became an engineer. 3. Makes an introductory clause before the main point. English approximation: “as” in the patterns “as for...” “as you've already heard ....” etc. A) cokes[a} tor Bu MBL CHa. Sono ten ..desu |ga}], motto kuwashiku setsumee-shite kudasai. 38As for that point, please explain it in more detail. wos gue enso a eg a B) tee lL bia las], COPBORMAMB GO LOCEY av. Sude ni ,, mooshi-age-mashita {gal kono keekaku no seekoo ‘wa machigai-nai mono to omoi-masu. As I've said before, I think that this plan will undoubtedly succeed. 4, Functions like a conjunction. English approximation: “but” in the sense of “despite doing (something)” or “although.” A) HIA<2 bEDC LAA. ROKK. Boku wa besuto o ,, tsukushita |ga}, dame datta. I did the best I could, but I failed. B) S09 68S 2 ALR] BMECLA Kinoo ,, odenwa-shi-mashita |ga|, orusu deshita. I called yesterday, but (you/he/she) was/were not home. we peitaverene ©) Kise ES Ala], BRudkoweror. Boku wa hitoban-juu ,,kangaeta |ga|, mee-an wa ukaba- nakatta. I pondered all night, but couldn't come up with any great ideas. 5. In the patterns “... uga ~ 44°” and“... mai ga ~£\4*,” English approximation: “no matter (something)” or “whether (you) do (something) or not, it doesn’t matter...” Pa eet A) RASC INT |, FotRetTOL IG. Boku ga doko e ,, ikoo |gaj, zutto tomodachi de iyoo. No matter where I go, let’s stay friends. 39aL zoe . HSEV/|A|, MicSbowoKai, ae B) £43 v. Hashiroo |gaj, , hashiru-mai |ga}], mani-awa-nai daroo. (You) won't be on time whether (you) run or not. 6. Indicates wishful thinking in presenting an imaginary, desirable situation that is the opposite of the current, actual situation. Similar to “noni 2 t2.” (See p.167) English approximation: “(if ..., can/would do... (but ...)” mek A) Barly Yuki ga fure ba aq ji [ga] naa. It would be good if it were to snow (i.e. I wish it would snow). Ec usonsiavelees. B Takarakuji ga atattara .g,ureshii [ga] naa. I'd be happy if I were to win the lottery (i.e. I wish I could win the lottery). 7. At the end of the sentence, serves to soften a request or opinion. Takes a straightforward statement that would sound too direct and transforms it into a more indirect approach. English approximation: somewhat akin to the English phrase “I’m wondering if I could...” or “(this is what I think), but...” A) HRA Bees AOA CHS Shachoo-san ni ,, omeni-kakari-tai-n desu |ga|. I'd like to meet the president ... (compare: “shachoo-san ni omeni-kakari-tai-n desu” by itself tends to sound too forward and impolite.) bekeeeae B) baer nAVAcT ae 40Cc) Moo ichi-nichi kyuuka 0 , tori-tai-n desu |ga]. I'd like to take one more day of vacation ... bALIL, LOLETOULRILT Watashi wa, kono-mama de ii to , omou-n desu |ga]|. I think it would be fine to leave it the way it is .. 8. Placed at the end of a sentence; exclamatory. Modifies nouns, and is said scornfully and disapprovingly. Men’s language. Not translatable. A) B) IDVFOXHlA |! Kono ,, usotsuki-me |ga]! You liar! LOA HA)! Kono ,, gaki-me |gaj! You little brat! (“Gaki” is slang for “little boy,” but it often has negative implications.) 9. Expresses uncertainty or puzzlement. English A) B) approximation: the nuance is “I'd thought (I)'d done (something) but...” Be 2 PAIL I OIE THOAA THA. Tashika ni koko ni oite-oita-n , desu |gaj. Thad definitely put it here, but ... (ie. “I thought I had put it here a) Ebsaroc( Bat err|s. CILELEAI. Denwa ga kakatte kuru hazu na-n , da [ga]. Dooshita-n daroo. I’m supposed to get a phone call (i.e. he/she is supposed to call me) . I wonder what happened. 4lGA-NA(GA-NAA) AS-25 (AS-7445) combination particle ‘A combination of the particles “ga 4°" and “na(a) %(%)." Expresses wishful thinking, which is rather unlikely to happen in reality. English approximation: “I hope ..., though ...” A) Balk. BLADEZ = 9 7UUBRAEZ OY Aste (48% &)|o Ame ga furi-dashita. Ashita no pikunikku wa ii otenki da to ag.li |ga na(ga naa)}. It has started to rain. I hope it’s going to be a nice day for the picnic tomorrow, though. SOF BLUE Be MU Como h. FAH TC BERS 2% (4% Bp B Kinoo mo kanojo wa denwa o kakete konakatta. Kyoo wa kakete kuru to ,, omou |ga na(ga naa)|. She didn’t call again yesterday. I think she will call today, though. GATERA ATS Indicates that while one action is being carried out, another related action is also carried out; much like “killing two birds with one stone.” English approximation: “while doing ..., on the way, do ...” A) Fite ¥ Ricky eco], MoPittocc as. Kodomo o gakkoo ni ,, okuri |gatera}, kaimono ni itte-koyoo. While I'm out taking the kids to school, I'll go shopping (on the a2way). B) BSB ED LS], ARAL OI BOTA. Otera ni ,, omairi-shi |gatera}, ojisan no uchi ni yotte-kita. While I was out worshiping at the temple, I went to visit my uncle (on the way). HODO [&¢ 1. After a quantity, indicates that the amount is an approximation. Interchangeable with the particle “kurai(gurai) ¢ 54+(« 54¥).” (See p.79) English approximation: “about Wii[ee|anshkbsnas. ‘approximately” A) conPitar Kono shigoto wa ato ,, is-shuukan |hodo] are ba dekiagari- masu. This job will be done in about a week. bo mt) B) He“ A [ae] CHa. Ato ,,ik-ka-getsu |hodo| de natsu-yasumi ni naru. It'll be summer vacation in about a month. 2. Takes a specific situation and evaluates its extent. English approximation: “to the extent that ...” en noes fe A) ld, MEISE, ATOZOMAMDBR LEC] L £1 TS, Kare wa, kanojo ni furarete, mite-iru no ga 4s,kinodoku_na hodo} shogete-iru. She broke up with him, and he’s depressed to the extent that just seeing him makes you feel bad (for him). 43B) bALIZTY 7— MIR BL C, Rares [BZ] I AL dK Watashi wa konkuuru ni yuushoo-shite, namida ga ,,deru hodo| ureshikatta. Winning the competition, I was so happy I cried. 3. Followed by a negation, establishes a standard for comparison. English approximation: “(not) as much/little as ...” A) A omI2, WE [EC] CoO. Kotoshi no tsuyu wa, ,,itsumo |hodo| ame ga ooku-nai. During this year’s rainy season, there hasn’t been as much rain as usual. toes 2 ee B) RARALEL|ASRLO EOS. ».Natsu-yasumi [hodo] machi-dooshii mono wa nai. There's nothing that (I) look forward to more than summer vacation. 4. Often in the patterns “.. suru hodo ~+ 41i%” and “... ba ... hodo ~li~1i%, ” shows that as one thing increases, the other increases as well. English approximation: “the more .... the more ease A) each, RB snag s[(Ee] EF ies, Na-n demo, renshuu sure ba , suru |hodo} joozu ni naru. With everything, the more (you) practice, the better (you) will get. B) e381, Sons. [ae |wibss 3. Kottoohin wa, furukere ba 44, furui |hodo| kachi ga aru. As for antiques, the older it is, the more value it has.HOKA [&A* Followed by a negative, it serves to exclude all possibilities other than the one mentioned. English approximation: The implication is “nothing except for ...”; the meaning is similar to “only.” Interchangeable with “shika L 4.” (See p.182) A) OAH, BF S22 CHoTL ESTO TIL, MET 2 [aE be ABN, Ano hito-tachi wa, moo soko made itte-shimatte ite wa, v, fikon-suru |hoka] shikata ga nai. For those people, since they've already gone that far, there’s nothing left to do but to get a divorce. a0 bad vay sere B) CARO WMTIS, SAORSIIPAT 4 [lds | BVA, Kon-na-ni hidoi ame de wa, kyoo no shiai wa ,, chuushi-suru hoka| nai ne. Since it’s raining so heavily, we can do nothing but cancel today’s match. 1 Uy Used mostly in men’s language. Not translatable. 1. At the end of a sentence, serves to emphasize it. A) 20Bb bo, Ror[D]. Sono omocha, boku no ,. da| 45B) o) That toy is mine! bl bkevonn[o]. Washi mo toshi 0 totta , wal i (Oh,) I've grown old (sigh)! oaliesna[b]? = Ika wa tabeta ,, kal Did you eat the squid? 2. Reinforces the interrogative. A) B) Auta BRIA De ee Hwa]? Konban maajan yara-nai , kal i |? Why don't we play mahjong tonight? Be Renae]? ~ Ima sugu korare-nai ,. ka} i Can't you come right now? KA » 1. Expresses uncertainty of the topic it marks. English approximation: “if” “whether” A) B) BRIT Olt, Woinala] ei bao tu, Nihon ni iku no wa, itsu ni, naru [ka] mattaku wakara-nai. Thave no idea when I'll be going to Japan. (literally: As for going to Japan, when it will be, I have no idea.) cotta, Lancia, Barr Rava JbaotuceKono kawa wa, mita dake de wa, umi nan ,. da |ka] kawa nan c. da |ka] wakara-nai kurai ookii ne. This river is so big, you can’t tell if it’s an ocean or a river just by looking (at it). (literally: As for this river, just by looking (at it), whether it’s an ocean or a river, one can’t tell—that’s the extent of its size, isn’t it?) 2. Expresses a conjecture with an implied sense of doubt. English approximation: “perhaps because of ...” A) B) eee tt one 20.2 BUCA REM A. HAASE DMI HED Ke Moo kon-na jikan ka. Soto ga akarui , see |ka| ki ga tsuka- nakatta. It’s so late already. Maybe it’s because it’s light outside, I hadn't noticed. 2 gs ate oe DINIKATSAO|D |, SRILRD GH. Yuube wa nomi-sugita ,.no |ka|, kesa wa atama ga itai. Perhaps I had too much to drink last night; this morning I have a headache. 3. In the pattern “.. ka .. ka ~4*~4»,” lists a number of choices. English approximation: A) B) ra gop] zoe], Fchoce, Migi ,.no |ka| hidari , no |ka|, hayaku kimete yo. The one on the right or the one on the left? Make up your mind quickly! fiopienvols] copra? Iku ,.no |ka] ika-nai 5 no |ka|, docchi na no? 4a4, Are you going or not going, which is it? In the pattern “... ka ... ~4°~,” gives an approximate number. English approximation: “(number) or (number)” & Bare ep at A) =R|a|SRED7SIEBLANC, BFKoK. 2) 48 n. Nido |ka} sando kimi no uchi ni denwa-shita kedo, rusu datta. I called you at home two or three times, but no one answered. B) bAL BZ A[awakitic boss. Watashi-tachi wa , mikka |ka] yokka ryokoo ni dekake-masu. We're going on a trip for three or four days. © t0¥e7F-, “o[elEobrAL tb IK. Sono kyandee, ,, hitotsu |ka] futatsu watashi ni mo choodai. Give me one or two of those candies, too. Placed at the end of a sentence. Makes the sentence into an interrogative or a rhetorical question. Not translatable. A) RDUBCIL CRED OEOTH Kinoo wa dooshite konakatta no Why didn’t you come yesterday? B) KF edusoutTheoKs 3 ka}? Sensoo o sakeru no wa fukanoo na no , daroo |ka Is it impossible to avoid war? reptheusolevat [a]? ©) Dochira-sama de ,, irasshai-masu |ka|? May I ask who this is? Indicates a confirmation. Not translatable.3) 4) A) bmrot|a y. Wakatta . RISES AAU OeOL ka}. Moo nido to suru-n ja nai yo. Do you understand? Don't ever do this again. B) EM SLART Hat]? Hontoo ni ashita ,, kite-kure-masu kal? Are you really going to come (on my behalf) tomorrow? Rhetorical question. Not translatable. A) C4ULTZABCL Dooshite son-na koto ga shinji-rareru , daroo COnSKSI AI. ka]. How can (I) believe something like that? B) Kon-na koto ni naru to wa, dare ga soozoo-shita ,. daroo 4323 CAMIEIGS CIA, EMARMIRLEKAI alo ka}. Who would have imagined that this would happen? (literally: As for this happening, who would have imagined?) kth ve ee CABRPIAMGAT(CBILAES ALD C) Kon-na yonaka ni hito ga tazunete kuru koto ga ,, aroo ka}. Is it possible that someone has come to visit at such a late hour? Expresses a rebuttal or objection to a previous sentence. Not translatable. A) Son-na koto-tte aru-n , deshoo RAMILVTHSZATL EGA]. (ka. Can something like that really happen? wees B) Hontoo ni daijoobu , deshoo wove a oe AHIKRKATL £ 3[A]o ka}. Is it really going to be all right? 495) Adds a critical, scolding tone. Not translatable. A) cAwetla CHA CK BAwe Da T[s]. Kon-na jikan made asonde-kuru hito ga ,, ari-masu [ka]. You're out playing so late! (literally: “Is there anyone who'd stay out playing until this hour? ”) no saat or BAIA LOI, COFRHTDESHEO|A*|. B An-na ni tanonda no ni, kono tegami dasu no o wasureta ».no|ka}. I asked you so many times, and still you forgot to mail this letter! 6) Often in the pattern “... de wa/ja nai ka ~TlABd/U e BA,” asks a rhetorical question for emphasis. English approximation: “wasn’t it so that A) Bang siclbo chu cev ork cites). Akarui uchi ni kaette oide to itta de wa ,_ nai |ka]. Didn’t I tell you to come home while it was still light outside? B) SHK6, SDFTRAL EVA]. Sakadachi, kinoo wa dekita ja ,, nai [ka]. Weren't you able to do a handstand yesterday? 7) Makes a casual suggestion. English approximation: “why don’t we ...” “do you want to ...” “ let's ...” vote A) Boies 3 [a]. Kaeri ni ippai y, yaroo [ka]. Do you want to have a drink on our way home? B) bi Rhema si leans]. Moo ichido tashikamete miyoo ja y, nai [ka]. Why don’t we make sure one more time? 308) Oftenina“... tara doo ka ~% 5 & 4 4” pattern, makes a roundabout, softened command. English approximation: “why don’t you do ...” A) th&IAR OD, fotane rs [pe Son-na ni iki-tai no nara, itte-mitara .4,,doo |ka|. If you want to go that badly, why don’t you go? ve ate vee B) 1 TUBL THBLI, WAABALMY TAR SLI|A |. Hitori de shinpai-shite-iru yori, iron-na hito ni kiite-mitara ayy, doo |ka]. Instead of worrying all by yourself, why don’t you ask lots of people (for advice)? 9) As a sort of self-utterance, often with a reminiscent or some emotional overtone. Not translatable. A) 23[e]. cars SBLAL]. ECPonE. adv.500 |ka]. Tootoo , gookaku-shita |ka}. Yoku yatta na. Really, (you) finally passed (the test). (You) did well. pone we B) wart, Bla]. WEer Bor, Naan da, ,. kage |ka]. Yuuree ka to omotta. Oh, it’s only a shadow. I thought it was a ghost. KA-I =U) Combination particle A combination of the particles “ka 4.” and “i \\.” Placed at the end of a sentence to indicate that it is an interrogative, or to express that it opposes the statement that was just previously made by another party. 31Emphatic. Not translatable. A) E09 e, FeUSaH[ou]? Sorya, uso ja , nai |ka i|? Isn't that a lie? he be 2 B) CAMWARIC, MEADHS LAD, Kon-na ii tenki ni, ame nan ka furu ,,mon {ka i]. When it’s this nice out, there’s no way it’s going to rain. muse ta C) BR? AULA S|OVI. Kaidan? Son-na mon ,, shinjiru {ka i}. Ghost stories? I'd never believe in something like that! KA-NA(KA-NAA) °-%K(D*-7K35) Combination particle A combination of the particles “ka 4” and “na %” or “na(naa) #(# b).” 1. Casually expresses doubt, with a very light exclamatory tone. English approximation: “(I) wonder ...2” Heatcee A) RERA, 48221893 (06 [pa @eS)]o Daigaku nyuushi, kotoshi koso wa_ , umaku-iku ka na(ka naa)|. I wonder if maybe college entrance examinations will finally go well this year? B) L5L CHA tha hO[Pa@ ed) 0 Dooshite hitori de dekaketa , no |ka na(ka naa)|. I wonder why (he/she) went out alone? 522. Used in making a suggestion to oneself. English approximation: “(I) think/(I) will do ...” A) J-E-TEONLI[Da(AS)|. Koohii demo ,. ireyoo |ka na(ka naa)|. I think I’m going to make some coffee ... ma, B) 2524845 law], Soro-soro ,, kaeroo {ka na}. I think I’m going to go home soon. 3. In the pattern “... nai kana ~%\.4:%,” indicates wishful thinking. English approximation: “I wish (it) would ...” A) EC RiwoanfpeGrs)). Hayaku haru ni ,, nara-nai |ka na(ka naa)|. I wish spring would come soon. £2 ae Leoees me B) BRIAR CH RA bio Tl alae (saws). Otoosan hayaku shucchoo kara kaette ,, ko-nai ka na(ka naa)]. I wish Dad would come home soon from his business trip. KARA ‘5 FUNDAMENTALS OF “KARA #5” In general, you can understand the function of “kara 4°” by identifying the part of speech of the word immediately preceding it. When “kara 4-5” is placed after a noun or a nominal it usually means “from,” whereas after an adjective or a verb and a copula, “kara 4°” usually indicates reason or 53cause. 1, Placed after a noun or a nominal. 1) After a pronoun, interrogative pronoun, a person’s name or social position, indicates that an action or a deed is directed from that person. English approximation: “from” A) bELIREOMERE [SIMA ELAS Watashi wa sono hanashi o ,, sensee kara] kiki-mashita. T heard that story from my teacher. pots B) Riske[aes]orrs—eb5onr. a] raburetaa o moratta. Boku wa ,, kanojo [ka I received a love letter from her. Beers Lee ae C) ZOEK Sono hon o ,,dare |kara| kari-mashita ka? From whom did you borrow the book? ROoNTINLEOK. ee D) BALE [> Watashi wa _,, sensee |kara| homerarete ureshikatta. I was happy that my teacher gave me a compliment. BE) aarles|es eee ce n.Anata |kara] doozo ohanashi kudasai. 34F) Please, if you could start talking first. (literally: (Starting) with you, please tell us your story.) ye e602 DELEEC MA SIBALEVA TT. Watashi mo hayaku ,, oya [kara] dokuritsu shi-tai-n desu. I, too, would like to become independent from my parents soon. 2) Placed after a noun, showing a place/space, indicates that something starts/started at that place. English approximation: “from” “through” “out of” “in” A) B) C) D) cee oe ee BORER DHL. a Bisa y ble Kare wa ,, poketto |kara| kuruma no kagi © tori-dashita. He took his car keys out of his pocket. eae ae RBBE[E5 Rone LO. Doroboo wa ,, mado jkara| haitta rashii. It looks like the robber got into the house through the window. APE) A cae tah n.Ki |kara| ringo ga ochite kita. An apple fell from the tree. S . Rens vate Rs | at. awry 4 he Taiyoo wa ,, higashi [kara] nobori-masu. ie =. The sun rises in the east.3) English approximation: “from” “at Pare kesh - E) #K7FVOBL |b |St Us hrelke Hoteru no _,, okujoo |kara| Fujisan ga mie-mashita I saw Mt. Fuji from the roof top of the hotel. FP) Atv ET 9A[P SPAMS LAL TOS, n, Sutendogurasu |kara| yuuhi ga sashi-konde-iru. The rays of the setting sun are shining through 7, the stained glass. G) br Laeomihe tao |e LA. Watashi wa sono chishiki o ,, hon [kara e-mashita. I obtained that knowledge from a book. Ax After a time word, indicates that something begins/began at that moment. ‘since” Kuk et eee asc eg ae A) BRBORR, WAM A5 |S 0ST. Nihon-go no jugyoo wa, asa ,, ku-ji The Japanese language class begins at o'clock in the morning. kara nine hajimari-masu.B) o) D) E) F) 4) Inthe pattern “... kara ... bute Blab kara ». Raishuu Seto Re ae FRAME IGS. chikatetsu ga ne-age ni naru. From next week, the subway fare will go up. weet 2a bELIL, HLT, DIOR Watashi wa, isogashikute, ,,,kinoo no yoru ab orResen. kara] zutto nete i-masen. I've been so busy that I haven't slept at all since last night. itt FS ume, CFId, Blas Tanabata wa_,,mukashi |kara desu. BA CORTETH. nihon ni tsutawatte-iru gyooji The Tanabata festival is a traditional event observed since olden times in Japan. cue 8 bELIZA, BRIERT DoIbF Watashi wa, nihon ni , kite kara moo ni-nen ni nari-masu. Two years have already passed since I came to Japan. ta oe BRAC (oT ab Sofu ga , nakunatte [kara She BERbELK. go-nen tachi-mashita. It’s been five years since my grandfather passed away. space or time. made ~4+5~ 4 T,” shows a range/span of English approximation: “from/to” “between” A) 2) be lO ttl ayy (x, =m ab Kono yoochien ni wa, ,, ni-sai thaw = eRe IRS TOF RAAF. kara yon-sai made no kodomo- tachi ga i-masu.5) English approximatior 38 B) o) D) E) In the pattern There are children between the ages of two and four at this kindergarten. wey ze aur 8 Ze A+ 5 |S TOMISRT (CHES, n, San-ji |kara| yo-ji made no aida ni kite kudasai. Please come over between three and four o'clock. seta ta bt Lld, FDR SMB) A 5 |B THAAZLA. Watashi wa, sono kiji o ,, sumi | kara] sumi made yomi-mashita. I've read the article from the beginning to the end. (literally: from one corner to the other) LAFAYETTE EVlAo|s DE TH NET. Resutoran to itte mo, ,, pin |kat ‘a| kiri made ari-masu. When it comes to restaurants, there’s a wide range of them. (literally: from the first to the last) mau 2 2 eae F VEEN TO 5 R52 THOM HS. Yuushoku © , tabete |kara| neru made ni yo-jikan aru. After dinner, I'll have four hours before I go to bed. .. kara + @ ~eb~~%,” the particle “kara 45” is placed between repeated words, to indicate that the same action occurs one after another in succession. A) age a TERKAS 7 Hanabi ga, ,, tsugi ard Neb bifbonk. “one after another” kara| tsugi e to uchi- agerareta. Fireworks were shot up into the sky one after another. (literally: from next to the next)saee O8 B) Rika, KGS] RAc HL EECA Oo-nami ga ,, tsugi [kara] tsugi e to oshi-yosete kita. One after another, great waves came rolling in. / y RB soe ue ue 2 dot LIS RAT TH Ob BN CRA LS © Watashi-tachi wa hikooki de ,, shima |kara| shima e to tonda. We flew by plane from one island to another. 6) Indicates the composition of something. Interchangeable with the particle “de t.” English approximation: “from” “of” “out of” boo caeo A) am awR[ DS |iEO Nat. Hamono wa _,, kootetsu [kara] tsukurare-masu. Cutlery is made of steel. cure 26 B) 787 eb TENET. Pan wa ,. komugi-ko {kara} tsukuri-masu. TA ah (We) make bread out of flour. EY 7 wy 39ak be C) RIUM AS|TATOET. Hon wa ,, kami |kara} dekite i-masu. Books are made of paper. kak bo mug D) BRB OMA Bl PSo|BoTst. ( Nihon wa yottsu no ookii ,. shima |kara natte i-masu. Japan consists of four big islands. baste, ce yosy wane > eo COBOBA, RHI LSB Al|HS|MI oT 3. £ Kono kuni no keezai wa, booeki ni yoru ,.shuunyuu |kara nari-tatte-iru. The economy of this country is based on its trade income. 7) Placed after a noun, indicates an approximate amount/number. English approximation; “as many as” “as much as” “no less than” vac baste ee A) BS|e5|OAKADb Fy 7HHA TIS, n. Hyaku-dai |kara] no oogata torakku ga narande-iru. More than one hundred big trucks are lined up. 6 aes. er ‘< @Bl 6 £nS, eee B) FA|a5 n, Sen-nin |kara} no kankoo-kyaku ga, mainichi koko o otozureru. As many as one thousand tourists visit this place every day. 2. Placed after an abstract noun, an adjective or a verb. 1) Indicates a cause or a reason for an action/attitude that is described in the predicate clause. This inverted structure makes the sentence 60emphatic. English approximation: “as” “so” “since” “due to” “for” “because” “considering’ age ey * A) BARK Po|AC SAMOELK. ‘seeing” Osakana ga ag yasukatta |kara| takusan kai-mashita. Because I found the fish inexpensive, I bought lots of them. a> ues 65 temo B) FAIL EBARE| Ob], RIM ESHA I. Kyoo wa ii otenki ,. da |kara}, sakura wa mankai ni naru daroo. Since the weather is very nice today, cherry blossoms will probably be in full bloom. Hone O brLEZ ay 2) ROHS), BRC ESow, Watashi wa burokkori wa kirai ..da |kara|, zettai ni tabe-nai. Because I don’t like broccoli, I never eat it. bola seemnecen ss D) aka EE a A[es], SR MSRRL at, Nihon-go ga joozu ni ,,nari-tai [kara], isshoo-kenmee benkyoo-shi-masu. Since I want to be good at Japanese, I'll work hard. te eees Bick hkl, porns osles|ee. E) Kimi ni tomodachi ga deki-nai no wa, uchi ni bakari ,, iru |kara da yo. The reason why you can’t make friends is that you stay home most of the time. 612) F) G@ H woe rae ROR DBOLAODIA, BARAT MEDOK| HSIEH Boku ga nori-sugoshita no wa, ki i ga ,, oshiete-kure-nakatta kara] da zo. The reason why I missed my stop was that you didn't tell me (where to get off). iha, Beoth[es], HELA. Kare wa tsuma to no ,, fuwa |kara|, bekkyo-shita. Due to the fact that he didn’t get along with his wife, they separated. La satcas be 2923 doen ld, BROMO 5|, RFSELSIILIMOK, Kare wa, kookoo no ,,.seeseki |kara], shoogakukin 0 morau koto ni natta. Because of his (excellent) grades in high school, he is to be granted a scholarship. Placed after an abstract noun, indicates one’s judgment/viewpoint. English approximation: “from a viewpoint of” “judging from” “by” 62 “according to” » a Lee pene A) SULOR Dd|RNIY, COMRBSMHETL SE 70 B) Anata no ,. me |kara| mire ba, kono shigoto wa kantan deshoo. From your viewpoint, this task may seem to be easy. 5 away rte bh esd Ladle COFROAS| J 5 |MAT SC, MILRAIH ETF SS LY. Kono tegami no ,,naiyoo |kara] handan-suru to, kare wa kachoo ni shooshin suru rashii. Judging from the contents of this letter, it seems that he will be promoted to manager. (literally: section chief)we meee & © BeBe A Rs] ta, Rom Ray —~ ki es 2, Igaku-teki ,,kenchi [kara] sure ba, kare no kenkyuu wa nooberu-shoo ni mo atai suru. From a medical point of view, his research is worth the Nobel Prize. 3) Placed after an abstract noun of emotion, indicates that such an emotion results in the action/state described in the predicate clause. English approximation: “from” “out of” “due to” A) beLIGGAL a [HS] RUbaoK, Watashi wa ,, ureshisa |kara] tobi-agatta. I jumped for joy. ac eae 28 B) Mid, TRECHs oLLAEVSu[H SIAL EL Bote Boku wa, kudoo-kun to chotto shita _, ii-ai |kara] kenka-shite shimatta. l ended up having a fight with Kudo over something that arose out of a minor argument. epctingy eoae a KER [ao PRL A. Kare wa _,, sekinin-kan | kara} jishoku-shita. © He resigned from his office out of a sense of responsibility. 3. In the pattern “... kara to itte ~4+5 & 4) > T,” introduces a restriction or a warning. English approximation: “even though” A) ph# ve boonfeeleoct, Rombyar, toad es te Okozukai o , moratta |kara] to itte, tsukai-sugiru to, sugu 634 B) C) nakunaru yo. Even though you've received an allowance, if you spend it too fast, it will soon be gone. Bulaejenot AC sAM oC SEL, ag. Yasui |kara| to itte, takusan katte wa ike-masen. Even though they may be a bargain, don’t buy too many at a time. a ven ae am RNKLIAK| Sle 9T, KATH ( OILER TT. Nareta tokoro ,. da|kara| to itte, hitori de aruku no wa kiken desu. Even though you are familiar with the area, it is dangerous to walk around alone. In the pattern “... kara ni wa ~4*5 1214,” expresses a determination or a resolution. English approximation: “since 64 A) B) Cc) ‘now that” aaa spec a CHEV E BLESS, SoU SL THESE Kore dake ,,benkyoo shita [kara] ni wa, kitto gookaku-shite miseru zo. Now that I've studied this hard, I will pass the entrance exam without fail! ‘ Af [bb]icld, ZLORE LOGAN SOO. Gaikoku e ,,iku |kara] ni wa, soko no bunka o yoku shira- nakere-ba-nara-nai. Now that you are going to a foreign country, you must got to know its culture very well. bola spemoste w LOBE e[e sic, “Reis 5, Kono kaisha ni , nyuusha-shita |kara| ni wa, isshoo-kenmeeganbaroo. Now that I’ve been accepted by this company, I will do my best. 5. In the pattern “... kara ni ~a* 12.” English approximation: “just by doing ...” foes a . A) ReaRS [eS |cRL 25 BATTAL Kanojo wa ,, miru |kara) ni yasashi-soo na hito desu ne. Just by looking at her, you can tell that she’s probably a very kind person. wee B) enaend [aa icky. Sore wa ,, kiku |kara] ni kowai hanashi da. Just by listening to it, the story sends a chill up my spine. KARA-SHITE 2#*‘5-UT Combination particle A combination of the particles “kara 4-5” and “shite L T.” 1. Cites one characteristic of something/someone in order to make an emphatic statement about the whole thing/person. English approximation: “starting with hes ue pe nk A) SOKOAIMOS | SSL S64 0U RK, Ano otoko no hito wa ,, kaotsuki |kara shite Starting with his face, he is a little strange. pots bo B) Me S > oLTHOK Ke chotto hen da. Kanojo wa ,,mochimono |kara shite] zeetaku da. Starting with her possessions, she is extravagant. 2. A more emphatic form of “kara 4-5” used in the sense of “because/ 65since”; similar to “node 2 T.” English approximation: “consequently” A) B) pth test ame bunk we PEORRILAF CH S|POLT|), RELBALCHOBFIL EG. Kotoshi no shuushi wa akaji ..de-aru |kara shite], rainen wa nantoka kuroji ni shiyoo. Our balance sheet is in the red this year; consequently, let’s try to somehow come out on top next year. penn sce ZIVIAIHSE|PSLT, BOXERS 25. Soo-yuu uwasa ,.da |kara shite], ano futari wa chikajika kekkon-suru daroo. Since that sort of rumor is going around, consequently, it’s likely that those two will get married soon. KASHIRA AUS Found in women’s language. 1. Following an interrogative pronoun, poses a question. English approximation; “(I) wonder ...” 66 A) B) was ens], SRR EAE Old Dare |kashira}, imagoro to o tataku no wa. I wonder who is knocking on my door at this hour. kL Boot PEOARBTENY, Bop, vo[HLS]- Tashika ni koko ni oita hazu da kedo, nai wa. ,, Doko |kashira]. I thought I had definitely put it here, but it’s not here. I wonder where it could be?E238 C) AstaA, BEALS]. Ookina tsutsumi ne. ,, Nani |kashira] . That’s a big package. I wonder what it is? 2. Casually softens a question or a sense of doubt addressed to oneself or another party. Not translatable. A) cokettono, woken [el bl. Kono hon o katta no, itsu .. datta |kashira]. When was it that I bought this book? B) beL. Aue EAL) HA TOOL. Watashi, son-na koto ,, itta |kashira] . Oboete-i-nai kedo. Did I say something like that? I don’t remember it. 3. Softens an interrogative sentence. Not translatable. A) Sma. b > Lovet [FLS]e Kondo wa itsu ,, irasshai-masu |kashira}. When will (you) be coming by again? graae x B) SABIE TOS 5]. Kyoo mise wa ,,aite-iru {kashira]. I wonder, is the store open today? 4. Makes a casual suggestion to oneself or another party. English approximation: “should (I/we) do ...” Spiteee eo - A) FeRBRB ATI G| aL 5]. Konban eega ni ,,ikoo |kashira|. Should I go to the movies tonight? 61eon B) 7-* eH > CHS SHUG]. Keeki 0 katte ,, kaeroo [kashira]. Om ma Should I buy a cake on the way homer (C2 5. Following a negation: 1) _ Indicates wishful thinking or softens a statement asking someone for a favor. English approximation: “I wish ...” “could (you) do ...” Speco A) BSR toa: RAL bo Hayaku gookaku-tsuuchi ga, ko-nai {kashira]. I wish the acceptance letter would arrive soon. B) Socket (anne s). Ima sugu ,, kite kure-nai |kashira]. Could you come right away? 2) Expresses concern over an uncertain or potentially negative situation. English approximation: “I wonder .. A) Shouse, Pabodei: ticks aS]. Ima dekake te mo, juu-ji no kisha ni ,, mani-au |kashira]. Even if you were to leave now, I wonder if you could make it in time to catch the ten o’clock train. ay B) @DA-YI-A, BTR s5|. Sono suutsu-keesu, ,, omo-sugi-nai | kashira]. I wonder if that suitcase isn’t too heavy. 68KE (t Colloquial. Usually placed at the end of the sentence after the copula “da #,” which is the informal form of “desu t+,” to form patterns such as “dakke #711” and “dattakke Ho 71lt.” 1, Used in reminiscing about a past event. English approximation: “((I) remember)” A) Baora, AED ele bo(er)Ho[H]e Chiisai toki, yoku ki-nobori o shita mono (mo-n) ,.da-k|ke}. ‘When (1) was little, (I) used to climb trees all the time, (I remember). B) 2502, ZhaMNTORO[G]Az. Soo ie ba, son-na tokoro e ,, itta-k/ke| nee. That's right, we did go somewhere like that, (I remember) (didn’t we). 2. In an interrogative, actively solicits an answer from the party addressed. English approximation: “when is/was it ...?” “what is/was it ...?” etc. 83 mateo ho[G], Be PRS iio rol. A) W202tK Itsu no koto ,. datta-k/ke|, kimi to ongak-kai ni itta no wa. When was it now, that I went with you to the concert? kb A e9 B) HDAOLIADERET, MHXO[F]. Ano hito no tokoro no denwa-bangoo, nan-ban , da-k|ke}. That person’s phone number, what is it now? 69KEREDOMO (KEREDO, KEDO, KEDOMO) [S72 (SNE, Fe, Ite) Colloquial forms: “keredo 1442," “kedo 132," and “kedomo 17x.” 1. A conjunctive particle. 1) After one statement, functions as an adversative conjunction leading into the next clause/phrase. English approximation: “even though” “but” A) coffin o[anes], Reondtanes. Kono ryoori wa ,4,0ishii |keredomo}|, tsukuru no ni tema ga kakaru. Even though this dish is delicious, it's a hassle to make. B) Se otske[DREE] Skane iced cite Fe Chotto jimi .. da [keredomo], kon-ya no paatii ni wa kore o kite ikoo. Even though it's a bit subdued, I'll wear this to the party tonight. 2) Following an apologetic remark, connects it to the main point that follows. English approximation: “though” “but” A) ch, uAOF LTT [HAe ES], BLES TKO. Kore, hon no sukoshi . desu |keredomo}|, meshi-agatte kudasai. Though there’s only a little bit here, please have it (to eat). eoeh B) RACH [UNS], Silesorseconwaat. Totsuzen .desu |keredomo|, kaisha o yamesasete itada- 70kimasu. I know it’s sudden, but I wish to quit the company. 3) Simply connects two unrelated statements. English approximation: (like a comma) A) Raz C3 [DHEE Inu ga ,,hoete-iru |keredomo}, dare ka soto ni iru-n ja nai? EDA BAU OR? The dog’s barking, isn’t there someone out there? Bees ae nar se 8 ey B) LosFAR Oc BOA S|, KHCRBS ZACH, Kono chihoo wa samui to ,, kiita [keredomo], hontoo ni mainichi hie-komu ne. Thad heard that it was cold in this region, and it’s truly quite chilly every day. 2. At the end of a sentence or clause. 1) Expresses wishful thinking; a hope that the situation at hand will be reversed. English approximation: “(if ...), but...” A) 3 FLA Ribae (bas covok[ARe be Moo sukoshi Nihon-go ga yoku wakaru to ii no da keredomo|. It would be better if I could understand Japanese a little more, but .... +: pe * RIF LEEMHNIX, HOAFLAARASOK| NHL]. B Moo sukoshi okane ga are ba, ano sutereo ga kaeru no ..da keredomo}. If I had a bit more money, I'd be able to buy that stereo, but .... 12) 3) Often in the pattern “doose ... keredomo &4 #~t}# Xd,” gives the sentence an overtone of hopelessness, cynicism, or scorn. Not translatable. A) B) Korocesemicdnev[ines]. Hashitta-tte doose ,, mani-awa-nai keredomo}. Even if (I) were to run, there’s no way (I) would make it on time. chek, hoce raed ccbnsras [ane Kon-na yasumono, katte mo doose sugu kowareru , daroo keredomo}. This is so cheap, even if I were to buy it, it would surely break right away. Used in making an indirect suggestion or statement. English approximation: “(excuse me, but)” “Pood he An, 222% ho seh ct+[Pneb A) B Juu-ji no kisha deshita ne. Soro-soro dekakeru jikan .. desu keredomo]. Your train is at ten, right? (Excuse me, but) I think it's about time to leave. [roo Asda 0a Une]. Botsu-botsu koogi ga _,, hajimari-masu keredomo]. (Excuse me, but) the lecture should be starting pretty soon. 3. A conjunction which is different from the usage of the above particle “keredomo 174%.” Placed after a complete sentence: 1) Introduces another statement that conflicts with it. English approximation: “however” n2) English approximation: “however' kak of wots teemngiess es A) BRILL. [lines], —FRPR BT HIT, LT brs FILwSe Nihon-go wa muzukashii. |Keredomo}, isshoo-kenmee benkyoo-sure ba, kanarazu wakaru yoo ni naru. Japanese is difficult. However, if you study hard, you will definitely be able to understand it. nT et £80 bau B) #ild, MOTO LOM TT. [NEE], WELW -— TH we, BREA. Neko wa, tashika ni kawairashii doobutsu desu. |Keredomo], watashi wa arerugii desu kara, kae-masen. Cats are cute animals, to be sure. However, I'm allergic, so I can’t keep one. Expresses agreement with the first sentence, then offers another related alternative. yet” (oso, [Fae], Bescon, tone a A) BRAILIA hb Natsu-yasumi ni wa, yama ni iku no mo ii. [Keredomo], umi mo mata ii ne. It’s nice to go to the mountains during summer break. However, it would be nice to go to the beach, too. KIRI #9 1. 1) Establishes a limit for a topic. In referring to quantity: 3English approximation: “only” “just” ano A) =ALSD[ CC cCanNiTo TL eK ». Futari |kiri] de dokoka e itte-shimai-tai. I want to go away somewhere, just the two of us. [so]es. Watashi wa yooroppa ni wa, ichido , itta {kiri] desu. B) bALIS Oy 78d, RITA I have been to Europe only once (so far). 2) In referring to a state or condition, shows that it has been unchanged. English approximation: “continuously only doing ...” eee 6h ok A) FEO RA, RALSD [loo Toshi oita chichi wa, ,, neta |kiri] ni natta. My aged father became bed-ridden. (literally: My aged father has become confined to continuously lying down.) +e Lee og as B) EN 2/50 |CHFERNKOT, Balok. vy. Suwari-k|kiri] de shigoto o tsuzuketa node, kata ga kotta. Since I have been working sitting down continuously, my shoulders have gotten tense. 3) Often followed later in the sentence by a negative, shows that there is a limit that has not yet been surpassed. English approximation: “after doing ..., (not once done ...)” en ob eth ace A) RIS-REBE SUTRAS |, TAA DAN EA, Kare wa ichi-do denwa o kakete , kita |kiri], yukue ga wakari- masen. He called just once, and after that, (I) don't know where he went. bots rears pea 8 B) MUL, AFRDA|SD |, FREBL TOBY, 74Kanojo to wa, kyonen , atta |kiri|, tegami mo dashite i-nai. As for her, after I saw her last year, I haven't even sent her (a single) letter. 2. In the pattern “marukkiri 24 %",” followed by a negative or negative situation. English approximation: “at all” as aw cre A) f€ld, BiAILE 42/81 Boku wa, osake wa mai I can’t drink at all. B) ALIA, £3 0[5 1] RUROA TH. Watashi wa, maruk|kiri] oyoge nai-n desu. I can't swim at all. KOSO Cé 1. Emphasizes what is preceded. English approximation: “(indeed)” * Beate ops 8 ot A) 9/22), KC SADE LAA HEBEL AK Ano ,,yama [koso], takusan no tozan-sha ga inochi o otoshita yama da. That mountain is (indeed) one on which many mountain climbers have lost their lives. fate B) R¥[2e]ae\Hota45, ».Rainen [koso] nihon e itte mi yoo. Next year, (finally, indeed), let's go to Japan. 52. Often in the “.. kara koso ~4" 22” or “.. ba koso ~I 2 2" pattern, emphasizes a reason for an action. English approximation: “(precisely) because” A) 23 RSS Us bHO TORE br L Bao tt. Koo naru koto ga wakatte ita , kara |koso|, watashi wa sansee shinakatta no desu. It's precisely because I knew things were going to work out this way that I didn’t agree (before). howe B) suhocee@ana[cel, Rhehor res ono, Anata no koto o kangaere , ba [koso], ketsudan o omoi- todomatta no yo. It's precisely because I thought about you that I stopped short of making a decision. 3. In the pattern “koso sure © +#,” shows that the statement that precedes it is true or acceptable, but another opinion or additional com- ments are to follow. English approximation: “do (something), but ...” A) boAl, Ux eRa[S eh, UELAC CUR. Ano hito wa, hito o home |koso| sure, kenashita koto wa nai. ‘That person does make encouraging remarks about others, but has never made pejorative ones. 4, In the pattern “sore koso #< 2,” emphatic. English approximation: “that (would rink A) FAbOMAY TZ Hib amon, enfle REX 16te Tesuto no mae ni infuruenza ni demo kakattara, sore |koso taihen da yo. If you were to catch the flu or something before your exam, that would be disastrous. B) Zhuo vemeEHI bows, en[z|AA CRS EY te Son-na koto 0 kanojo ni ioo mono nara, sore |koso| tada de wa suma-nai yo. If you were to say something like that to her, that would get you into trouble. KOTO ce Women’s language (except No. 6). 1. Serves to soften the impact of an opinion that is expressed. Not translatable. A) ZABINWDETELENTIZBAT, SRKSL (BCE te Son-na ni itsu made mo shogete-iru nante, anata 4, rashiku-nai koto| yo. It’s not like you to be so down for so long. B) chKUS stb akbssevons, biwoun[ee]e. Kore dake itte mo mada wakara-nai no nara, moo ,, shira-nai koto] yo. nIf you still don’t understand after all I've said, then I just give up. 2, Expresses a mild surprise or a positive impression. Not translatable. A) Be. BLOwsvalee]. Oya, mezurashii tori ga , iru |koto|. Look, there’s a rare bird! B) 25, tt aebx[Se]nz. Maa, suteki na e .. da |koto| nee. My goodness, what a wonderful painting! 3. Placed at the end of a sentence, accompanies a casual question. Not translatable. A) Cha SBUEELTHE OMY IE? Kore kara ojama-shite mo 44, ii |koto|? Would it be all right to come over now? B) MAMIEIT OHNE woA[EE]? Kaze wa moo sukkari , yokunatta |koto|? Are you completely over your cold? 4, Makes a rhetorical question that is exclamatory. English approximation: “isn't it ...” pas, A) HOR a—oy\ctot? tcarferl. Shinkon-ryokoo wa yooroppa desu-tte? Suteki , da |koto| . I've heard that (your) honeymoon will be in Europe. Isn't that wonderful! ea Ber cea ren B) BeOS, FREBM CHOC. GOP aLO [Ee]. Kanojo no kaisha, nenkyuu go-shuukan desu-tte. 4 urayamashii |koto}. 8Her company has five weeks vacation per year, I hear. Isn’t it enviable! 5. Expresses a casual suggestion for action, following a negative form of a verb. English approximation: “how about ...2" “why don't we ...2” A) chs cbhibic cuits aer(ee]? Kore kara eega ni demo ,, iki-masen |koto How about going to a movie now? ae Be B) B( Rokmb, I7Y—THBHUWN| Oe? Osoku natta kara, takushii demo , hirowa-nai |koto It's gotten late, how about catching a taxi? 6. Transforms a statement into a strict command. Not translatable. A) Wein ye eh et Hy o[Ez], Kijitsu ni okurezu repooto o , teeshutsu-suru |koto|. Hand in the report without missing the deadline. B) Bor Suesies[e ec]. Karita kane wa kanarazu , kaesu |koto|. Make sure (you) pay back the money (you) borrow. KURAI (GURAI) <5L\(<51L1) 1. Indicates that a given quantity is approximate. English approximation: “about” “approximately” votesee A) 3 WHE BO) cake cla. Moo ,,is-shuukan |kurai] de hana ga saku deshoo. 9The flowers will probably bloom in about a week. B) Ke7 92k: thy BC kudasai. Mizu 0 gurasu ni ,, hanbun Please give me about half a glass of water. 2. Belittles something, in showing that it is simple or elementary. English approximation: (something like) A) Wee CSO] bAL Ho thks b. Kantan na ,, ryoori |kurai| watashi datte dekiru wa. Even I can cook (something like) a simple meal. tang ye B) RH] ( OAS TLE SY, n. Sentaku [kurail jibun de shinasai. Do (something like) your laundry yourself. 3. In citing one situation, indicates its extent. English approximation: “to the extent that ...” soesm ee ace oe A) BHR S[C SO], RELIRUTLAL Sora ichimen makka ni ,.naru |kurai| no, migotona yuuyake deshita. The sunset was splendid, to the extent that the whole sky turned crimson. a ane Le est CEH THOS CbUlEmS, LICH Ea uate B) ZAMCAR Loeete, Shujin wa kon-na ni osoku made ,, hataraite-iru | kurai] dakara, yohodo shigoto ga isogashii rashii. Since it’s to the extent that my husband is working this late, he must be quite busy at work. 804. Following a noun, a nominal, or a pronoun, establishes it as a basis for comparison. Not translatable. © ux A) mB SOR bone. n.dishin |kurai] kowai mono wa nai. There's nothing more scary than an earthquake. B) BRaA[K So] taasnsounias, n, Otoosan |kurai| se ga taka-kattara ii no ni naa. I wish I were as tall as my father. 5. Indicates that what precedes it is something undesirable or unlikable. English approximation: “rather than doing ... A) ZAREFORDERNS ules, Hebee Bes aed lL he Son-na mazui mono o ,, taberu |kurai] nara, nani mo tabe-nai hoo ga mashi da. Rather than eating something that gross, I prefer not to eat anything at all. B) aco a we meee PAB IBN S| (OURS, REL THMAUKIEI HELE Kijitsu ni ,, okureru |kurai| nara, tetsuya o shite kansee-saseta hoo ga mashi da. Rather than being late for the deadline, (I) prefer to finish it by staying up all night. KUSE-NI ) A) be Lishobas He8[d THES LAT. @ Watashi wa ku-ji kara ,, go-ji [made shigoto o shi-masu. | I work from nine to five. pour as ae are B) MILA SRS TIAT-hORBELK. Kanojo wa asa kara ,, ban |made| sukeeto no renshuu o shita. She practiced skating from morning till night. tyopoag BES eps. SS oe ©) xorvaletle a Tsugi no ,,basu |made| sanjup-pun mo aru. \ We have to wait for another thirty minutes until the next bus.be pecan D) Rae R[s clean. Chichi wa ,, hyaku-sai | made] ikita. My father lived to be a hundred years old. Be ean E) Mitr ls clo-=z chon. Boku wa ,, kyuu-sai | made| rooma de sodatta. I was raised in Rome until I was nine years old. uno Shue ae F) AbA1+dMAT S/S TERUG E, Sutoraiki ga , kaiketsu-suru |made| densha wa ugoka-nai. There will be no train service until the strike is over. @ BlacfRercono? n.lma |made| nani o shite ita no? What have you been doing until now? 2) Spatial limits. English approximation: “to” “as far as” b tele bet 29 ¢ ba A) @ld, 7b OER SCARE THOTT. Watashi wa, uchi kara ,, gakkoo |made| jitensha de kayotte i-masu. I commute from my house to school by bicycle. Bue ase & CORBIS, FAS THTAIT. Kono kisha wa, ,,aomori |made] iki-masu. B This train will go to Aomori. 84Cc) D) E) 3) Limits of quantity, range, or scope. English approximation: “up to’ A) B) CO) beam Be woe tke PMT Ab ORBI-RY 5 ORs T/TF. Chuukan-tesuto no han-i wa ik-ka kara ,, yon-ka |made| desu. The mid term exam will cover lessons one to four. COST SoLevsga? ».Doko [made] irasshaimasu ka? Where are you going? (literally: To which place are you going?) ge toe eee ARS COWRA LK HSN), n. Nara |made| no kippu o ni-mai kudasai. Two tickets to Nara, please. ‘within” Woche yee vecenn Heh oRM WS THE Ciel cBs a. Kekkon-shiki no hiyoo wa _,,hyaku-man en |made] ni shite- okoo. Let’s keep the budget for our wedding within one million yen. ne tes help Ble Be : LAYTD AVFAbORMHEBRLIE ST, FWA TA atl[tt. Misu sakura kontesuto no sanka-sha o boshuu shi-masu. Nenree wa ,, nijuu-go sai [made] desu. We are looking for contestants for the Miss Sakura pageant. You must be under twenty-five years old. (literally: As for the age (limit), it’s up to twenty-five.) ae Rf womnsasa AORVLHLIS-BESR| st T/CT. 85Hon no kashi-dashi wa ik-kai , san-satsu |made| desu. You may borrow up to three books at a time. 2. Shows the extent to which a situation or action can/has already reach(ed). English approximation: “until” “to” “as far as” “to the extent of” Te ap om on ® A) TRATROL| £ T) Rho Koozui de mizu ga ,»,yuka no ue |made| kita. The water from the flood reached (as far as) above floor level. aes we, pees, ® B) CMIAMRO— MS THENKG AV, Gohan wa ,»,saigo no hito-tsubu |made] tabenasai. Eat even the last grain of rice in your bowl. Lares OC RES a52845003[E cles 7. i. Shoogakukin ga moraeru yoo ni naru |made| ganbaroo. T'll work hard until I qualify for a scholarship. access rd D) Bess Rose a(t, bALIRAHO LI Ie 3(2C]RL < as Bivto Mokuteki-chi ga mitsukara-nakute, watashi wa ,,ashi ga boo no yoo ni naru |made| sagashite aruita. Unable to find my destination, | walked in search of it until I felt as if my legs were about to fall off. 3. Indicates that a situation has reached the extent that even an extreme example is now applicable. English approximation: “even” zets aie A) Riki: RRINSZLIUS, BLEVK. Tomodachi ,, ni |made| mihana-sareru yoo ja, oshimai da.B) Tf even your friends desert you, that’s the end. wo te¢ ys ee AMAT © RR] STM. (Proverb) Boozu nikukerya ,, kesa |made} nikui. When (you) hate the monk, (you) even hate his surplice. 4, Indicates that an action is/was done by chance. English approximation: “just” “merely” A) B) Cc) D) 2 AGEs ho, Kanth hows® cH ako re te Kesa hayaoki shita no wa, tamatama kotori no nakigoe de me ga ,.sameta |made| da yo. I got up early this morning merely because I happened to have been woken up by the singing of birds. pote ese 5 brlexbichica ro, Bstaor[2 tocect Watashi ga kaisha de shusse dekita no wa, un ga 44 yokatta made} no koto desu. It is just luck that I was able to climb up the corporate ladder. ARVO ELT KASH B OT. BLOC BERLE zT]t. Kondo wa itsu irashite kudasaru ka to omotte .... Chotto v, odenwa-shita |made] yo. I was wondering when you'd be coming over again ... I just called (for that), that’s all. ZABIEBOL POET OH +[a<]et. ae NMOICEL Wo. bALIGAK Son-na ni osshara-nai de kudasai. Watashi wa tada atarimae no 87koto o ,, shita made] desu. Please don’t thank me so much. I just did what I should have done. MADE-MO = &C-6 Combination particle A combination of the particles “made 4 t” and “mo 2.” 1, Followed by a negation later in the sentence or clause, indicates that a situation or action preceding it is not necessary, and that it is the obvious or norm. English approximation: “it’s not necessary to ...” bunfotnmane La’ A) oa s58 ULE cb] 578 eh RRA RA Lat. Imasara ,,mooshi-ageru [made mo] ari-masen ga, watakushi wa raigetsu teenen-taishoku itashi-masu. (I know that) it’s not necessary to say it at this point (ie. because everyone knows about it by now), but I will be retiring next month. There is a lot of snow left on the street. 5 ce als ® Ber UE neste HEI MoCZANAUFMAATT. »Asoko | ni| tatte-iru otoko no hito wa imagawa-san desu. The man standing over there (literally: at that place) is Mr. Imagawa.H) boWlE]eno tush sancta, Ano ,,kabe [ni] kakatte-iru e wa kiree desu ne. The painting hanging on that wall is beautiful. 2) After a noun, indicates the direction or the destination of an action. English approximation: “to” “in” “on” “into” A) B. Cc) D) E) gee pHs RILBRAALI|FRMEBOK, Boku wa _,, otoosan | ni| tegami o kaita. I wrote a letter to my father. Ex beLGRAT¥) 2[EPa at. Watashi wa raigetsu ,, igirisu | ni] iki-masu. Tam going to England next month. a 22, wae ace ae. BAF BI MORES, MEERA MOTE Boku ga ,, uchi | ni| kaetta toki, imooto mo gakkoo kara kaette- kita. When I got home, my sister was also coming home from school. aus, Six BUlie | haus a Utes Chichi wa ,, kaisha | ni} dekake-mashita. My father has left for his office. pecd us es REOWW | |RATL dae Keshiki no ii ,, tokoro | ni| ryokoo-shi-tai ne. Don’t you want to travel to a place with nice scenery? 121Reza et FR) kBaB[c|eass. Taiyoo wa ,, nishi | ni} shizumi-masu. The sun sets in the west. oso G) 35, RTA] Asef CT eo. Saa, ,, hikooki [ni] noru jikan desu yo. It’s time to get on the plane now. “a “4 5 3) After an abstract condition or state, indicates that the action prescribed by a related verb is proceeding toward it. English approximation: “to” or not translatable. ATR LUA? Raigetsu_,, sukii [ni] iki-masen ka? la Would you like to go skiing next month? on B) M51 Karera wa ,. koi | ni} ochita. bb They fell in love. tof Leeman OC) RBKAER IC [AoA Morita-shi wa_,, seekai | ni| haitta. Mr. Morita joined the political circle. D) SEALIRE [ras Ay? Anata wa moo ,,toohyoo [ni] iki-mashita ka? 122Have you already gone to vote? ccave E) bAL BERS | hay. Watashi wa gogo ,, kaigi | ni| de-masu. T’m going to attend a meeting this afternoon. 4) In the pattern “... ni naru (nari-masu) ~12%@% (#9 3)” or “.. ni kawaru (kawari-masu) ~i23% (3 4+),” indicates a change in condition/state. English approximation: “(turn) into” Lace ay A) €¥s¥[E]e0acn. sa. Hae tio Shingoo ga ,,a0 |ni| nari-mashita. Saa, watari-mashoo. The traffic light has turned green. Let’ wnilhna, Moo ,, aki |ni| nari-mashita ne. It's become autumn, hasn't it? tesvecgy © brLomadh FR[E]e02 Le. 's cross the street. Watashi no sobo wa ,, kyuujus-sai [ni nari-mashita. My grandmother has turned ninety. Prerays D) LEIA XII |Bok. Yamagami-kun wa ,. kameraman |ni Yamagami became a photographer. natta. an ca9e ae ese E) WIARBKOKHOBILAVABlIc|RboKk. Mae wa kusuri-ya datta ano mise wa ,,megane-ya [ni kawatta. That store which used to be a pharmacy is now an optician’s. 5) Indicates the time that an action takes/took place. 123,English approximation: A B Cc) D) E) ‘on” “in” “at” 23 enasie EK —ae FR eH AG Ee] s at. Gakkoo wa mainichi_,, hachi-ji han | ni| hajimari-masu. School starts at eight thirty every morning. eaaeus yee HELIS HHI | ET. Watashi wa yuugata ,, shichi-ji | ni} kaeri-masu. T'll be going home/coming home at seven in the evening. enie ¢ ae brisk Meet )a—e— that Lhe Watashi wa ,, kyuukee-jikan [ni koohii 0 nomi-mashita. Thad coffee during the break. beter an, Bik Hose aia y4—b[etsat. Boku wa raishuu no kin-yoobi ni _,. konsaato I'm going to a concert next Friday. yack ae Bee DELOPLLTROM| I: |G L Ke ni iki-masu. Watashi no haha wa hatachi no ,, toki |ni| kekkon-shita. My mother got married at age twenty.vege ve 29 ¢ anne F) fiEA°H SC eR Ic |B BATS CARELE Inazuma ga hikaru to ,, dooji |ni| raimee ga todoroki-mashita. Lightening flashed, and at the same time, there was a roll of thunder. 6) Indicates a rate, proportion, frequency or interval of time or space. English approximation: “at” “to” “in” “for” “per” oe ae wees at. Watashi wa, asa to ban, ,,ichi-nichi [ni] Mk wae as A) bELIL, MUR, -BLE ni-kai ha o migaki- masu. I brush my teeth twice a day in the morning and in the evening. or eh te ee Le 4k s LF RO EHILADE SIRE TS Yamanote-sen no densha wa ,, go-fun oki | ni| ki-masu. B Yamanote line trains come every five minutes. Late eit C) COFRO4A Ald, MENG Y F [IH 28% Eevttt. Kono shashin no saizu wa, tate ,, has-senchi |ni| yoko juusan- senchi desu. The size of this photograph is eight centimeters by thirteen centimeters. 125wee Bau ven D) FAPARIA—AlIz|-KF OTH. Tesuto-yooshi wa ,,hitori | ni] ichi-mai zutsu desu. The exam n should be one page per person. wee BE) RB Xe, Fiebre. n.Ichi-do | ni] zenbu tabe-nai de, sukoshi zutsu oagari nasai. ‘t eat it all at one time; eat it a little bit at a time. teen sve. gt F) FAL Sut kt HOF Hamm Nite. n.Sen en |ni| tsuite go-juu en no tesuuryoo ga kakari-masu. There is a fifty yen handling fee per every one thousand yen. 7) Shows that someone is involved in or influenced by an action or a condition. English approximation: “from” “with” eens) A) beL ABA S2L7 boa72om Ree A TORT. Watashi-tachi wa, ima erekutoronikusu no ,.kenkyuu |ni tori-kunde-imasu. We are now working on a research in electronics. ees B) #aBe ounce] Pcs. Kare wa karate no ,, keeko |nij muchuu desu. He's obsessed with karate practice. © be LIS [le] re Watashi wa _,, samusa |ni| furueta. I shivered from the cold. £389) D) MBAR |S LAK. Boku wa _,, koonetsu |ni| kurushinda. I suffered from a high fever.8) Shows the intention or purpose of the action. English approximation: “as a token of” “as” “for” “by way of” A) B) C) gc Lie & thee BR BUYS xAPSBFRI |—-FAb Sok LS Boku, ojiichan kara ,, otoshidama | ni| ni-sen en moratta yo. I was given two thousand yen by grandpa as a New Year’s gift. bE, naL—y[E) TANS ELA Watashi-tachi wa, ,,hanemuun |ni| hawai e iki-mashita. We went to Hawaii for our honeymoon. OSOS BEBE DELS DEERUOLOTHAL CIEBL CHEBRURD (EEO, Iro-iro osewa ni nari-mashita. Tsumaranai mono desu ga, u doozo , oree |ni| kore o ouketori kudasai. Thank you for everything. This isn’t much, but please accept this as a token of my appreciation. 9) Placed after a noun, lists a number of things. Interchangeable with the particle “tox,” but “ni (=” implies an additive sense. English approximation: “and” “with” A) bKELIATZ 714 FFA yaad, B Watashi wa, furaidochikin [ni] hanbaagaa ga ii wa. I want some fried chicken and a hamburger. be ue esse 5 ee cue aoe AOA, FRC BOA BEE C, BHT XboK. Mura-matsuri wa, ,,kodomo [ni] wakai_,,hito [ni] otoshiyori to, soode de nigiwatta. Everyone from the village gathered and enjoyed the festival, (including) children, youngsters and the elders. 127C) ane BAON-F 4, AA-bIITAIIATOUAL be Kyoo no paatii, , sukaato [ni] burausu de ii kashira. For today’s party, do you think a blouse and a skirt are appropriate? 10) Shows the speaker’s respect toward the party addressed. Not translatable. A) B) Lecass TEAL hea By BBLATHSoL SILC RVSET. n. Goshujin-sama [ni] mo ogenki de irassharu koto to omoi- masu. I hope your husband, too, is well. kptss suit gabe Fal ielt, RAPA) AEBMINZEITT. n.Shushoo |[ni| wa, raigetsu amerika 0 hoomon-sareru soo desu. The Prime Minister is supposed to make a visit to the U.S. next month. 11) Shows that something is/was done by/through a measure described by the preceding noun. Often in the patterns “... ni yotte ~iz ko T (... ni yori ~i2£9/... ni yore ba ~I k#I2/... ni yora-naide ~Iz £5 ats wD.” English approximation: “by” “at” “according to” “from” “due to” A) 128 . bao thee BRC CCA kM, HLA a1 COMEMZTIN Kiku , tokoro [ni] yore ba, atarashii haiuee ga kono machi o tooru soo da. According to what I’ve heard, a new highway is supposed to be built through this town.shen kegs mak as B) Fikes |L0, RRS SBILREALTL ISK. ».Fuchuui [ni] yori, tomodachi kara karita hon 0 yogoshite shimatta. Due to (my) carelessness, I’ve soiled the book I borrowed from my friend. ave eens) hat neon Rll [ Laid, RANG VIALT Fy 7R-WAHSL Cc) 7oetK Saikin no ,,kenkyuu [ni] yore ba, ginga no chuushin ni wa burakku-hooru ga aru to yuu koto da. According to recent studies, there is a black hole in the very center of our Milky Way. 12) Placed between two nouns, creates a pair. English approximation: “and” “in addition” besarte A) aT 8B: [ae n.shinroo | ni} ,, shinpu A bridegroom and a bride seers B) ®L t= | at noni |ni| ,.kanaboo (proverb) A demon and a metal club. (i.e. the metal club gives the demon, already a strong being, additional strength.) 2. Placed after a verb. 1) Indicates the purpose of an action. Most frequently used before the verbs “iku #7 (to go)” and “kuru 5% (to come),” and related verbs such as “mukau #4°4 (to head for),” “shuppatsu-suru ‘4% (to 129depart),” “kaeru ##% (to return)” and “modoru Re (to come back).” English approximation: “to do ...” “in order to do ...” A) bELBTLEABTL EEX B C) D) ATS ST. Watashi wa sushi-ya e osushi 0 y.tabe | ni} iki-masu. I go to a restaurant to eat sushi. eeee om esa oe Dre L SR EBA | |ERBNT A ELA Watashi wa tomodachi o ,, mukae |ni| kuukoo e iki-mashita. I went to the airport to pick up my friend. Laci oy Lect oe @MEENKOT 16S (BME) RID[IRK, Shukudai o wasureta node, uchi e (shukudai o) ,.tori [ni modotta. As I had forgotten to take my homework with me, I went back home to get it. tLe bbe ae : BA. BRAY |ID|RELEL. Toshio, otomodachi ga , asobi | ni ki-mashita yo. Toshio, your friends are here to play with you.2) Ina pattern where the same verb is repeated with “ni 1:” in between, intensifies the degree of the action. English approximation: “... and ...” ee 2 agec oe A) FBS 5 Ic | HOLMROBTT. Kyoo wa ,, machi [ni] matta ensoku no hi desu. Today is the day of school trip that I've been really looking forward to. L 2 pour e B) EOMHREBOT, Melsa dlc avr, Sono shirase o kiite, kanojo wa ,, naki |ni| naita. Hearing the news, she just cried and cried. 3) When the verb is in passive form, “reru #3” or “rareruh,” the particle “ni {:” is placed after the agent of the action. English approximation: “by” A) bAL ATO [E|eAe TONE, Watashi wa ,, suri | ni| saifu o su-rareta. I was robbed of my wallet by a pickpocket. 1 % CMW Y), He 68 B) MlsR[ie|L ont, Boku wa ,,chichi [ni] shika-rareta. I was scolded by my father. ZB [ 131cae D) bk LIAH Watashi wa ,,kuruma |ni| doro o hane-rareta. I was splashed with mud by a car. 3. Makes the preceding noun an indirect object. It is placed after the indirect object and before the direct object. English approximation: “to” Lue & A) (HEALED SRAOFRERET RS. (,,, Watashi | ni] ) anata no shasihn o misete kudasai. indect obct ect sbyect Please show me your picture. ooze nacaae B) * ltbKLII|REBDOTL HY bECHELK Imooto wa ,,watashi [ni indirect obet mashita. tanjoobi no purezento o kure- Greet obect My sister gave me a birthday present. ©) brLARE[E|7 97 ABER Watashi wa ,, kanojo [ni] furansu-go o oshieta. inact beet I taught her French. 4. In relation to the verb form: In a sentence where the verb follows the pattern indirect object . te morau (... te morai-masu) ~T54(~T%5s.EF),” the particle “ni 12” identifies the preceding noun as the agent or the source of an action which was requested by the speaker. English approximation: (receive favor from ... by request) 132eee, aoe a A) bALUIMMBAAIC/ETZ ERATE OVELAW Watashi wa ,, umeda-sensee | ni| piano o oshiete-morai- agent mashita. I received piano lessons from Mrs. Umeda. B Watashi wa ,, haha |ni| sandoicchi 0 tsukutte-moratta. My mother made sandwiches for me (at my request). ees C) Rik beLBE[E]Yy Ft Felo tb bon. os yon 8 1 |FloRMLOFRVICRTE EDK. n.Tomodachi | ni} hikkoshi no tetsudai ni kite-moratta. ‘gent My friends came over to help me move (at my request). t\ Wy 5. Placed after mimesis, creates an adverb that modifies the verb in the predicate. Not translatable. A) avr et UL UL ejBntlLson. B) Ame ga hidoku te, ,,,bisho-bisho ni nurete shimatta. As it was raining hard, I got thoroughly soaked. corny, wome[efbotusa. Kono pan, ,,,kara-kara | ni] kawaite-iru ne. 133‘This bread is dried stiff. 6. In the pattern “.. ni wa ... keredo(ga) ~izld~1}42'(49)," placed after an adjective or a verb. Used in admitting something with a certain degree of reservation. English approximation: “it is certain that ..., but” A) bovarovotiends, BoLofE|abulLouar, b2o% Bor, gishii [ni] wa oishii keredo, Ano resutoran no ryoori wa, chotto takai ne. The food at that restaurant is good, all right, but it’s a bit expen- sive, don’t you think. B) RE, talclasaur, ta Flaota. Henji, ,. suru | ni] wa surukedo, moo sukoshi matte ne? T'll give you the answer, certainly, but could you wait a little longer? 7. After a short introductory remark before the main sentence, makes the verb into a present participle (“ing”) form. English approximation: ze ts gore ok i] PELILHORILY LEAR doh. ing” A) 35 $5 Ima , omou |ni|, watashi wa ano toki wa sukoshi doryoku ga tari-nakatta. Thinking back on it now, I didn’t make enough of an effort at that time. at B) 4ATAHAlL wuss 23 ter o> J. SMME DE RILRIBEA 30 Kangaete ,, miru |ni|, kore ijoo no yookyuu wa muri daroo. 134“.. datta deshoo ni ~KoATL £74 In the patterns “... deshoo ni ~ TL & 3 I<, In thinking about it, I don’t think it’s possible to make any further demands. “.. de aroo ni ~TH4F daroo ni ~/4 7412,” “... deshita deshoo ni ~TLATL £ 31,” . datta rooni ~# ok FI.” Expresses one’s sympathy or regret. Often placed at the end of a sentence. English approximation: “I suppose ...” “I regret ...” “I sympathize ...” A) B C) D) be woe due co HALOSHAI[E Bs EKG ee, Koibito mo iru, daroo | ni], wakai inochi o ushinau to wa. He must have a sweetheart, what a pity that he lost his life so young. ue oa, BEWBRAKORTL EG jo KC MAILS Hidoi otenki datta , deshoo |ni|. Yoku kaereta koto. The weather must have been terrible. It's a wonder you managed to come home. ey ues on AWG TMT. SERNEHS IIo Son-na ni yasumazu hataraite, sazo tsukareta , daroo |ni|. You have been working so hard without a break, how tired you must be. ut t KLPtntbokh, boLMBL TEU LO ORE 44 Kon-na tensuu shika tore-nakatta ka. Motto benkyoo shite okeba yokatta . daroo |niJ. You only managed to get a low grade. You should have worked harder. 135NI-MO = [<-"6 Combination particle A combination of the particles “ni =” and “mo%.” 1. Indicates that there is something additional or surpassing the norm. English approximation: “even” “also pov: user us A) Mela, BHAI BAEEL TOS. Kanojo wa, ,, hiru-yasumi |ni mo} shigoto o shite-iru. She is doing work even during her lunch break. B) HALA, T7VA[KEfFoAC UHH IAT. Watashi wa, ,, afurika |ni mo| itta koto ga ari-masu. T have also been to Africa. BL C) ZOERF, Rll b lor 7K. Sono okashi, ,,boku |ni mo} choodai. Please (can you) give me some of those candies, too? 2. In an honorific usage, follows the subject. Not translatable. seen, tes ae A) AA b/BLADIELRVST. n, Sensee |ni mo} ogenki no koto to omoi-masu. I presume that you (sir) are fine. dea. B) HeOwE[ ble aoe sere? Otaku no ,,minasama |ni mo| okawari wa gozaimasen ka? How is your family? (literally: There are no changes concerning your family?) 3. In the pattern “(verb) ni mo t= & (verb) zu/nai 4°/4%\,” where one verb is repeated twice and followed by a negation, indicates that the action described by the verb is impossible or difficult to carry out. 136English approximation: “cannot do ... even if (I) were to try” ap sin 8 ap es 2 A) RCC, AMERLSSRERURA TL EU, RC(Eb] aise ATL te Awatete kimono o kita mama mizu ni tobikonde shimai, v, gyogu |ni mo| oyoge-masen deshita. I jumped into the water in my clothes in a panic, and I couldn't swim even if I tried. B ae of as 33 CARIBE ERD LT FC BFA SEBO, Kon-na ni heya o chirakashite, ,, aruku |ni mo] aruke-nai ja nai no. Your room is such a mess, I couldn’t walk in even if I were to try. NI-MO-KAKAWARA-ZU Combination particle -b-DPDS-F A combination of “ni {:, mo &, zu” and the verb “kakawaru 4:4-4 % (to relate).” 1. Shows that an actual situation is the opposite of what is expected. English approximation: “even though” A) hic33 £5 cRedor[Etoabet], Ekaesb RO RE the great music hall ongaku |no| dendoo ev alot a pink flower (literally: the flower pinku |no| hana which is pink) ofa a rose (literally: the flower which is a bara |no| hana rose) ia, BR DBRe Bat. Watashi wa, ,, koochoo {no} bandoo to mooshi-masu. I am Bando, the principal of this school. stp base ETHAbO|ERSA EIB POELET. ».Pianisuto Ino} satoo-san o goshookai itashi-masu. Let me introduce Ms. Sato, the pianist. 8) Where the first noun is a place name. English approximation: “at” “in” “on” “over” “from” “of” A) B) C) 150 =a-3-7 n. Nyuuyookt ORR TL Fae tu |no| fuyu wa samui deshoo nee. Winter in New York must be very cold. ana Poe ».Atami [no OH ILA RCT kaigan wa kiree desu yo. The coastline of Atami is beautiful. eye ein | Bee, C) 7/:” is used mostly in written language with a slight exclamatory tone. 1. Emphasizes an explanation, or a cause of events/actions. Not translatable. sae as se A) BOKER. HKELASILH( CU SABREDOK|DE]. Ano ooyuki de, watashi-tachi wa aruku koto sae ,, deki-nakatta no da]. It was impossible to even walk in such heavy snow. era easras se B) RFWNMRSL COSY, FST aR RHEL ( 2 4[DF]. Naganen gaikoku ni kurashite-iru to, masu-masu nihon-shoku ga ,, koishiku-naru |no da}. The longer you live in a foreign country, the more you crave for Japanese food. 2. Expresses desire or will. Not translatable. We She eeaanom waLEs A) RSPR THBAS TR BT SDF]. Boku wa kondo koso benron-taikai de ,, yuushoo-suru |no da}. This time I’ve got to win at the speech contest. Yeo go ze fone B) CORMRIARMUG, CARESH OTE BAIS 1583. Kono bijutsu-ten wa minogase-nai. Don-na koto ga atte mo zettai ni ,,iku-[n da]. I can’t miss seeing this art exhibition. No matter what, I'm definitely going to go. At the end of a sentence, as an exclamatory particle. Not translatable. A) B) aun as . ee oa aw $B LUN THA THEA DOK. FRAVERILAN EH OR DK |e Benkyoo-shi-nai de asonde bakari ita kara, iki-tai gakkoo ni vy haire-nakatta|no da}. It’s because you didn’t study and fooled around all the time, you couldn’t get into the school of your choice. bn wat as ge nee MILO, ROFKE CHALLE]. FCB E RAE CT (de Kare wa isogashii no ni nagai tegamio ,, kureta-|n da}. Sugu ni henji o dasa-nakute wa. Even though he is busy, he wrote me a long letter. I have to write back right away. NO-DAROO(N-DAROO) ®-45(A-ESS5) Combination particle A combination of the particle “no ®” and the copula “daroo #474.” Colloquial form: “n daroo 4.#2% 4.” Suggests a reason or a cause, though it is uncertain. English approximation: “is/are probably ..” “(I) wonder ...” 159bapape ovate pune weiteoons sus, A) PRI LoT-HRECOIL, SEMMORRAL|DEAS I |. Ima ware-ware ni totte ichiban hitsuyoo na no wa, koogai- mondai no kaiketsu ,. na |no daroo}. The most important thing right now is probably to solve the problem of pollution. B) Y5LA[AHAI} posh pour we PRE BBO, MeILEROTSO BW. Doo ,,shita-|n daroo}, moo sanjup-pun ni mo naru no ni, kanojo wa mada modotte ko-nai. I wonder what happened to her? It’s already been half an hour, she hasn’t come back yet. NODE(N-DE) MC (AT) Colloquial form: “nde At” Note: “node ®t” vs. “kara 4-5.” While both are translated into English as “since/because,” “node ©” is employed more often in describing a reason or a cause that is objective, or already present and beyond the control of the speaker. “Kara 4+” is used to express the speaker's will, command, conjecture, or question. Compare: ace eKee A) Faden [oc], He Mies cl 3. Kyoo wa gq, atatakai |node|, sakura mo mankai ni naru deshoo. Since it is warm today, the cherry blossoms will likely be in full bloom. cane eae B) BEM OA AS FEEL TST. 160Kuruma o ,, kai-tai |kara] chokin o shite-imasu. Because I want to buy a car, I am saving up. This distinction is sometimes very thin, and “kara 4+” and “node 2” can on occasion be used interchangeably. 1. Indicates a reason or a cause. English approximation: “since” “because” A) Ee ecakane[OctKO]), ArucR Ful coat, Akachan ga ,,umareta |node(n de)|, min-na de oo-yorokobi shite-imasu. Everyone is very happy, because the baby was born. vets ok B) cota, Honk BULL ( arot[DT AO) “BLat NEtATLE. Sono ryoori wa, omotta yori a4,oishiku-nakatta |node(n de)|, hito-kuchi shika tabe-masen deshita. Since that dish wasn’t as good as I thought it would be, I didn’t eat more than a bite. 2. Inthe patterns “to yuu node & = 39” and “a(n)mari ... node 4 (A) a a ‘since it was so English approximation: “because (someone) said bh Utomo anew A) ARM BIMTA RUC EIOT(AT)|, RAL THVELK. Kare ga bijutsukan ni iki-tai to , yuu [node(n de)], an-nai-shite age-mashita. Because he said he wanted to go to a museum, I took him around. B) BASED DUAT)|, AR-FeEBUELK. Anmari 4g,samui [node (n de)|, sutoobu o tsuke-mashita. 161Since it was so cold, I turned on the heater. 3. Placed at the end of a sentence, preceded by a reason for an action described in the first part of the sentence. English approximation: (because) A) B) BOTs bvioho, CILTERTE DUKES DUAT |e Kare no apaato e itta no, dooshitemo kite morai-tai to , yuu node (n de)|. I went to his apartment, (because) he said he really wanted me to come over. 3824. LAOH [DCU]. Moo neru yo, ashita no asa ga 4q,hayai [node (n de)|. I'm going to go to sleep now, (because) I have to get up early tomorrow morning. NO-DE @-TZ Combination particle A combination of the particles “no ®” and “de Tt.” English approximation: “by/from the fact that ...” A) B) 162 oe U2 3iK pots eee age 2 BED RETH SO CIL, PERF HAV DT bd Se Kanojo ga ii sensee de aru koto wa, gakusee-tachi ni hyooban 9a agj.ii [NO de|wakaru. That she is a good teacher can be gathered from the fact that students say good things about her. we oes oes COMNERAL WIL, REYTOBABW| DT DHS.Kono machi no kuuki ga yoku-nai koto wa, sumoggu no hi ga g.00i [NO de} wakaru. That this town’s air isn’t very clean is obvious by the fact that there are many days with smog. NO-DE ARU @-C@Z5S Combination particle A combination of the particle “no 7” and the copula “de aru TH 2.” Emphatically expresses a reason or a cause. Mainly used in written language. (See p. 164 “no desu TT.”) English approximation: (because) A B) yo 8 beer wanec WABSON, WIG WHHSHSU|OTHS |. Mono ga ochiru no wa, chikyuu ni inryoku ga aru kara ,.na no de aru]. The reason why things fall is because the earth has gravity. eet 23999 oF bee wom BR EAEA TURD DH OKO, MEERA be DTS. Mukashi, kyooryuu ga sunde-ita no ga wakatta no wa, kaseki ga hakken sareta kara ,. na |no de aru The reason why we know that there were dinosaurs long ago is because fossils were discovered. 163NO-DESHOO(N-DESHOO) ®-TUL&5(A-TL&S) Combination particle A combination of the particle “no 2” and the copula “deshoo TL s 4.” Colloquial form: “n deshoo ATL £4.” English approximation: “perhaps it's because ...” A Kyoo wa obon da kara, mise ga ,, aite i-nai ee aes = FALBREDS, BAMUOTORU OTL & 5 [a 2 no deshoo| ka? Perhaps it’s because today is the day of the Obon ceremony that stores are not open? B) Hee, DALEAOA( CRE Anata wa, watashi ni ai-taku te ,, kita ATL 43]? n deshoo|? Perhaps it’s because you wanted to see me that you came over, isn’t it? NO-DESU(N-DESU) M-CSF (A-CF) Combination particle A combination of the particle “no ©” and the copula “desu t+.” Formal form of “no da M#:.” Colloquial form: “n desu A. C4.” 1. Emphasizes a statement. Not translatable. SYORE ae Ree eee A) FORE FSO, DEL ESKAOHES D(A) TF Jo Kodomo-tachi 0 mamoru no wa, watashi-tachi otona no sekinin , nal no(n) desu]. It is our responsibility as adults to protect (our) children. we bea oe B) PINBBERAT SAEVA RAGE] D(A) TH Yuube osake o nomi-sugita see ka atama ga ,y,itai |no(n) desu}.Perhaps because I had too much to drink last night, my head hurts. 2. Emphasizes a question. Not translatable. A) BEAL, WORE RLABRERL TNS B) 3. In the past tense form “no deshita 2 TL we? DAFT Anata wa, itsu ni nattara kashita okane o ,, kaeshite-kureru no(n) desu} ka? n desu] ka. When are you going to pay me back the money you o' we? moe RELOE CHL TL SOT CULT MEATT De Daiji na tsubo o kowashite shimatte, doo ,, shite-kureru- (You) broke a treasured vase, what are you going to do about it? explanation for an action. English approximation: “(it so happened that ...)” A) B) oa beesee orere Bou ae BLA FIL, BH RiLeA 5 IF ERK ” gives a description as an DTLE]. Kandoo-teki na supiichi ni, 4, chooshuu_wa kokoro kara haku- shu o okutta |no deshita]. After the moving speech, (it so happened that) the audience gave their wholehearted applause. Leta L ve gueeas om DDVWEFI, EAPEAK IL bROTH, TORIBARE TH Risto TuA[O TLE] Kawaisoo ni, shujin ga shinda koto mo shirazu ni, 4, Son wa mainichi eki made mukae ni itte-ita no deshita]. Not knowing that its master had died, (it so happened that) that poor dog went to the station to meet him every day. 165NOMI @@ Mainly used in written language; in colloquial speech, “dake #11” or “bakari (14: are usually used instead. 1. Excludes other possibilities and establishes a limit. English approximation: “only” e4 ae A) COR|OA|A, KEBbahHoOK, n Kono mura |nomi| ga, suigai ni awa-nakatta. Only this village escaped the damages from the flood. agen vese B) “Reikorat[oale, SE eRe caMAN, Ichi-do ya ni-do no ,, tesuto |nomi| de, gakusee 0 hyooka-shite wa ike-nai. (You) must not judge students based only on one or two exams. 2. In the pattern “nomi narazu DABS TF.” English approximation: “not only ...” fpecee Lamods A) CORKRBIDIL, RAR|OAlBST, bonnes bd, Kono suizokkan ni wa, ,, shinkai-gyo |nomi| narazu, nettai-gyo mo iru. In this aquarium, there are not only deep-sea fish but also tropical fish. asus pour son aoe MEN REL TOAST, HERE LTEBHL TS, B Kanojo wa ,»,kyooju to shite [nomi] narazu, sakka to shite mo katsuyaku-shite-iru. She is active not only as a professor but also as a writer. 3. Placed at or near the end of a sentence for emphasis. The implication 166is that there is only one alternative which is not exactly desirable but unchangeable. English approximation: “only” bo bee meg A) CIPRAES TH OTRELINUEKMS|OAI. Dooka chichi ga ikite kaette kuru yoo ni to tada ,, inoru |nomil. ( can only pray that (my) father will come back alive. s ayes Lace 2 2 B) RFR LO LRM, SCA OES DERODAK. Mizu-busoku wa iyo-iyo shinkoku da. Ato wa tada ame ga furu no o ,, matsu |nomi| da. The water shortage is really serious. The only thing we can do now is to wait for the rain to fall. NONI Ole 1. Adversative usage, with an implied tone of surprise or dissatisfaction. Also in the patterns “to yuu noni 4.4 912” and “ii noni (4. tz.” English approximation: “although” “but” “even though” A) bb, bd ERLEXKE] thbeD1? Ara, moo san-bai mo ,, tabeta |noni|, mata okawari? My goodness, you've already had three helpings, but you want another one? wou RL » bELOWF, MHC LBA], Bod. B Watashi no booshi, tashika ni koko ni ,, oita |noni|, nai wa. I know I definitely put my hat here, but it’s gone. Upeae ser sae C) RRA [Ol], BAK ( SA b> TRUITT EN. 167Natsu-yasumi da to ,, yuu [noni], shukudai ga takusan atte asobi ni ike-nai. Even though it’s summer vacation, (I) can’t go out to play because (I) have too much homework. (literally: Even though it is called “summer vacation.”) 2. Expresses dissatisfaction or resentment toward an unexpected situation. English approximation: “(if A B) can/would do ... te es BOERS CbAoTOHIX, KR FH Kimi ga kuru to wakatte ire ba, boku, uchi ni ,, ita [noni]. If had known that you were coming over, I would have been home, (but)... Opcae am b78 Abnidy, COKAHLAS|Ol-|eH. Moo hyaku-en are ba, kono hon ga ,, kaeru |noni| naa. If only I had one hundred more yen, I could buy this book, (but)... 3. In rebuking the party addressed for a fault or wrongdoing. English approximation: “even though” A) EXO? tos tore]. Tabe-nai no? Sekkaku ,, tsukutta |nonil. You're not going to eat it, even though I went to the trouble of making it?NO-NI @-|Z Combination particle A combination of the particles “no ®” and “ni |<.” 1, Indicates the method by which an end is to be achieved. English approximation: “in order to ... A) B) cues ease ae BRB bOCLFILBUS LE ta? “in doing ...” FBS Olea, CILASWT Nihon-go ga motto joozu ni hanaseru yoo ni ,, naru |no ni| wa, doo shitara ii desu ka? In order to become a better speaker of Japanese, what should I do? eens Ussetslonia, Rev eho CoA I ad. Yama-aruki o ,, suru [no ni ga ii yo. wa, mushi-yoke o motte-itta hoo In order to hike mountains, it would be better to bring an insect repellent. 2. Indicates the means or material with which something is to be achieved. English approximation: “for (i.e. as a means for doing ...)” co, KedXnalor]es5 coun, A) B) Kono hako, hon o , ireru |no ni| choodo ii ne. This box is perfect for putting books in, (isn’t it)? cowed, Hitt 3[OE)FLE0 gph, Kono chokin, ,, ryokoo-suru no} ni sukoshi tari-nai wa ne. These savings aren't quite enough for going on a trip, (don’t you think)?O(WO) @ FUNDAMENTALS OF “O %” First, note that the particle “o” is always written “,” even though its pronunciation is shown as “o.” See below. Examples: A) cahfe]Zoc ean, Give me three of these. Kore | 0 | mittsu kudasai. 2 anos B) SC LABSE|BOELA. Otoshita okane | 0 |hiroi-mashita. Thad dropped the money I picked up, I picked up the money I had dropped. Basically, “o£” always follows a noun or a nominal which is the direct object of a transitive verb. Example: bhLIt 7% EXEL Watashi wa keeki [0] tabe-mashita. I cake ate I ate (a piece of) cake. subject transitive verb object. 170However, some transitive verbs in English take the particle “ga 4°” instead of “o &” in Japanese. Such verbs are not numerous, and some examples are: hoshii (desu) L4s(¢F) (to want) iru \\% (to need) kikoeru Biz 2% (to be able to hear) kirai (desu) Hi (-CF) (to dislike) mieru 44.2% (to be able to see) suki (desu) 43 (<4) (to like) wakaru 44° (to understand) Examples: A) aaniset [aes cra? Anata wa osushi |ga] suki desu ka? Do you like sushi? B) ARAMA} ate? Anata wa nani [gal iri-masu ka? What do you need? © #arale|orozv02 Kimi wa dore |ga| wakara-nai no? Which is the one you don’t understand? D) |ecid[a|heet. Asoko ni yama |ga} mie-masu. I see a mountain over there. Another point concerning the particle “o #” is that certain intransitive m1verbs which do not require objects in English are expressed in Japanese as a set pattern: “noun + o #+ transitive verb.” For example: Literally: I ski. beELIGAS-[E|L EF. I do skiing. Watashi wa skii [0 | shi-masu. I jog. brliava¥y7[e]lLat. I do jogging. Watashi wa jogingu | 0 | shi-masu. Istudy. be: Liste [E]L a te I do studying, Watashi wa benkyoo | 0 | shi-masu. Isweated. b#:Liatt[e]os2 Lhe I was in a sweat. Watashi wa ase | 0 | kaki-mashita. 1. In relation to the type of verb in a sentence: 1) Placed after a noun, marks it as the direct object of the verb. Not translatable. A) a-t—[e]tasles. n. Koohii | 0 | nomi-mashoo. Let's have coffee. B) PALA 309, BOLURs [ERNE LAL Watashi wa, kinoo, oishii ,, tenpura | 0 | tabe-mashita. I had very good tempura yesterday. 1722) C D) E) a aot a BILBLLO7 77 ARB] ERA. Boku wa ototoi furansu ,, eega| o | mita. I saw a French movie the day before yesterday. os J) b LARC] E DUST. Ashita imooto ni ,, denwa | 0 | kake-masu. (Dll call my younger sister tomorrow. HW chiked[e ps LA. Senshuu depaato de suteki na _,, kutsu | 0 | kai-mashita. (1) bought a pair of very nice shoes at the department store last week. Placed after a noun which is the direct object of a transitive verb ending in the pattern “... tal ~#\» (want to), takunai ~7/: ¢ 2» (don't want to),” “... takatta ~# > # (wanted to),” “... taku-nakatta ~# ¢ 44° # (didn’t want to),” as shown below. In these cases, “ga 4*” can be used instead of “o &” to add slightly more emphasis. Not translatable. ae ay A) Bissale@IKARVA TT. Boku wa ,, osake |o (ga)| nomi-tai-n desu. I want to drink sake. 1733) 4) B) bALITAA7 9 —L[E GI] EXE. Watashi wa ,, aisu-kuriimu |o (ga)| tabe-tai. I want to have ice cream. Placed after a noun in a sentence with a causative verb, indicates that a person/thing causes/caused another person/thing to do something. A couple of examples of the causative form of a verb are as follows. Not translatable. Dictionary form Causative form AB (to come) (2) 342% (to make someone come) kuru ko-saseru 476 (to go) (£) 444% (to make someone go) iku ika-seru A) @ILET Z| e/Bbe toss, Musume ni ,, piano | 0 | narawasete-imasu. I'm making my daughter take piano lessons. BaseK oe 5 toma B) WMROPTCI, FRE E[RSeAOLINLTTC KI, Byooin no naka de wa, ,, kodomo-tachi | 0 | hashirase-nai yoo ni shite kudasai. Don’t allow children to run around in the hospital. Placed after a noun which is the direct object of a verb in the passive form “... reru(... remasu) ~# 4(~#24),” “.. rareru(... rare-masu) ~5nS(~5H2T),” indicates that the subject of the sentence receives an action from the other party. Not translatable. A) br Lake Bie ian, Watashi wa sensee ni ,, namae | o | yobareta. 174I was called on by my teacher. B) bALIGHISA [Ee JRO. Watashi wa neko ni ,, Sakana | 0 My fish was taken by a cat. 2. In the pattern “... o shite-iru ~%L'»% (.. 0 shite-imasu ~#L T \.% 7 )” after a noun indicating an occupation, shows that the subject of the sentence is engaged in that occupation. Not translatable. esse ous A) bELIZHROMS|E|L THT. Watashi wa shachoo no ,, hisho | 0 | shite-imasu. I work as a secretary to the company president. be thew B) RU4HH/E(L THIET. Chichi wa ,, sensee | 0 | shite-imasu. My father is a teacher. 3. Indicates the point of departure, both in the concrete and the abstract sense. English approximation: “ (at) ” * (from)” A) ber BbiPeh i: 5 oe] ba to? Anata wa maiasa nan-ji ni ,,uchi | 0 | de-masu ka? What time do you leave home every morning? B) HLAU—s[e]o cae Tt. Ashita ,, rooma | 0 | tatte pari ni iki-masu. I'm leaving Rome for Paris tomorrow. 175© E ) ) & ex ePRETRD Cb, 97 Y— CI BEMD ELAS nChikatetsu | 0 | orite kara, takushii de uchi ni kaeri-mashita. After I got off the subway, I went home by taxi. aoe HEAD ORS REL ETH? Anata wa itsu kono daigaku | 0 | sotsugyoo-shi-masu ka? When will you be graduating from this university? 4. Used with a verb of motion, indicates that an action is continued at the place preceding it. English approximation: “on” “through” Some examples of verbs of motion are: A B c 176 doraibu-suru k 74 744% (to drive) hashiru %£% (to run) hau (45 (to creep) iku #7¢ (to go) toori-sugiru if 9 & 4% (to pass through) wataru 58 4 (to cross) br Litao—7[@]89 Lk Watashi wa ,, suroopu | 0 | suberi-mashita. I slid down the slope. bees : HUALCOM] & lho Tl ONRE LEA? Anata wa dono ,, michi | 0 | tootte koko e ki-mashita ka? Which road did you take to get here? RB US 9a daa brLBlS, BUROL| E/HS4724/E/FITTLELAL Watashi-tachi wa hiroi umi no ,,ue |o| hashiru_ ,, haiuee | o doraibu-shi-mashita.We drove on a highway running over a wide stretch of ocean. 5. Used in some set phrases such as “... 0 hajime to shite ~ £1 UE L (including, foremost),” “... 0 hittoo ni ~ £3E58I: (from the top down),” “kore o ki ni chem: (taking this opportunity).” oz 3U, BUDA A) BRR, RE]iavwe ec, HORRY A. Sotsugyoo-shiki ni wa, ,, fukee | 0 | hajime to shite, oozee no raihin ga shusseki-shita. Many guests, including family members, attended the graduation ceremony. aoasnes B) costes, ER ERM RHERe Last, Kono kaisha de wa, ,.shachoo | 0 | hittoo ni maiasa taisoo o shite-imasu. At this firm, everyone from the president on down does exercises every morning. 2 sere . C) cA) & RIMMEL EG. n. Kore | 0 | ki ni kin-en o shiyoo. Let me take this opportunity to quit smoking. SA & Placed at the end of a sentence. 1. Emphasizes the sentence. Casual usage. Not translatable. we ae a oe A) DANRWRLE D, ROOK Yuube tetsuya-shita-n da mono, nemui no wa ,. atarimae |sa|. You stayed up all night last night, so it’s natural (indeed) that 17you're sleepy. + 2 B) AMAL 56? DINSABIRAL 3 ie an HED. WAHEED Zutsuu ga hidoit te? Yuube an-na ni nonda-n da mono. Bachi ga atatta , no |sa]. Your headache is really bad? You drank so much last night, you are (indeed) paying the price. 2. After interrogative pronouns or a phrase containing an interrogative pronoun, emphasizes the question in a fairly brusque manner. Not translatable. A) Led, Khir ovo]. Jaa, dare ni kiitara ii , no |sa]. (So) who do you want me to ask, then? nee B) @c| S|, RFE LAUT n. Nani |sa}, henji mo shi-nai de. What('s with you), that (you) don’t even answer me. 3. Inthe patterns “tesa € 3” and “tosa % 3,” introduces something that was said by someone else. English approximation: “..., (I hear, he/she said)” RCL buts A) Rag, RHovy ev zckbKo <[S]. Oota-kun, raigetsu rosanzerusu ni tenkin , datte |sa| . Ota is going to be transferred to Los Angeles next month, I hear. eae Upp ¢ Becas 89 va B) tha SEFRE EERIE ESLELAL A]. Sore kara ooji-sama to oojo-sama wa shiawase ni kurashi- mashita ,, to |sa}. 178The Prince and Princess lived happily ever after, it is said. SAE &2% 1. Cites an extreme example to make a comment on the norm. Often accompanied by a negative, or in the “sae .. dakara *2~(#)A+5” pattern. English approximation: “even” ape bs ae A) CORA, WlAZ/RHSELGOE, Kono sakana wa, ,, neko |sae| mimuki mo shi-nai yo. Even cats wouldn't look twice at this fish. ok gat 2 B) KokK-OOMBUOT AATF OSA BOTTLE G. Tatta hitotsu no machigai , de |sae| zuibun sa ga dete shimau. Even a single mistake can make a big difference. 2. Indicates that if one criterion is fulfilled, all conditions will be fulfilled. English approximation: “if only” “only if” Mazon, hAhe devote, A) SRLS in |sae| are ba, kabuki mo mi-tai no desu ga. we adi If only I had time, I would like to see a kabuki performance, as well, (but)... aces B) BEH[ES]e4 LUN AREA BML As oct n, Otaku-sama |sae| yoroshikere ba, konban kanai to ojama shi-tai to omou no desu ga. I would like to come over with my wife this evening, only if it’s convenient for you. 1793. Shows that something exists in addition to something else. Often in a “... bakari de naku ... sae ~I£4*") TH ( ~> &” pattern. but) ... also” English approximation: “(not only A) C3 LAOMLS, COR. BRIE Cea, KEHOE 7 salhks woo, Doo shita no kashira, kono neko. Osakana bakari ja naku, dai-koobutsu no ,, miruku |sae] noma-nai no yo. I wonder what’s wrong with this cat? Not only is she not eating fish, but she’s also not drinking milk, which she loves. tee tsk s» B) “$e oc, Fa, Kuen ca, ReBalt aera ys fxonat. Mukashi to chigatte, ima wa, natsu bakari de naku, fuyu ,.de sae| nasu ya kyuuri ga taberare-masu. Unlike the old days, now we can eat eggplants and cucumbers not only in summer but also in winter. SHI UL 1. Inciting a list, emphasizes the items listed, ina“... shi... shi ~L~L” pattern. English approximation: “.. and ...” Lae due 28 be on ee A) PUSAG[L], SEWN SL], MUL ~K AHA AW, Shoku wa ,,ushinau|shi}, tsuma to wa ,, wakareru| shi], kare wa hidoku genki ga nai. He has lost his job, (and) he has split with his wife; he’s very 180depressed. an B) #ETI SILL bHS L] falas WDA bab Wh, Jishin de uchi wa ,, kowareru |shi|, koozui de hatake wa dame ni ,.naru |shi], doo shitara ii no ka wakara-nai. The house was wrecked by the earthquake, and the fields were ruined because of the flood; I don’t know what to do. 2. Ina list, shows that the items or situations listed are the reasons or basis for another action or condition. English approximation: “... (and)..., so ...” A) Maku (U], Fao hus(l], Sdudsu sory ce jk. Kaze wa ,4,tsuyoi |shi], yuki wa , furi-dashita [shi], kyoo wa dekakeru no wa yame-mashoo yo. It’s very windy, and it’s started to snow, so let’s not go out today. gee B) BI CAGRMALLI, SLAMLIEIL. Moo kon-na jikan ,. da [shi], ashita ni shi yoo yo. It’s already this late, so let’s put it off until tomorrow. 3. Lists two conflicting items or situations. English approximation: dee et og oe agen es A) MULMARLO(L], BEGAO[L], FEDS ISERLY Ube Atarashii yoofuku wa ,.hoshii |shi], okane wa ,g,nai |shil, gakusee no futokoro wa sabishii naa. I want some new clothes, but I don’t have money (for them); a 181student's budget is pretty sad. B) amo(U], esata ao(l]. doz. Ha wa ag, itai |shi], haisha ni wa ,, iki-taku-nai |shi|, komatta yo. Ihave a toothache, but I don’t want to go to a dentist; I’m in a bind. 4. In the pattern “aru mai shi 44 £4)L.” English approximation: “it’s not as if ..” ste 1 a awe A) ATbSSZEIL]. Bye 7K BOBO? Natsu de mo ,».aru mai |shi|, usui shatsu ichi-mai de. Samuku- nai no? It’s not as if it’s summer, (and you're wearing) only a thin shirt. Aren't you cold? seve vee be B) ReASTHASEN[L], HLTMOAC REBEL TCHS aK ObLE? Oo-ganemochi de mo ,,.aru_mai [shi], an-nani zeetaku na seekatsu 0 shite ite okane ga tsuzuku no kashira? It’s not as if (she’s) a millionaire. I wonder if her money’s going to last, living the luxurious lifestyle she does. SHIKA LA‘ Always followed by a negative; negates everything else except that which precedes it. 1. Placed after a noun. English approximation: “(not) any more (than)” “only (this) and nothing else’ 182boleree WRF APEC ron WL aan sed, Kimatsu-tesuto made, ato tatta ,, is-shuukan |shika| ari-masen. A There’s only a week left until final exams. (literally: Until final exams, there isn’t any more (time) than a week left.) B) BEAL, SBopeocalla]enn? Okaasan, kyoo no oyatsu ,, kore |shika} nai no? Mon, is this all there is for snacks today? (literally: Mom, is there only this and nothing else for snacks today? ) 2. Placed after a verb, sets limit on the extent of the action. English approximation: “there is no choice but” A) &EF-OLA- OMDB E SOC. CIR ORD MATS Layer. Seminaa no repooto no shimekiri wa asatte. Koo nattara v. tetsuya-suru |shika] nai. The deadline for the seminar report is the day after tomorrow. Now I have no choice but to work on it all night long. aoa ar nea B) MHERSNADS, FTHSlL AAW, Saifu o nusumareta kara, aruite , kaeru Because my wallet was stolen, I have no choice but to walk home. SHIMO UL 1. In set patterns such as “mada shimo 3 fl &” and “ori shimo 6 L %”; emphatic. Not translatable. aye < yee A) RBGSAK|L OE) RAVEGATERbs bad. 183Eego nara ,g,,.mada |shimo}, doitsu-go nan te zenzen wakara- nai yo. English is one thing, but I don’t understand German at all. oan 8 a6 930 ee B) FRAPAT. HLL EIELRL UMMA OK. Yuudachi ga yande, ,.ori |shimo} sora ni utsukushii niji ga kakatta. The rainstorm ended, and at that time, a beautiful rainbow appear- ed across the sky. 2. In the pattern “dare shimo ##L 8.” English approximation: “anyone” “everyone” A) enuen[Lep¥at(cen. Sore wa ,, dare |shimo| kangae-tsuku koto da. That is something anyone can think of. B) #av[Lbeami®e, n.Dare |shimo| shinu no wa kowai. Everyone is afraid of death. 3. In the pattern “kanarazu shimo %L &,” followed by a negative; indicates a partial negation. English approximation: “not necessarily ...” stout awe vee lacs oe A) WWARFLADADS LT VT] LB [Ova RODS LPR bY. li daigaku ni haitta kara to itte, .4 kanarazu |shimo] ii shoku ga mitsukaru to wa kagira-nai. Just because (you) get into a good university doesn’t necessarily mean that (you) can find a good job. 184B) eee . ARR Oth oo ane wee SDVETRAVBAMALMOKDS, SAEMOUUIST Lb]eaaos. Kinoo made atatakai hi ga nan-nichi mo tsuzuita kara, kyoo mo atatakai to wa sqy.kanarazu |shimo| ie-nai yo. Just because it’s been warm for several days until yesterday, it can’t necessarily be said that it will be warm today. SURA 35 Cites an extreme example. English approximation: “(not) even ...” A) B) uzee yeaa BR, SeoeS To|BE axon a han (24050 Fx. Sekai ni wa, san-do no ,, shokuji |sura} manzoku ni taberare-nai hito ga takusan iru no da yo. In the world, there are many people who cannot even get to eat three square meals a day, you know. ack eRe on ap HDEAIL, BI BPOM|T SIRI A IHU BoTlLsoke Ano roojin wa, moo jibun no ,,musume |sura| miwake ga tsuka-naku natte shimatta. The old man has reached a point where he cannot even tell his daughter apart (from others). 185TARA &5 2) Often used in the form of “ttara 7% 5.” Casually marks the topic or the subject. Expresses a tone of familiarity or slight criticism. Not translatable. A) B) Bibb eh o[he], aKECOSE. n Oneechan t|tara), mada nete-iru yo. She (literally: elder sister) is still in bed! 09) an ree Rolkb|, BIMLYA-WVILY FIPPRAKHS, Kare t [tara], moo atarashii gaaru-furendo ni muchuu na-n da kara. He is already head over heels about his new girlfriend. In the pattern “ttara .. nai 24 5~%\),” expresses surprise at an unusual situation. English approximation : an emphatic “as for” 2. A B) ne BRivolAb laird. seem oe SRM LOETIOAL, San-jikan shika nete-nai-n da. ,g.Nemui t[taranai yo. I've only had’ three hours of sleep. I’m so sleepy! (literally: As for being sleepy, it’s like nothing else.) wIxOE>[ASISE Tha UL HoKOL. Yuube no ,, kaminari t/tara}, ima made ni naku, hidokatta no yo. As for last night’s thunderstorm, it was an unprecedentedly severe one. Indicates a tone of impatience. 1861) In getting the attention of the party addressed, marks the pronoun or the proper noun. Not translatable. kas ap toca A) BREeAs|AS], BC PRNTIIL. n.Oniichan t|tara], hayaku gakkoo e ikoo yo. Oniichan (literally: older brother), let’s hurry up and go to school. nous ape By B) MEWL OHSS. FCRTL, BRIADlKS]. Omoshiroi mono ga aru yo. Hayaku kite yo, ,, otoosan t|tara|. There's something interesting (here). Hurry over, Dad! 2) Placed after a verb, often in an imperative. English approximation: “(I said) ..., (do ... already!)” 2 ap mee A) AAWHOTEDE, Fi MoTRU SIO Min-na matteru no yo. Hayaku ,, kaette-I hol. inasai t| tara}. Everyone is waiting, you know. Come home already! B) SKS 4, BORE OCR CAS Mada ni-ji yo. Oyatsu wa motto ,,.ato de t|tara]. It's only two o'clock. (I said) snacks are to be (eaten) later! 3. Placed at the end of a sentence or clause, expresses an emphatic exclamation. Not translatable. A) PHToAS|, ZABLE. y. Yamete t/tara], son-na koto. Stop doing that! (literally: Cut it out, (doing) something like that!) see ee B) SRR STAG]. Kondo wa boku ni , yarasete t|tara|. Come on, let me do it this time! 187TARI 7&0 1. Describes simultaneous or consecutive action. Often in a“... tari ... tari ~k~*k"” pattern. English approximation: “(doing verb) and/while then (doing verb)” A) 72a Ob, Ho[ATR[ADIL Cor. Kuma wa ori no naka de, ,, it [tari] ,, ki [tari] shite-ita. The bear was walking back and forth in its cage. (literally: was repeating going then coming.) vpaee 2 a ae B) PRA SAL MALE |RalAN|L THA THOS, Shoojo-tachi ga, ,,ton |dari] , hane |tari] shite asonde-iru. The girls are playing, jumping up and down. (literally: ‘The girls playing, leaping and jumping.) 2. Cites one action or condition as one example of others in the category. English approximation: “such a thing as” A) chm 3s ObCHA CORTE Ca, Baud. Kon-na ni kuraku-naru made soto de ,, asonde-i | tari| shite wa, abunai yo. It’s dangerous to (do such things as) playing outside until it’s this dark. B) eARMITAM ADIL TEAS Son-na tokoro ni gomi 0 ,, sute |tari] shite wa ike-masen. Don’t (do such a thing as) throwing your trash in such a place.TATTE KOT 1. Following a verb or an adjective, indicates a hypothetical situation. English approximation: “even if (you) were to ... A) B) eeoe Beaks 3 [hot], vo eites, Ima goro ryokoo ni ,, ikoo t(tatte], doko mo man-in da yo. Even if (you) were to want to go on a trip now (i.e. this late), it would be packed with people everywhere (you go). a ee hue MOAWCRs Rot}, bIVNALTR EGS, Kaeri-tai to ,,omo t[tatte], moo basu mo densha mo nai yo. Even if you were to think that you want to go home, there are no more buses or trains running. 2. In an emphatic adversative usage. Usually in the form “ttatte 2/2 Tw” English approximation: “even though” A) B) oo Baas ee eek VECO HS SolhoT), WCF RELRERAEY Ae Sukoshi gurai chokin ga ,, aru t/tatte], iza to yuu toki ni wa yaku ni tata-nai ne. Even though you have a little bit of savings, when you really need it (Le. in an emergency), it won't be of any use (don’t you think ?) 2 aes dawn fae thito|hot|], MIUADBHRP ARES. v.Nomu t/tatte], sakazuki ni hon no yon-hai ka go-hai dake da yo. Even though (I) say (1) drink, I mean only four or five servings in 189a sakazuki cup. TE @ Sometimes found in the “tte 2” form. 1. Indicates that two actions occur simultaneously or successively. English approximation: “do (verb) and ...” aecee te A) BERTH L. SHA UBs|T]Cbv sous, Okyakusama desu yo. Kichin to , suwa t|te| goaisatsu nasai. We have a guest. Sit up straight and say your greetings. 65 aes nee sue B) Roathe(t], BRA ww H re. Sakura no hana ga , chi t|te|, wakaba ga de-hajimeta. The cherry blossoms have scattered, and the leaves have begun to appear. 2. Indicates a reason or a cause. English approximation: “because” thee e A) SOF 18, AECL HSA] TTS, Ano ko wa, sensee ni ,, shikarare |te| naite-iru. That child is crying because (he) was scolded by (his) teacher. B) hac abet, pe sAcko onl], UtbaAl bot. Hajimete go-juu meetoru oyogeta. Okaasan ni ,, homerare | te], totemo ureshikatta. I was able to swim fifty meters for the first time. I was very happy because my Mom said she was proud of me.3. Indicates a method for an action. English approximation: “by” “with” A) brLI, a-e-ibeyite cz edn[]kas st. Watashi wa, koohii ni osatoo to miruku o , ire |te nomi-masu. I drink coffee with milk and sugar. (literally: I put milk and sugar in my coffee (and that is the way I) drink coffee) B) in ec[x]itcs. Toomawari o ,, shi [te] ikoo. Let’s take the long way around. (literally: Let’s go by taking a road out of our way.) 4. As a conjunction, lists items. English approximation: “and” pot: es : + A) held, ALC [CMS TT. KN Th ONS, Kanojo wa, aq. yasashiku | te| kisaku de, dare ni demo sukareru. She is nice and she is down-to-earth, so (she) is liked by everyone. B) coamAls, HL ¢ [ZEKE] BOLO. Kono mikan wa, 4,atarashiku [te] .4,yasuku [te] oishii. These oranges are fresh and inexpensive, and very good. 5. After a verb, in the pattern (t)te ... (tte ..makuru ~(2) T~(>) T~d ¢ 4.” Emphasizes the action. English approximation: “... and ...” A) Rikotin ny) Badétc, Rad ]eo Kea a (ok Genkoo no shimekiri- i ga chikazuite, kare wa ,,kai [te] y, kai te] kaki makutta. As the deadline for the manuscript was approaching, he wrote and 191B) wrote (like crazy). be eeee rd vee & a ae at BIB LIEAM TEU A-BAAR OA ws, MIL | TRL] T rd MLE ok. Hikidashi ni irete-oita ichi-man en ga mitsukara-nai. Boku wa vy, Sagashi |te| , sagashi |te| sagashi makutta. I couldn’t find the ten thousand yen that I had put in the drawer. I looked and looked (like crazy). 6 In an adversative usage. English approximation: “even though” A) B) 2. coi premot[ esas SF aaht, BERL KV? Kimi, sono uwasa 0 ,, shitte-i |te) shira-nai furi o suru nan te, naze na-n dai? Why was it that you pretended not to know about that rumor even though you did? Yosh ace Boas cl cpulk], REERBTS CI, BARTS Wa. Kekkon no yakusoku made ,, shite-oi |te|, kanojo o misuteru to wa, anmari ja nai ka. Isn't it too (cruel) (for you) to abandon her even though (you) had promised to marry her? 7. In the pattern “ni tsuite [= 2\\,” introduces the topic. English approximation: “concerning” “about” A) 192 keeuingas xcs 2 e938 ABIL, BRRHZI | THMEOKLET. Honjitsu wa, nichibee-booeki ,,,ni tsui [te] tooron o itashi-masu. Today, we will hold a debate concerning U.S.-Japan trade. ee 228 ue £2 scares B) KLASREMERHEL KK. MBM Mio Ck 77 tOH2 AEBMAC HSU, Kazan ga mata katusdoo o hajime-mashita. Dooro-joohoo ,y,ni tsui |te| wa rajio no nyuusu o okiki kudasai. The volcano has become active again. Please listen to the news on the radio for (ie. concerning ) road information. Transforms a verb into a gerund by following it. Creates the “te ©” verb form. Not translatable. hess as A) bELILGMERTO3F. Watashi wa ima kao o ,, ara t/te| i-masu. T’'m now washing (my) face. Lacie seek B) be LIS MORWREB|TLZHELAL Watashi wa shukudai no ronbun o , kai | te} shimai-mashita. I’ve finished writing the essay for homework. In women’s language. In the pattern “... (t)te yo ~(>) tk.” Asserts the speaker's opinion. Not translatable. A) 6, pak ae D) SARE x 3| eC |. Mie SILA EHS, Yuki ga_,,furi-hajimeru [to], doobutsu-tachi wa toomin o hajimeru. When the snow starts to fall, animals go into hibernation. 8. Placed after an adjective or a verb, creates a conditional. English approximation: “if” “when” er Lage A) BAS DRO [EHR o COM Anmari 4g, yasui [to] kaette shinpai da. If it’s too cheap, then that makes me worry. B) @skav[eloseauns, Kimi ga ,, ko-nai |to] tsumaranai naa. It'll be boring if you don’t come. 208© coBod, cons ZJourens, ke #eaas. Kono furui to, , kowareru |to| ikenai kara hayaku naoshi- mashoo. Let's fix this old door before it breaks. (literally: As for this door, it won't be good if it were to break, so let’s fix it soon.) ans aT EEC purse D) ATES |e |. KRERARATZOTH A Ame ga ,, furu [to], mizu-busoku ga kaishoo-suru no desu ga. If it were to rain, the water shortage would be solved, but ... E) AOI CAMIT ER) BOLOS CAs ENON LE, Ano udon-ya ni ,, iku [to], oishii udon ga taberareru yo. If you go to that noodle restaurant, you can have great udon (noodles). 9. In the pattern “ari to arayuru... bY LHSDS\” English approximation: “every possible (thing/method)” FH NA [Ld L ws Src, Depaato ni wa ari [to] arayuru shinamono ga narande-iru. Everything that you can think of is available in a department store. 10. In the pattern“... to naku ... to naku ~% &#( ~% 4 ¢,” describes a ceaseless action. English approximation: “without ... or ... a vs, as wee PMILB) Ca RC |a( Mor. Kare wa ,.hiru |to| naku ,, yoru |to| naku hataraita. He worked all day long. (literally: without day or night) 209TO-IE-BA &-L\Z-[F Combination particle A combination of the particles “to x" and “ba [4” and the verb “ie 2,” from “yuu 4 (to say).” Introduces the topic casually. English approximation: “speaking of ...” A) 6b, ZHEROR], soamTcAone. Aa, ,, mitsui-kun |to ie ba], sakki rooka de atta yo. Oh, speaking of Mitsui, (I) saw him in the hallway awhile ago. B) BEORE], eAe vot ett rae, n Taki |to ba} nan to itte mo naiagara da ne. Speaking of waterfalls, it's definitely Niagara Falls (that’s the best), no question. TO-Il_ C-LL\ Combination particle A combination of the particle “to &” and the verb “ii \\\),” from “yuu \» 4 (to say).” In the pattern “... to ii .. to ii ~xtr~e sy,” lists two or more items and establishes them as the topic, to be followed by a comment. English approximation: “as for ... and ...” A) KOEDAT—AIL, Es chy fae Civ ov gua, Ano mise no suteeki wa, ,, aji |to ii] ,, nedan |to ii] yuu koto nai ne. The steak at that restaurant, (as for its) taste and price, it’s perfect. a en wane RAMSAR. BB EOolat—y[eonluots by Tao i B 210Hasegawa-san wa, ,, benkyoo |to ii] , supootsu |to ii] itsu- demo toppu na no yo. Hasegawa, (in) studies and sports, is always the best one (in the group). TO-ITTA -LIDZE Combination particle A combination of the particle “to x” and the verb “itta 13 7:,” from “yuu (4 (to say).” Lists two or more items. English approximation: “such as” ee bots Eas aay ua A) BRDBLEUS, RROLCR| CO oA|T7EPY-—bowwtlhe 36 Nihon no omiyage nara, ,» shinju ya shippoo [to ita] akusesarii mo ii deshoo. In terms of souvenirs from Japan, accessories such as pearls and cloisonne are probably suitable, too. ee tae om bee ee FbOMIL, RECA CO E|MEAEETT. B Uchi no musume wa, ,,,suugaku _ya rika |to itta] kamoku ga tokui desu. Our daughter is good at subjects such as math and science. TO-ITTE E-L\DT Combination particle A combination of the particle “to x” and the verb “itte \\> C,” from “yuu \) 5 (to say).” In an adversative usage at the beginning of a sentence. 2English approximation: “however” A DNAL EIA. ve ese to» RWVIEFH OSAMU Z 5K ne of Cs TRSOLUP KE, K Isoge ba juu-ji no basu ni mani-ai soo da. [To itte] hashiru no wa iya da. Tsugi no basu ni shi yoo. Tf (I) rush, it looks like I might be able to make the ten o'clock bus. However, I don’t want to run. yotonus¢ B) BAIL, MOIR RREIC Hor. LaBai ok bi cen Tl (catch) the next bus. etagvenven thot), PR-A-ADRS Nihon wa, tashika ni keezai-taikoku ni natta. |To itte}, kokumin hitori hitori no kurashi ga yutaka ni natta wake de wa nai. Japan has certainly become an “economic giant.” However, that doesn’t mean that the standard of living of each member of society has increased significantly. TO-IWA-ZU &-L\40-3* Combination particle A combination of the particles “to ¢” and “zu 4°,” and the verb “iwa(-nai) (vb (24),” from “yuu 19. (to say).” 1. A negative imperative that influences a quotation. English approximation: “don’t say that ...” A) BINERCKAE|LObsT ah it mo. LES. BITE Moo heto-heto da , nado to iwazu sugu da yo. ni ganbatte. Hora, moo Don't say things like you're completely worn out; just hang in there. 212Look, we're almost there. we wena 290 B) bs oHk_EOHT] bITRELIMEL CARBOUAL oe WW? y.Akirameta |to iwazu|, moo ichido sensee ni soodan shite mitara ii-n ja nai? Don’t say that you’ve given up; why don’t you (literally: wouldn’t it be better if you) talk to your teacher about it again? 2. In the pattern “... to iwa zu ... to iwa zu ~t Wd F~U dF,” indicates an all-inclusiveness. English approximation: “not only all ..., but ...’ betee ae A) 40H F]R[Z Ob], bei s nk. n.Je |to iwa zu] ,, ashi |to iwa zu], karada-juu ka ni sasareta. Not just all over my hands and feet, but I was bitten by mosquitoes all over my body. thos as os ue B) fis, BOD FT| R[COHT], MILHNBHLRA THOS, Kare wa, ,,asa |to iwa zu] ,, yoru |to iwa zu], hima sae are ba manga 0 yonde-iru. Not just in the morning and in the evening, but he reads comics whenever he has time. TOKA <*> 1. Lists several items. English approximation: “such as ... and ... (and etc.” A) arsed, ery [ealelea|BeE|Za]A (ses Ea 213B Ivo THOS, Miyo-chan wa, ,,piano |toka| ,.e |toka] , oshuuji |toka| takusan okeeko ni itte-iru no yo. Miyo is taking many lessons such as piano, drawing, and calligra- phy, you know. bea gait a 4o pepe meen FLELAIATOBWYT, FSLILPO MBE RS|CH|. RE bac ( [ea] Lesod. Terebi bakari mite-inai de, sukoshi wa otooto no mendoo o ,, miru |toka], inu o sanpo ni ,, tsurete-iku | toka| , shi-nasai yo. Instead of watching TV all the time, why don’t you at least do something like look after your little brother or take the dog out for a walk? 2. Conveys uncertainty, often due to its hearsay nature. English approximation: “something like ..., (I hear)” wc 24y A) oR, “Hea | cannes chk. 24 Ano ie wa, ,,ichi-oku en |toka| de ureta soo desu yo. That house was sold for something like one hundred million yen, I hear. Rec SPOBULSAL, Bo( [eal a Chote eh2cosn Takashi-kun no ojiisan wa, ,, hyaku ikutsu [toka] de mada eego o oshiete-iru-n desu-tte. Takashi’s grandfather is something like a hundred-odd years old, and is still teaching English, I hear.TOKORO ¢€<4 Shows that two events occurred successively. English approximation: “when” 603% ee P t A) 36\Bot]eioL. Kare ne, 4 konban kite kurenai ka [tte] yuu no yo. He asked me if I could come over tonight. (literally: He said to me, could you come over tonight.) 2. Aninformal variant of “to yuu &+\4,” modifies the noun that directly follows this particle. English approximation: “the (noun) called ...” A) [5 <]ar—via, wane aon, »,Sumoo |tte} supootsu wa, naka-naka omoshiroi ne. The sport called sumo is pretty interesting, isn’t it? 26 ane aoe B) =2-3-7|oTlstlt, FOU CBA SA, rn. Nyuuyooku |tte| machi wa, kitanai kedo kakki ga aru ne. The city called New York is dirty but full of life, isn’t it? 3, Introduces the topic casually. English approximation: “(speaking of)” A) tans fhocia, Rick mC SUL. 232n, Ookami |tte] kowai-n da ne, inu ni yoku niteru kedo. Wolves are vicious, even though they look a lot like dogs. axes B) SLAKRA [5 c]A¥? «Ashita oosaka e iku [tte] hontoo? Is it true you're going to Osaka tomorrow? (literally: That you are going to Osaka tomorrow, is it true?) 4. In an interrogative sentence. 1) Repeats that which was said by the other party. English approximation: “(You) are asking/saying ..2” been . wet pak eo A) WORRITC IAT)? TRL b BRE Ka, .ltsu_onsen ni ikoo ka |tte|? Isogashii kara toobun dame da ne. You're asking when we should go to a hot spring? Not for a while because I’m busy. : ane ung bIRDTLI|2T]? Bw, RKFTIO, B «i. Moo dekake yoo |tte|? Kimi hayai ne, shitaku-suru no. You're saying let’s go already? You're quick at getting ready, aren't you? 1) Expresses a desire to confirm what was said by the other party. English approximation: “Is it true that ..2” A) Bkehoure bd? vo, vec? a, Kanojo o mikaketa |tte]? Itsu, doko de? Is it true that you saw her? When and where? ae < B) BEMBICSBe SSAA TH|oT]? BHTLI ET. a.lgakubu_ni_gookaku_nasatta-n desu |tte]? Omedetoo 233gozaimasu. Is it true that you got into medical school? Congratulations! 5. In talking about hearsay. English approximation: “(they) say” “I hear” A) Haden, Ranvo—-Fremon crt Watanabe-san chi ne, .,, ookina karaaterebi katta-n da |tte]. I hear that the Watanabes bought a big color TV. moa) uae B) RRoW, Skok parce Lo eavrr[oe Kachoo no hanashi de wa, «.kondo no boonasu itsumo yori sukunai-n da |tte]. According to what the section chief said, our bonuses this time will be less than usual. 6. In the pattern “datte #2 T.” English approximation: “(he/she) says ...” ae A) BEBOASLAF ZA BHD, Rel gee BEM aA oT a. Oniichan ashita tesuto ga aru kara, boku to asobu jikan nai-n da |tte]. My elder brother said that he has a test tomorrow, so he has no time to play with me. pre boo B) 2¥7—)la, PNA AAR OTS. a.Konkuuru ne, hayakawa-san ga it-too da |tte] sa. They said that Hayakawa has placed first in the competition. 7. The casual version of “tote % €”; poses a hypothetical situation. English approximation: “even if (I) were to ...” Wola sae muha ad be ee A) “RMGS RUA), Max ueep en 234Isshoo-kenmee , benkyoo-shita [tte], jida-kun ni wa kanawa- nai. Even if I were to study very hard, I couldn’t compete with Iida. B) Ws 35% UES aU, Imasara _,, nageita |tte| hajimara-nai. It wouldn't do any good to grieve now. (literally: Even if I were to grieve now, it wouldn't do any good.) WA [¢ FUNDAMENTALS OF “WA I(t” First, note that the particle “(i” is read “wa,” even though it is normally read “ha.” Also, when reading a romanized sentence, you should note that “wa” has two hiragana possibilities: (4, which is the particle to be discussed here, and the particle 4. Generally speaking, you can apply the following rule in deciding between the two choices: (a) If “wa” appears in the middle of a sentence after the subject (a noun or a nominal), then it is the particle (4. (b) If “wa” appears at the end of a sentence or clause following a copula, verb, or adjective, the particle is . For example: 6A[(3]*T4+[b]. Are |wa] inu desu |wal. That is a dog. 2351. “Wa 14” as a topic marker in an affirmative sentence. “wa (4” marks the topic or the subject by directly following it. The structure that is established, then, is a topic followed by a comment on that topic, where “wa !4” functions like “as for ...,” or “in referring to ....” Note that the particle “ga 4*” also serves as a topic/subject marker, but is used differently (see p. 34). aces A) 7447 | lt }BBK, n. Raion jwa| moojuu da. As for lions, (they) are ferocious animals. 84 — oye B) 2 o%[It]H#LY. Kono ,, hon [wa] muzukashii. As for this book, (it) is difficult. eae Lace C) SMAIS|, LBSADIZZEATH, Ano ,, hito |waj, yamada-san no goshujin desu. As for that person, (he) is Mrs. Yamada’s husband. 2. “Wa Ii” as a topic marker in a negative sentence. In a negative sentence, “wa {i” usually indicates a comparison, emphasis, or choice. A) beL[B}FaR4A. n. Watashi |wal iki-masen. 236B) As for me, I won't go./I'm not going to go. (i.e. I will not go, but someone else probably will.) a H”StA. ».Boorupen |wa| ari-masen. There is no ball-point pen. (ie. There is no ball-point pen, but there are other writing instruments.) %* Note that when the subject is an interrogative pronoun, “ga 4*” is used instead of “wa (4” (see p. 34). 3. 1) As an emphatic particle. When the topic is the object of a verb, it is followed by “wa (4,” which emphasizes it. A) B) nec ts BA|ls RAG I LS. n.Okane |wa) boku ga harau yo. As for the money, I'll pay (it). may not be responsible for other things.) Linc ay BHR). aRAK. », Shukudai [wa] moo sun-da. As for homework, (I) have already finished (it). (ie. but I 2372) 3) haven't finished doing other things.) Follows a particle or an adverb. A) B) voe[a)sacisat. adv itsumo [wa] basu de iki-masu. Usually, (I) go by bus. poke[a]biGadugenr, Ano hito ,. to |wa moo tsuki-ai-masen. I'm not going to associate with that person anymore. (literally: As for (relations) with that person, I'm not going to associate (with him/her) anymore.) Following a verb, adjective, or the particles “te €” or “de T.” A) B Cc) Bim [B]L ese s. Moo nido to , tanomi jwaj shi-nai kara sa. Look, I won't ever ask you (for this favor) again, so ... Bia, ark, c[aJosus, Kusuri wa, mada non , de jwaj i-nai yo. As for the medication, I haven't taken it yet. BNI HS, FETAOME, Sono uwasa, uso , de wal nai no yo. That rumor isn’t a lie, you know. Indicates a contrast between two topics. A) 238 Bs—ao ke, ae suc 83 BULB. RUS|R, SHAYRO MRK. ». Hiru [wal atsuku, ,, yoru [wal samui. Sore ga sabaku no kikoo da. Days are hot, and nights are cold. That is the climate of the desert.B) cafitloz lo, znfalocno, hbzauc, a. Kore |wa| watashi no, ,, sore |wa| anata no. Machigae-nai de. This is mine, that is yours. Don’t get them mixed up. 5. In the pattern “... (de)wa ... (da)ga ~(T)l4~(#) 4*,” indicates that the speaker is recognizing another view or giving way to something. English approximation: “..., (to be sure) ...” A) @heousr[alouns, FRebececs, Denwa o kakeru , ni |waj kaketa ga, tegami mo dashite okoo. I did telephone (to be sure), but I'll also send a letter. B) co#, thou[ia)ika ces WLC CHEN EC bse EO. Kono hon, yomu ,.ni |wa| yonda ga, muzukashiku te amari yoku wakara-nai. I've read through this book (to be sure), but it’s so difficult that I couldn't understand it well. WA 0) 1. Found in women’s language. 1) Placed at the end of a sentence, serves to soften the statement. Not translatable. A) 65, Ex[b], Bokk, Gta Ara, hen ..da \waj. Kuruma no kagi, tashika ni koko ni oite- DoE THO AA EUS. oita-n da kedo. Hmm, this is strange. I'm certain I put the car keys here, but ... B) 65, FTRA| lA, SRADELAW 2392) c) Ara, suteki , da |wa ne, anata no doresu. Wow, your dress is so nice. an Kb By ZA WET CMISEBL AMI AUER |b]. Soo ne, ima sugu kare ni denwa-shita hoo ga ii to ,, omou [wa]. Well, yes, I think it would be better to call him right now. Expresses a casual exclamation. Not translatable. A) B) eae Fr[b], com FEAL aOR THOT Joozu . da wa, kono e. Sachiko-san ga kaita-n desut te. This drawing is done well! Sachiko drew it, I hear. * aga 2993 Be By Bok|b|, BWoTHA BAAR eS OnLO, v, Odoroita wal, kyooryuu tte an-na ni ookii to wa omowa- nakatta mono. I'm surprised! I hadn't thought that dinosaurs were that big. In making a list in an exclamatory tone. Not translatable. A) B 240 Rhaca lb], oviwme[b], Akominerson, Netsu wa ,,deru |wal, nodo wa aq. aj, kondo no kaze wa hidokatta. I had a fever, and a sore throat; this cold was pretty severe. + 2 . atte # PYOREQOWKS, wSlb [MSH]. MACWI TF Vali LtRK. Ari no su o tsutsuitara, , deru |wa) ,. deru jwa|, nan-byaku to yuu ari ga hai-dashite kita. When I poked at the anthill, several hundreds of ants came flooding out (they just kept coming out (literally: came out and came out)).YA FUNDAMENTALS OF “YA ©” The basic function of the particle “ya +” is similar to that of the particle “to&” (see P. 200). It lists nouns, phrases and clauses like the word “and” in English. However, whereas “to &” refers to specific, clearly defined things, “ya *°” refers more to a category, and makes the thing more vague. Compare: o) U7S7 711k bRF[Z awe CAEL. Pikunikku ni wa ,, okashi |to| ,. nomimono o motte iki-mashoo. Let's bring some candies |and| drinks on the picnic. BS bray 71 bRF e|kahebo cst lade Pikunikku ni wa ,, okashi [ya] ,, nomimono o motte iki-mashoo. Let's bring |something like} candies and drinks on the picnic. 241ate. b) BRAC cafe Roi (ca GARE CHA ET. n. Gakkoo e iku toki |to| ,, kaimono ni iku toki wa jitensha de cause aus iki-masu. I ride my bicycle (only when I) go to school {and} go shopping. BRAG cale Rik (cs dkeciaas. » Gakkoo e iku toki |ya| ,, kaimono ni iku toki wa jitensha de cavee aus iki-masu. I ride my bicycle to go to school and to go shopping, (and to go to other places}). Pook Past ofe 1. Placed after a noun, loosely refers to it and other things that are also present or similar. English approximatior ome e xau, A) #81: 6%# . and ... (among other things/places)” AX—HLE DTH ST. 2422. Mono-oki ni _, jitensha |ya| sukii ga shimatte ari-masu. In the storage room, there is a bicycle and a pair of skis (among other things). ‘pet awe aoe B) BRAT. HFIP RBC EBAK. Natsu-yasumi de, ,, hoteru [ya] ryokan wa doko mo man-in da. Since it is summer vacation, hotels, inns and the like are fully booked. ores ae reece paces apace OC) Shue Powe -F 1 -Kono, SEP Hes ore . . 2 a ee a BEvA|C| ME. PRLAAACHKS OEOL. Kyoo wa takashi-kun no tanjoo paatii datta no. , Mamoru-kun ya] ,. asako-chan [ya] , tomo-chan [ya] makoto-kun, nakayoshi ga min-na atsumatta no yo. Takashi had a birthday party today. All his good friends like Mamoru, Asako, Tomo, Makoto, among others, got together. Indicates that an action is immediately followed by another action. Shortened version of “... ya ina ya ~\» 424” (see p. 247). English approximation: “as soon as” “when” “the moment ...” A) Ria, ROBE ha[e], Hy chRaen. 243Kanojo wa, boku no sugata o , miru |ya}, ikari o bakuhatsu saseta. As soon as she saw me, she went into a fit of anger. ELA doen flzteee ty e #0 2eaguas of B) AREF S|], AR TAG SIARERE HLA. Jishin ga y,hassee-suru [ya], kishoo-choo wa tadachi_ ni tsunami-keehoo o dashita. As soon as the earthquake happened, the Meteorological Agency issued a tidal wave warning. 3. Placed at the end of a sentence in men’s language. 1) Used in casually coaxing or inviting action. English approximation: “shall we?” “would we?” te wee a A) 2b, BIVY LEBEL THOMA I|H |. Maa, moo sukoshi hanashi 0 shite kara , kaeroo |ya|. Well now, let's talk a little more before we go home, shall we? B) RLSM, IAN TERNIAS IP] Hisashiburi ni, unagi demo tabe ni ,,_ikoo |ya}. It’s been a long time (since we had some), so let’s go and have unagi or something, shall we? © tivnsile], v7 RK. EAR5R BOTA ES «Moo yame-yoo [ya], sofutobooru. Soro-soro kuraku-natte kita yo. Let's stop playing softball, shall we? It's getting dark. 2) Expresses a sense of resignation, helplessness or some sort of emotion. Not translatable. A) REAK, Rohnbeot navn. son Fon—]. 244B) C) D) ED) bbH oT HSS, Fumiko-san, boku no kimochi wakatte-kure-nai-n da. Maa a, shikata-ga-nai |ya]. Sono uchi wakatte-kureru sa. Fumiko won't try to understand how I feel. Well, there is nothing I can do. I hope she'll understand me some day. eee as ZH. P|, bI-KO IBS I. Maa, 4qii [ya]. Moo ichido yari-naosoo. Forget it. I'll do it over again. sone * Mad, vn7vy radkRAA Hot. FHeE LOR Sonoda-kun, gaaru-furendo ga dekita-n date. 44, Urayamashii ya]. I hear that Sonoda has a girlfriend now. I’m envious. b, Konak Ko CEPI zs b Ab ook. VIEEERU ape Plo AABWTHNIW IF Le A, booru ga atatte mado-garasu ga warechatta. ., Doo ni mo nara-nai |ya]. Min-na de ayamari ni ikoo yo. Oh no, the ball broke the window! We can't do anything about it. Let’s all go and apologize. 4. After the name of the party addressed, softens the tone of the entire sentence. Mainly used by elderly people. Not translatable. A) B) Bes aoe ee BFP), Sr oCHAEAL THON TROD? n. Yoshiko |ya|, chotto hari ni ito o tooshite okure-de-nai ka i? Yoshiko, my dear, will you thread the needle for me? Rataae wMAATT LE. BUSA), SoHE ya], kyoo wa anata no tanjoobi desu yo. 245My dear old man, today is your birthday, you know. 5. In set phrases such as “mata mo ya 4 # £*°” and “mashite ya ¢ LT +,” intensifies the meanings of “mata mo 4 7: £” (again) and “mashite 2 Lt” (even more). Not translatable. A) Bia, sh e[plitkeBoeclaon. Boku wa, ,,,mata mo |ya] kanojo o okorasete shimatta. I ended up making her angry yet again. B) cOKLA, E¥caAzBR EKKO. alct[P], S¥uSK Koko, Rawtanub. Kono doresu, kyonen de sae kyuukutsu datta no yo. aav.Mashite |ya], kotoshi wa mata futotta mono, hairu hazu-ga- nai wa. This dress was too tight for me last year even. So it's even more true that I can’t fit into it, because I put on extra weight this year. YAL *PL\ 1. Used in calling out to someone, with a tone of familiarity or scorn. Not translatable. A) RHE RG), Bor bUSAdeRecin, »Akio-kun [yai], chotto ojisan ni te o kashite kure. Akio, come lend me (your uncle) a hand for a bit. ee B) £4 BVO? weer. Kemushi ga kowai no? ,, Ikujinashi [yai]. You're scared of caterpillars? You coward! 2462. At the end of a sentence, creates an exclamatory, curt statement. Not translatable. ae a A) FORD LEORU eae Oud. Sono hachi kowashita no 4g, boku ja nai [yai]. I'm not the one who broke that flower pot! B) LAE aA aE Moo kimi ni nanka _,, tanoma-nai |yai]. T'll never ask you for a favor again! YA-INA-YA *P-U\ZE-42 Combination particle A combination of the particle “ya +?,” the adverb “ina \\4(not)” and the particle “ya +.” Indicates that an action is immediately followed by another action. English approximation: “as soon as ...” Lata bebe A) Ske Re os(eoRe] MCHA TLE OK. Shujin wa shucchoo kara ,, kaeru [ya ina ya], kaze de nekonde shimatta. My husband, as soon as he came back from his business trip, took to bed with a cold. B) E¥akicarsa[powe], hudson. Wakamono wa uma ni ,, matagaru |ya ina ya], kake-satta. The young man, as soon as he got on the horse, galloped away. 247YARA ?5 1, Following an interrogative or a word indicating uncertainty, emphasizes the uncertainty. Not translatable. A) B) BOBUOSABMAT (AAR TOBOT, MEETS (0) Hl SIE) ba Sw. Boku no ojiisan wa ha ga takusan kakete-iru no de, nani o y.itte-iru (no) |yara} sappari wakara-nai. Since my grandfather is missing lots of teeth, (I) can’t understand what he’s saying at all. DUBIES SABE (BORD, WODLEKoA[PRIER TL Zork Hii-obaasan ga nakunatta no wa, itsu no koto , datta |yara wasurete shimatta yo. I've completely forgotten when it was that my great-grandmother passed away. 2. In the pattern “to yara & 4? 5,” to make a statement more vague. English approximation: A) B) 248 . or something/someone” Bhe Pa) s Rape icaan Anes che Takami ,, to [yaralyuu hito ga ome-ni-kakari-tai soo desu. Someone named Takami or something says he would like to see you. seer on ik RRSAIL COLES lb L OMIMATHOS. Sakamoto-san wa, doko , to watashi no ane ni nite-iru. Ms. Sakamoto somehow resembles my elder sister.3. In the pattern “... yara ... yara ~4?5~*? 5,” followed by a negation, indicates an indecision between the choices. English approximation: oss ae lees urs A) &TFEKS( BOT, CObMEADY ye Y|PEIBFOY HY Pb). AB aome. Musuko mo ookiku natte, docchi ga shujin no ,, shatsu |yara musuko no ,, shatsu |yara|, miwake ga tsuka-nai. My son has grown up, and I can’t tell which are my husband's shirts and which are my son’s. B) Fass o[Po|Rs euo[P5]. saBeuriho cus 5 Fo Kyoo wa ame ga furu , no |yara| fura-nai , no |yara|. Maa kasa dake wa motte ikoo. (I wonder) if it will rain today or not. I'll bring an umbrella (just in case). 4. Lists two or more items, with the implication that other items exist as well. English approximation: “and ... (other things)” A) BLEWUAVAPAL BULK EILPE|T-A[PHIAC SA NFL e ihe Ashita wa kurisumasu, oishii ,, gochisoo [yara] ,, keeki [yara takusan tsukuri-mashoo ne. Tomorrow is Christmas Day, let's make lots of good food and cakes (and other things). 249B) otic a RE Laas ond, BO eK [PS] bw < nee Pb), ARGH Ue no kai de mata fuufu-genka ga hajimatta yo. Mono o vnageru [yara] ,. wameku [yara], taihen da naa. The couple upstairs has started fighting again. They're throwing things and screaming (at each other) (and doing other things), it’s quite something. 5. Placed at the end of a sentence, expresses a casual remark addressed to oneself with a tone of uncertainty. English approximation: “I wonder ... A) B) 250 B29 tack ayes ° eave 2 SELEALAH DISK. MEH ( 4(M)|P 5]. Kyoo mo shujin wa sakana-tsuri ni dekaketa. Nan-biki , tsutte- kuru (no) |yara]. My husband went fishing again today. I wonder how many he'll catch and bring back? BRoe ih ee PAS ths pot, Eas eRe. Ch HUA SRB (0) [PS Yakusoku no jikan o ichi-jikan juugo-fun mo sugita no ni, kanojo wa mada ko-nai. Doredake ,,mata-sareru (no) [yara]. Even though it’s an hour and fifteen minutes past the time we're supposed to meet, she hasn’t come yet. I wonder how long I'll be kept waiting?YO & 1. Placed at the end of a sentence. 1) Transforms the sentence into an exclamation. Not translatable. cs gzerie ax. A) ReOHRE LY icanvror[E]. Kanojo no hanayome-sugata, hontoo ni kiree , datta |yo|. She looked really beautiful in her wedding dress! aeer tee B) SRKORRRRMKOKH| LI. Anata no ensoo suteki datta , wa |yo]. Your performance was really splendid. 2) After an interrogative pronoun, adds a tone of criticism. Not translatable. A) 20h HaMe[ a], RK oY THBAML TOS ERO Do Sono kakkoo wa j,nan da [yo]. Zubon kara shatsu ga hami dashite-iru ja nai ka. What's with your attire? Your shirt’s hanging out of your pants. ed wont B) Sims RLADL TT, HILAL]. Kyuu ni naki-dashitari shite, ittai 4, doo shita no {yo}. (You) suddenly burst into tears, what in the world is the matter? 3) Emphasizes a command. Not translatable. . x A) Bc &xa[E], Fiticdins ze. Hayaku ,, tabero [yo]. Gakkoo ni okureru zo. Eat quickly, already! You'll be late for school. 2514) 2. 1) ge Bus om : B) Ro tHE EROA COUT. FABIEN tt Jo Damatte jisho o tsukatta gurai de, son na ni okoru ,.na |yo]. Don't get so angry at me just for using your dictionary without asking you! After the form “oo && (4)” or “yoo £4.” Emphasizes a statement of suggestion. Not translatable. we me " A) OWBRRES BRI THF IL LE]. li otenki da. Sanpo ni demo ,, ikoo |yo}. It's nice out. Let’s go take a walk or something. B) na, BRIA, HT LENS IE Nee, otoosan, osushi , tabe yoo |yo}. Say, Dad, shall we have sushi? Expresses an emotional state. Not translatable. © waciulder cess [E]. Nan te kurai michi na-n ,. deshoo [yo]. What a dark road (this) is! D) BELO 1 7 LY ARRAS LO. Roce Rat ¢ Bnarrs [se]. Kanojo ni wa atarashii booi-furendo ga dekita rashii. Boku no koto nan ka sugu wasureru , daroo |yo]. I've heard that she has a new boyfriend. I'll bet she'll forget about me very soon! Placed at the end of a clause or a sentence. Expresses an exclamatory address. Not translatable. A) HIE], BD CHAD. 252». Kami [yo], omamori kudasai. God, please protect me. Bonet gu B) bow BES[E] Re Boccuk. peck! Ooi! ,, Hiraiwa-kun [yo], hayaku nobotte koi yo. Subarashii keshiki da zo. Hey! Hiraiwa, come climb up quickly! It’s a great view! 2) Asa “filler” particle placed at pauses in a sentence, to catch a breath or call something to the attention of the party addressed. Not translatable. A) BRAKE Bot l RD? Viortare[E] BUSLO RFs CW SOHE LAE, Otoosan mada kaette ko-nai no? Hyotto suru to ..da [yo], ojisan no uchi ni yotte-iru no kamo-shirenai ne. Your father’s not home yet? There’s a chance that maybe he has stopped by your uncle’s. thos fea wots ae B) @-#|£|, BC UD-SA Hoh SECIFS? Man-ichi , da |yo|, takara-kuji no it-too ga atattara doo suru? Let’s say that by a one-in-ten-thousand chance, you won the lottery, what would you do? YORI £9 1. Makes a comparison, Also in the forms “yorika £") 4," or “yorimo ze” English approximation: “than” 253A) CODA ODL IED] REO TH Kono ringo wa, ano ,, ringo [yori] ookii desu. This apple is bigger than that apple. Q Q B) bALIA, BEA[ED Hb) Rs. Watashi wa, ,, anata [yori(ka/mo)] se ga takai. I'm taller than you. g29 Be ere C) SFADFANIBOK| ED (A+ b)/KEL (C BHoOK, Kyoo no tesuto wa ,,omotta [yori(ka/mo)| muzukashiku- nakatta. Today’s exam was less difficult than I had expected. g23 ae D) 295, £0 (4+ b)|PBOILI HF OER, n.Kinoo |yori(ka/mo)| kyoo no hoo ga zutto samui. Today is much colder than yesterday. 2. Establishes a boundary. Often followed by a word describing time, distance, or position. English approximation; “than” a eos) si A) Besos, R[LD FHI} NST. Boku tachi no gakkoo wa, ,.eki |yori] temae ni ari-masu. Our school is before the station. (i.e. closer to us than the station.) Baur Le B) tkbeoatotugugs, Fee E Oi Lalas. Mada onaka ga suite-inai nara, yuushoku wa _,, shichi- ato ni shi-mashoo. 254C) If you're not hungry yet, let’s have dinner after seven o’clock. (literally: later than seven.) Be " deity t-LO GLO IAM TEAS (CK, Hoomu no ,, hakusen |yori] uchigawa de omachi kudasai. Please wait inside the white line on the platform. (literally: at a more inner location than the white line.) 3. Inthe pattern “yori hoka +" (i4»,” followed by a negation, shows that matters are limited to what precedes the particle and nothing else. English approximation: “(nothing else) to do besides ...” A) B) . Bh 29 . tee ae CLT SHAME. C5 MoT, PEBORAIT((L0 lid tev, Doo shite mo denwa ga tsuuji-nai. Koo natte wa, nakaya-kun no uchi e ,, iku [yori] hoka nai. I can’t get through on the phone no matter what. This being the case, there’s nothing (I) can do except go to Nakaya’s house. suas 3 us 2 THT ABE CHA, HSS THO] EN [Ld eva, Keeburukaa ga koshoo de ugoka-nai. Naoru made ,,matsu yori| hoka nai ne. The tramway is out of order and not running. There’s nothing to do but wait. 4, In formal or written language, indicates the starting point of time or space for an action. In colloquial usage, “kara 4.4” is usually used in its place. English approximation: “from” em sacgnen, ole Lamers wasup e @ A) PSR O) FESTA, + AGM ED IBRLIET. 285Shin-kansen hikari-ichi-goo hakata-yuki wa, ,, juuroku-ban-sen yori] hassha-shi-masu. Shin-kansen Hikari No. | to Hakata will be leaving from track No. 16. gf ovee B) Fao dchis ele Des at. Kyoo no kaigi wa _,, ichi-ji | yori] hajimari-masu. Today's meeting will start from one o'clock. 5. Used with an interrogative noun such as “doko Y= (where),” “dare 72 A (who),” “nani #1 (what),” etc., to indicate that which follows it is the best. English approximation: “no better than” A) vc [eo] Racks $n, ».Doko [yori] wagaya ga ichi-ban da ne. There is no better place than our home. B) 26, en”ktTOTY, aE) DEDEHIHEFISVEF. Maa, toritate no nashi, ,,nani [yori] no mono o arigatoo gozaimasu. My goodness, (these are) freshly picked pears; thank you so much (for giving us something that cannot be surpassed.) © #arn[Eo](a) Bonn, Kimi wa ,, dare [yori] (mo) hayaku hashitta ne. You ran faster than anyone else, didn’t you? 6. Indicates the basis for conclusions, results, etc. English approximation: “on the basis of” “from” lesLe so A) UT 37 7-VOR Bib OBR EROBR [EDR 256B) 7. Hit. Piano konkuuru no yuushoo-sha no kekka ,.ni kime-masu. yori wa ashita no saishuu-shinsa The winner of the piano competition will be selected on the basis of the results of the final performance tomorrow. Amn chrabaae FOOKD WB xz) 29 RoubRE © thEKEd eae ee » BROAUILH—-BATDAC HA OK. Konkai no jinkoo-choosa ,.ni yori , nihon no jinkoo wa yaku ichi-oku ni-sen-man nin to wakatta. From this census, it’s understood that the population of Japan is about one hundred twenty million. In the pattern “to yuu yori &+.4 £",” indicates that a person/thing seems to be or is considered to be something other than what it is. English approximation: “more of a ... than ...” apeace Pr A) RRB, Evaaer reg [k9 ASE K, Saitoo-kun wa, bijinesuman ,,to yuu [yori] kagakusha da. Saito is more of a scientist than a businessman. ae ae a3 B) AsOeS! chimes (EOE. Ookii naa! Kore wa mizuumi ,»,to yuu [yori] umi da. It’s so big! It’s more like an ocean than a lake. ZzE t Found in men’s language. Used only in casual conversation among colleagues or with those whose supposed social status is below that of the speaker. 287To elicit an agreement from the party addressed. Not translatable. A) BHSeR Biman, acecemol ss [ze Yoshioka-kun ga kakari-choo ni naru-n da. Min-na de ,, oiwai- shiyoo |ze]. Yoshioka is going to become an assistant section chief. Let’s all celebrate (for him). B) $2 caZ abnor, Kay Shas ovr saevns[e], Ima made wa mikka-boozu datta. Daga, kondo wa kitto tabako © y, yameru |ze]. Until now, I couldn’t keep a resolution past three days. However, this time, I’m really going to quit smoking. ZO €@ Placed at the end of a sentence or a clause, emphatically states one’s opinion or judgement. Found in men’s language. Not translatable. A) B) 258 ae we ke BL VEOIL GAHAN ZI. Kimi yori boku no hoo ga se ga 4g,takai [zo]. I'm taller than you! Lane (25, H-, RIVS/ 2]. Hora, shin-ichi, ,, nageru |zo} . Look, Shin-ichi, I’m going to throw (the ball)!ZUTSU 3D Establishes equal divisions. English approximation: “... at a time” “(quantity) each ...” A) thaooc, Bo toakeFo]lLaswsen. Ha ga warui node, katai mono wa _ ,, sukoshi |zutsu| shika kame-masen. Since I have bad teeth, I can only chew tough things a little at a time. Bh ak oer B) RMOR, —M|FoOUr act boxrn’¢ SARL The Manga no hon, tsu [zutsu] ja naku te, motto takusan kashite yo. Don’t lend me comic books one at a time; let me have a lot more (at once). eer eg aD O rozsas, PRR Foss. Dono kurasu ni mo, gakkyuu-iin ga _,, futari |zutsu| i-masu. There are two class representatives for each and every class. 259MASTERING PARTICLES: EXERCISESINTRODUCTION This section is designed for students who are at the beginning level of Japanese language studies. Learning how and when to use particles is so essential to Japanese that it’s best to master the basics at an early stage. Exposure to numerous examples and problems will familiarize you with the appropriate usages. These exercises start out with a variety of practice sentences involving the particles “wali” and “ga4*,” since it’s crucial to grasp the difference between these two fundamental particles. As you progress, other particles are gradually introduced into the problems, and sentence structures become increasingly more complex. Your instructor may wish to use these problems as homework. There is also an answer key in the back.Lesson 1 Complete the sentences below, using either “(t(wa)” or “A*(ga)" in the parentheses. 1. yya( ) Zoanaet. Ringo (| __) mit-tsu ari-masu. There are three apples. bh (Roy vact. Are (1 ) akai ringo desu. That is a red apple. BE ( ) Bkuas. Gakusee (|) futari i-masu. ‘There are two students. bore ( ) TR YAKRCH. Ano gakusee (| _) amerika-jin desu. ‘That student is an American. BER (LS) HATTA? Anata( 1 ) doko ( 2) itai-n desu ka? (As for you,) where does it hurt? brEL (RC) HATH. Watashi ( | ) atama( 2) itai-n desu. (As for me,) my head hurts. bel RC) HCE DEEL Watashi (_ | ) atama( 2_ ) itaku-arimasen. (As for me,) my head doesn’t hurt (but other parts do). 2638. b FEE ) AC SARELAL Hora, kodomo-tachi (|) takusan ki-mashita yo. Look, many children have come. 9. FRE ) aneBoFere. Kodomo-tachi (|) min-na otoko-no-ko desu yo. The children are all boys. 1. aesh ( ) SARS TH? Tanaka-san (_ |) kyoo ki-masu ka? Will Mr. Tanaka come today? (Literally: “As for Mr. Tanaka ...”) Wea, Rata. 5 BPSK () RELA Hai, ki-masu yo. A, tanaka-san (| __) ki-mashita. Yes, (he) will come. Ah, Mr. Tanaka has come. 2K ( ) Boctna. Kaze (| _ ) tsuyoi desu nee. It’s windy, isn’t it? (Literally: “The winds are strong, aren’t they?”) 13, (-) RotRSL AL Ame (| ) futte-ki-mashita yo. It has started to rain. (Literally: “The rain has started to fall.”) 14, BORA (-) Sweet. Ano ookii mado (|) kiree desu. That big window is clean. (Literally: “As for that big window IB) the coat. Mado ( | ) aite-imasu. The window is open. 16h ( ) Raat 26420. 21, 22. 23. Yama (_ |) mie-masu. (I) can see a mountain. ber ( )bol( ) haste? Anata ( | ) ano yama( 2) mie-masu ka? Can you see that mountain? (Literally: “As for you ...”) howard ( ) Reser ( AC) heat lie, yama (| ) mie-masen ( 2 ), ki ( 3 ) mie-masu. No, (I) can’t see a mountain, but (I) can see trees. (Literally: “As for a mountain, I can't see (it), but ...”) chek ( -) haste? Don-na ki (|) mie-masu ka? What kind of trees can (you) see? Onnsak () b2at Iro-iro na ki (|) mie-masu. (1) can see many kinds of trees. snue () AC RARE TORT. Kiree na hana (_ | _ ) takusan saite-imasu. Beautiful flowers are blooming in abundance. FarVo7() BERTH ERA, Chuurippu (| ) mada saite-imasen. Tulips have not bloomed yet (but other flowers have). BC) eacte? Sakura (|) doo desu ka? What about cherry blossoms? ore i. we ( ) BNEHAL. 265Sakura (| __) ari-masen yo. There are no cherry blossoms (but there are other flowers). 25. beL ( ) hex Brat. Watashi (|) yamada to mooshi-masu. I am (called) Yamada. 2%. 5S, HER ( -) MBSA TEL OLETA, Aa, anata( | ) yamada-san de irasshaimasu ka. Oh, you are Mr. Yamada. Web, ek ( ) BPIAcTH? Jaa, donata( |) tanaka-san desu ka? Then, who is Mr. Tanaka? 28." (+) BPH Watakushi (|) tanaka desu. Tam Tanaka. 29. bL( ). BRE (A) FUReas Watashi ( | )nihongo( 2 ) sukoshi hanase-masu. I can speak a little bit of Japanese. 3. bAL (+), 79Y RR) beNatAL RAVE) bd wVsthr. Watashi( | ) furansugo( 2 ) wakari-masu ga, doitsugo ( wakari-masen, I can understand French, but not German. 266 3 )Lesson 2 Complete the sentences below, using “(4(wa)”, “#*(ga)”, or “(mo)” in the parentheses. ca) BHT. Kore (| ) hyaku en desu. This is one hundred yen. ca ( ) AB AttH? Dore (| ) ni-hyaku en desu ka? Which one is two hundred yen? bh ( ) =8 Att. Are (| ) ni-hyaku en desu. That is two hundred yen. cn ( ) 2B AttA? Kore (_ |) ni-hyaku en desu ka? Is this two hundred yen also? ong, 2a ( ) SHB ee DSH. lie, sore (_ |) ni-hyaku en ja ari-masen. No, that isn’t two hundred yen. bar ( ) aC) ctna, Anata( | )se( 2) takai desu nee. You are tall, aren’t you. (Literally: “Your height is high, isn’t it.”) gas, ( )( ) uectna. Toyoda-san ( | )se( 2 ) takai desu nee. Ms. Toyoda is also tall, isn't she? 267& beL( ) EC ) BOATH Watashi (|) se (2) hikui-n desu. 1am short. (Literally: “As for me, my height is low.") 9 303 ( ) CARBRACL AMD? Kinoo (|) don-na otenki deshita ka? How was the weather yesterday? 395 ( +) BC ) RELA Kinoo (|) yuki (2 ) furi-mashita. Yesterday, it snowed. Wee) BC) hota ta? Kyoo (_ | ) yuki (| 2 ) futte-imasu ka? Is it snowing today, too? 1002, SB ( ) B( ) ot see, TRH ( BOT +. lie, kyoo (1) yuki (2. ) futteimasen. Demo kiri( 3.) koi desu. No, today it’s not snowing (although it snowed yesterday). But the fog is dense, 13 ble (mM ( ) STL ES. Ashita( | ) ame( 2) furu deshoo. Tomorrow, it will probably rain. 48a RC) Bat. Kyoo (_ | ) netsu ( 2 ) ari-masu. Today, () have a fever. 15.303 ( ) RC) HDL AH? 26820. 21. 22. 23. Kinoo (| ) netsu (2 ) ari-mashita ka? Did you have a fever yesterday as well? 809 ( )RC ) BnRRLTLAL Kinoo (_ | ) netsu ( 2 ) ari-masen deshita. Yesterday, I didn’t have a fever. a as EC ) HTH. Sora ( | ) aoi desu. The sky is blue. 2» as (HTH. Umi (|) aoi desu. The ocean is blue, too. beer ae ER (Co) HTH SE. Chikyuu (| ) aoi desu yo. The earth is blue also. “ ay B( ) Fecha? Kumo (| ) aoi desu ka? Are clouds blue as well? wor BC) Fcanaee, lie, kumo (|) aoku ari-masen. No, clouds aren’t blue (although other things listed above are blue). BEBO GO ( ) BNETH? Hoka ni aoi mono (| _) ari-masu ka? Is there anything else blue? bau me % ( ) HATH. Watashi ( |) genki desu. 269Tam fine, too 2. bu) RACH. Anata (|) genki desu. You are fine, too. 25. teh (RCT H? Dare (|) byooki desu ka? Who is sick? 26. HRSA () HAT. Kawamoto-san (|) byooki desu. Mr. Kawamoto is sick. 7 WRSA (eo) Boat? Kawamoto-san (_ | ) doko ( 2 ) warui-n desu ka? What is wrong with Mr. Kawamoto? (Literally: “As for Mr. Kawamoto, where is (he) not well (i.e. which part of him is sick)?”) 28. HRSA (HR) BEA) Hea ct Kawamoto-san (_ | ) atama( 2 ) onaka( 3) itai soo desu. I heard that Mr. Kawamoto has both a headache and a stomachache. (Literally: “... both (his) head and stomach hurt.”) 29. DHE) ower ( yp onsen, BEC) Broce to Man-nen-hitsu (|) booru-pen (2 ) iri-masen. Enpitsu (3 ) hoshii-n desu. I need neither a fountain pen nor a ball-point pen. What I need is a pencil. 270Ebmpck #2 8b ase . 30.305 ( ) Bsc mes ( ) BIKA. KEE ( ) Be cHAR. Kinoo (| _) nishikawa-kun to maeda-kun (2) asobi-ni-kita. Boku-tachi (3) yakyuu o shite asonda. Yesterday, Nishikawa and Maeda came over to play. We played baseball. amLesson 3 Complete the sentences below, using “[é(wa)”, “A°(ga)", “(mo)”, or “0 (no)" in the parentheses. 1. pans RR (ABC) HNETH? Tookyoo ( | )chizu ( 2 ) ari-masu ka? Do you have a map of Tokyo? RR) he) NETH? Oosaka ( | ) chizu ( 2 ) ari-masu ka? Do you have a map of Osaka, too? RR () hE) BD EEA, Oosaka ( | ) chizu( 2) ari-masen. We don’t have a map of Osaka. 258 ( )ah( ) Dat ( Nagoya ( | )chizu( 2 ) ari-masu( 3 ) We have a map of Nagoya, but ... Leb, 258 ( ) hmehec (Kau. Jaa, nagoya( | ) chizu o misete kudasai. Well, then please show me a map of Nagoya. 2( RC) XRAY? Kimi (|) nani (| 2.) tabe-tai? What would you like to eat? BC) anysewe () exe Boku (_ | ) hanbaagaa ( 2) tabe-tai. I want to eat a hamburger. 22hat (RC) Ou? Nomi-mono ( | ) nani ( 2) ii? What would you like to drink? BC lor ) Boras, r1az4—( ) woe, Boku (|) nodo ( 2. ) kawaita kara aisu-tii ( 3. ) jina. As I'm thirsty, I'd like to drink iced-tea. at 66 ® ano Mabe (YRC )RK( ) HANat. Watashi ( | ) chichi ( 2 ) kyoodai ( 3) futari i-masu. My father has two brothers. (Literally: “As for my father, there are two brothers.”) or ae wepe -RC )RC De ( ) bALEXoOTUBU TT. Chichi ( | ) ani( 2 ) otooto ( 3 ) watashi ni totte wa oji desu. (My) father’s older brother and younger brother are both my uncles. RC RC VERO Dusen ), RO TR ote ao C aR) HAST. Chichi ( | ) ani( 2 ) kodomo( 3 )i-masen( 4 ), chichi ( 5 ) otooto ( 6 ) musume ( 7) futari i-masu. (My) father’s older brother doesn’t have children, but (my) father’s younger brother has two daughters. tastes . bel BC) RRC) Bhat Watashi ( | ) haha( 2 ) kyoodai ( 3 ) futari i-masu. My mother has two brothers as well. ere L(V RRC ) bALEZOTABUTT. Haha (|) kyoodai ( 2) watashi ni totte wa oji desu. 213(My) mother’s brothers are my uncles, too. 15. FB (0) BRAC) rate? Kyoo (1) otenki (2) doo desu ka? How is today's weather? 16 Fa) MC) Rue HC) Ro toast. Kyoo ( | ) kaze ( 2 ) fuite, ame (3) futte imasu. Today, it's windy and it's raining as well. (Literally: “.. the wind is blowing, and the rain is falling, too.”) 7 LE ( ) BRAC) Bucussa? Ashita (_ | ) otenki ( 2 ) warui deshoo ka? Will it be bad weather tomorrow, too? 1B OUR, BLA ( ) HHBRATL EG. lie, ashita (|) ii otenki deshoo. No, tomorrow will probably be good weather. 19. BEC) ALOATH (CO) Enpitsu (|) hoshii-n desu (2). I'd like a pencil ... 20. ME ( -) LaLUTHH? Nani-iro (|) yoroshii desu ka? Which color do you want? (Literally: “Which color would be good?”) Foo ( ) Boo ( ) ener). Akaino( | ), kuroino( 2 ) ari-masu( 3 ), There are red ones as well as black ones... 2. #00 ( ) kLOTH. Kuroi no (|) hoshii desu. 27423. 24, 25. 26. 27. 28. I want a black one. Hoo ( ) acter th )ongea, Akaino ( | ) doo desu ka? Sore ( 2 ) iri-masen. What about a red one? That I don’t need. BC) BC) eAeER (Vata? Umi ( 1 ) naka ni( 2 ), don-na seebutsu ( 3) i-masu ka? What kinds of creatures are there in the sea? ae see pe Laces Mi () MOR ( ) Oat. the (0) HNat. Umini( |), sakana ya kai (2 ) i-masu. Shokubutsu (| 3. ) ari-masu. In the sea, there are such things as fish and shellfish. There are plants, too. be ae us cae + AOR ( )vobATT A? bEE( ) OOH ( ) ST Te Akai kuruma (| ) ikaga desu ka? Watashi ( 2) shiroi kuruma (3 ) suki desu. How about a red car? I like white cars. we ce Af ne cae ay us Buk ( ) Si FOR ( ) VET A. FOEDEOUOTH Rae Shiroi kuruma (|) migi ni, aoi kuruma (2 ) ari-masu nee. Aoi iro no mo ii-desu ne. To the right of the white car, there is a blue car, (right)? The blue one is nice, too. ae 2 at at B( ) FLEERTUOSXLAI, BUSAURESA ( ) BAT 215ake Boku (|) terebi o mite-iru toki ni, oji-san to oba-san ( 2 ) tazunete kita. When I was watching T.V., my uncle and aunt came to visit. WW bEL( ze ( )BECT (C RC) aR ( )aeardkat. 27-b (0) Rye (Oat Watashi ( | ), sukii (2 ) tokuidesu( 3 ), fuyu( 4 ) supootsu ( 5 ) hotondo deki-masu. Sukeeto ( 6 ) hokkee (7) yari-masu. I'm good at skiing, but I can do most winter sports. I skate and play hockey, too. 30. AOWIHotae I, SAVEKE (Base. TC) Me ( EL AR ) Rasremneod ‘Ano yama ni nobotte miyoo. Kiree na keshiki (|) mieru yo. Kawa ( 2 ) mizuumi( 3 ), soshite, kisha( 4 ) mieru- kamo-shire nai yo. Let’s go climb that mountain. We'll be able to see a great view. We'll be able to see a river, a lake, and possibly even a train. 276Lesson 4 Complete the sentences below, using “t (de)” or “& (o)” in the parentheses. berliacs ( ) come ( ) Maes? Anata wa doko (| ) kono jisho (2 ) kai-mashita ka? Where did you buy this dictionary? bELBRAI2Y— (+) FABLES Watashi wa eki e takushii (|) iki-mashita. I went to the station by taxi. zokaH () BETCHA. Sono akai tokee (_ |) misete kudasai. Please show me that red clock. DELROIFN- PORE (-) Ry F4- (ENE Le Watashi wa kinoo depaato no shokudoo (| ) supagettii (| 2. ) tabe-mashita. Yesterday, I ate spaghetti at the restaurant in a department store. LON-RFH4HH (FAT (+) MOTO HAD Kono baasudee-keeki (| ) naifu ( 2 ) kite kudasai. Please cut this birthday cake with a knife. SiN, behOBSH (YY ( ) BUTCHI. Koko e anata no onamae ( | ) pen( 2.) kaite kudasai. Please write your name here with a pen. bRUGEEER (-) PU) Hote 277Watashi wa haha ni tegami (1) kakitome (| 2 ) okutta. I sent my mother a letter by registered mail. bamator, vo (0) RC) xds? Onaka ga suita. Doko (_ | ) nani( 2 ) tabe-yoo? I'm hungry. Where and what shall I eat? baracco#h ( ) R¥LaLAe? Anata wa doko no gakko (_ | ) sotsugyoo-shi-mashita ka? From which school did you graduate? 10. col ) Bot ier eaBae at. 22 (san hot Ha. Kono michi (|) massugu iku to, basu-tee ga ari-masu. Soko (2. ) basu ni notte kudasai. If you go straight down this street, there will be a bus stop. Get on the bus there. ae 38 ae venae ae » BR ( ) lt, BIBOAM ( ) AST. Nihon (_ | ) wa, kuruma wa michi no hidari-gawa( 2 ) hashiri-masu. In Japan, cars keep to the left side of the road. as usae beats 12. BLEDIA, RAT ( ) =2-3-7 ( )RBELET. Ashita no asa, hikooki (| ) nyuuyooku ( 2 ) shuppatsu-shi- masu. Tomorrow morning, I’m leaving New York on a plane. . RBbrAL Oe (YF (Late Raishuu watashi no uchi (_ | ) paatii (2 ) shi-masu. I'm going to throw a party at my house next week. 218one ng90 ee | SOLARZY ( ) KH EU L OBA TTA? Kono restoran (|) ichiban oishii oryoori wa nan desu ka? What is the best dish (served) at this restaurant? eee Be teen & ve . WASADRAAIL, CEA ( DECLTH ERY ( ) T7—-b nhacoat. Yamada-san no okusan wa, goshujin (_ |_) nakushite kara hitori (| 2. ) apaato ni sunde-imasu. After having lost her husband, Mrs. Yamada is living alone in his apartment. serepoge bomen, AE (RE Rewn at. ane ( ) BR WC ) Lat. Watashi no sobo wa, kotoshi (_ |) kyuujus-sai ni nari-masu. Min-na ( 2. ) oiwai (3) shi-masu. My grandmother is going to turn ninety this year. We're all going to celebrate ( her birthday). aki () Mihir () RxeL Ee Min-na (| ) issho ni dezaato (2 ) tabe-mashoo. Let's all have desert together. GE (On ) Bote KEM. Kitte (| ) nori( 2 ) hatte kudasai. Please paste down the postage stamp with glue. ap 2 west se 2 ® . Rb eA ( ) Lee ( ) MPN TTSILAW Aka-chan (| ) uba-guruma ( 2 ) sanpo ni_ tsurete-iki- mashita. I took the baby out for a walk in a stroller. 219wees 2. BRH( ) ec ( ) exe L3H? 21. Obentoo (| ) doko ( 2 ) tabe-mashoo ka? Where shall we eat our boxed lunch? bELR ( ) RPh cise. BMC). keoke BBs xe. prLokia, savesiclowr( ) RNALA Watashi wa inu (|) sanpo ni tsurete iki-mashita. Kooen (2), yoso no inu ni de-au to, watashino inu wa, ureshisoo ni shippo (3 ) furi-mashita. I took my dog for a walk. At the park, when my dog saw another dog, it wagged its tail in delight. ape nee els us 22. bKLIA, ZORBORS ( -) HE ( ) MNELA. Watashi wa, sono eego no tango ( | ) jisho ( 2 ) shirabe- mashita. I looked up that English word in the dictionary. 23. SRid, RF ( -) PIABMHEVAT. HELIA Ker a 7y— ( ) Bot aewacitsas. Konya wa, hoteru (|) kurasu-kai ga ari-masu. Watashi wa, tomodachi to takushii (2) hirotte, hoteru made iki-masu. Tonight, there will be a class reunion at a hotel. I’m going to catch a taxi with a friend, and (that is how) we're going to go to the hotel. 24, SaRBRBO79R ( -), RAK ( ) BELA Kyoo wa nihongo no kurasu (|), suraido (| 2) mi-mashita. Today in Japanese class we saw slides. 25. Aum (+) REC) Ucuer, Ba () dlagte. 28026. 27. 28. 29. 30. Kon-na tokoro (_ | ) hirune ( 2) shite-iru to, kaze ( 3 ) hiki-masu yo. If you take a nap at a place like this, you'll catch cold. bELUFAHb ( ) coatydn( ) FHC) Roar he Watashi wa depaato (|) konokoin-ire ( 2 ) senen( 3 } kai-mashita. I bought this change purse for one thousand yen at a department store. oko ( )#( ) bec cwan. Ano gakko no mae (1) kuruma (2 ) tomete kudasai. Please stop the car in front of that school. yeysy ( ) F-nORW (Rola 3. Shanpen (|) chiimuno yuushoo ( 2 ) iwai-mashoo. Let's celebrate our victory with champagne. cothhia, wihedacoith, a2c080 ( ) HLOo ( ) Rot Han. Kono teekiken wa, kigen ga kirete-imasu ne. Asoko no mado-guchi (1 ) atarashii no ( 2 ) katte kudasai. Your (train/bus) pass is no longer valid. Please buy a new one at that ticket window. ai. Mani ( ) EARBea nag. aecohehon ye ( ) BRC) RaLaa. Kyoo wa, sumidagawa( |) hanabi-taikai ga ari-masu. Asoko no takai tatemono no okujoo (2 +) hanabi( 3 ) mi-mashoo. 281Today, there’s going to be fireworks over (at) the Sumida River. Let’s watch the fireworks from the rooftop of that tall building. 282Lesson 5 Complete the sentences below, using “C(de)", “#(o)" or “IZ(ni" ("Ce") in the parentheses. 1 bALGERE (sa) BRD () acéaanr. Watashi wa, kodomo-tachi (| ) basu ( 2 ) omatsuri (3. ) tsurete iki-mashita. I took my children to the festival by bus. 2 bRLGRH () HAROA TTA COBB) OUTER a? Watashi wa kyooto ( |__) ikitai-n desu ga, kono densha( 2 ) ii deshoo ka? I'd like to go to Kyoto, (but) is this the right train? 3. aR (REC 4 e Rt ( ) oHeILEL he Boku wa kissa-ten (|) kanojo ( 2 ) sandoicchi ( 3 ) gochisoo shi-mashita. I bought her a sandwich at a coffee shop. 4 b= a—a—7 ( ) aka s, HBR) Te ( ) Rucwas Watashi wa nyuuyooku ( | ) sumitai kara, shinbun ( 2 ) apaato ( 3 ) sagashite-imasu. Because I want to live in New York, I am looking for an apartment through the newspaper. 5. bRLOME( ) v2) Bono? 283Watashi no enpitsu( | ) doko ( 2 ) oita no? Where did you put my pencil? Shithtek 2 FRITH (DL eo ) asl G4? Konban nanji (_ | ) doko ( 2_ ) ai-mashoo ka? Where and when shall we meet tonight? eae saa » briny 7byk ( ) BRB ( ) FR (CO ) BELA Watashi wa pen-furendo( | )nihongo( 2 )tegami( 3 ) kaki-mashita. I wrote a letter to my penpal in Japanese. Bia, woaw (94 (+) faa. eLe eC) HH747 (LDS Boku wa, itsuka fune (1) hawai (2 ) ikitai. Soshite, soko (3. )saafin( 4) shitai. Some day I'd like to go to Hawaii by boat. Then, 'd like to go surfing there. Roe bh (BRB (ose () Ronde ae he Suupaa-maaketto {| ) jitensha (2 ) pan ( 3.) kainiiki- mashita. I went to the supermarket by bicycle to buy some bread. bs vue uses “Me 10. bALIS-B ( ) -RE( ) BHC) CLaTt. Watashi wa ichi-nichi (|) ichi-do haha (2. ) denwa (3. ) shi-masu. I call my mother once every day. 2bR( ) ASS) AOEL ES. 28417. Mikka-go (_ | ) mata koko ( 2 ) ai-mashoo. Let's meet again here in three days. eee Lents wooesee wae 2 ay Ky (+) ar RATA, Fe (BR) RL aT a? Rondon (|) iku hikooki wa, nanji( 2 ) kuukoo( 3 ) shuppatsu shi-masu ka? When will the plane for London leave the airport? . bELIBE (+) 36 ( ) Bacar. Watashi wa saifu (| ) uchi ( 2 ) wasurete kita. I forgot my wallet at home (and came here). aoases Ce beats . ia, RHC E (ae) a ABR) tee ( ) HotBE( ) eas. Kare wa, maiasa shichiji-han (| ) uchi ( 2 ) dete, jidoosha (3 )haiuee ( 4 ) hashitte kaisha ( 5 ) iki-masu. Every morning, he leaves his house at seven-thirty and drives on the highway to get to his office. ehmees ak (Bir) ta7y (Rone. Boku wa yonaka( | ), senmenjo( 2 ), gokiburi( 3 ) mitsuketa. I found a cockroach in the washroom at midnight. one aeeee e MSBIATAR ( ) BA ( ) Rok. Kariya-kun wa tesuto (|) hyaku-ten (2. ) totta. Kariya got a hundred (A*) on the test. Beakoss, ace ( ) BC ) aBOh CK ( ) Lalas. 28520. 21, 22. 23. Kyoo wa samui kara, min-na (|) issho (2. ) uchi no naka (3), geemu ( 4) shi-mashoo. Since it’s cold outside today, let’s all play a game inside the house. es os & & . lA, BB ( ) ex ( )vARZyY ( )ToWwec ae (iC) eC Le LEOn. Boku wa, ohiru( | ) tabe( 2 ) resutoran( 3.) itte, soko ( 4 ) saifu( 5 ) nakushite shimatta. I went to a restaurant to eat lunch, and lost my wallet (there). wots were seen a dot Lit, RUB ( ) Fb (CO ) Me () TR ELK. Watashi wa, imooto to issho ( | ) depaato( 2 ) kaimono (3. +) iki-mashita. I went shopping at a department store with my sister. be) FH (+) TAAZI-B( ) BXELEGe Ato( |) dezaato( 2. ) aisukuriimu (3 ) tabe-mashoo. Let's have ice cream for dessert later. A379 ( ) BoD E( +) RA TARE. Herikoputaa (1 ) notte, sora (2 ) tonde-mitai naa. I want to fly through the air in a helicopter. SUARR ( ) EE ( ) Bocada. Ashita gakko (1 ) sensee (2. } kiite-miyoo. T'll ask my teacher (about it) at school tomorrow. BRAA ( ) broROBOSR (Boke, (HEC) BXT IEA] Kot Oniisan (|) wakara-nai tango no imi (2) kiitara, “jisho ( 3 ) shirabete goran” datte. 28624, 25. 26. My older brother said, “Look it up in the dictionary,” when I asked him the meaning of a word that I didn’t know. Blok ( ) bot RBOBR( 0) vo +) Lashom Bar. Tsukue no ue (| ) atta tomodachi no shashin (2 ), doko (3. ) shimatta no ka wasureta. I forgot where I put the picture of my friend which had been on the desk. ba Rete? Bo ) Hot RhokF( FE ( ) tho 08 ( ) aati, Bous ( ) bo atk. ‘Aa, eki desu ka? Ano hashi (|) watatte, saisho no shingoo (2 ) migi( 3 ) magatte, sono michi ( 4 ) massugu iku to, hidarino hoo (5) ari-masu yo. “Oh, the station? Go across that bridge, turn right at the first traffic light, (then) keep going straight on that road, then you'll see the station on your left.” belt, BR), MREBoe se t— (ER eae Baie, BREET) 247) URE) 36 Ashita wa, gakkoo (| ), katoo-sensee no seminaa ( 2 ) shusekki-shi-nakere ba nara nai kara, konya juuji made ( 3. ) taipu( 4 )repooto( 5 ) tsukuroo. Since I will have to attend Prof. Katoh’s seminar at school tomorrow, I'll type my report by ten o’clock tonight. 28727. 28. 29. DEB LNOF4= ( ) Cha KEA( ) AHF aL? Ba 7 Dx7IA ( ) atone. Paatii (|) don-nadoresu ( 2 ) kite ikoo kashira? Kare wa, burakku-tai (3) ikutte ita kedo. What sort of dress shall 1 wear to the party? He was saying that he would go in black-tie. gad ane B63 ae * ag SAO Web, CORBA ( ) MC ) RBLI KC) ® OTC HE? Kyoo wa atatakai kara, kono hachi-ue (_ | ) soto ( 2 = ) dashite, mizu (3. ) yatte-kure nai? It's warm today, so could you take these plants outside and water them? 6b, BORE ( ) ae () RA THE TS ( ) Woaces. Nodo ga kawaita kara, ano kissa-ten( | ) koohii( 2 ) nonde kara uchi ( 3 ) kaeri-mashoo. I'm thirsty, so let’s go home after we have coffee at that coffee shop. 30. Z0BFL ( ) BILL ( ) CoBM( —) LOT HAY 2 hab, CoheObM( ) BLLID( -) FLAN, bau () DH CRNT CREO Sono osushi( | ) ohashi( 2 ) kono osara( 3) totte kudasai. Sore kara, kono chiisai osara (4 ) oshooyu( 5 ) sukoshi irete, wasabi ( 6 ) tsukete tabete kudasai. Please put the sushi onto this plate with the chopsticks. Then, pour a little bit of soy sauce onto this small plate, and eat it with the wasabi. 288Lesson 6 Complete the sentences below, using “*5(kara)”, “I< (ni)”, (“(e)"), “ET (made)”, or “& Cl=(madeni)” in the parentheses. yt bho ( ) RO SAAMETAELE Konsaato-hooru (|) takusan hito ga dete ki-mashita. A crowd of people came out of the recital hall. # soruhie ( ) sreeknn? Kimi, kinoo wa nanji (|) terebi o mita no? Until what time did you watch T.V. last night? Bek ( ) CoHEA CHR TH? Anata wa itsu (|) kono mura ni sunde i-masu ka? How long have you lived in this village? bELLEEOAAIR IR ( -) RRC) RELA. RE OZR ( ) Rhioat. thas, ane () nas. Watashi wa kyonen no rokugatsu ni tookyoo ( | ) oosaka (| 2. ) ki-mashita. Rainen no sangatsu (3 ) oosaka ni i-masu. Sorekara, mata tookyoo (4) kaeri-masu. I came to Osaka from Tokyo in June of last year. I'll be in Osaka until March of next year. Then, I'm going to go back to Tokyo. Dyvby ( ) BA77( -), RRC Ch bOae Nat a? Washinton (|) mosukuwa( 2 ), hikooki de, dore kurai kakari-masu ka? How long does it take from Washington D.C. to Moscow by plane? 289geo ous Bdiuaror+achbakocusen( 36 ) SH ( ) Bocas raz. Kyoo wa sutoraiki de, densha ga hashitte i-masen (1), uchi (2. ) kaisha (3 ) aruite iki-mashita. Because there was no train service today due to the strike, I walked to my office from my house. BC) uA Bake car, Sora (|) inseki ga ochite kita. A meteorite came falling out of the sky. RR) Ri), HRB LAME couse at. Tookyoo (| ) kyooto (2), shinkansen de nijikan-han gurai kakari-masu. It takes two and half hours from Tokyo to Kyoto by Shinkan-sen (bullet train). ae gs oe aa a. Sdakar ( ) Butea, Boku wa, kyoo wa tsukareta (|) asobi ni ika nai, Because I'm tired today, I'm not going to go out to have fun. aaa Buk eS see om 10. bALIA, SHB ( )» ¢ ) BREOUXE SSR MILESoW res fetes 2 ( ), RBERZOILRW ( ) oT CRAY, Watashi wa, kin-yoobi( | )( 2 ) nihongo no sakubun o kaka-nakereba nara-nai ( 3 ), eega o miru no wa raishuu (| 4 ) matte kudasai. As I have to finish writing a Japanese composition by this Friday, please (could we) wait until next week to see a movie. vous & Shue gxieen . » bELILEG ( ) TRA VOA TIAN TRIMER ( ) Hat 290aca oe . RAT O ES ( ) at a? Watashi wa, hiroshima (|) ikitai-n desu ga, densha wa nanban- sen( 2 ) de-masu ka? I'd like to go to Hiroshima, (but) from which platform will the train leave? ou» ~ te +4 se a . HEE CLAD BRO ( ) BC) RL EL HAL Rod QSUATLED Yubiwa o naku-shita node, heya no sumi ( | ) sumi( 2 ) sagashi-mashita ga, mitsukari-masen deshita. ] lost my ring, so I looked for it everywhere in my room, but it couldn't be found. eee Lgee SBS ST. KKELT ( ) a-E- TERAEL ED. Hikooki ga deru (|) mada ni-jikan ari-masu. Shokuji o shite (2. ) koohii de mo nomi-mashoo. We still have two more hours until the departure of our flight. Let’s eat something and then have some coffee. ake wes ra 2 | SORBlmMa ( ) se ( ) KL CHISEL. Kono manga wa omoshiroi (|) kimi (| 2.) kashite ageru yo. This comic book is funny, so I'll lend it to you. Ese gota ( ) aemodst, ROD ( ) RCo FSA. Sora ga kuraku natte-kita (|) mata ame ga furu yo. Tsuyu wa itsu (| 2 ) tsuzuku no daroo. The sky is getting dark, so it’s going to rain again. I wonder how much 291longer the rainy season will continue? 16 EUR (ok e rT HeE CEB OK (BRO ( ) Hotare Kudamono-ya (| __ ) ittara, banana ga totemo yasukatta (| 2. ), oyatsu ( 3 ) katte kita. I went to a fruit shop, and I found their bananas so cheap that I bought some for snacks. 7 ete Buaeonk ( ), bALIGRE( ) RLOtzax (wath. Totemo atsui hidatta (_ | ), watashi warokuji ( 2 ) suzushii ofisu (3 ) i-mashita. Since it was a very hot day, I stayed at the cool (air-conditioned) office until six o’clock. 1a. React, SER ) RRC) Bean). BRL iLhe Hamada-san wa, rokujus-sai (1) ginkoo ( 2. ) tsutome- mashita { 3. ), taishoku shi-mashita. As Mr. Hamada worked at the bank until he was sixty years old, he has now retired. WW bELI Bane (0) BC) AH EL HS UMHIEA. Watashi wa, umarete (|) ima ( 2. ) sukii 0 shita koto ga ari-masen. I've never skied in my life. (Literally: Between the time I was born until now ...) 20. com, Ko (0) (hae AIEE DELO? 2922, 22. 23. 24. 25. Kono shukudai wa, itsu( |! )( 2 ) dasa-nakereba nari- masen ka? By when do I have to hand in this homework to you? Bok) kak. HF) () BRB LA. Tonarino ie (_ | ) higadete, akegata( 2 )( 3 ) sangen ga zenshoo shita. The fire started at my neighbor's, and by dawn, three houses were completely lost in the fire. Bia, VATA ( -) HY I7OR-Z ( ) iyhtbtbok. Boku wa, kurisumasu ( | ) santakuroosu ( 2 ) mitto 0 moratta. On Christmas, I got a baseball mitt from Santa Claus. Baoviybintsy7( ), BR ( ) Pie Zhao RE ae Shite Konkai no samitto-miitingu (| ), nihon ( 2 ) shushoo to futari no daijin ga sanka-shita. For this Summit Meeting, Japan sent the Prime Minister, accompanied by two ministers. B( )"Bediaon ( ), bALUS EER ( ) FRREA The Asa( | ) atama gaitakatta (2 ), watashi wa kyoo gakko (| 3 ) iki-masen deshita. Because I had a headache until this morning, I didn’t go to school today. ( ) ER (shika),” or “<¢ Sts (kurai [¢ 5» gurai])” in the parentheses. 1. HBB cn () THe? Bo en) oH Akai enpitsu wa, kore (|) desu ka? Hai, sore (2 ) desu. Is this the only red pencil? Yes, there is only that one. Bia, BRE) BEE (RHF) wenairecar he Boku wa, kazuo-kun (|) kooji-kun( 2) fumio-kun( 3.) kakurenbo o shi-mashita. I played hide-and-seek with (such friends as) Kazuo, Koji, and Fumio. brit, ABa—t— () Yaa) hadlte Watashi wa, kesa koohii (| ) juusu (2 ) nomi-mashita. I only drank coffee and juice for breakfast this morning. Bia, Atary ( ) t97 (+) RXEEATLAL I didn’t eat anything but an omlet and a salad this morning. Baio ) haste? eae » ve s ISSO ( ) RASL. bKLIG-D( ) RABI, Hoshi ga, ikutsu (|) mie-masu ka? Boku wa mittsu ( 2) mieru yo. Watashi wa hitotsu (3 ) mie-nai wa. 296(Approximately) how many stars can you see in the sky? I can see only three stars. I can see only one. bLAOKE I. Hy Kt oF (BD) Methods Fo Ashita no ensoku ni wa, sandoicchi ( | ) kudamono ( 2 ) ame o motte ikoo. I'll take a sandwich, some fruit, and some candies on the picnic tomorrow. Ba, bln (), BRE) hate voces. Boku wa, onigiri (| ), okashi ( 2 ) nomi-mono o motte iku yo. I'll bring some onigiri (rice balls) and things like cookies and beverages. beELIA BEY () had () Ao cite nnn, Watashi wa, obentoo ( | ) nomi-mono ( 2 ) motte ika-nai wa. I'll only bring a boxed lunch and beverages. zak? BEY ( ) hah ( ) Uebemad CLE 9? RheZo( ) hociawava, Sore dake? Obentoo ( | ) nomi-mono ( 2 ) jaa onaka ga suku deshoo? Kudamono o futatsu ( 3 ) motte iki-nasai yo. That’s all? You'll be hungry with only a boxed lunch and beverages. Why don't you bring a couple of pieces of fruit or so. fe te geek masta 8 ae he ake Ee . SADRRAI, HRMARE DIL, HK ( ) WT SETS FA (RAGA, BRAK (0) REMOK. Kyoo no fukee-kai ni ryooshin ga kita no wa, boku (| ) de, 297zenbu de sanjuu-nin (_ 2 ) kita keredo, chichi-oya wa go-nin (| 3. ) ko-nakatta. Among the parents who attended today’s P.T.A., I was the only one whose parents both came, and thirty parents came altogether, but there were only five fathers who came. ad cvecee “ Beer, cugeae -brRL, SALSA ( ) HotTOROO, Se, 2A ( ) HLT nw? Watashi, kyoo ni-hyaku en (|) motte i-nai no. Keezoo-kun, go-hyaku en ( 2. ) kashite-kure-nai? I have only two hundred yen with me today. Keezo, could you lend me about five hundred yen? ee kee 12. HEEORD ORE THTEM ( ) Pans ta? Anata no ie kara eki made kuruma de dore (| __) kakari-masu ka? How long does it take from your house to the station by car? e9eg> gone aa 13, RRP SARS CHAO ( ) HVSTA? Tookyoo kara sapporo made nan-kiro (_ | __) ari-masu ka? How many kilometers are there between Tokyo and Sapporo? ae bbe wees ae ae DRE ( ) BE, BOROLFoThSltnr, on ( )o” Raakhes, Rat ye y"K () cogs Boku no tomodachi ( | ) sensee wa, samui samui to itte-iru keredo, kore ( 2 ) no samusa wa heeki da yo. Boku wa tii- shatsu ichi-mai (3 ) kite-i-nai yo. (People like) my friends and my teacher keep saying that it's cold, but cold weather like this doesn’t bother me at all. I'm only wearing a T-shirt. 29815. 19. “7 ( ) FRY () VB BAA THA? Biiftu (1) chikin (— 2.) dochira ga suki desu ka? Which do you like better, beef or chicken? BeBr ( ) 069 VoCNlalhe Watashi (|) amerika ( 2 ) dizunii-rando( 3 )( 4 ) itta-koto ( 5 ) arimasu( 6 ), tookyoo ( 7 ) dizunii-rando (8 )amerika( 9 )( 10 ) sokkuri de, bikkuri-shi-mashita. I have also been to Disneyland in the U.S. I was surprised that the Disneyland in Tokyo was so similar to the one in the U.S. 239 ae > ou 4 Ra- FYE ( ) MATEO )RRIT-—( ) BNL he Dizunii-rando (| ) asonde ( 2 ), tookyoo-tawaa ( 3 nobori-mashita. After we had fun at Disneyland, we went up the Tokyo Tower. RC) ALE) BTLRBSA( ) TABLA. AID? se ee Beate -¢ dot ( ) RAT BOFL ( ) ERLALK Yoru( | )min-na( 2 ), osushi-ya-san ( 3 ) iki-mashita. 309 )Kauntaa ( 4 ) isu ( 5 ) koshi-kakete, nigiri-zushi ( 6 ) chuumon-shi-mashita. In the evening, we went to a sushi restaurant. We sat on tall stools at the counter and ordered ‘nigiri-zushi.’ en ALR) a9tTN (+) RELA BEB a(R REC ) AC RARTOALA BEC) RATER ( 47 ( ) HoTH( ) Ro cHaR ( )welke Sore ( | ) min-na ( 2 ), karaoke-baa ( 3) iki-mashita. Kaisha-zutome (4 ) otoko ( 5 ) hito-tachi( 6 ) takusan kite i-mashita. Osake (| 7 )nondeiruhito( 8 ),maiku( 9 ) motte uta ( 10 ) utatte-iru hito (11 ) i-mashita. Then all of us went to a karaoke bar. There were many men who worked at companies who had come (to the bar). There were people who were (doing such things as) drinking sake and singing songs, holding a microphone. 1 AAFSA( VD bAL CD. ERR ( ) BBL Coat (Saks ( ) HC) RRB, Kimiko-san (_ | ) watashi (| 2 ), onaji daigaku ( 3) benkyoo-shite-imasu ( 4 ), kimiko-san ( 5 ) senkoo ( 6 ) eebungaku desu. Kimiko and I are studying at the same college, but Kimiko is majoring in English literature. moat 19. DALE (RE ( s( ) b0 st. Watashi-tachi( | ) daigaku{ 2 ), shibuya( 3 ) ari-masu. 31020. Our college is in Shibuya. BAFSA ( ) BAL ( ), BRT Cy v2 ( #( ) Boat Kimiko-san (_ |) watashi (| 2 ), mainichi chikatetsu ( basu ( 4 ) daigaku ( 5) kayoi-masu. Kimiko and I commute to school by subway and bus every day. Dx 3 31 )Lesson 10 Comprehension Exercises. Complete the sentences below, using appropriate particles. My Experience Living in Japan (B): 1. Ek evno Ba) baL( BRC) (EBC) ur, BELALL I. Kyoo (_ | ), watashi( 2 ) nihon( 3 )( 4 ) seekatsu (5 ) tsuite ohanashi-shi-mashoo. Today, I shall talk about my life in Japan. bel ( ), BAU TOR ( ) sat ye ( ) a Burs sasuse UT, RE ( ) ToL MRCS. Watashi ( | ), maiasa taitee roku-ji ( 2 ) oki-masu. Shawaa ( 3 ) abite, mi-jitaku (| 4 =) suru to, chooshoku desu. Every morning, I usually get up at six. After taking a shower and getting ready for school, I have breakfast. Baa ue 4 ry eA (960 REC) RO CdR oR ( )Baetto yas) wc HEC ye nat. Kurokawa-san (_ | ) uchi ( 2 ) chooshoku ( 3), taitee wafuu de, gohan ( 4 ) omisoshiru( 5 ) hoka( 6 ), yude-tamago ( 7 ) yasai( 8 ) ari-masu. Breakfast at the Kurokawas is usually Japanese style, and we have (there are) rice, and miso-soup, as well as boiled eggs, and vegetables. 3124 7. woe bRU( )BRR( DRA THC BEC (RELI L TE RNONE HA, Watashi( | )nihon-shoku( 2 ) daisukidesu( 3 ),nattoo (4 )( 5 ), mada dooshitemo taberare-masen. I love Japanese food, but natto is the only thing I can’t eat yet, no matter what. BAFSL( ) bEL ( 9 oF ( = 36 : mee tee as) Cy kar CR ( ) HEE (BRC) Hoo BIB ( ) Et Kimiko-san( |) watashi( 2), uchijuu( 3 ) ichiban hayaku uchi ( 4 ) de-masu ( 5 ), otooto ( 6 ) shinji-kun (7 ), gakkoo( 8 )chikai node shichi-jihan gorouchi( 9 ) de-masu. In the family, Kimiko and I leave home the earliest, but Kimiko’s brother, Shinji, leaves home around seven-thirty, since his school is close to the house. Bian )cER( )RRaxccs( +) BREE (HC) Reber Bilsn ( ) Ha (Rat. Kurokawa-san (1) goshujin (2 ) shachoo-san desu (3), mai-asa kaisha ( 4 ) kuruma ( 5), hachi-ji goro kurokawa-san ( 6 ) mukae( 7) ki-masu. Since Mr. Kurokawa is the president, his compnay car (his chauffeur) comes to pick him up about eight o’clock every morning. BRE ( ) doc )Fk( DBR ) Rds aus as (SESSA ) bAL (CO) HR REC) 31329 BLT. Asa daigaku (| ) tsuite( 2 ) gogo( 3 ) jugyoo( 4 ) owaru ( 5 ), kimiko-san ( 6 ) watashi ( 7 ) betsu-betsu (8 )koosha( 9 ) benkyoo-shi-masu. After we arrive at school, until our afternoon classes are over, Kimiko and I study in separate buildings. cues eee ean wate y be BRE )HE( ) BHC ) BEC ) Pot BCS bee ve Vie ( ) ATH. Nihongo ( | ) sensee( 2 ) namae( 3 ) ikegami( 4 ) itte, wakakute kiree na on-na( 5) hito desu. ‘The name of my Japanese teacher is Ikegami, and she is a young and beautiful woman. kit betes les RBC DRE ) ( bvatl, BH) Seba nas. & 5 fe Et Nihongo (_ | ) bunpoo ( 2 ) jugyoo( 3 ), shuu( 4 ) go-jikan (5) ari-masu shi, kaiwa (6) ni-jikan ari-masu. We have a Japanese grammar class (as much as) five hours a week, and we also have two hours of conversation class. Wo. BRB (+) 79R( -) (CY THYMKR( ) PavAKR ( ) RAYK( ERC) wat Nihon( | )kurasu( 2 )( 3 ), amerika-jin( 4) furansu- jin (5) doitsu-jin (6 ) chuugoku-jin (7) i-masu. In my Japanese class, there are students (whose nationalities include) American, French, German and also Chinese. 314c ak Eh m ange ue Bx ( ) RRC ) BB s792( ) ( ) BBE ( ) Bu (0 ) WAC) Lcuat. saben ( ) B Bsn (0 ) kU EET ) bAL CO) Hau ARATE bat. Nihon (_ | ) bunka ( 2. ) benkyoo-suru kurasu ( 3 ) ( 4 ), ima, ocha( 5 ) ikebana( 6 ) benkyoo( 7 ) shite-imasu. Kimiko-san (8 ) okaasan ( 9 ) ikebana ( 10 ) sensee desu ( I! ), watashi ( 12 ) iro-iro oshiete morai-masu In the class where we study Japanese culture, we are learning tea ceremony and flower arranging. Since Kimiko’s mother is a teacher of flower arranging, I learn a lot from her. pe Se be ue nee suaas - BR ( )RR( )BBRTS7FA( ) (+), Risser ( pone YRC) RAcHat Nihon (| ) rekishi (| 2) benkyoo-suru kurasu ( 3 ) (4 ), meeji-ishin ( 5 ) tsuite( 6 ) hon ( 7 ) yonde- imasu. In the class in which we study about Japanese History, we are now reading a book on the Meiji Restoration. vac ee hota vs Ho23 eens BEC )AWTOER( ) REC )BRE( ) apuge ( ) nat. fe (RB) Bot eTeBELE TH. Ohiru ( | ) taitee gakkoo ( 2 ) shokudoo ( 3 ) otomodachi ( 4 ) issho ( 5 ) tabe-masu. Washoku ( 6 ) yoo-shoku ( 7 ) atte, totemo oishii desu. 315,Usually, I have lunch at the school cafeteria with my friends. Both Japanese and Western style foods are available, and they are delicious. oe BEC ) Rs ( ) SoESL( ) bAL ( "RC ) 350 ) Boas, Yoji (1 ) jugyoo ( 2 ) owaru ( 3), kimiko-san ( 4 ) watashi( 5 )issho( 6 )uchi( 7 ) kaeri-masu. When school is over at four o'clock, Kimiko and I go home together. 1. FR () RUmvezact. aden ( ) BREA ( ) etek cc BEC) abot) (RBC) ( ) BEA ( donated (ABC) bALE ( THC DPE ) exace( ) ean enae he Yuushoku (| ) tanoshii hitotoki desu. Kimiko-san( 2 ) otoosan ( 3 ) totemo isogashiku te, kaisha( 4 ) owatte (5 )( 6 ), gaikoku( 7 )( 8 ) okyaku-san( 9 ) attari_shi-masu ( 10 ), fudan ( || ) watashi-tachi (12. ) issho (13) yuushoku ( 14 ) taberu koto ( 15 ) amari ari- masen. Dinner time is a fun time. But since Kimiko's father is very busy, and even after work, he has meetings with visitors from foreign countries, he seldom has a chance to have dinner with us. 16 Ch, SHEA (BREA ( ) Rien (CY vote ag : ey 36 ( ) MoTRAT ( J Fhe ( )—-#( ) BR ( RAEN BRE CY BRC) ce ( ) Bras B (CE ) Tes, 316cece RAT ( Demo, kimiko-san( | )otoosan( 2 )yoruku-jigoro( 3 ) (4 )uchi( 5 )kaetteki-masu( 6 ),min-na( 7 )issho (8 )ocha( 9 )nondari okashi( 10 ) tabe-tari shi-nagara, gakkoo( || )koto( 12 ) hanashi-masu. Otooto( 13 ) shinji- kun (14 ) issho desu. However, when Kimiko’s father comes home at around nine o'clock, all of us drink tea and eat sweets while we talk about things (that happened) at school. Kimiko’s brother, Shinji, (chats) with us, too. auiste cee RE EH ( ) KC SLBBOT SAFEL( ) BAL) ageese ¢ ena RSH ( ) BRLET. Mainichi shukudai (|) takusan aru node, kimiko-san ( 2 ) watashi (3. ) yoru juuni-ji( 4 ) benkyoo-shi-masu. Because we have a lot of homework assignments every day, Kimiko and I study until twelve o’clock midnight. AFSL ( ) Ri(C) ba BRO) DAL CO) R2cteuagl. beAL () BRE ( ) bey ROH( ) RAE ( ) Racinat. Kimiko-san (| ) eego( 2 ) wakara-nai toki( 3 ), watashi (| 4 ) oshiete-age-masu shi, watashi ( 5 ) nihongo( 6 ) wakara-nai toki( 7 ) kimiko-san( 8 ) oshiete-kure-masu. When Kimiko does not understand English, I help (teach) her, and in return, when I don’t understand Japanese, Kimiko teaches me. REC) FR (+) RAF. DAL ( “ ¢ 5 ds ee enews ) az( )a8&( )HonwEEEC 0 (14 y 720. 318 ( ) &sas, Toki-doki shikago (|) tomodachi( 2 ) tegami( 3.) ki- masu. Watashi ( 4 ) shikago( § ) nihongo( 6 ) na-ratta yokoyama-sensee ( 7 )( 8 )tegami( 9) kaki-masu. Isometimes get a letter from my friend in Chicago. I also write letters to Mrs. Yokoyama from whom I learned Japanese. brUL( ) BBye7- (0) Beas BEC OB BS ( ) RACH ( ) Rac eRB( ) Roast. zh vA( ) eat odds cry Watashi( | ) mai-asashawaa( 2 ) abi-masu( 3 ), nihon (4 ) ofuro ( § ) daisuki desu ( 6 ), yoru yoku ofuro (7 )hairi-masu. Sutoresu (8 ) torete ii kimochi desu. Although I take a shower every morning, because I love Japanese baths, I often take a bath in the evening. It rids me of stress, and makes me feel good.ANSWER KEYS [Lesson 1] 1. I-#r(ga) 2 itd (wa) 3. 1-48(ga) 4, td (wa) 5. Its (wa), 2-08(ga) 6. Itt (wa), 2-48(ga) 7. It (wa), 2-48 (wa) 8. 1-48(ga) 9. Intd (wa) 10. 1-4 (wa) 11. 1-A8(ga) 12, 1-%(ga) 13, 1-A%(ga) 14, I-18 (wa) 15. |-a%(ga) 16, 1-A%(ga) 17. Int (wa), 2-#8(ga) 18. I-td (wa), 2-A8(ga), 3-A%(ga)/IS (wa) 19. 1-A%(ga) 20. 1-48(ga) 21. 1-48(ga) 22. 1-8 (wa) 23. 1-1t (wa) 24. 1-8 (wa) 25. 1-18 (wa) 26. 1-A%(ga) 27. 1-#8(ga) 28. 1-A8(ga) 29. I-18 (wa), 2-08 (ga) 30. I-td (wa), 2-13 (wa), 3-13 (wa) a Se eNnn Lesson 2) I-(d (wa) 1-a%(ga) 1-#8(ga) 1- (mo) 1-13 (wa) 1-13 (wa), 2-48(ga) 7. 1-& (mo), 2-48(ga) 8. I-18 (wa), 2-28(ga) 9. It (wa) 10. 1-8 (wa), 2-A8(ga) 11. 1-8 (mo), 2-48(ga) 12, 1-(8 (wa), 2-13 (wa), 3-2°(ga) 13., 1-4 (wa), 2-#°(ga) 14, 1-& (mo), 2-4%( 15. I-té (wa), 16. I-18 (wa), 2-18 (wa) 17. 1-8 (wa) 18. 1-& (mo) 19. I-& (mo) 20. 1-& (mo) 21. I-té (wa) 22, 1-48(ga) 23,1 & (mo) 24. 1-& (mo) 25. 1-#8(ga) 26. 1-48(ga) 27. I-t (wa) 2-A%(ga) 28, I-48 (wa), 2- & (mo), 3- & (mo) 29. 1-& (mo), 2- & (mo), 3-A%(ga) 30. I-td (wa), 2-#8(ga), 3-13 (wa) [Lesson 3) 1, 1 (no), 2-#°(ga) /tz (wa) 2. 1-@(n0), 2- & (mo) 3. 1-(no), 2-18 (wa) 4, 1-@(no), 2-18 (wa), 3-8(ga) 5. 1-@(n0) 6 It (wa), 2-48(ga) 7. (td (wa), 2-08(ga) 8. I-d (wa), 2-8(ga) 9. I-td (wa), 2-8(ga), 3-8 (ga) 10. 1-0(no), 2-1 (wa), 3-°(ga) 11. 1-a (no), 2- & (mo), 3- & (mo) 12, 1-@(no), 2-18 (wa), 3-A8(ga), 4-08 (ga), 5-2 (no), 6-12 (wa), 7-#°(ga) 13. 1-9)(no), 2- & (mo), 3-48 (ga) 31914, 1-M(no), 2~ & (mo) 15. 1-a(no), 2-18 (wa) 16. I-18 (wa), 2-#5(ga), 3-A5(ga) 17. 1-@)(no), 2- & (mo) 18. I-l8 (wa) 19. 1-#8(ga), 2-0°(ga) 20. 1-A8(ga) 21. 1-6 (mo), 2- & (mo), 3-4%(ga) 22. 1-48(ga) 23. 1-8 (wa), 2-18 (wa) 24. 1-9)(no), 2-8 (wa), 3-4%(ga) 25. 1-4 (wa), 2-°(ga), 3- & (mo) 26. I-td (wa), 2-3 (wa), 3-48(ga) 27. 1-0)(no), 2-48(ga) 28. 1-48(ga), 2-4%(ga) 29. \-ld (wa), 2-A8(ga), 3-A*(ga), 4-D (no), 5-42 (wa), 6- & (mo), 7- & (mo) 30. 1-#8(ga), 2- & (mo), 3- & (mo), 4- & (mo) [Lesson 4] 1, In C(de), 2-% (0) 2 I-T(de) 3. I-& (0) 4, I-C(de), 2-% (0) 5. I-% (0), 2-T(de) 6 I-% (0), 2-T(de) 7. 1% (0), 2-T(de) 8. I-T(de), 2-& (0) 9 I-%(0) 10. 1% (0), 2-T(de) nW. 12, 13. I-C(de), 2-% (0) 14, 1-T(de) 15. 1-% (0), 2-T(de) 16. 1-C(de), 2-T (de), 3-% (0) 17. 1-C(de), 2-% (0) 18. 1-% (0), 2-T(de) 19. 1-% (0), 2-T(de) 20. 1-% (0), 2-T (de) 21, 1-& (0), 2-T(de), 3-% (0) 22. 1-% (0), 2-T(de) 23. 1-T(de), 2-% (0) 24, 1-T(de), 2-% (0) 320 25. 1-T(de), 2-% (0), 3-& (0) 26. 1-T(de), 2-* (0), 3-T(de) 27. 1-C(de), 2-% (0) 28. 1-T(de), 2-% (0) 29. 1-T(de), 2-& (0) 30. I-T(de), 2-T(de), 3- (0) [Lesson 5) 1. 1-& (0), 2-T(de), 3-15 (ni) 2 I-A (@)/Z (ni), 2-T (de) 3. I-T(de), 2 4. IZ (ni), 5. 1-& (0), 2-(e)/t 6&1 ¢ (de) m4 C (de), 3- (0) 8. I-T(de), 2-~(e)/I= (ni), 3-T (de), 4-% (0) 9 I-A (e)/IZ (ni), 2-T(de), 3-% (0) 10. 1 i), 3-& (0) Wt 12, (= (ni), 3-% (0) 13. 4 i), 2-& (0), 3-T(de), 4-% (0), S-(e)/1= (ni) 15. i), 2-T (de), 3-% (0) 16. I-T(de), 2-% (0) 17. I-C(de), 2-( (ni), 3-T(de), 4-& (0) 18. 1-% (0), 2-(= (ni), 3-~(e)/IE (ni), 4-T(de), 5-% (0) 19, IME (ni), 2-S(@)/E (ni), 3-4 (ni) 20. I-T(de), 2-12 (ni), 3-% (0) 2. 22. 23, ~& (0), 3-T(de) 24. -& (0), 3-(e)/t: 25. 1% (0), 2-T(de)/* (wo), 3 A (ni), 4-% (0), 5-5 (ni) 26. I-T(de), 2-Z (ni), 3-4= (ni), 4-T (de), 5-% (0) 27. 1-12 (ni), 2-% (0), 3-T (de) 28. 1-& (0), 2-~(e)/I= (ni), 3-& (0) 29. 1-T(de), 2-% (0), 3-~(e)/I (ni) 30. 1-&(0), 2-T(de), 3-I2(ni), a-(= (ni), 5-% (0), 6-& (0)[Lesson 6] 1 2 3. 4 oe 26. 27. 28. 1-5 (kara) 1-& T(made) I-#% (kara) I-A (kara), 2-~(e)/I= (ni), 3- & T(made), 4-~(e)/I= (ni) 1-6 (kara), 2-& T(made) I-A (kara), 2-#% (kara), 3-¢ T (made) 1-6 (kara) 1-6 (kara), 2- & T(made) 1-26 (kara) I= T(made), 2-(2 (ni), 3-4 (kara), 4- & T(made) 1-& T(made) /I= (ni) /~(e), 2-5 (kara) 1-#°5 (kara), 2-& T(made) 1-& (made), 2-45 (kara) Ia» (kara), 2-(2 (ni) 1-2» (kara), 2-& T(made) 1-2 (ni), 2-25 (kara), 3-15 (ni) Iai (kara), 2-% T(made), 3-(> (ni) 1- & T(made), (kara) \-a% (kara), 2-# T(made) 1-& T(made), 2-1 (ni) 1-4» (kara), 2-# T(made), 3-(2 (ni) I-12 (ni), 2-2 (kara) 1-5 (ni), 2-4 (kara) |-& T(made), 2-4 (kara), 3-~ (e)/Az (ni) 1- & T(made), 2-4» 5 (kara),3-1= (ni), 4-& T(made)/t= (ni), 5-£T (made), 6-(= (ni), 7-I= (ni) 1-2 (kara), 2-*% (kara), 3-3 T (made), 4-(= (ni), 5-~(e)/t I-#6(ga), 2-4 (kara), 3-¢ 4- € T(made), 5-~(e)/I= (ni) I-& Tlmade), 2-4 (kara), 3-~s (e)/Iz (ni), 4- & T(made), 5-~(e)/ (ni) I-#% (kara), 2-€ T(made), 3-(= , 4-0 (kara) 2-(2(nil), 3-95 30. I-{2 (ni), 2-4 (kara), 3-42 (ni), 4-% T(made), 5-4» (kara), 6-¢ T (made), 7-15 (ni), 8-~(e)/AZ (ni) [Lesson 7] 1, I-#244 (dake), 2-f214 (dake) 2, 1-% (ya), 2-% (ya), 3- (to) 3. 1-& (to), 2-721 (dake) 4. 1-& (to), 2-L #*(shika) 5. 1- CSUN (gurai), 2-424 (dake), 3-L > (shika) 6. I-& (to), 2-& (to) 7. 1-& (to), 2-* (ya) 8. 1-& (to), 2-L-»(shika) 9 1- (to), 2-414 (dake), 3- BL (gurai) VO. 1-414 (dake),2~ ¢ Ls(gurai), 4-L ay (shika) 11, 1-Lay(shika), 2- ¢ 5 Us (gurai) 12. 1-¢ Htv(hurai) 13, 1-€ 5 Us(gurai) 14, 1-2 (ya), 2-¢ SUs(kurai), 3-L (shika) 15. 1-& (to), 2-& (to) 16. 1-& (to), 2-% (ya), 3-414 (dake) 17. 1-LAy(shika), 2-42(4 (dake), 3-¢ \s(gurai) 18. I-fE14 (dake), 2-L #*(shika), 3-5 \y(gurai) 19. 1-444 (dake), 2- L #(shika) 20. 1-(ya), 2-¢SUv(gurai), 3-L A (shika) [Lesson 8) 1. 1-& (to), 2-& (to), 3-M (no) 2. I-& (to), 2-& (to) 3. I-£ 9) (yori), 2-0 (no) 4. 1-lEX (hodo) 5. I~ Y (yori), 2-M(n0), 3-EY (hodo) 6 1-& (to), 2-T (de) 7. I-& (to), 2-E (to), 3-M(n0), 4-T (de) 8. 1-1E& (hodo), 2-< ¥) (yori) 9. I-£ 9 (yori), 2-0 (no) 32110. 1-C(de), 2-& ¥ (yori), 3-T(de) V1. 1-EY (yori), 2-18 & (hodo) 12, 1-k (to), 2-& (to), 3-& (to), 4-T (de) 13. 1-£ (yori), 2-(no), 3-1Ex (hodo) 14. I-& (to), 2-T (de), 3-M (no) 15. 1-C(de), 2-£ Y (yori), 3-O (no), 4-0 (no) 16. I-k (to), 2-T(de), 3-M(n0), 4-O (no), 5-£ (yori) 17. 1-& (to), 2- (no), 3-T (de) 18. 1-1E&(hodo), 2-M(no), 3-£ 4) (yori) 19. I-a(no), 2-& (to), 3-& (to), 4-T (de), 5-9 (no), 6- & (yori) 20. 1-M(no), 2-M(no), 3-T(de), 4- E 4) (yori), 5-@ (no), 6 -1& & (hodo) [Lesson 9} 1, I- (no), 2-4 (wa), 3- (to) 2. I-td (wa), 2-4 (kara), 3-T(T), 4-% (0) 4, Int (wa), 2-18 (wa), 3-A%(ga), 4-O (no), 5-T(de), 6-M (no), 7-* (0), 8-0 (no),9- & (mo) 10-2» (kara), 11-#8(ga) /t (wa) 5. 1-C(de), 2-18 (wa), 3-414 (dake), 4-0 (no), 5-% (ya), 6-* (ya), T- & (mo) 6 I-@(n0), 2-42 (ni), 3-18 (wa), 4-KE (ni), 5-#8(ga), 6-T(de),7-td (wa), 8 ~% (0), 9-1 (wa),10-& (to) 7. 1-(n0), 2-18 (wa), 3-0 (no) 8. 1-9(no), 2-t& (wa), 3- (no) 9 1-O(no), 2-l¢ (wa), 3-M(no), 4- (no), 5-48 (ga) 10. I-O(no), 2-18 (wa), 3-* (0), 4-& (to), 5-& (to) V1. 1-O(n0), 2-42 (ni), 3-& (to), 4-0* (ga), 5-#8(ga), 6-td (wa) 12. 1-8 (wa), 2-1 (ni), 3-95 (kara), 4-& (to), 5-% (0), 6-6 (kara) 322 13. 1-@(n0), 2-18 (wa)/I= (ni), 3-0 (no), 4-48(ga), 5- & (to),6-% (0), T-Tlde), 8-~(e)/I= (ni) 14, 1-4 (wa), 2-0 (no), 3-~(e)/AZ (ni), 4-& (mo), 5-A¥(ga), 6-45 (ga), 7-O (no), 8-t& (wa), 9-0>(n0),10-& (to) 15. 1-T(de), 2-5 (kara), 3-~(e)/M= (ni) 16, I-l8 (wa), 2-T (de), 3-~(e)/AE (ni), 4- (no), 5-(= (ni), 6- % (0) 17. I-A (kara), 2-T(de), 3-~(e)/I= (ni), 4- (no) 5-0 (no),6-4% (ga), 1-®& (0), 8-* (ya), 9- & (0), 10-% (0), 11- & (mo) 18. 1-E (to), 2-18 (wa), 3-T(de), 4-A8 (ga), 5-™(no), 6-43 (wa) 19. 1-(no), 2-18 (wa), 3-1 (ni) 20. 1-& (to), 2-18 (wa), 3-& (to), 4-T (de), 5-~(e)/I= (ni) [Lesson 10] 1. I-€8(wa), 2-@(n0), 3-T(de), 4- (no), 5-42 (ni) 2. I-t8 (wa), 2-2 (ni), 3-% (0), 4-% (0) 3. 1-@(no), 2- (no), 3-té (wa), 4-& (to), 5-0 (no), 6-1= (ni),7- (ya), 8- & (mo) 4. It (wa), 2-18 (wa)/A¥(ga), 3-48 (ga),4-#21 (dake), 5-13 (wa) 5. 1-& (to), 2-18 (wa), 3-T(de), 4-& (0), 5-A*(ga), 6-M (no), 7-td (wa), 8-A¥%(ga), 9-& (0) 6. 1-O(no), 2-48 (wa), 3-46 (kara), 4-O (no), 5-A%(ga), 6-* (0), 7-12 (ni) 7. IIE (ni), 2-485 (kara), 3- (no), 4-A#¥(ga), 5- & T(made), 6-t (to), 1-18 (wa), 8-M (no), 9-T(de) 8. 1-M(no), 2-M(no), 3-13 (wa), 4-& (to), 5-M (no) 9 1-@(n0), 2-(n0), 3-13 (wa), 4-(= (ni), 5- & (mo), 6- & (mo) 10. I-(no), 2-12 (ni), 3-t (wa), 4-9 (ya), 5-* (ya), 6-% (ya), 7- & (mo) 11, 1-(n0), 2-* (0), 3-T(de), 4-1820. (wa), 5-& (to), 6-0 (no), 7- & (0), 8-O (no), 9-ts (wa), 10-0(no), I-A (kara), 12-td (wa) 1-0 (no), 2-%(0), 3-T(de), 4-45 (wa), 5-(= (ni), 6- (no),7-% (0) 1-(£ (wa), 2-@ (no), 3-T(de), 4-& (to), 5-42 (ni), 6- & (mo), 7- & (mo) i), 2-HK(ga), 3-E (to), 4-& (to), 5-4 (wa), 6-IE (ni), 7-S(e) /IE (ni) Il (wa), 2-@(no), 3-13 (wa) (ga),5-#"% (kara), 6- & (mo),7-7 (kara), 8-M(no), 9- (to), 10-A (kara), 11-td (wa), 12-& (to), 13-4 (ni), 14-% (0), 15-18 (wa) 1-a(n0), 2-48 (wa), 3-2 (ni), 4-1 (wa), 5-~\(e)/I2 (ni), 6-2" (kara), T-T(de), BK (ni), 9-% (0), 10-% (0),11-@ (no), 12-% (0), 13-M(no), 14- & (mo) 1-#5(ga), 2- & (mo), 3- & (mo), 4-2 (made) 1-8 (ga), 2-#8(ga), 3-18 (wa), 4-28 (ga), 5-A*(ga), 6-A°(ga), 7-12 (wa), 8-25 (ga) 1-0 (no), 2-4 (kara), 3-2°(g (2 (wa), 5-T(de), 6-% (0), 7 8- & (mo), 9- % (0) \-1$(wa), 2-4 (0), 3-A%(ga), 4-O (no), 5-A%(ga), 6-*°% (kara), 7-12 (ni), 8-#%(ga) 323PATTERNS [al about “ni tsuite ZDUT" eee 192 according to “a ni yotte ~IZE>T(.. ni yori SI Y/.. niyoreba ~ii Hld/... ni yora-nai de ~ SRT” sree 128 to ie ba ~Z Ald, according to (topic)... nara ba ~#r {i again “mata mo ya & 1: 6°?" 246 also Moe MO YH oe although to yuu noni ELF OZ," “ii noni LLvoI=" 167 and tanari ~f a)" 13 and “(noun) to (noun) ~E~" + 201 wand .. the same verb is repeated with “ni {=" in between 131 . and ee Shi aa SHE LL" sreeeeeeererenns + 180 and . (like crazy) (te... (te... makuru ~(>)T~(o) TW ~ ET" kara... made ~~ ET 128 “ta bakari SISA" seen 7 “datte HoT" seseeene 234 “esa TS," "tosa tS 178 “tesa T&,"“tosa £8" os 178 “.. deshoo ni ~TL EIS," “.. de aroo ni ~THA IC™. daroo ni ~12H FE," “ deshita deshoo ni ~TLE TLE FEE, “.. datta deshoo ni ~fZokTL EF datta rooni ~f2 14 FI! 135, “dakke 1214," “dattakke t£2 12317" 325T suppose ... ". deshoo ni ~TL 4 ‘de aroo ni ~THS I". daroo ni ~1 4 915," “a. deshita deshoo ni ~TLETL ES “data deshoo ni ~#ZotzTL 3c," datta roo ni WHEAT" ce I sympathize .. “on deshoo ni ~TL SFIS," “.. de aroo ni ~THA IIE". daroo ni ~1E SF deshita deshoo ni ~TLETL SFIS data deshoo ni ~Hotz TL 3c," datta roo ni SHH} S IC’ 1 wish (it) would ... Mo Mal kama Ap UNNI" seeeere if only there were (something), even “semete... demo... ta) T~TH~" just a little bit of it... in “de wa Tid,” “de mo Tb" in “kore nite = f=, in/at (location) and in/at (loca- “... demo... demo ~t&~Tb" tion) ... in any case ... “nani wa to mo are let ban” in terms of (topic)... “oto ie ba ~EUAIE, ". nara ba Ste 5 id" it is certain that ..., but “su ni wa... Keredo(ga) ~IStS~UME(A)” 134 it's not as if ... “aru mai shi HBEWLM vrereeeee 182 Q) just by doing... “ae kara ni SAIS" 65 (1) let us say ... aba Wit,” “tatoe ba ke ald” 4 like no yoona ~M4F%,""..noyooni ~Od 3c" os (M) more of a... than ... “to yuu yori EU9 LY" +257 must do (something) “ne ba nara-nai talft 71s,” “nakere ba nara- nai/nari-masen % UY tid te te /te Y ¥ IN] neither ... nor oe MO. ba bE" eee no matter ... “don-na ni... tomo CA%MZIZ~L &," “doredake ... tomo Ch tlt~e &" + 218 no matter (something) “ou ga SOAK". mai ga SELIM cee 39 no matter what/how (some. “donna... demo YAR~TH ~ 07 thing) ... not all bad “manzara... demo #AX~TH" 28 not necessarily ... “kanarazu shimo w3'L 6" + 184 “nomi narazu NAGS oT" eee ~ 166 dake de(ja) naku .. mo ~#ITT(L-) " Mee Kaan “to yara &” te morau(... te morai-masu) ~T69(~T boat)" demo ~Tb"or“.. temo ~Tb" “don-na ... demo CA%&~TH" - 132 kara ni wa ~AS BIS seseeeeee 6 “dake atte 12133 T" “a(n)mari .. node (A) #U~DT" se “iwa ba U4old," “tatoe ba tt Alf” 4 “bakari ni (£A*1) . 6 Mo MO on BA BN IEY cee 3 “to ieba ~ewaly,” “.. nara ba ~8 512” “uno yoona ~Oé 3%," “..noyooni ~E Pr seo sevsseene 153 “Oya. nado SP WHEL" seoteesse 108 “sore koso Hot" se 16 Moe bo dake IESE" vo 12 ba... hodo ~ig “.. suru hodo ~F BIEL,” ~Ee" “naze nara ba #+h4 SIE” “4. dano ... dano ~HO~KO" 327this/that many this/that much (this was the situation) when (something else happened) a (to be sure) ... too (turn) into (Ww) wasn't it so that ... what is/was it ...2 when is/was it ...? whether it's (something) or (something).. whether or not (whether) ... or not whether (you) do (something) or not, it doesn’t matter... while doing... why don’t you do ... with without ... or .. 328 “koo mo = 4 & (kon-na ni SAMS: “soo mo 4 (son-na ni €A%IZ)," “aa mo HHS (anna ni AMIE)" seeeeesseeeeenseeeeeesseee 97 “koo mo = 3 & (kon-na ni [AMIZ)," £9 (sonna ni CAM (an-na ni A M12) "., tokoroe ~LISA~" 7 4 ~(Dls~ (HE) A" 239 92 (¢a) ga, ni naru (nari-masu) ~(%03 (48) 24)" or ni kawaru (kawari-masu) ~(238S (204) & * 123 “de wa/janaika ~TISROD/ Cetra" — 50 “dakke #2317," “dattakke Ho 123" ves 69 “dakke #2313," “dattakke Hoo" 69 . date ... date ~tio THT" (or, vari tion: “.. tatte .. tattle ~toT~ HoT") 15 nari ..nari SUNY it (a verb) yoo to... mai to ~(k)FE~EW en 205, “a uga SOA". mai ga ~ ELAM 39 Moe ta mari SEAT YM veeeseeeeeeee 13. .taradooka ~1z be 3H" 51 “kore nite = AIST," “koko nite = =12T 142 tonaku SEC MEK" .. to nakuGLOSSARY (English-Japanese) (al a ... or something nari %£1) +14 a fact no 2 154 a matter no + 154 about hodo (ze 8 about kurai(gurai) < 5U( C50) 79 about mo & vo 95 about n0 D+ sesso 149 accompanied by to E seeeessseeeensneeeeennsceeene 202 according to det Poy according to kara . 62 according to ri " - 128 after doing ... (not once done ...)—kiri & m against to Lo sssesneeesseessseensneessnessseennseenseessee 203 all right? no 155 all right. tomo & & + 219 also mo & 92 also ni-mo (2% (CP) ss 136 although ga DS ceeseeeseeee secsseeeeee 39 although monono 00) sovneeees 102 although mono-0 & 0% + 104 although oni DIZ seeeseseeeeeessseee + 167 although (usually) ... tokoro-o EL AK +217 always just doing (something) bakari (24° 5 among det 19 and ni tS sesssseennnseeeens 129 and teT +191 and toe - 200 (and) 4 $0. shi Lo veesseeeen iat and ... (among other things/ ya + 242 places) and ... (other things) yara > sence 249 anyone datte sesseusetenseesseensetes 16 anytime datte vs 16 anywhere datte HoT z sees 16 approximately bakari (1) 7 approximately hodo aE + 43 approximately kurai(gural) UCC BUS) serene 79 around mo & 95 as kara 1S 61as as as a token of as far as as far (a distance) as as for .., as for as for as for ..., also/too ... as long a time as as many as as many/much as as much as .. as much as as soon as as soon as as soon as as soon as. as well as as you've already heard ..., at at at at at at (at) at a time at least at least at most at most (B) because because because because because (because) (because) before belong to between but but 330 nits to-shi-te ELT (CP) sree iL sess made £T mo & ga 8 to-shite-wa & L Tit (C.P.) wa tt to-shite-mo E UT & (CP) MO) weissssssseeeeeeeesnssnssse 95 kara a 60 mo & 95 dake 1214 u kara Di sseesseeesenssee 60 nari te 113 toe 208 ya? 243 yarina-ya PUM? (CP) sesssseeeeee 247 mo & sesessseeesnnseee 95, Ba AE seeeesssseeessseeens 38 det 18, 20, 23, en sessceeesunsse 33 kara o> 56 nif 128 ni-shite (2 UT 140 n0 ® 150 of + 175 zutsu $2 259 temo T& seeeeeenneennen 197 tomo Lb esssssseneeeeeeee 219 temo T& 197 tomo & & seseseseeeees 219 kara > 61 MONO 0) svesssssseeeeeeeresessssee . 98 mono-de(mon-de) &0T( AT) 100 node(n-de) DT(A,T) 161 tet - 190 node(n-de) MT(AT) 162 no-de aru DTH sree 163 made-ni & TIS seeeeereeesssee 90 nm + 14 n0 148 ga 4% 39 keredomo ii. v 8 sesssnnnsansseeeeeee 70.but but but on but by by by by by by/from the fact that ... by way of {c) called/named . (the color of) concerning considering considering (something, it is evident that ...) consequently continuously only doing ... could only do (something) could (you) do ... created by (D) depending on despite despite doing (something) despite that fact ('m sorry that 1) did not do ... but ... do (verb) and ... do (something) by using (something) do you want to .. (doing verb) and/while then (doing verb) doing only one thing all the time don't .. don't say that .. due to ... due to due to due to .. {E) (quantity) each even huse-ni ¢ 412 (CP) 82 noni I= sesseese 167 tokoroga = AA* 217 shi U sssseeneeeensessee - 181 det vo pose + 23, 25 kara D> sees 62 nits 128, 131 no 148 te T 191 no-de MT 162 ni (= seen 127 to yuu E05 - 297 m0 151 nicgite (285UT serereeee 139 kara De veeessseeeeees él ba te 2 kara-shite 2% UT 66 kiri & 4) sooeenes THe bakari (#4) kashira AL no ® det temo TH + 196 ga 0 sessssseessnseeeennsaseesnssese 39 ni-mo-kakawara-zu (2 & AH ST (CP) 138 nde Atv 1S, tet sees seeseseeees 190 det sessseeesnsnseesnssseenssseeee QL kad sessnseeeens 50 tari EY) see sreeeeeeee 188 bakari (£0) sessssecesansseeens 5 na toiwa-zu ELT (CP) de T kara A ni t= nite (2 T zutsu $2 demo T&even even even even even if (I) were to .. even if (you) were to even if (you) were to ... even if (you) were to ... (even) if (you) were to do ... even (something) is/does ... (even) though even though even though even though even though even though even though even though even though even though even though even though (it’s not to the extent that). even while doing . every every single every time (excuse me, but) (F) for for for for for for (ie. as a means for doing from from from from (from) from from a viewpoint of (a) he/she said that ... how about ..? 332 ) 86 7 + 136 179 234 189 tokorode &=4T 215 to-shite-mo ELTH (CP) « 224 ni-shite-mo (LT & (CP) 140 datte HoT ee 15 domo && 30 keredomo (WHE & 70 kuse-ni ¢ tHE (CP) 82 monono & OO) s+ 102 nagara *2A%%> see UL nagara-mo 7&2 & (C.P.) tree ni-mo-kakawara-zu (= & AAD SF (CP) noni DI conte 167, 168 tatte oT 189 teT os 192 to-warie (SUA (CP) ve 227 made-mo #T (CP) -- 38 nagara-mo *22%% & (CP) sesso HL to-yuurto E495 & (CP) estes 231 to-yuu £9 (CP) ses 29 to-yuu-to E49 (CP) see B31 keredomo (7H & eesti 2 det + seve B ON ceeeeeetnnnnee 33 kara a 61 nie 125, 127 ni-shitewa (=U Tit (CP.) sesesssee 141 No-ni DIZ (CP) svessseeees 169 de Tt seeee 23, 25 kara a> + 54, 55, 56, 59, 63 nic cose 126, 128, n0 150, 152 o& sessseee 175 yori £ + 255, 256 kara A esses 62 datte HoT "7 koto 79however however a) T'd thought (I'd done (something) but ... T hear Thear Thope..., though .... I'm wondering if I could ... (say) (I said) (I said) .., (do ... already!) (D think/(1) will do ... I wish ... I wish ... 1 wish (it) would ... 1 wonder .. I wonder . (1) wonder (I) wonder ... (1) wonder ... if. (if), but. if ...), can/would do ..., (but...) can/would do ..., (but...) if (I) were to .. if only .. if only if ... then if (we) say that, then ... if (you think) you can ... in in in in in in addition in addition in (amount of time) in doing ... in order to do ... in order to .. in referring to 3 keredomo (Ft & . 212 to-itte L9T (CP) ga A 41 tle oT + 234 + 228 to yuu E09 (CP) ga-na(ga-naa) A°% (A°% d) (CP) 2 ga + 40 teT + 194 teba TIE + 195 tara 2 + 187 ka-na(ka-naa)avts (484) (CP.) 53 kashira Li 68 na(naa) % (4 4) 106 ka-na(ka-naa) As (#4 d) (C.P.) kashira LS yara i ka-na(ka-naa) 48 (AS dp) kashira LS no-daroo O12% 4 (CP.) ba tg ka tot keredomo (tne & ga *¢ noni 4, tewa Tit mono-0 &0% sae SK mononara(mon-nara) & 0% 5 (&A% ) 168 198 104 179 101 to-yuu-to E09 & (CP) 231 mononara (mon-nara) BO%&(bAMGS) — > 102 de T + 18, 19 kara 55 ni 119, 121, 124, 125 te (SBUT (CP) = 139 10 ® + 150, 151 mo & 95 ni AE 129 de T 21 no-ni | 169 ni 130 no-ni 09} 169 wa tt 235 333in the field of in the manner of, (in this manner) ... (indeed) ~ing into Is it true that isn't it .. is/are probably ... it’s not necessary to it’s said (it so happened that Q) judging from just, just just just just about to do (something) just for/to ... just when ... (kK) keep doing ... (1) let’s let’s leave the .. like (M] (made of) merely WI) never (not even once) never mind ... never mind (something)... no. no better than no fewer/less than no less than no matter ... no one not all bad not any (not) any more (than) (not) as much/little as ... (not) as much as 334 139 nicoite (285U0T (CP) veers tot 207 de T Hosa = sssseeeetsssssssssssnene % ni seseeeeneee 134 ni tz 1 tte oT 233 koto 5t soe 18 no-daroo Dt 4 (CP.) 159 made-mo #T& (CP.) 88 to yuu £9... 228 to deshita DT Lt: veerssseeeeeereee 165 kara 62 bakashi (ft L, 10 dake HU csssseeeeeecnssssnsseeceeeenes 10 kiri &Y "4 made ¢T 87 bakari (£0) 7 made-ni & TIE (CP) > 29 tokoro-e & 5 BA (CP) 216 tewa ThE serene ka 50 to-shite & LT (CP) 222 nado(nanka) 22 EAM) vssessseeesseeeseees 109) n0 ® 147 made 87 toe 204 to-mo-are & bah (CP) veer 220 dokoroka Y= A 29 mob 96 yori 1) sesseeeneeensees 286 mo & 95 kara 60 temo TS 196 datte HoT 16 demo Tb vosseessseeeessseee 8 mo & 96 shika Lay 182 hodo (2° possess “ toe 204(not) .... either (not) even ... not even ... not having done ... not possible to do, (for example) not unthinkable nothing nothing nothing except for numbering lo) of of of of ow okay? on on on on on the basis of one only only only only only (only) about ... only if only (this) and nothing else o» OF something out of over owing to .. owing to ... (P) per perhaps because of perhaps it’s because .. please putting aside ... [R] rather than doing ... regardless of ony Tight? mo 92 sura TS seseesees 185, toshite ELT (CP) + 223 nde At sess “115 dokoro LIA seeeeesssee sssssesenesnneee 29 demo T& see 8 datte HoT 16 mot + 96 oka (54° seseeeenee 45 to-yuu EU (CP) ve . 228 det 23 kara # 54 kara o> oe) 10 2) vsssseeeesseeeeessseee M44, 145, 148, 149, 152, 157 ne(nee) ta(tad) 7 det - + 25 ni AS 119, 121,124 no oy 149, 150, yori & + 256 no ® + 152 bakashi (£°L 10 dake P2(f cessseesseccssssseeesessnssessssssesesseeees 10 hoka (da 45 kiri 8 - 74 omi O)dh ssssesssseessssseessnsseeeesseeeesees 166, 167 bakashi (£4°L seccesttsseee 9 sae SA shika U2 nante AT see 2 kara 2° seseeies 55, 59, 63 nm « sssssaseseeees 150. det - 4 nite (2 T - 142 kam» sonics - 47 no-deshoo OTL + 4 (CP) + 164 te-ne Tta (C.P.) sevssnneeeeerenennes 198, to-mo-are t bh (CP) + 220 + 196 seseees 106 kurai(gural) < BU( CW) temo TH nat 335right? {s] .. say (that) seeing shall we? should (I/we) do ... should there be ... since since since since/because ..., (as expected) ... since (... was not expected) ... os 80 so (something) is/was done by (something) something like (something like) something (like) ... something like something like ..., (I hear) (something) that ... speaking of .. speaking of ... (speaking of) starting with .. such a thing like such as such as ... and ... (and ... etc.) (1) than that (introduces a clause or a phrase) that means ... that which is the (noun) called ... the fact is that the moment ... the one the reason (for that) ... the (thing) that is called .. there is no choice but they say (they) say (this is what I think), but ... 336 ne(nee) ta(t2&) 116 tte >T 232 kara a 61 ya 244 kashira LS 67 mononara (mon-nara) 8M (LAS) -- 101 kara A> 56, 61 mono 6% 99 node(n-de) DT(AT) 161 i UKE (CP) 13 i HEUTIE (CP) 13 mono 60 99 kara f° 61 det 6 demo TS 27 kurai(gurai) < SU(¢ 5) 80 nado(nanka) 4 & (4% ADs) 108 nado(nanka) % © (42 Ads) 109 toka £4 214 to-yuu £099) 228 teba TIE 195 to ie-ba ELAS (CP) 210 tte >T 232 kara-shite UT (CP) 65 tari 188 to ita EWoF: (CP) au toka £4 213 yori & ++ 253, 254 tok 206 to-yuu-no-wa X45 Old (CP) + 230 10 @ 49 tte >T 232 10 D 155 ya 243 no 152 to-yuu-no/wa &ts4 Mla (CP) 230 towa tts (CP) 225 shika UA 183 to-yu £9 (CP) 228 tte >T 234 ga a 40though through through til to to to to to to do ... to tell the truth to the extent of to the extent that ... to the extent that .. to think that .. too totaling towards (u] until up to (up to) {w] what is/was it .. whatever ... when when when when when (something happens)... (instead of “if ..") whenever when is/was it ..? whether ..2? while while doing ..., (also doing ...) while doing ..., on the way, do ... why don’t we ... why don’t we ..2 why don’t you do ... with with with with with keredomo (7H & 70 kara f° “55 of +176 made #T + 83 en see 32 ON seesesssseesnnse 33 made =T se + 83, 84, 86 ni t= seceeveewsseee 121, 122, 125, 132 10) wsssseeees see 4B nh we seseeseeees 130 noo - ceseeeseennsnenee 155 made #T ceeeennne 86 hodo (a & kurai(gurai) ¢ bU( <5) towa tlt (CP) mo & to-yuu E49 (CP) en made #T made #T made-ni # Th: ke (t eeenenn 69 demo Tb 27 te-wa Tid (CP) sossseeneeeeensss 199 to E vree + 208 tokoro &=4 + 215 yar - + 243 balf + sessetssetsssnenseeeneetness | demo Tb ke tt ka tS eeeseeeee ni-shite LT nagara 128% gatera BT eee 2 ka & 50 koto = & 79 ka a St ni t= 126, 127 no 2 144, 148 tet sesseessetesseessseee 19] tewa Tit (CP) + 199 toe eessee esses 202 337with (with intention to) ... within would we? would you 1 yet (you) are asking/saying (you) did 338 remember? ? towa Ets (CP) 225 de Tv seseeeee py made £T sree 85 ya? oe 244 tene Tta (CP) soreeee 198 keredomo (FE & ve ED tte Teese 233 kuse-ni ¢ tH ~ sesseeee 82GLOSSARY (Japanese-English) [B) ba if “considering (something, it is evident that ..)” - 2 ba if Af sesseeseeesseeennetne 1 ba f “when (something happens) ... (instead L bakari (£44) “always just doing (something)” “doing only one thing all the time” eevesseneee 5 bakari (£#*4) “approximately” sooneeennnecenneceenne 1 bakari (a4) “could only do (something)” 5 bakari (£As4) “just about to do (something)” 7 bakashi (£#*L. “just” srererreen 10 bakashi (SAL “only” eeeeeneee 10) bakashi (S**L “(only) about 9 (tb) dake H(t “as much as ...” u dake #(t “only” “just” i dakeni 12171 ““since/because ..., (as expected) .. 13 dakeni KITE “since ( ..was not expected) ...”_ vss 13 datte H3T “anyone” “anytime” “anywhere” srrres-+ 16 date HoT “even (something) is/does ...” 15 date HoT “he/she said that ...” ” datte H2T “no one” “nothing” 16 de “at” 20 de “at” “in” 18 de T “at” “for” 23 de T “by” “for” ++ 23 de T “by” “from” “on” “according to” sss 25 det “depending on” “according to” ~~ 25 de T “do (something) by using (something)” +++» 21 det “due to ..." “owing to ..” sevens 24 de T Sifpom” “of! ssssseessnessseesseessses 2B de T “in” “among” ve 19 det in (amount of time)” seen DI de T (in this manner) ...” “(with intention to) ...” 24 det (something) is/was done by (something)” -- 26 demo Tb Meyen" sss sessetenseesseeiee 26 demo Tb “not all bad” “not unthinkable” 28 demo Tb “something like 27 demo Tb “whatever” “whenever” ssrrsssesseeeneeesees 27 339dokoro Y= % dokoroka Y= BAY domo Xb [E] en en en [e] ga 0 ga 2 ga a ga a ga a ga-na(ga-naa) 2% (4 d) gatera ATS tH] hodo (Ze hodo (x hodo (ee hoka (24° IK] ka ka a ka a ka kai DY ka-na(ka-naa) a4 (a4 d) ka-na(ka-naa) a4 (a4 &) ka-na(ka-naa) os (Ar%E ) kara a> kara kara o> kara as kara os kara a> kara kara a> kara-shite LT kara-shite DLT kashira #L % kashira LS 340 “not possible to do, (for example)” “never mind (something) ...” “(even) though” “at” “to” “for” “to” “towards’ ‘s” “as for” “as you've already heard ...” 38 “but” “despite doing (something)” “although” 39 “I'd thought (1)'d done (something) but ..”_ + 41 “I'm wondering if I could ...” “(this is what I think), but . “Gf ..), can/would do “Lhope ..., though ..” “while doing .... on the way, do ...” “about” “approximately” “(not) as much/little as “to the extent that .. “nothing except for “if” “whether” ‘perhaps because of ...” “why don’t we ..." “do you want to . “let's ..” “why don’t you do .. (not translatable) “() think/(1) will do ..” “1 wish (it) would ...” “() wonder ..2” “as” “ ince” “ “considering” “seeing” “as many as” “as much as” “from a viewpoint of” “judging from” “by’ “according to” “from” “at” “since” “from” “of” “from” “of” “out of” “from” “out of” “due to” “from” “through” “out of” “i “consequently” “starting with ...” “I wish ...” “could (you) do ... “() wonder ...”kashira US kashira LS ke UF keredomo (keredo, kedo, kedomo) (14 be (GHEY, Fe, Feb) keredomo (keredo, kedo, kedomo) (+4. ee (ne, Fe, Feb) keredomo (keredo, kedo, kedomo) (tt. eb (GRY, Fe, Feb) keredomo (keredo, kedo, kedomo) (tt eb (INE, Fe, Fe) keredomo (keredo, kedo, kedomo) (t# tb (He, Fe, 7e) iri & ) koto = & kurai (gurai)< Sts (C5) kurai (gurai)< SLs (CBU) kurai (gurai) < Sus (CU) kurai (gurai) < 54s (C5) kuse-ni < tHE kuse-ni < tHe, (M] made #T made ¢T made ¢ made £T made £T made ¢T made-mo £T made-mo #T made-ni ¢ C= made-ni £ Ck made-ni € TIC mo & mo & mo & mo & mo & mo & “I wonder ...” 68 “should (I/we) do .. 67 “when is/was it ..2” “what is/was it ..2” 69 “even though” “bu 10 “(excuse me, but)” n “however” “yet” B “(if ..), but.” “though” “but” “after doing ..., (not once done 14 “continuously only doing ...” 4 “only” “just” "4 16 15 ” 1” B proximately” 9 “rather than doing “(something like)” “to the extent that “even though” “but “(you) did ..., remember? erely” 87 ‘as far as” 84 “till” “until” 83 to” “as far as” “to the extent of” 86 “up to” “within” 85 “even though (it’s not to the extent that) .. 88 “it’s not necessary to ...” 88 “before” 90 just for/to .. 89 “(up to)” 90 “also” “too’ 9 “around” “about” 95 “as many/much as” “no fewer/less than” “as long a time as” “as far (a distance) as” 95 “even” ” “in addition” “as well as” 95 “not any” “no ...” “nothing” 96 341mo & “this/that many” “this/that much” 95 mo & “too” “also” “both” “as well as” “either .. or” 93 mono 60) “because” 98 mono 60 “since” “ 9 mono-de(mon-de) &0C(& AT) “because” 100 monoka(monka) & DA(& A>) (not translatable) + 100 mononara(mon-nara) BO%wS(bA te “if... then” soveennnnen ~ 101 ») mononara(mon-nara) &M%%(&A% “if (you think) you can.” ~ srsseseee 102, %) mononara(mon-nara) &M%S(&A%% “should there be.” -+-+ 6) monono 00> “even though” “although” mono-0 60% “although” mono-0 8D “if only .. IN] nae 107 na fe na(naa) % (44) nado(nanka) “8 & (1s Aa) “like” nado(nanka) 12 & (12.42) “something (like) seseenee 108 nado(nanka) %¢ & (4 AA) “something like .. ese - 109 nagara t2A°% “even though ul nagara %£2°% “while doing + 110 nagara-mo 0% & “even though soe HD nagara-mo fA & “even while doing un nante %AT “.. or something” “112 nari *21) “a .. or something” - 4 nari 424) “as soon as” WZ nde AT “(I'm sorry that I) did not do .. TS nde AT “not having done ..” “115 ne(nee) ta(taa) okay?” 17 ne(nee) #a(ta&) Moy Fight?” screen - 116 i “and” “in addition” - 129 “and” “with” sossetesessnssesees 127 “as a token of” “as” “for” “by way of” ~~~ 127 “at” “in” “on” 119 “at” “to” “in” “for” “per’ 125 “by” see BI “by” “at” “according to” “from” “due to” ~~ 128 “from” “with” sree 126 “sing” . 134 on” “in” “at” “to” “in” “on’ “to” into” sree 121 122ni ni-mo (= & ni-mo-kakawara-zu (2 bd by ni-mo-kakawara-zu (= boob SF te (BUT ni ni-oi-te (SUT ni-shite (LT ni-shite-mo ni-shite-wa nite (2T nite (°C no. nt no no nt no. no nto no no no no. no no no no. ssssssssssssssss no-da(n-da) D1 (At) Ltt UTE no-daroo Mt 4 node(n-de) OT(AT) node(n-de) DT(AT) no-de OT no-de aru DTHS no deshita nto deshoo nomi >a noni no-ni OI no-ni I= fo] of o® OTL DNTLsF “to” ssseesees 132 “to do 130 “even” “also” 136 “despite that fact” 138 even though” —ssvssssssssseeeeeeeeesnnsnssseeeeeeees 137 “concerning” “in the field of” — - 19 in’ “while” “at” “(even) if (you) were to do 139 140 “for” 141 “at” “with” “in 142 “due to ...” “owing to .. 142 “a fact” “a matter” sete Hoy all right?” ssssssssssssseeeeseersnnssnsseeeeessnns 155 ‘at” “in” “on” “over” “from” ‘in” “(made of)” “of” ith” vee “of” “by” “with” “between” “to” “of” “created by” “of” “from” 151 147 148 148 147 Hof? “on” “about” Mat” sssseeseetessessseeeeennee 149 “of” “from” ‘one” “the one” 152 “that which is” 149 “(the color of)” vssssstesssensseensetsnseenseees 15] “the fact is that ...” “to tell the truth” 135 (not translatable) 158 “is/are probably “(I) wonder 159 “(because)” sr s+ 162 “since” “because” ssveesennescenneeeeane 16] “by/from the fact that ...” 162 “(because)” vr 163 “(it so happened that 165 “perhaps it’s because ..."” srsssssessrsreseessereeese 16d “only” ” ++ 166, 167, “even though’ 168 “(if..), can/would do ..., (but...)” 168 “for (ie. as a means for doing 169 “in order to ...”"“in doing ... 169 y" “(at)” “(from)” “on” “through” ssseseeee 1S 176 343[s} sa& sae FA sae SA shi L shi L shika L > shika L sura $5 (1) tara 5 tari EY) tatte oT tatte tT te te te te te te teba TIE teba TE temo T& temo TB temo T& tene Tt tewa Tht tewa Tt tewa Tht tot to to to to to to to toe toie-ba LUAIL to ita EUot toitte CUoT to-iwa-zu Lub T toka & toka & a AAAAAA Fe Oe Oe ee Oe 344 (not translatable) 178 “even” 179 “if only” “onl 179 “.. (and) 181 “2 but ..” 181 “(not) any more (than)” “only (this) and nothing, else” 182 “there is no choice but” 183, “(not) even ...” sesesnnennennannennens 185 “(I said) ..., (do ... already!)” sees 187 “such a thing as” 188 “even if (you) were to ...” sesee 189 “even though” sesssssees 189) “and” 191 190 191 190 “even though” 192 say)” 194 said)” 195 speaking of ..." sree 195 “at most” “at least” sssssssssseeeeeeeereennes 197 “despite” “regardless of” 196 “no matter . 196 “please” “would you ..2” sss 198, “if (1) were to sees 198 “keep doing ..’ 200 “with” “when” se 199 “against” seseeenscorsceseene, 203, “and” see 200 Sif" Cwhen! serreessresseseen 208 “in the manner of” seeseereens 207 “(not) as much as” “never (not even once)” 204 “that (introduces a clause or a phrase)” -+-"* 201 “when” “as soon as” sosssssssssssess 202 210 2 sosssses 212 212 24 23 “with” “accompanied by’ “speaking of ...” Much ag” ssissssessessesseseeeee “however” “don't say that ...” “something like ..., (I hear)” “such as ... and ... (and ..., etc.)”tokoro E=4 tokorode EIST tokoroe EI BN tokoroga = At tokoroo EAE tomo & & tomo & & to-mo-are t bHn toshite ELT toshite ELT toshite ELT to-shitemo ELT to-shitemo ELT to-shitewa ELT towa tt towa tit towa tid towaie CIELA toys E09 toy EU to-yuu EF toy EU toyuu EF to-yuu-kotowa EWF= LIE to-yuu-no-wa E13 Olt toyuto E35 toyuuto EFL tle 27 tle oT tte 27 tte oT tte 27 tte oT tle oT tw] wa ts wa (vy) ya ya? ya yai PU yerina-ya PUsts%> yara i> yora > Shen" sssseeessseeeeenee a5 “even if (you) were to ...” eesee 215 “just when ..” + sesso 216 “but? seseseeeeeeneeesen 216 “although (usually) ..” 217 “on all right” sessseeneeee 219 “at least” “at most” sess 219 ‘never mind 20 seeeeeee 222 222 “putting aside .. ‘as” “let’s leave the ...” “not even." stsiissessssseseeeeeeeeee 223 “as for ..., also/too .." —-" 23 “even if (you) were to ...” 224 “as for” ss 25 “the (thing) tha 25 ‘0 think that ...” sessnseeeees 206 “with” cesses 25 “even though” «srr 227 227 ++ 229 228 228 228 29 “.. called/named “every single ..." “Theat” “they say” “it's said” s+ “numbering” “totaling” “(something) that “that means .. . “the reason (for that) ..’ 230 “every” “every time” 21 “if (we) say that, then ...” 231 “even if (I) were to 234 “Is it true that ..? 233 say (that)” ss see 232 (speaking of)" sssssrsssesseenssernserenees 232 “the (noun) called 232 “(they) say” “I hear” 234 “(You) are asking/saying os seeeeee 233 “as for ...” “in referring to (not translatable) 236 239 “.. and ... (among other things/places)” =» 242 “as soon as” “when” “the moment ...” 243 “shall we?” “would we?” (not translatable) “as soon as ...” “and ... (other things)” --+-+- “I wonder ...” 246 247 249 250 345yo yori £4) yori £ yori £9) yori £4) (2) zeit zw € zutsu #2 346 (not translatable) | v-srsseseessee “from” “no better that “on the basis of” “from” “than” 251 255 256 256 see 253, 254 (not translatable) (not translatable) “.. at a time” “(quantity) each .."—- 258 sssessssssees 258, 259

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