Common European Framework of Reference for Languages 1 Open

with the
DLL Ebook

Level A1 unit ancient times mobile app.

(recordings,
Book 1 - Book 2 translations)
Can understand and use familiar everyday expressions and very basic phrases aimed at the satisfaction
of needs of a specific type. Can ask and answer questions about personal details such as where
he/she lives, people he/she knows and things he/she has. Can introduce himself/herself and others. Can interact cave [keɪv]
in a simple way provided the interlocutor speaks slowly and clearly and is prepared to help. hunt [hʌnt]
hunting [ˈhʌntɪŋ]
Level A2 ancestor [ˈænsestə]
Book 3 - Book 4
Can understand sentences and frequently used expressions related to areas of most immediate relevance
Where did people use to hide from extreme People used to hide in caves from extreme
(e.g. very basic personal and family information, shopping, local geography, employment). Can communicate weather about 50,000 years ago? weather about 50,000 years ago. Modern man
in simple and routine tasks requiring simple and direct exchange of information on familiar and routine matters. Why did our ancestors choose to live Our ancestors chose to live in caves because is called
Can describe in simple terms aspects of his/her background, immediate environment and matters in areas Homo sapiens
in caves? it was a natural, dry and cool place to live.
of immediate need. [həʊməʊ
How does archaeology help us learn about Archaeology helps us learn about our ˈsæpienz],
Level B1 our ancestors’ routines? ancestors’ routines, for example from their which means
Book 5 - Book 6 skeletons found in caves. wise man.
Can understand the main points of clear standard input on familiar matters regularly encountered in work, Our ancestor
school, leisure, etc. Can deal with most situations likely to arise whilst travelling in an area where the Why was it necessary for people to hunt It was necessary for people to hunt because
was Homo
language is spoken. Can produce simple connected text on topics which are familiar or of personal interest. in order to survive? hunting provided food, animal skins and
erectus
Can describe experiences and events, dreams and ambitions and briefly give reasons or explanations for animal bones to produce tools.
[ɪˈrektəs],
opinions and plans. Did our ancestors suffer from allergies to I think our ancestors suffered from allergies which means
pollen as much as we do? to pollen but not as much as we do. standing
Level B2 upright.
Book 7 - Book 9 What were the most valuable things that I think various tools and weapons were the
Neanderthals
Can understand the main ideas of complex texts on both concrete and abstract topics, including technical cavemen had? most valuable things that cavemen had.
[ni:ˈændətɑ:l]
discussions in his/her field of specialisation. Can interact with a degree of fluency and spontaneity that makes
regular interaction with native speakers quite possible without strain for either party. Can produce clear, Were our ancestors crueller than we are? Yes, our ancestors were crueller than we are. are also
detailed text, both written and spoken, and explain a viewpoint on a topical issue giving the advantages and Why? Because life was much harder and more considered
disadvantages of various options. inconvenient than today. our ance-
stors.
What do you suppose cavemen did when When a child stretched their patience by
Level C1 a child stretched their patience by behaving behaving badly, I suppose cavemen threw the
Book 10 badly? child out of the cave.
Can understand a wide range of demanding, longer clauses, and recognise implicit meaning. Can express ideas
fluently and spontaneously without much obvious searching for expressions. Can use language flexibly and When did our ancestors learn to operate on Our ancestors learnt to operate on people for
effectively for social, academic and professional purposes. Can produce clear, well-structured, detailed text on people for various disabilities? various disabilities around the 18th century.
complex subjects, showing controlled use of organisational patterns, connectors and cohesive devices.
Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_European_Framework_of_Reference_for_Languages
bronze [brɒnz]
period [ˈpɪəriəd]
In Module 1, you will learn iron age [ˈaɪən eɪdʒ]
● to talk about historical events precede [prɪˈsi:d] The Stone
● to speak about various religions and their representatives
What are the three main ages in human The three main ages in human history are the Age ended
● to speak about things that happened in the past before something else
history? Bronze Age, the Iron Age and the Stone Age. some time
● to use the 3rd conditional and speak about things that didn’t happen in the past between
● to pronounce different sounds and read various phonetic symbols Which age precedes and which follows The Stone Age precedes and the Iron Age 4000 and
● to emphasise certain elements in a sentence the Bronze Age? follows the Bronze Age. 2000 BC. The
● how to leave a pronoun out of a sentence What do we know about where people used We know that people used to live in caves Bronze Age
● to talk about migrations and trading to live in the Stone Age? and huts built from sticks, branches, wood lasted from
● to describe various generations and animal skins. around 3000
to 1200 BC.
Why haven’t Stone Age huts survived Stone Age huts haven’t survived until today The Iron Age
Grammar in Module 1 until today? because wood or animal skins cannot survive began around
● past perfect 6, GL 3-GL 5 over such a long period. 1200 BC and
● 3rd conditional 11-12, GL 6-GL 7 When you are introduced to a stranger, When you are introduced to a stranger, ended around
● special English structures 17-18, GL 6 what do you precede the expression ‘nice to you precede the expression ‘nice to meet you’ 500 BC.
● when we don’t need to use a pronoun 18, GL 6 meet you’ with? with telling the stranger your name.
book 7 module 1 1
 1 1
unit unit
empire [ˈempaɪə] ancient [ˈeɪnʃənt]
spread/spread/spread [spred] pyramid [ˈpɪrəmɪd]
pandemic [pænˈdemɪk] pharaoh [ˈfeərəʊ]
What powerful European empire spread The Roman Empire spread from Spain to enormous [iˈnɔ:məs]
from Spain to the Near East and all over the the Near East and all over the Mediterranean What were the titles of the most powerful The titles of the most powerful political
Mediterranean 2000 years ago? 2000 years ago. political leaders in the ancient world? leaders in the ancient world were kings,
Coronavirus queens and pharaohs.
In The Adventures of Asterix, what place did In The Adventures of Asterix, the Roman The Pyramid
(COVID-19)
the Roman Empire fail to occupy? Empire failed to occupy a small French Were pharaohs considered gods in Ancient Yes, pharaohs were considered gods in of Khufu
was first
village. Egypt? Ancient Egypt. (Cheops) is
reported
the largest
in Wuhan
Did the Roman Empire influence the spread Yes, definitely, the Roman Empire influenced Where was the dead body of a pharaoh often The dead body of a pharaoh was often placed pyramid
in China in
of democracy and the rule of law? the spread of democracy and the rule of law. placed after death? in a pyramid. we know. It
December
took 10,000
2019. By Why did soldiers in the Roman Empire wear I think soldiers in the Roman Empire wore Do you think pyramid builders were hired on I think pyramid builders weren’t hired on
workers 30
the time we skirts? skirts because it was easier for them to fight full-time employment contracts or were they full-time employment contracts. They were
years to build.
started in battle. considered as slaves? considered as slaves.
It was about
preparing
Did you realise that the British Empire was Yes, I realised that the British Empire was the What are the largest pyramids in The Pyramids of Giza are the largest 146 metres
this
the most powerful global empire that has most powerful global empire that has ever the world, and where do we find them? pyramids in the world, and we find them in high. The
book
ever existed? existed. Egypt. length of the
[February
What area of the world did it control? It controlled over 30% of the world. base side is
2020], What enormous problems did we experience In 2020, we experienced globally enormous
about 230 m.
it had spread What did doctors advise people to do Doctors advised people to wear masks to globally in 2020 as a consequence of the economic and financial problems as
The stones
to Italy and to avoid the spread of the coronavirus avoid the spread the coronavirus pandemic. coronavirus pandemic? a consequence of the coronavirus pandemic.
used for the
Austria. pandemic?
At present, do political leaders enjoy No, I don’t think that at present any political construction
Why was Italy one of the first countries Italy was one of the first countries where the enormous power equal to that of the ancient leader enjoys enormous power equal to that weigh appro-
where the coronavirus pandemic spread from coronavirus spread from China because Italy pharaohs? of the ancient pharaohs. ximately 6
China? employs a lot of Chinese workers in their billion kg.
factories.
shield [ʃi:ld]
terrible [ˈterɪbl]
sword [sɔ:d]
destroy [dɪˈstrɔɪ]
bow [bəʊ]
civilian [sɪˈvɪljən]
spear [spɪə]
bomb [bɒm]
What weapons did cavemen use for hunting Cavemen used bows, arrows, stones, knives A Roman
In New York City, In New York City, the term “Ground Zero” is
and protection against enemies? and spears for hunting and protection against soldier’s
Terrible, what do we mean by the term the place where the World Trade Center was
enemies. shield
awful and ‘Ground Zero’? destroyed in September 2001. weighed
horrible all How heavy do you think a soldier’s shield I don’t know how heavy a soldier’s shield
What terrible weapon was used An atomic bomb was the terrible weapon about 10 kg
mean the and sword were in the times of the Roman and sword were in the times of the Roman
to destroy Hiroshima and Nagasaki? which was used to destroy Hiroshima and and his sword
same thing. Empire? Empire.
Nagasaki. about 1 kg.
Terrible is Did you realise that during World War II, the No, I didn’t realise that during World War II,
formal, while Does it seem to you like a terrible idea that Yes, it seems to me like a terrible idea that Wehrmacht
Wehrmacht used civilians as human shields? the Wehrmacht used civilians as human
awful and people spend more money on weapons than people spend more money on weapons than [ˈveəmɑ:xt]
shields.
horrible are on health care? on health care.
rather Why do the police need to use shields? The police need to use shields to protect
Do terrible war crimes often include crimes Yes, terrible war crimes often include crimes
informal. themselves from crowds.
against civilians? against civilians.
What shields the Earth from the Sun? The air shields the Earth from the Sun.
How do wars influence the lives of civilians? Wars always influence the lives of civilians in
What would happen if the Earth weren’t If the Earth weren’t shielded, life on Earth
a terrible way by destroying towns, industry
Hiroshima shielded? would be destroyed.
and infrastructure.
Nagasaki
What can be shielded by laughter? The fact that we’re sad can be shielded by
Dresden What jobs do you think soldiers take when I think soldiers take jobs connected with
laughter.
[hɪrəˈʃi:mə] they return to a civilian life? people’s safety when they return to a civilian
[næɡəˈsɑ:ki] life. Do governments shield businesses in their Yes, governments shield businesses in
[ˈdrezdən] own country from foreign competing their own country from foreign competing
Which cities were heavily bombed during Warsaw and Dresden were heavily bombed
companies? companies.
World War II? during World War II.

2 English designed with Direct Method book 7 module 1 3

 1 1
unit unit
violent [ˈvaɪəlnt] combine [kəmˈbaɪn]
violence [ˈvaɪəlns] civilization [sɪvlaɪˈzeɪʃn]
anonymous [əˈnɒnɪməs]
What were some of the highest-developed Some of the highest developed civilizations in
anonymity [ænɒnˈɪməti]
civilizations in the past? the past were: Ancient Egypt, Ancient China Democracy
Martin Luther King was a leader of the civil right movement in the USA, and was inspired and the Roman Empire. in Ancient
Remember: by Mahatma Gandhi’s politics of nonviolence. He objected to racial segregation. In the early Athens was
Which civilization did we copy the idea of We copied the idea of democracy from
1960’s, he took part in the protest March on Washington, during which he gave the speech a political
MLK - Martin democracy from? Ancient Athens.
I have a dream. He believed violence brings only more violence, and that’s why he advised system in
Luther King
citizens to protest by means of nonviolence. Did Ancient Athens precede the Roman Yes, Ancient Athens preceded the Roman which only
Can you provide examples of terribly violent For example, Caligula and Nero were terribly Empire? Empire. male citizens
leaders in the Roman Empire? violent leaders in the Roman Empire. were able
Why do some civilizations appear better than Some civilizations appear better than others
to vote
others? because they have more powerful leaders,
Do mean-spirited men often become violent Yes, definitely, mean-spirited men often and make
better ideas, better weapon and tools.
when they get intoxicated? become violent when they get intoxicated. decisions.
What features do you think A civilization should combine a well-
Are window displays destroyed and cars Yes, window displays are destroyed and cars a civilization should combine? developed culture, an organised society,
burnt by violent crowds during protests? are burnt by violent crowds during protests. a system of government and a system of laws.
Does violence spread in social media Yes, violence spreads in social media What features do modern smartphones Modern smartphones combine features of
because people think the Internet provides because people think the Internet provides combine? a telephone, a camera and a computer.
anonymity? anonymity.
Is it easy for a single parent to combine No, it isn’t easy for a single parent to
According to what pattern does violence Violence spreads according to a simple having children with their career? combine having children with their career.
spread? pattern: violence brings violence.
Who did the USA combine with to fight The USA combined with European armies
Do you agree then with MLK that as violence Yes, I agree with MLK that as violence brings against their common enemy, Nazi Germany, and the Soviet Union to fight against their
brings violence, citizens should fight for their violence, citizens should fight for their rights in WWII? common enemy, Nazi Germany, in WWII.
rights by means of nonviolence only? by means of nonviolence only.
Who inspired MLK’s nonviolent approach to Mahatma Gandhi inspired MLK’s approach to
defeat [diˈfi:t]
politics and fighting for civil rights? politics and fighting for civil rights.
champion [ˈtʃæmpiən]
Are voters’ expectations often measured by Yes, voters’ expectations are often measured barbarian [bɑ:ˈbeəriən]
anonymous questionnaires? by anonymous questionnaires. The very first time a machine defeated a human was in a chess match that took place
in Philadelphia in 1996. Garry Kasparov, a Russian chess champion competed, against
a supercomputer produced by IBM, called Deep Blue. The match consisted of six games.
seek / sought / sought [si:k/sɔ:t/sɔ:t]
Deep Blue won 4 of them.
justice [ˈdʒʌstɪs]
injustice [ɪnˈdʒʌstɪs] Did the barbarians finally defeat the Roman Yes, the barbarians finally defeated the Roman
Empire? Empire. Napoleon
Where did people seek to hide from the cold People sought to hide from the cold in caves [nəˈpəʊlɪən]
in the Stone Age? in the Stone Age. Whom do we often call a barbarian today? Today, we often call a barbarian a person
whose manners are terrible. Waterloo
In the past, did people seek justice in I think sometimes people sought justice in [wɔːtəˈlu:]
a royal court, or did they punish criminals a royal court, and sometimes they punished Was Napoleon defeated in the battle of Yes, Napoleon was defeated in the battle of
themselves? criminals themselves. Waterloo? Waterloo.
Was he defeated by the British? Yes, he was defeated by the British.
Where do people go when they seek justice People go to a court of law when they seek
today? justice today. Do you sometimes find that you’re defeated Yes, I often find that I’m defeated by modern
by modern devices if they have too many devices if they have too many features.
If someone committed an injustice against If someone committed an injustice against features?
you, would you seek justice in court, or me, I would seek justice in court.
would you punish them by returning the Do you agree with the saying that we are Yes, I agree with the saying that we are never
injustice? never defeated unless we give up fighting? defeated unless we give up fighting.

Do you agree that war criminals should be Yes, I agree that war criminals should be When did a chess-playing machine defeat A chess-playing machine defeated a world
a world chess champion for the first time? chess champion for the first time in 1996.
brought to justice at all costs? brought to justice at all costs.
What were the names of the champion and It was Garry Kasparov. He was defeated by a
In a crisis, is it common for people to seek Yes, in a crisis, it’s common for people to
the supercomputer that defeated him? supercomputer called Deep Blue made by IBM.
employment just anywhere? seek employment just anywhere.
Is an election always a source of risk for Yes, an election is always a source of risk for
Is it an injustice when an athlete gets No, absolutely not. It’s not an injustice when politicians because there is a chance politicians because there is a chance that they
disqualified for using drugs? an athlete gets disqualified for using drugs. that they will be defeated? will be defeated.
4 It’s fair.
English designed with Direct Method book 7 module 1 5
 1
unit 2 Open
with the
DLL Ebook

unit religion mobile app.

(recordings,
past perfect translations)

We use the past perfect when we want to show that one action happened before
another in the past. religion [rɪˈlɪdʒn]
religious [rɪˈlɪdʒəs]
We use had + past participle to make this tense.
holy [ˈhəʊli]
For example: I told her that I had cleaned the room.
There are monotheistic and polytheistic religions. Followers of monotheistic religions:
Judaism, Christianity [Catholic, Orthodox, Protestant] and Islam, believe only one God
exists. People who practise Judaism are Jews. We also say they are Jewish. People who Judaism
I had cleaned
practise Islam are called Muslims. [ˈdʒu:deɪ ɪzm]
the room.
NOW In the world today, is religion equally No, in the world today, religion isn’t Christianity
PAST
important as economy? equally important as economy. It’s less [krɪstiˈænəti]
important. Protestant
EARLIER IN THE PAST I told her. [ˈprɒtɪstənt]
What are the three religions the believers of The believers of the Christian religion,
which claim there is only one God? Judaism and Islam claim there is only one Jew
God. [ˈdʒu:]
Jewish
Did people use to explore the world to spread Yes, people used to explore the world to
Fill in the gaps in the sentences with the correct form of the verb in brackets. [ˈdʒu:ɪʃ]
their religion, among other things? spread their religion, among other things.
Islam
Did religious differences cause a lot of Yes, religious differences caused a lot of [ˈɪslɑ:m]
1. He (work) … had worked … for Nokia before they moved to Singapore. problems in Europe in the past? problems in Europe in the past.
Muslim
2. They (study) …….....………… hard before they passed the exams. Where do religious people hope their soul will Religious people hope their soul will travel [ˈmʊzlɪm,
travel to after death? to Heaven after death. ˈmʌzlɪm]
3. …….....………… John …….....………… (brush) his teeth before he had breakfast?
What city is considered holy by Christians, Jerusalem is considered holy by Christians, Religion in
4. She (call) …….....………… Susan before she decided to visit her. Muslims and Jews? Muslims and Jews. numbers:
5. Peter (not be) …….....………… to Sweden before they went there last year. In the Christian Church, what do they call In the Christian Church, they call the 7-day Judaism:
the 7-day period right before Easter? period right before Easter the Holy Week. 15 million
6. I (print) …….....………… the document in two copies before Christianity:
What does a person appear to be like A person appears to be surprised when they
when they shout ‘Holy cow!’? shout ‘Holy cow!’ 2.4 billion
I (give) …….....………… it to George.
Islam:
Can a religion successfully explain the mystery Yes, I think some religions can successfully
1.9 billion
of death? explain the mystery of death.
Had you learnt to ride a bicycle before you Yes, I had learnt to ride a bicycle
learnt to drive a car? before I learnt to drive a car.
priest [pri:st]
Before you left home yesterday, Yes, I had locked the door before I left home bishop [ˈbɪʃəp]
had you locked the door? yesterday. clergy [ˈklɜ:dʒi]
Had you learnt to read before No, I hadn’t learnt to read before I learnt to What do we call the formal members of the We call the formal members of the clergy in
you learnt to speak? speak. clergy in the Christian religion? the Christian religion priests and bishops.

Had we done Book 4 before we started Yes, we had done Book 4 before we started Are priests in the Catholic and Orthodox Priests in the Catholic and Orthodox Church
studying from Book 6? studying from Book 6. Church allowed to get married? aren’t allowed to get married.

Had the last lesson been finished by No, the last lesson hadn’t been finished by the
the time all the students arrived at the time all the students arrived at the classroom.
classroom?
Have you ever seen anyone Yes, I’ve seen someone who looked as though
who looked as though he hadn’t had he hadn’t had a meal for a week.
a meal for a week?
Had the Greek Empire fallen by the time Yes, the Greek Empire had fallen by the time
the Roman Empire rose? the Roman Empire rose.
6 English designed with Direct Method
Do you suppose priests ever experience moral Yes, I suppose priests sometimes experience
doubts just like any other human? moral doubts just like any other human.
seriously
How seriously do you think the clergy today I think some members of the clergy today
[ˈsɪəriəsli]
is engaged in spreading the teachings of the aren’t seriously engaged in spreading the
Bible? teachings of the Bible.
Do you agree that sometimes priests engage Yes, I agree that sometimes priests engage
themselves too much in everyday politics themselves too much in everyday politics
in a country? in a country.
Do the citizens of your country expect Yes, the citizens of my country expect
bishops to be a little more sympathetic? bishops to be a little more sympathetic.
book 7 module 1 7
 2 2
unit unit
worship [ˈwɜ:ʃɪp] rabbi [ˈræbaɪ]
homeopathy [həʊmiˈɒpəθi] imam [ɪˈmɑ:m]
orthodox [ˈɔ:θədɒks] synagogue [ˈsɪnəɡɒɡ]
prayer [preə] mosque [mɒsk]
What gods did they worship in Ancient Egypt? They worshipped many gods and pharaohs pray [preɪ]
in Ancient Egypt. A synagogue is a building where Jews pray and worship God. Muslims pray in a mosque.
Christians go to church. Each religion has leaders who make sure people pray and worship
Why do they worship cows in India? They worship cows in India because they
In India, in the right way. A rabbi, which means ‘my teacher’ in Hebrew, helps Jewish people when
people consider them to be holy animals. they seek advice but also reminds them to cover their heads with a ‘kippah’ when they
believe some On what occasions do people worship war People often worship war heroes on enter a synagogue. In Islam, the leader of a mosque, responsible for prayer services,
animals are heroes? Independence Day. is called an imam. Each mosque has its own imam, and each imam has equal power.
holy
Do people say their prayers when they worship Yes, people say their prayers when they What do orthodox Jews call their teacher? Orthodox Jews call their teacher a rabbi. Remember
because
the gods their God? worship their God. What is the role of an imam? An imam is a religious leader of a mosque. the
themselves Do they also believe that by saying their Yes, they also believe that by saying their He is responsible for prayer services. difference
live in them. prayers they communicate with God? prayers they communicate with God. between:
The most Where do Muslims pray? Muslims pray either in a mosque or wherever
Who has been the most worshipped footballer I think Pelé has been the most worshipped they want.
go to church/
respected
in the world ever? footballer in the world. hospital/
animal is the Which countries have the largest Some Arabic countries have the largest prison
cow. Other Why is it difficult for orthodox Jews and I think it’s difficult for orthodox Jews and population of orthodox Muslims? population of orthodox Muslims. and
holy animals Muslims to reach an agreement? Muslims to reach an agreement because of
include: religious differences. What must every Jew do before they enter Every Jew must cover their head before they go to THE
the tiger, a synagogue? enter a synagogue. church/
According to orthodox economics, According to orthodox economics, the Why is it necessary? It’s necessary because they want to show they hospital/
the snake,
what is the market moved by? market is moved by an invisible hand. are afraid of God. prison
the monkey
and Would you deny a claim that unorthodox Yes, I would deny a claim that unorthodox Do Christians cover their heads with No, Christians don’t cover their heads with
the elephant. medicine, such as homeopathy, can help medicine, such as homeopathy, can help a kippah? a kippah.
seriously ill people? seriously ill people. Have you ever been inside a synagogue Yes, I have been inside a synagogue and
Are people free to worship God under No, people aren’t free to worship God under or a mosque? a mosque.
communism? communism. What do people often pray for? People often pray for health or for their
What do they often worship instead? They often worship the Party or the Party enemies to be defeated.
leader instead.
Would you consider it favourable or No, I would consider it neither favourable nor
acceptable to pray for money? acceptable to pray for money.
mass [mæs]
bell [bel] When people pray, do they think they are Yes, some people may think they are touching
participate [pɑ:ˈtɪsɪpeɪt] touching mystery? mystery when they pray.
participant [pɑ:ˈtɪsɪpənt]
Are you aware of any differences in the Yes, I am aware of the differences in the way
What is a synonym of participate? A synonym of participate is take part in or be way Muslims and Christians pray? Muslims and Christians pray. When Muslims
engaged in. pray, they first lift up their hands to their ears
How many times a day can a priest say A priest can usually say the Mass only once and then place them on their chest. When
the Mass? a day. Christians pray, they make the sign of the cross.

Why did they use to ring church bells They used to ring church bells in the past to represent [repriˈzent]
in the past? inform about important events and to call pope [pəʊp]
people to pray and worship.
What’s the Pope, and what is his role in the The Pope is the bishop of Rome in Italy, and
What do they often use in churches instead of They often use speakers in churches instead Catholic Church? his role is to represent the Catholic Church. So far, there
bells today? of bells today. have been 266
Which of the three formal clergy positions: Of the three formal clergy positions, ‘pope’ Popes in the
Why do pupils like the sound of Pupils like the sound of a school bell so much ‘priest’, ‘bishop’ and ‘pope’, means ‘father’ means ‘father’ in Latin. Roman
a school bell so much? because it tells them when the break begins. in Latin? Catholic
What per cent of people in your town I think 30% of people in my town participate If you could host or interview the Pope, what If I could host or interview the Pope, I’d Church. The
participate in Sunday Mass? in Sunday Mass. would you be keen to know? be keen to know his opinion about other first Pope was

Would you willingly become a participant in Yes, I’d willingly become a participant in an religions. Saint Peter.

an experiment to discover a new medicine? experiment to discover a new medicine. Who would represent you if you went to If I went to court seeking justice, my lawyer
court seeking justice? would represent me.
8 English designed with Direct Method book 7 module 1 9
 2 2
unit
loyalty [ˈlɔɪəlti]
community [kəˈmju:nəti]
broaden [ˈbrɔ:dn]
strengthen [ˈstreŋθn]
We can build a verb from an adjective or a noun by adding the letters -en. For example:
adjective-verb: short-shorten, broad-broaden, hard-harden, weak-weaken; noun-verb: length -
lengthen, strength - strengthen.
How strong is the political loyalty between I’d say the political loyalty between my
your country and the neighbour countries? country and the neighbour countries is quite
strong.
What strengthens such communities as I think religion and common faith strengthens
orthodox Jews or Muslims? such communities as orthodox Jews or
Muslims.
How can companies strengthen their Companies can strengthen their customers’
customers’ loyalty? loyalty by providing exceptional services.
Will you agree that it’s relevant to know Yes, I will definitely agree that it’s relevant to
your customer to build a good loyalty know your customer to build a good loyalty
programme? programme.
Which global brands have been able to build Such global brands as Apple, Netflix and
a community of the most loyal customers? Amazon have been able to build
a community of the most loyal customers.
Is it always good for a community No, it isn’t always good for a community
when politicians broaden their influences when politicians broaden their influence
in it? in it.
Is it necessary for the world to broaden Yes, it’s necessary for the world to broaden
the community of people interested the community of people interested in the
in the development of education? development of education.
Would you say it was in the best interest No, I wouldn’t say it was in the best interest
of European communities and markets to of European communities and markets to
broaden business cooperation with China? broaden business cooperation with China.
Why? Because the industry in Europe needs to be
shielded against cheaper Chinese copies.
Do you think the use of marihuana should No, I don’t think the use of marihuana should
be legally broadened to non-medical use? be legally broadened to non-medical use.
What do you think has more influence on I think culture has more influence on whether
whether a community practises arranged a community practises arranged marriages.
marriages: culture or religion?
Can politicians strengthen their position Yes, politicians can definitely strengthen
before an election through a powerful social their position before an election through
media strategy? a powerful social media strategy.
In a religious community, does the loyalty of Yes, in a religious community, the loyalty of
its members often depend on the strength of its members often depends on the strength of
the leader, either a priest or a rabbi? the leader, either a priest or a rabbi.
10 English designed with Direct Method
unit
3rd conditional
We use the third conditional when we imagine an action that happened or didn’t
happen in the past, and thus cannot be changed, and we regret it.
We use if + past perfect + would have and 3rd form.
e.g. If I had studied French, I would have become a teacher of French.
(=I didn’t study French, and I didn’t become a teacher of French)
Did you study German? No, I didn’t study German.
Would you have become a German teacher Yes, I would have become a German
if you had studied German? teacher if I had studied German.
Did you go to the cinema yesterday? No, I didn’t go to the cinema yesterday.
What film would you have seen if you had I would have seen ‘The Chronicles of
gone to the cinema yesterday? Narnia’ if I had gone to the cinema
yesterday.
Did you do some ironing last week? Yes, I did some ironing last week.
If you had not done any ironing last week, If I had not done any ironing last week,
who would have done it? my husband would have done it.
Were you at the Oscars show last year? No, I wasn’t at the Oscars show last year.
What famous actress would you have probably If I had been there, I would have probably
been introduced to if you had been there? been introduced to Scarlett Johansson.
Did you buy Bitcoin in 2012? No, I didn’t buy Bitcoin in 2012.
Would you have quit your job if you had Yes, I would have quit my job if I had
bought it? bought it.
Why? Because I would be a millionaire.
Fill in the gaps in the sentences with the correct form of the verbs in brackets.
1. If Susan (take) … had taken … the bus, she would have been on time.
2. Would you have bought a new car if your old Ford (break down) ……………………… ?
3. If I had invited them, I am sure they (take) ………………………. their children as well.
4. If I (not leave) ………………………. my mobile phone at home,
I would have been able to call her.
5. He (not drive) ………………………. so fast if his sister hadn’t told him to.
6. What ………………………. (he do) if he (receive) ………………………. the message?
book 7 module 1 11
 2
unit 3
unit Middle Ages
If John Paul II hadn’t died in 2005, could No, if John Paul II hadn’t died in 2005, Joseph
Joseph Ratzinger have become the next Ratzinger couldn’t have become the next Pope.
Pope?
Middle Ages [ˈmɪdl ˈeɪdʒɪz]
Would Queen have given up toursing No, Queen wouldn’t have given up touring knight [naɪt]
if Freddie Mercury hadn’t died in 1991? if Freddie Mercury hadn’t died in 1991. nobleman [ˈnəʊblmən]
Would European history have changed Yes, European history would have changed peasant [ˈpeznt]
BTS (beyond
the scene) if Napoleon hadn’t been defeated in the if Napoleon hadn’t been defeated in the battle What social classes was society divided into Society was divided into knights, noblemen,
is the most battle of Waterloo? of Waterloo. in the Middle Ages? clergy and peasants. Open
popular with the
Would many people’s lives have been saved Yes, many people’s lives would have been What class do you think your family comes I think my family comes from the class of DLL Ebook
Korean if Hitler had been killed in an attack by the saved if Hitler had been killed in an attack by from? knights. mobile app.
band. The Polish Army on the 5th of October 1939? the Polish Army on the 5th of October 1939. (recordings,
band leader, Was Europe the most populated continent No, Europe wasn’t the most populated
Would Egypt have become a popular No, Egypt probably wouldn’t have become translations)
Jungkook in the Middle Ages? continent in the Middle Ages.
(Jeon holiday choice if the pyramids hadn’t been such a popular holiday choice if the pyramids
Jeong-guk), built? hadn’t been built. Did knights and noblemen depend on Yes, knights and noblemen depended on
was chosen
peasants as food producers? peasants as food producers.
Would the Christian religion have developed No, the Christian religion wouldn’t have
the most
out of Judaism if Christ hadn’t died on the developed out of Judaism if Christ hadn’t died Who did knights promise to be loyal to? Knights promised to be loyal to the king.
handsome
Cross? on the Cross. Did you realise that peasants in the Middle No, I didn’t realise that peasants in the
man in 2020.
Would most people have earned more Yes, most people would have earned more Ages paid much less tax than the average Middle Ages paid much less tax than the
in 2020 if the coronavirus hadn’t spread in 2020 if the coronavirus hadn’t spread citizen of any country today? average citizen of any country today.
worldwide? worldwide. How much tax do you guess peasants paid? I guess peasants paid only 10% tax on their
If the Global Financial Crisis of 2008 hadn’t Definitely, if the Global Financial Crisis hadn’t total farm production.
been so serious, would fewer people have been so serious, fewer people would have lost Could peasants and citizens retire in No, neither peasants nor citizens could retire
lost their houses? their houses. the Middle Ages? in the Middle Ages.
Would BTS have cancelled their tour in No, BTS wouldn’t have cancelled their tour in Why? Because they weren’t able to raise enough
2020 if the pandemic hadn’t broken out? 2020 if the pandemic hadn’t broken out. assets to live in retirement, and there were
no pension funds.
If Apple hadn’t introduced the smartphone, I don’t know if Samsung would have
would Samsung have done it? introduced the smartphone if Apple hadn’t tolerate [ˈtɒlreɪt]
done it. tolerance [ˈtɒlrns]
tolerant [ˈtɒlrnt]
Is it obvious and reasonable in a democracy Yes, it’s obvious and reasonable in
pronunciation – practise the following group of words that we must tolerate opinions different a democracy that we must tolerate
than ours? opinions different than ours.
accept - except
close - clothes Do the followers of one religion often find it Yes, the followers of one religion often find it
difficult to tolerate other faiths? difficult to tolerate other faiths.
beer - bear
tear (v) - tear (n) Has it become fashionable nowadays to be Yes, it’s become fashionable nowadays to be
half - have intolerant of intolerance? intolerant of intolerance.
one - won - wan Can such intolerance destroy freedom of Yes, I think such intolerance can destroy
price - prize speech? freedom of speech.
nice - niece
Does intolerance precede violence? Yes, very often intolerance precedes violence.
The 20th century remembers many terrible An example of how intolerance precedes
examples of how intolerance preceded violence is the murder of Jews by Nazi
violence. Can you provide one? Germans in the 1930s and 1940s throughout
Europe.
In a highly developed industrial society, I don’t think that in a highly developed
will corporations ever become intolerant of industrial society, corporations will ever
employees working too many hours? become intolerant of employees working too
many hours.
12 English designed with Direct Method book 7 module 1 13