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Self Disclosure Theory PDF
Self Disclosure Theory PDF
Human Relationships
Self-Disclosure
http://dx.doi.org/10.4135/9781412958479.n463
Self-disclosure is a process of revealing oneself to others. It is described as what
individuals voluntarily say about themselves to others, including their thoughts, feelings,
and experiences. Self-disclosure may involve personal information about facts or
feelings; it may be about the past, the future, or the present; it may be related or
unrelated to the listener. Self-disclosure is key to the development and maintenance
of relationships whether it focuses on issues associated with the self, the listener, the
relationship, or all three. It can be viewed as a personality trait related to other traits
or as an interpersonal process; either way, the extent to which people engage in self-
disclosure affects and is affected by social interaction.
Altman also argued that relational partners experience an ongoing struggle about
how much information to disclose and how much to conceal. In-line with this idea,
more recent theory and research suggest that people utilize self-disclosure to regulate
and define their relationship boundaries. Thus, self-disclosure may be employed
strategically as a means to get closer to someone or it may be avoided in order to
preserve relational distance.
People also may have negative experiences when they disclose. They may feel
shame for deviating from expected norms or conversely, may experience regret for not
revealing the relevant information sooner. Those who disclose can create undesirable
impressions of themselves in their listeners. Self-disclosure that is not well received can
carry several costs. These include loss of privacy, being judged, losing face and status,
instigating conflict, being deemed to have poor judgment, and so on. Likewise, there
may be costs to the listener, such as feeling hurt, being misunderstood, and so on.
Sex Differences
In North America, women disclose more to other women than men disclose to other
men. Women more than men disclose particularly to intimate persons such as their
mother, romantic partner, close female friends, and siblings. In contrast, a few studies
show that men disclose more than [p. 1420 ↓ ] women to distant targets like coworkers,
neighbors, and strangers. Women tend more than men to disclose about intimate
topics such as emotions, personal development, and personal relationships. Normative
patterns of relating to intimate others may discourage men from self-disclosing.
Interestingly, men who avoid disclosing particularly in the context of close relationships
regard self-disclosure as a sign of neediness, dependency, and weakness. In contrast,
women may see self-disclosing as a desirable process by which they acquire sympathy
and support, so it is a source of strength.
Relationships
Research generally suggests that self-disclosure is an important part of close
relationships. For instance, there is a positive association between self-disclosure
and variables such as liking and relational satisfaction. Experiments where levels of
self-disclosure were manipulated have demonstrated that when people disclose to
someone, they have a greater tendency to like that person. The reverse also is true:
When individuals like someone, they are more likely to disclose to that person. Studies
further indicate that in ongoing relationships there is a positive association between
disclosure and the tendency of partners to be emotionally involved with each other.
Partners who disclose more to each other tend to report greater relational satisfaction
and relational stability.
The most common participants in self-disclosure research have been students and
married couples. Research on special groups and their special contexts, such as
individuals with HIV, gay men and lesbian women, sexual abuse survivors, and so on,
will enable scholars to test the extent to which previous research findings valid under
these special circumstances.
Individual psychotherapy usually involves two persons, the therapist and the client-
patient. Self-disclosure by the latter is a cornerstone of psychotherapy. By disclosing
thoughts and feelings that they see as unacceptable and having those thoughts and
feelings accepted by the therapist, client-patients are likely to experience greater
internal peace. Greater disclosure by client-patients during therapy is associated with
better therapeutic outcomes.
There are two extreme positions concerning self-disclosure by the therapist to the client-
patient, as well as a recent position that is more moderate. Jourard who was among
the first to coin the term self-disclosure within psychology, regarded it as essential for
the therapist to disclose to the client about himself or herself. In contrast, Freud, who
laid the foundation for most current psychothera-pies, advocated the total absence of
any disclosure by the therapist (although in practice he engaged in disclosure). For
decades, self-disclosure by therapists was discouraged. Jourard's original sweeping
suggestion about its value was ignored. It was considered likely to interfere with the
nature of responses from the client and to change the direction of the therapy. The
therapist's refraining from verbal self-disclosure was part of an effort not to contaminate
the directions that patients chose to go. It meant belittling the effect of all the nonverbal
and indirect information available to the patient about the therapist. In recent years as
part of a novel relational-psychodynamic therapy, a degree of self-disclosure by the
therapist is considered essential to the psychotherapeutic relationships. The place
of disclosure from therapists to clients has been conceived as positive, provided that
the disclosure is intentional and planned by the therapist to suit the patient's specific
needs. Research indicates that self-disclosure by therapists, when appropriate, and
especially in response to similar client self-disclosure, may increase positive, rewarding,
and reciprocal self-disclosure by the client.
RuthSharabany
http://dx.doi.org/10.4135/9781412958479.n463
See also
• Marital Typologies
• Openness and Honesty
• Secrets
• Taboo Topics
Further Readings
Derlega, V. J., & Berg, J. H. (1987). Self-disclosure: Theory, research and therapy .
New York: Plenum Press.
Josselson, R., Leiblich, A., Sharabany, R., & Wiseman, H. (1997). Conversation as
a method: Analyzing the relational world of people who were raised communally .
Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Reis, H. T. (1998). Gender differences in intimacy and related behaviors: Context and
process . In D. J. Canary, ed. , & K. Dindia (Eds.), Sex differences and similarities
in communication: Critical essays and empirical investigations of sex and gender in
interaction (pp. 203–231). Mahwah NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.