RHETORIC AND PHILOSOPHY IN CONFLICT AN HISTORICAL SURVEY » SAMUEL DSSELING MARTINUS NDHOFF /THE HAGUE /1976i gs nant sed ox RETORIEK EN FLOSOFIE diet Bite, 1978 ‘sed fr te Duthy PaDay © 10% by Mert Nie, Te Hap, Karine ‘irate ne eb het en tou sto pt an yf xt xi 22 ‘TABLE OF CONTENTS “TweRumrinowor RESTORE... « Puaroavo mat Sopitsts ; . Ieocaare xo re Porno 008 “Tue Hisrony aso Srermcor Gn Raremsc. uetone avo Pstccrine ne Ron nena Ants 4x0 Eouearon nc Mrpot# ACIS Tw Eas Hoses ppeerrrtee Francs Bacoy, Rent Dears AN THE NEW SCIENCE Phgca 480 THe ARTOF PensUASON Scam Etoqursce : , Praconn ao Maranon 7 ‘io mt Acroatsy Sreaxivo Wursver Souerine 1s SAD? oogophy ; . 3 ns ™Where: ee i person, there i sbtre and Wherever ‘meting’ theo persusion’ esneth Busse THE REHABILITATION OF RHETORIC “The acess defined ctor asthe of speaking and wring bath wel and comncngh at Bee dicen andar persuaded I nctuded the prac of deverng a good and convacng speech a8 well ashe teal feince formating the rler and condos for bens and sound xpon “Te art of tori was el in igh repr fom anset Greece wt ate Jn the alaetenth century, osapying = promiest postion ie the pelea, ‘whch iid both edtaton and eltre Furthermore, rhetoric Wat ‘onsale and seul tied by the Greeks and Romans and wwe adoped by ent Cheatin autosin the proclamation ofthe Christian Imesage nthe Mile Ager it belonged to theo elle rv snd on- titted compulsory pert of the edscstonal curclum, The Tsar iumsnistfequetly pried rhetoric, which around 160 tee the foundation ofthe Seat educatonl sytem (Ihe bumais). Since the ‘spec may manual snd trac, wether purely pact o tee Inne appeared ding with the queso of eto. These filled the le wat we now cl erary sinc recom, devoted to whats curexty ‘lle the theory of argumentation a th theory of persuasive communica "Toward tend of the nineteenth century, etre fl into dept and vwat no loge taught inthe various efveatonl iastuons. The nord “rhetork’reehed a pjortve meaning suaesog the we of woderhanded treks, fad nd des or the trngng together of hllow words hakosyed ‘expresions and mee pntRes, To beret wa to be bomb “os theres evidence ofa widespcad eial and rehab of to, se: therein creasing aero pactons in which he word’ Sppent on te tile page Here Porc Har ooce agin a cle posve Ted one nn fi mers sis, whee arto complet, store or pts, ict or fadtet. Tis em Be realy sen By Te | |‘ce tothe isorapy a he end of thisbok. For dai pilot, eran, Heras theoreti, nd all conerned wil pense ome ‘muicn,detre has repsned a promeat potion The stad tle ac rato var enepariwloryer ‘Taisen of toe tig eared oat ere eds, What bas become case woke Ch, Rela, Tide erence ih tke ti lemme rior i ctily deed to he aos Fan of arn. nich a cone hts senate asthe tery fs ‘enon, cowl contd wth lg and eur owes ‘As import conbaton to th eile tre was made by LA. ids is Phils of creased in 96, whee ber 5 whee we mitered or enely fl to undetend ec ter, Cetin radi re thn rsd sod te queen fed, wbat coe sts dries betwen goo and bd Commins wh ca ‘dene o make the commriation gods pote? “Thee aoa faher exe Herts on vera communion, ia ‘ich eee made oth eens of commons the Peter of ‘onmaniztion Some ofthe pbs contre ints eee How usec owing reed by snr? How ca an sou nese, font gen’ How ir fomaton seed and anal? What ae ily ad posh, endo and determing acto smo, ton eteen people 1 cite fell of inte to be oe inthis scene of emmninton i an opera oma of ma (re, rato, teen, cna) Full steno b epscall ge Yer tinue, pola abd Weslo pupae ye, Ieming. The theory of persasve communists eed rane anda bine a cesipe orate octal cncer sae ee ‘cate dessin ofthe proce of coming aed tng eevee sen ‘nay daw vp res od noms bith conmunicten mat abet te ely commiting. Then apn k muy expose he isdn ee Sch tien of ommtnaton of oe eens ee ea psenton In i tt acs wc on priya et te tt pn of i ae af cae ino Ibtrsad inca ore ere ‘Another Bo il ob found in ths sete ommunicaton is {TWEREWABILITATION OF RHETORIC 2 the investigation into, and formulation of rules for peblc speaking. The Tater may eenane nay and various forms och a apecc, an ade, & pla or lel ioe, Isture or the Chrsian prodanaton. Te ‘ight even refer tothe eting and publishing of books al arcs, reports fod semen of any text al Ta ts ene snot ally a mater of| {sking bot of form of verbs communion and pubic. aio rf the ko retort formulate rae forall hse mend of verbal era sence 1 aso trnng ooce more to rhetris a this cone ‘etorie ofesited oan srl of sl Ase) and Sometimes ven {saline sty othe so-alld torial gues ofepecbeg metaphor Sd metonyy. Thus ts thatthe Rdtorqe perl the aroun rom Lage is ently devoted to theme fares of space. Tn penile homer, ‘elon covers much more exenve sen. One ofthe esses that Tepes brought guna he Rho endl hat sot concerned ‘nth genre bt rater with a ested rhetoric (hdtorique rate). NO Inater how inpotat snd fl the ety of metaphor 4 melon nay be, retor thould nat be ete with such smal pron ofa euch smote cmpeeenie wee "hi naugural addres onthe scenic mature of rary scence, A. Kibet Vara (rotessor of French teratre at Amsterdam) made a plea for the reabitaon of tadionalrhtor In his exinaon clsical ‘eto I the best ant scetically mos esponsbeistrument forthe [naps of rary tet, Reto ear scence signs a etal poston {othe ext The ater is conceived at communiaing amesae whi is Sucre couiing of aforatve ad erase clement, wich evieaty nen the eer, Rhetorical nays makes we of vary of allay ‘cones which woe previously employed by retors lags, ose, chology std sckogy. Much hasta be dose his coset ce the toxin scenes which were wed by ancien rhetoric were fen a om Scenic, Ancent atone provided the Ierary theoretcan With Welk tied terminology and 2 round fraewerk with the sdvantage that it was etl contacted with 2 ew tothe et no that twas not dvr from Rhtork eray since employs tori primarily ax andestument for the analy of eran texte Rho however ean alo be ued forthe analy of ‘philosophical texts, For this purpose me need nly dep ‘itera forthe dtinctonbetneandilirent hinds of wrt. Thi bof eoure ho mean task. Whoneter ote attempts 0 precie dtintion between &‘ "THE REuAniLeTATION oF RuETORIC Bopha and tray tt ne esau countess problems I Catot be dein, hone, a psp ts seine es: A ‘eed oan aly on can obser in ontop pibphy «owing inte ‘core Tire re aay eons ot teat the place lor ‘ele natal contol wn egumenitinn to coumssnton “heres mck more, weer Nomar how det an ad one yor phosopy my te hon comson fae a popes {ey oly the att gent language, Whece ease tpen ‘econ on guage seusty conte problem hte More ve sotenpraypisphy ety ay dency to tet pon ‘som ttn an fenton nani sbuncnw oc ceo ‘adi ition by mens oem Tos cee, of eure a Eas aiay en te ce Novadiy howee i ee ale cae {ie of psp Anton tt dea in hat stance to ce finn ttt ot form ichis stored poe Tecned in he om of palsy vay. Te et eee, beta sane mot formal per at nly a eons gro of xs Thox errant we ngop cares foots ang ares adios tus, and ve iv novels payh oo oom Dut the fet tht php ier pei among Benes that here buch oppaton teen Hee nd Boban, Ns nd Mase Helder and Camp Sare a Wigan ola ‘Sana to them a's at ek plosty conte ote Ta ca ie ety hou rag nl ing th etre: Een oe Sf comet oe eo ae wold cont on sand cen ha ploy hee Ietweatencvownison) postietecuestotes con, 7 Paco tt py rae ee te nip ses Maton the tents ry a may rpc fom pete a sole Ang hg ieee onde ch of car andy of aig tone nd ee ey ‘ge in may ret They aa tre iene ye he ly s nner fsa conn gute eon te ne stress aon finan ed areten eae seo rd peri et ay wl hat hoe ts have ans le Ee ‘done much good oF, on the other hand much harm. Samnueabant ‘Avorosting evn ar pou of ecg ch oa mmerof “THE ResanttrraTioN oF aweroRe s uerions which may not ouch the eae of pilosphy lft which eran ate of real importance to philosophy. Whst a ext and how sit onsrced? To what etet sa ttalways constructed oat of fngments of ter texts? Which prs ofthe tne re most eset and whch area as Importance? Which ae the eat hemes ofthe tet? How ar the themes ‘elted to each eer ato what eet ae they oppened? How do tee {hemes move and change and whch metnims ae behing sch movement snd aleraton? What i the pace ad function of figures of speech inhi Content? What con be sid ina plnophical ext and what 20? How fa oes the strectre and sige of te piosoby determine what is tng dacused? Wich are the fcr wich comic a text and precely ts text? To nin exent ae ternal and external power srt invalid is the formation ef tet Ta ther word how ifn re he athoriee ‘wbich exer gover in polis and lection, in clue and i chutes, fon whatever f sid or ts? Wht Is there of anu and ds? Wao actualy wring whenever saething writen? Wht an author? Final, what cana text acvomplh and under which cicmtanes? What shoot the set of ete, pli, healogal und etapa! convistins, ‘which people hive and which are the consequence of artwork of tex ‘Grated around the work? And what abou the delight wich evidently ‘xperiensed inthe ending a wring ets In short what really bappens ‘whenere soi isd er something writen? Reto an fosipenabeisrameat in answering these and sine aveton. The pl those ution aloof fondamentl portance to Te so faprers however that elation Between pilosohy aed stoic have nove fon particularly fvoure. ln fact hee hs boon deny © onic eect te, which hs domiaae thought nd has exer gi @ nsiderbl func on pilvopy and ters, fom ther besa in Greece unl foday- To a ceraineteat the confit tetmen tori ad ‘wap hat even determined the cote and form of pilorphy a8 50h. “Today one can il speak ofa conc betnen eter and poopy. Such confit clery exes in Netouhe, Marx and Fred ad ev, ina certain sean Hekepgr andthe various French sehors who have ‘ee inspite by these thinkers, J. Deeds, R. Barts, M. Foust J [acen and Atthoner, Though them xistng pilevoty ad tational ‘mctaphycebveradly een bros ita qston bys eto inet ppl tothe shtori a probes To xin ose insight into his topical onfic we wil usderiske un histola ytematie sry ofthe youtSets of his aedy ancient cont. each chape we shal concentrate 6 the pst, ths oabing une contat eur moveneat, to thed lik othe nstrk of prolens confronting contemporry thon. The usin continually tefore usin sick a car mevement ft What it ‘tally happening whenever something ssl or wien? 1 PLATO AND THE SOPHISTS Almost everyig of ral vale in the Western woods i in in a ‘ent Gree, Ths apples among othe things to pictophy te sem ‘te search for ulate treth, Tt so holds good for rere ath cor ‘ion paced shil of speaking sod wring well and conven. It as also in Gree thatthe contit between plosophy apd etre Bred {up for the es time ad in sucha way a to Bare determine te whole of Europea thought end Westercalare, With Plato te conc between philosophy and shtoic rachel pea. ‘isa wih rend to rhetoric mes clearly nepative ann many 5p even avowed hore Such anata is del expres in the Gorgi {od perapsa ite more nuanot i the Phd, Although the subtle of ‘he dialogue Gorgiari ‘on her’ i might at wall have bon ‘asi ‘eto? since Iisa polemical daloge. The principal partients are Socrates and Gorgas. The ater was 2 powerful nd induct torian tnd moreover oot of the most bile sop. Inthe fiat prt of he Aalogue Socrates aed Gorgas alent to reach s common denon of fetori,Rietori i dined asthe art of delvecag a ech wich makes ‘conviction or a ef eonviions scoepable to people. Rast ts the art of pesusion. At ths point Sorstes remarks that shed ct susie speck can inpart no stalk or nora owl ister ') bat only ures ons coeviins or opinions (ot), Corgis dss loner pont to the quite wonderland atthe suze ine uve pone of spec By means of core nd iting ord and a eau sad sod spose, peole can be made fo think in a way that i eile nd that Considered eh, and canbe urged to act a & manner tt cn be eed ‘mening an just, One most ofcourse hae aust and worthy eo in eind jn making we of eto n reply Socrates tht one att est have 8 lear and rx niht nto, Such an night caer be dee ot oMaed from rhetorical spech, Sores a hat Peter at # relsine Sets ot opt yf ing ad as 0 ation oe ‘ay Rbstoris thr a gusto of fat and scott, a sat Sxyresion dhe semble fat tintt ston mateo comer tate ie omperlo oisy at which ety reverse Gk of least ot ely eile els gh aosecompred {>in may ove dees up, hs fconing ata tantra Seta out yan, cone sel eon the boy “notes, Plo qe ata pon he eed atl power tte rir eyes i theplel fl ivogh his wordy he oe vers be lito he Pa sate and soy. Soest eter tet poli pny ste het wat goed an jo, wah ean nee ‘lz trough the pov or lec ofthe word Dove! nd les ee Comet opoed whats pod aun ‘lie dans however tt pes ena a power game within ch betes, Thea le coat tte at ‘ing power os sch Sorte, bores, dort w pret ower ame, ut ether male a xl cho oft pllseer it acrid ty fete, hppa ght ed je. Asad He ‘tevateopoltzl re pm babi naa ta wold asthe posi fc for eeyore In concadng indoor of fhe ca oe might eal tat ER, Dols seeds delogun he at ‘ofem ofal P's done, "nthe Par it's pston aie mor sac, This pu. in ‘heel nme tore, Deg alos! young Pi ‘hom Socrates owed death in poston ofa coon a teas {sine memter of Gop cro, La bgt ln tnd nas one ot ‘he nto we oth ios eh eta by Best oo ‘ec. The dhoie whch Pht ad a hb rey ‘es ih oe Phan wkd wo ghee thw Soot Tere ‘sien cones wi th cnet fe dacouse bt gal tars {te questo whther ene even onpt fo compote docu. Tet hen {lowadacsson oor ote as ena ‘A dation made betcin good snd ba tor. Theater aught everyacbob ich a of Sich stanly leo the potas (as), oeonrcon sa he at of conv th so the sory. oad thetic howeer bed a ley sad od to eth and night. This phonic or alc ret the a ot teal the soul yeas fe or peugeot racy ee toperi aceon tema be mening in Pi ve to teach ody pop within short pr ie by etn ete pe trough ag exams Sle for cretion onion Foe pupae or Noe imran agues-on-ebory; ome might ape talon Tally ee erate stonerand yh Ath Rowee oes oe {yells on bet nl at rere cores Noting isl eat, ace tee ony talk person ta Be This mendopal meted of lstrcionw imate ft and moreer Gan te pry danprus eae hr ot sal ero or {fu of enisona rod to Po, elo rhe bod ely ‘eed mse th eacer serenyInpsesion of rea {sigh anc howe, The php prep oa spt Iota tow ryt ihm ob ed od hough dicon, alge nee Such ada tha Be STALE ca of te Pada Sts os sels yas tenet on Inika ef the course wich Pare al) a a0 ‘es ice of Goren ple opal hte eel torr Pat ace, Scrat codes Lyssa eat ppt {ra ilps ace heat spe ttn sol er it bot calf wns wich athe pa fo an pe: Nothing bees abe tim av pesto ry ter, hf hoe vot Bing Gly plate mesg for Pio The gent ca nae 1s sre toro Sots may eens or onal we bed Tih nae young Guten eer hn iat) ad ve Inlay sl He as moreover osha eo won nt he ‘ihr vate a plnpic sme" (adn, 2). ats jedemet on atone weeny gaa nd is ate rahe hor He spy lace Ghvson or cogse wel bee the ‘onolgecor cube nie, Wat ore Retest Fen ploy ove nr + Poston hich il be oy ht nl pad by mon plop afer i. pret ‘Silos ong emt illo more pact tahoe Viren dpe pty opabsoby oer tore ow areetsefestand Pin ante espementdie tiost se ln han pn oe i ee {nl ofc ny afb psn pmo eye by rts a st Aine We al trate ote, mich core pi of Nis ‘She 1s npertant heer it on woe est in he covet iawhich Plato's seton of toritok place and into the coneguncr fr hlowophy osach a iw. Ttiswel known that Pato ba it egard for the Ga rts, especally the terry rt or wich he ven hada certain sik. ni vison of heel ‘ofan utopian sate, poets and orators would Be banished. The fe ats ae ‘othing at radia or rperfows imitation. Plt’ conception of et (rainy eierent fom that of tbe Romany, German welts, Nite, eldgger, who conceive art has having a evan uncon and therefore neva ometiathetratevent More impertat sl for a thorough understanting of Pat's ection of shot Isto realize that eto aces nes es bel a igh sees ted tht th orator was an exornaly powerful ma, Let os ty (0 day tise. or the Grecks“hetorié tech! was relat eae above he rest, ‘ving no eval note ares of Grek vitor I loarsed both {rom te prvi viewpoint a that twas carly elated and rom the theoreti vewpolntn that twas ch eflxted spon. The grea gulc toe abated to shetais was no doubt connected ith Greek Inge ‘wich Nance onze called "de apecbarte alle Seach” (the most [Spstable ofl sec’ and alo with the fact tht the Grek took eat ight in making lst of manos and in expressing thenselescesey td prs, The Greks were lo extremly proud of hl language sad ot having pect command of On the Base ofthe Imgaage self and eau of thir command oft they distinguished thence from other rope, whom they regarded as abbeing barbara. Leraing to speak tells to make rb dtztion tose beaut ad intligent ange, Td very partclar placa Grenadin that edocaion ad cule. ‘ato was not just one ofthe many subjects tobe ara thao bby fare mnt important and tos certin extent the ony subject. One ad 0 Tet to speak about ll ee was fo my and to know, pilsopiel prob lem inde The top profeion was that ef the rbetodan and amet al thove whos name ae sl known reseed sch rising. “Teerhetorcnn war the on who had ucla how to use words «powerful man bonging fo the aristocracy sod one f the ite we had the ay in ror. In comdering the power structare in ancient Gree one ‘unt Kap fa mid the rater sharp dition betera thom who could ‘pesky (he power) nd those who could ot (ihe powets). Dodo ‘Skits oe wrote: "No one cam easy sae a higher eellence them ‘logue Fr tis s why the Grek are superior oeter people and th ‘utred tothe wneltred. Whats mor, oly hus cin ann un control eran ott, Fly ever ng, evry itston revel al ely 23 Its presented bythe otro senke™ (Blot Moria 2) "The Grete were wll amare ofthe power of language ad sec, and thas alo ofthe pone of the one in ames comimand of lngunge who ould devs beat and sound epee. Such power Was dey ‘rsd for example ariel roede ain polities. Tn cinial te tefore he courts whoeve is eloquent an pen either ty or notnily and ban squalor indctmet. I the ase of «| Sapte ove Heh aod pile, weber acta or repose, the one who Sable tooflera good defense for sch riets and pees wil win. Tit fuck tore te cvs with ed to the property which exe has acquire, ropes nd ponessons ean be dfde by weapors o by bing walls fod Toreses A such tore effete, sabe and hua Way, DORE, {defen one osesons by means of words For posession ayes by rinse oft werd. "Rhos therfore ney always hs someting todo with oper with scqied oc supposed Hes and with prerige and pres. The in this content a ater igen anectot tld of Kora aed Tis, who ate Sid to he ben the fist sbetorlans. Tae tat Kora tang Tiss ow to cary his plat in a dicuson: he angunent was tht Tatas would pay sf tines esos ely the oteome fis st pol st would Prove to hin hat Kore’ lesion ad eee wort alas did wel nis Tesons tat ined of ging into nw heise Docume an ection teacher, ‘orpasing his nster Kora, Nevetles Kors ited tht Tiss py op ‘tin vl onc so that Tin ally broseht before the courts. Tis ‘ers the flowing dence: “I shall prot to Your sasiton tt your eoscd for paymett isentily itost pounds. Ether Iona you that amin nowy inte oy, which ase T ned not py os smyth ‘or do aor convince yu, in whic ease there wool stl be no need for me {pay sce it would then appear tat your sons were of no al and tecording to on agreement 1 oly py when Twin wy fist lit.” ‘Korax responds thas: "Ether you do sot convince me and then you must ‘iy of soune or you do convince me, ths peotag tht my Hestons were roth, in wb ese soaring to ut apeement, You MU pay YOM ete “Te ascot pals ori Right and popety ar deeded by means of the word. fone aot abet ive a pentting spre ens, ea one ‘an alma appl fo an avocte,somenne called upon f Took after one'scase. Sine howeret inmost Grek towns it as uot perme to have one's tase an cae in pubic by another and one wat eid to dot oneal, tne ten appesed 9 someone who for a good prize woul compose sad vite ost Gogoraptr) an adres Goes) which ate woul en lar by ‘at, Such writen dicoures hae ade important contibuton to he evelopment of Greek prom Pits of cous lst connected with the defence fights and pei. eps, pope and triton, wether meri or pial, Grek emoeacy sea moreover entirely based on open cussion la the aatioal assembly In he eae of tyranny or dictatorship ony one man hs the 3) iting what is pod aod what isnot. The tyrant ean be oested,oxng physical iolence to do aay with him. A moe stl, human and elective way to te the wordt deve hm of is eave it of speech andthe to ‘lence hin by reiting his xcs cai Tt primera trough the word ‘hat pusiag aad leading pole! poly, forcing ctla plea ecsons upon the peopl, czar within deocrcy =the Weal poli forthe fncent Greeks. So that vtorké techn and “att pote were so ere Trance ie the wg of istry alto had ret pole sgience. ‘Toys, a date of Goris, described the Pdopontesian war Wit ‘eat syste and rhetorical protien, bs main cence nal his bing {be defence of squire rights od th saeparding of material a pl property. Through is wings te htoran had power over the plies of Sr day Callthener ima to have claimed that though Bit word he controled he fat of Alene te Great and bs ees for future pve ‘len, 0 convinaad wat he ofthe fat at cond determine theatre by "No ater bow atuetl the power ofthe words speech nurs! procedure and pits we hae ge to reach the most fdnmestl feel ef Iauenc, For the mst eninei speakers were the poets and sages, who through ir hymns of pie maintained ble inthe ends and heroes, ‘Thouph thr word they suppoded, expounded aad made pose te hale amewor of vals, sch er sense and noses, gd and ba, fame and tame. They so preete othe contemporaries al knows ofthe past and expressed a words what goes on in man's eat. Theat of {he pet watt exe the gode and men, things and event, thu eeing then fem mete oon: Msmision was to give emo to andto ret: {he por of alta. Sich naming ad praising werent withoot esa, ‘nein his wy things could appear apartig with colour snd splendous PeAavo AND THE SORMISTS 5 ova) wiles prson could be res from sheer enormity and become famous ov possi even notorious, Forth Geeks a mate, heer good fad, wat st ot ronething indent: a ame opaet yp the Fmited Spec in hig oe coud nd ad ove ot one's existe. "Rumou? Was (heel the mort dead and elusive ofthe gods Ta ths context one most inode the eeadous power offal called sso by the Grek a atm by the Romane. Fats ht which ad bout aman te legend ceculatng, poe to his bith and surviving his ‘th ate eth eamework within wich man ves out is ‘With the Grek one epestelly comes erst estoy to “ope, which sicis among other thins Ingeage snd speech, In hs aly to Mela (G8) Gorgias wie: logo the pest rl (eats). With the sani snd eoetlgaieant means peck sev th most wonder and rae ‘hing asthe pomer to expel er or ans, to eemove sotow fst Iesnssit na even joy and hans and arose sympathy" Torts ‘its tha the word lord and master” al that we do snd think (Meo Ue 459) Sach an "awareness ofthe omnipotence of the word pervaded Snclet mes ina way thts someties dia for sto waders Tis agua! he backromnd of consciousness ofthe poe nthe wont and speeh, he power of speakers, polticns orton, poets and sige, that we must uadertand the Soph, parvcalely Gorin, Prodikos ad Protapors All of thse ao ftom the rte ston to which they had a Sisicantconrbuin,Acentng to Pinto (Goris, 20) sophist td eosin ae deta rt leat very closely late The soptiss weve songly ava of te power of language convinced that things ant peopleepear oe thy are reset by te oil speakers. sings ar dowd to aman tote evtent hat speakers wrest them fom ay, The opt staring point swan as peed and exseloped by set of oarton, which slg both whats apparent or) sd what isa “rbjece conviction (pts). Things appear by viru of the word and oovions ae the ret of sing omsnced (Geithomai). Although ast ‘of convcons appear pencil at east ult to hang and nunc, specie pals I required to asompl his nately, tat of convincing fod pesvesve speaking Fortis pass to be eetive, one most bare ‘Batey ofthe word and horougs command of langugs. One poses lon ofeach ule ne islord and master oft, “et usretura to Play wo, a een in the Gori and the Phas, opis a negative atta with repr to *hetore, Inthe sree against ‘etek he was mainly inking of the sopists an fo certain extent he4 Lato AND THE SoPBIETS posts nal al his dalopaes he nent polemical dscsson with he {ophitythe most immportant plseprs ois 2 Rbetoricand sophistry tre the continually revurng theme of bis thought and one ean eens that Paton pldosophy aoe within the poems agit te orator and tesophist. “ht the opis wee svar ofthe pome ofthe word, 0109 Pat is aire ofthe fundamental ambiguity ofthe word, which my guide man, tht aso ca ed hm stay and decive him, A good sph ca impart 2 ‘et of reo le tm onnstons and even ere a common standpoint roca consenas b0T one dee not bave & sgl tei to decide ‘hether seh contons se cozct or to suse whether the actual eon ‘Sonu as ona etal uth op not, According to Plato the erator’ ‘words only etd tos proba Theater ea ave a postive meaning, ‘ly ht which posit ou beers tena ahve sgtive ea ine ane, tat which ony a mere somBlnce of uh ni at he ‘oppo of rath. The probes therefoeiiasry Pho farther avare ofthe fat thatthe poet's word Bears mich esen~ lance tothe rong ofthe Sirens, character hy powerful charm from ich ose nly nthe by ants of cher ntbe way that Odyseus Ui. Rbeton iy Patarch ter expres i a "ene alypis™ (Va ‘rit I) tat il whereby on banes sorrow by speaking beatiful, ‘sng over lev sry, suring and ero Ia poetry and iterate fun is presented than inagiary and soy word in whieh be fel trove Jost a wig the poets word ean induce cea obtvon, Tling ‘anno lp ond reasurag him by puting» wile ark eb ‘Patol sony aware ofthe fyrannial power ofthe orator, whose ord Isesefly vse Since plsopbers sch st Pato geocalsvink avy fiom andar extreme ec of ay silence or peste tint spring thatthe Pltonis eal of porphin comin in unmaskng the exiting poner zane ‘On ascot of he ambit, coneling character and violence ofthe word, Plt tars avy from the writen word, the monologue of he soe In te pow, and tra tower te loge of eomveratin, In comer Sato the prt mst adeavourt ison td comply with the ier tron andi binding command. One must obey he ect teaimonion” Poi father ia serch of eterlon to dtingash tren the sense nlite order. Te forme ste world of appearance, preston psi (Gos) ao phy, wile he ater ithe wor of tre being el tn enenc, owedee seme) and metaphysics. This appliction to ‘einer word andthe appropri interntization, together wih te dine tia between apearace an bring. gave re to Western mstaphyis.Soch {Unstaphyi firs ely detaces from solved om) an word ct ‘hess abootitand har bmcomes an aera “The consequnss of al this ar far echeg ad even toy en hry ‘be estinned. What then are thse comsqpenst? Whenever one remsins ‘thin he domain of phlsophy and scene domain whck lato open {one can sy thatthe power rhetoric hs bee beaken by Pato. Palo ny odscicce ee exer ek of rhetoric wich ped onthe bounds tat nobing cimed By ont, poets, preachers or authors ‘ronnt the onder of the probable, bt merely consiats onion (ra) tradon, pj, oto ora least lack of certsity and inability 19 withstand dubs and questioning I hiesophy ed sinc, othe conte, {Mckicn mst ino way or aneher be oly tid and grounded. ‘Ava consequence of Plt's ein te or no steton has ben Fal tobetr from win pionophy. There are exapion econ begining sendy ith Arsoue who wie tat on thet Tn gral Bower It Sas eceved al any apposition rom plosopies. Even he more sub ‘eu ien theorist pala ony pileeopicl est his seed thy sae lack of apprestion. The oesor Cicero remrked tat Pato ‘proved bimelf an excl hetoiian is very refutation of Gorgias and Tetris since be cvidely woa bisa and though tbe power a is words ‘nes abl to mike his own conepion of piosophy acceptable (De Or {7 Philosophy then ba lon dived lngange syst speaking ‘moe lope write rater poor, we Cerna peaking, eng [eharredom teens oesef intrest ‘Yet another eoneqeene of P's polemic apsinst the sopists and tetris ta och things maps ould arse ani moreover a teetaphsies wth an oniodbecogval storie, constituting « masve Foundation on which many plosopiers sine Plto have conaaly teen ailing, Pesaps foley the ec collapsing oo ll ie, but thi is ‘eteatly elated toa rial election on Inguspe and 10 the cescy prep reabittion of sheer ‘Cct's cmmeat on Pat's pone asin rete fates todsy forvacous rena, He miter "Ina vey ofthe istry of ancient Gress, ‘one immanlypocives mer of promientBgues who fll Important lei pls on sonant of el rhetorkal all, One abo rie can mparant people who tight hs se. lly ness those th, aihough aly taleted end knowledgeable, ened away from pubic6 Lavo AND THE SoPmISTS fe and goles which were looked upon wih contempt The erste of these war Socrates who, ascoring fo the wits of is dy, ected al ter Geeks through his Keener of mie, acidity of thought ard is hy to inocu sole Gatnctons thereby eevealing his maint frolidon and sheer slouence (login)... He sepatd lingo (he ‘ternal and mati! word of he torn) and cer (enteral word (he bart o he real meting). This distinction (Baidu) is uit absuré ‘lean obectonsble ite impo that some people wou tach 0 row and oters woud teach ust pea” (De Or I 16,561.) ‘Coe’ commenti of pri ters rly on acount of the ept= ation between losophy aad polls for wolc Plato i reproached by ice {and Tater bythe Feian husaniss; ecordly on acount of the Separaon batween exer ese word and interna intllle word, ‘Sten nnange and thovekt th etoriians word and the phosopher’s stor, or as expressed in De Soeur’ eno, betwen Sef and Signi This ition erected by Cicero aad many afer i, xen tolny, but whenever ta damsed (Pons) metaphysis Is ho Bova into question, ‘Outside of the wos of pilosophy However = the words “is! ad ‘ost ar of couse problemi ican te sa tht Plt by no means en ses Tn ise de education dans anti 1.3 Marcos woe: isnot Pato who taumpe, since hed not sec! in imposing Bi [dea of eration on posterity. Ils rather Toerats who cane the ‘locator of recs and te ancent,alng the foundation forthe Grec ‘pales (9.209) Tah cho ccna, at ar fom Pass aden ee tearae to recite and speak in poble- One lara io be “igen, ehepeaing end ightlvng. The Hea was to senk well nd convincingly “howtany problem that could be dseused,pifosopiclproblen inte {ed Pasophy however was subordinate to beta This school produord many prt men who played an important Ole in polis and society, ‘outing the rhetrea etn of Gree and easing itn Rome Te Jeti hs ation tat thors Eke Cleo, Ovi Livy and Vip aro. ‘The vbtoial traidon abo mould most of te Church Fathers who, Tes beng prominent theologians and bebevery were ao eminent tes or peace Tey fesled tha ah eater of being convinced id cefore it mst be prohimed by convincing and perisve speech Iisonly tans to proviamation tht oth ental I the Tain rena ‘ance the bora radon wa oace more adoped and aroued 1390 te Jule fnuouve etree th priya abject in the humanities. When PLATO AND THE SommISES ” how sence’ wat boon with Frans Bacoa and René Deserts, store ws supennid more and moe It at not atl he second hal af the nae teenth century tht stoic appented almost ently from edoston ‘Today, however, when perave commuatation reigns wpeeme and ‘ada ett on guage ening ental psn, oe can perceive ‘cerain rhubltston of retorc.Thte is reewed intrest in thers 28 sun tesnigoe anda ea pie analy texts nd bring Tht tel biden perv characterISOCRATES AND THE POWER OF LOGOS Among the work of the Greek orto abd soph one fogerty case ‘eros eulogy othe power f gor’ term wih a ay of eaines In thes: elope logo anes something ke Inguag and Wow, sees ef words a tet w mcrae or pec A wel know elon to logos can be fond inthe Nocera vaso wellnown that tet with «reponse {eom many ater aor nd was constantly ferret in ay fie. (On account of ts importance andthe fact at iy ea oa ber oF tte eeestions, iis worth to quote sorts a some lena. "In ‘Dow of our cpsctes we bans ae nl anydifleret fom sna, We ‘rein fac eve nese to mary aimals wth eget apd and rene Bor becase we have tenn cpscty fo conve ech ott od exest oar opinions, desies and decsions, mo at aly serps al wid fe but Ive suceeded in forming a society, baiting tomns, formulating ls and ‘rtbe result o speech delivered by men. Teh tas a dive carter. Thee Tits however the gurton ofthe el fentonng of iets ad "he Cran menage inthe comment of belivers. Noreznone appreciate fil theo esos pes inthe form of preaching Wc ates ast of conisios, Angus cent boys tendeny to detach tuh rom txpresion and to undemtand the formes as a purely spl and dvse ‘atte, thereby separating nasng fom is our, Teste of the fact hath was on eine! erst, making an impor ‘uot contbution towered eloquence, Augie was pinay aphllowpb=r ‘ther than a tetova and Indeed any pilsophy of lnwadces and of the proper meaning behind wordt insancival woot im.vir ‘THE LIBERAL ARTS AND EDUCATION IN THE MIDDLE ‘AGES. “Tele ets el prominent pos a medieval eduston They were ‘etre fo asthe spcnnian (een) which as vied ito the tum (tis) end the qudrvn (our), Te rv includ gaa, rhetoric tnd dale, andthe quaivi competed arithmetic, geometry, muse sndasuonomy. "Laon i pratima enabled one 16 eead and wrt, since grammar 28 ars vce loud supplied the tls for spening asd writing corse “The mate onsdered incagedortopaphy,voabulry, and especialy the stature of langunge (be, pect, novo, pronotn, et). Iwas ‘ommonlyprsuppoed that be ttc ofinguaecovrespoed to tha of being so understanding, a pesoppostion which was rl response Tortie vse grammatical, Inmany respects edit ithe prcusor of moder igus, ‘Rhvtrin te second oc sometines tid ofthe vi, prima rete to the syle or manne of epeaking, Beauty and abit to convince were of Cente importance fo shtan ators Bone dcend and ars persuaded (he tof speaking well and convincing), whee rues wee frat forthe trovdng of what ene bad toy. ARouh in the begining this embellish Ibeat wes loin, tor Targly eased with what is now called trary sinc, ‘Cone, ements ressning were al in dees considered, Once ain shetone often cate up fr dtcusson Inthe chapter on ressorng, ‘ich tho. desi with sopitry, incomplete slogans and anpumects Ive were notte aina-Truth, esson an ing were of paramount [tnportne, Dist war roughly equvalet to what i now, espesly Sime Kant ferred to plxoph. Te the Middle Apes the eal ts were no longer a preparation for hilropy or plospbil wisdom bet rather fr theology, which ried Spee ove the eral ars an eld sway asthe enya scene and tre LIBERAL ARTE AND EDUCATION INTHE MIDDLE AGES a ison. Telberaarts and plilosopty)wererepsrdedasniny thea ‘pandas amerpopratoryphazetnerdsthe knowledge a thins. "The mos important contbstion towards th asieaton ofthe seven teal ss abd Towa the examen ofthis ison fom a cen Marianas Copal a a0-Chriancostenporary of Auguste, ao from [Nomi Aca Aboot 429 he wrote an allepoil and for modern readers ‘nther bre took ented De mpuls Pillar et Mercuri! (On the Mariage of Pillogy and Mercury) which eet comierableinuence tnd wae eqn commented upon athe Mie Age. Tovah mariage tothe god Masry, Poly he ame forall man's knowlege, i ried {othe vie eam, Asa weding rset abe ess sven ries, the ‘Sven beret prone as women endowed wih all sort of abate ‘Grammars thu an ld woman with umber fies ad les in an ory ton onder to apply the sale (sit wee) fo remove eildrens praia Cerro Risto onthe other Rand isa beaotful and lant young Soman, wearing a robe adorned with the vssous sherri fisres and Seppe wih weapons to tack he opponents. Reauy and pervasiveness ‘long tobe. The otter arts ara depicted a this moaned meal Sn was thoroughly acpsinted with thew allegorical gues, which ate ‘Sten portrayed onthe poate of Gothic abe ach at Note Dae fa Paso heather in Chart) a the ery Middle Ager variout authors wrote about the Hera a8 thetori inde. The most epost authors te Casodores, igre of Sev, ade he Venerable, Aleta and Note. Casodorar (3.583) wrote Dear a dips bea tearm (@L, 1x3 9. 119-120), the second chap of which he mnkes epi ticnin of tetris, deiating is spprection for profane tera, Sndane authors nd the wedon of te worl. According to him stay of ‘hee i insenable for the dy of the Bible. Retr is pel ‘secur and honorable ia ell ars (p. 11S). deta ative of ‘etre elo inladd Tie of Serle wrote lethy work etdedErymloir it 2 (PLL LX, p74.) hind of encyclopaedia of human knowles, bere he pes evidence of being etemelyweleead. Thre ae dete ‘xpostions on pare and word story. The second book deals with "etore and dates (p- 125-154), Ther ile riginal mater inthe ‘orks of Iiore and Cusodoru bth of whom ae rahe pda and racial coosered wit preserving and pasing on the besag of csc Satigi.e tnnRAL ARTS AND EDUCATION IN THE HHBDLE AGES ede the VeneroSe (672725) was shor of work on posty de arte merce which dels with bth, ye, met, In an introduction 08 Rate etext De Schema rps sca sitar (Pky XC. P os00) he cis tat seed Seiten 2 way infin to ay ober fovea mang specs even seperor: with regard 1 anthony iti & {Even authayy a eprds nm point ot the way to fue and eter Tier ce ge concealer han anyother wings ali aca aye warpseing al otbers Bale then provides» tof settmata te Sgues of spech (17) nd rope (1) constantly svg 2 definition a8 ‘Cet camps al eed fom Sxptre in ont to sow its supetiony ine choot e ince a doston of conection, subjanctin, r= Dn and ie wil under ops he comer cxtacheni, sycdoche ‘Rnpbauns, metaphor and metry. Metphor is Geined ws erm c vepenon wanlae (wansteence of words aed thing!) and tetonyRy eS Trot ob la sgieatione a liom praxis trate (he (Ciisoene ef he weld fom its own meaaing fo oo closely asocated ‘Tis, Mere hs yt tobe nd abou the soperoity ofthe bible Mee (130-808) wrte Dales de rhevrica et ras (Pan Cl, P 519950), 9 toa! dalogve betes Charemague and Al it © mst ‘ent form of question tnd anrve. There i an amos exclesive est Sent rte rte offre prosedare: on lepl debate and el loguenr eis imporan fo aot th context ofthis wor. On the continent Stope barbara ignorance prevaled; wile Chaianagne wanted {big cieton to the Frankish rea. Fo ths prpoe he appealed o Eels oaks, one af whom was Alsi. AI ors of monastery schools tren thn enteised whee instruction was ven in gamma, retre ad “Duct Theat Co speak wl was deed highly important for ror Jie procedure. orks Late 50-102) or “Tevtoicas wa principal ofthe monte school o St Glen, He tanned the work of Martinus Capeiito Old ‘German tnd alo wrote an “Arte Petre’. He exe considerable fnene onthe formation of en autochthonous Grea era. “Thue weings of Csodors, dre, Bede, Akin an Nother have & cots stacton oning fo hi rahe nave simpy and immetiacy. A ‘Govan terest contbutontomarda beter sight into the confit ten Petode and pilsony. However, 10 potiems which are sulin thos tents are of impstace to the ont: jul proved ‘Buch wil bose ltr served aol for he trate of efvetion, Te pricy the ebony of Sexe “The Bite was texto olson of ets rnd with er pectin the Mile ees, thoroughly std aod slema ete nthe rg, where theteris ssomedeneeingartaae. Bical interpretation was closely “Connected wih efor saa, whe Lt reading peappoeed a Sbetrsat waniag. Ta all aspect then, Soupare wes superiog. Inthe Ddte Ages there wa ee rary among al the texts whisk had Been anded down. Atte top was the Bibi abe lghest ath ad riteion forthe tu and vale al fbr fete, wbich ltbough they hd a etain thoeiy wer sil bordnate; immer air Sexptre came Csstan ‘tai with saced and poe wings. Nest in ine was no-Chrtan {Eadiion with ts owe casiation Any medieval confit between Philos iy and eso, reson and a, of Welly wisdom ad vine wisdom 12 peicpty du os confi within th ierarey of texts othe authority or ierenttaions, Thi wimatel a rhstoreal probe, for ll arte ‘hens teed aon tradition ov exiting texts arin fct not ilsopica” ‘ur shear arguments, ‘en wh aa out eer inthe igh Mie Age yl in sien repnting the confit feta pioophy abd eto. Nether ean ireth Spuscnce hve bee entre to Aristotle's eet on teri when 2 beams Inoa ia Europe a teen af the tite entry. No rious oy na then voted to ti tata a fa ay can be ascertained, oly ‘egidus Romanus dscusen the rion between pilosphy (or eater (ihe end pobts) and rhstong erly dering himself in fvour of plilnopy. What is etetely important foe the confit teineen. phos phy and setocehowere se ata srectre of edurton, batten ot ‘Seb sepa betel theory, brates regs toil pax in the High Middle Ages the Seley, ily at least awarded & central puto fo the sowie leo which coasted in reading and ex ‘sing tt recogied ae having aceraln authority, Sra or he Sentence of Peer Lonard The exposition was basal athorotgh snl ‘whereby ail sons of dtinctons were introduced, Besides tithe was 2 Tbe of gustions formated with arguments fr ani aginst. The elo ‘vas radaly supersede bythe spare or pute discon, a Kad of Tred nein wbore eters mar ery sachin viene ve NOW tr ot commonly nught. The taal stroctire ofthe dsp is ite {prwent rm the posing ofthe question, the articlaten ofthe objetve tnd the cvstroton ofthe arama. Its mpertant o devote some tine fre toaconideation of hepato fom a purely ors, st ad struct pint few= LIBERAL ARTS AND EDUCATION IN THE MIDDLE AGES “The diate comes with pci problem put othe peas in the form of question to nich he bad to formule satiny ann, Many sch qoetons and eps sre preserved und the name Qustiones louie de quot By way of example we may quote ev questions, ep rater tendetiouly chosen: Henry of Ghent "Whee pee ‘Tne for master in sebool to dat he power of relates?” (One dap, XV, 15) Thomas Aquinas: “Whether elgios are olined (0 show {olrace towards thi svalate?” (eet dip, V, 26) Janes of Viterbo after there isa efor and fei Gol” (Que. dp, 9) “Whether ‘anes love each eter mre thant people?” (Que. dip 18.) ‘fetter rid gis hepir than = pe aeat to marty?” (Ones ldap 1g) "Whether a gl with «vor of gi, who ses a Tet “Spyvactngand can only ape by igh, lied o Kl i ot Tepe be ped (Que die 22) There are naneous examples tat the mow remriabl thing abt them is the song resemblance they bear to te deamatones ofthe Roman eetary schools. When rhetoric di ppered from publ ie the end ofthe republic (44 nc) and beeame & ‘ule for hoo, sia taka were te othe pupils Sttonas proves {swith the folowing example: "Several young people from te ety made {thw nthe Suter to Ont wher they met wth some fermen wh Ind jn deoped thei nts, Ty open with he sermen that they woUls ave te ctch at fed pice the money was pai ost und they wate fot tones tobe led. One thi had bon doneit appeared tht tere wee n° fishin the yet ut actor basket uo god, Whereupon thebupers classed that he exch Relonged totem, while the fshermen sid hat the ask of tid was icin,” (Ret, 1) The pops ha then to diver a weltcon traced spec to dead one of he two postions. The oder Sessa prov {des anolher example: “Tel demands at apres be chaste and pure. Avigin cptred by pistes pd sold toa tothelkesper bo foes Fer into positon. Wheever men come to her che attempts o peesunde them to leve her elone and yet to py Her. Skewered but ne day 2 Seles comes who wil ntact he les. He reso overpowe et at She ish As pomt seis samimonod to vu, acquit and set tack home, wer be request be azepted a a prietes, Her request i then doped (Contr 2) Us esemblanc ote medieval spt Isevidect ofcourse. Fer more important however is tht forthe Rema it ‘wos shetoriclat for ppl at oratory hoo, who ha to offer a public Unie of tice poston In thir matter as «praca lesson in hear of ‘ution. LIBERAL ARTS AND EDUCATION 18 IIE MIDDLE AGES s Simi pbs in the Mie Ages as reo tak ad = ental ect neato, Teej of he depnios wat ‘deat tars that of argues nl exes Ate ane ine tweed ora tnd of ene what impinge pes tree notation or fe consent sing of ae at ia atrfor hoe “Tegel en inthis pb denon wa toate al oriagony opponcs sa aly to cn ot of thei evr This he mas SED ofthe wile nein sought war oval mate of th ‘heredqucr ihe man tng winter ove oe ssp ‘sad ate al he ots pest. The ojtve wat an grea Sessa of a's pronon he ae oa wang pec When at ‘or evn som tthe apponcts cud be conned ees ean ton cms he pty ef sing "And tte, We nse) ‘= spe thigh autor to rsp the eran a .I e ‘Mile Age ths gh athorty war intl the word of Gad Sach ‘ope even tat ine cool ne paler uw tec Ioreranple wher scone ubbomy insted on defending tel Creston nd sb poston iho oar fo tho eens of eon totter, Hse on at Craft ean of Worn ares ‘appeal cold ein win teint of what was coir espa The ime ne ot ape ese of ours te develope of ‘owed ul ave siting te declred Boon. "Wath bro si sent te stature of seal putin ako oid good for teste of mst otenporsry pinto gus Plwoplial decosens eal prt ten forthe ac of st Dalovphica peor Incotenpcay Soto eng Very inte dips and fing pene tsar ae of elfen Wieser on canst ban hs sepa, one ent tan tat ‘ton teal th same, Today ere nob orally Beno pa 0 Goat's wor brief te voted at eso, ees, wich hve rep nd vin au, Defedlag oa own poston en case agin ume pulogial fr bt an a ena win he ‘aiging ound twin spa To he ater tong he ort te genwraly ape pte fa, eet exe poe sodas ‘Aerts genio tw tar othe mera spain whee te Perch (04134 ery eon Prmaceceareichncomrer awe tam f Makes al wit Sn eyed tne Irs ot exy of 006 Pay att more se nate in ol ean With ne inpion howe oe an nen 8 sea ealerefaptenesincfeeattanase | pce temp fom meer ee ic amin geomet chet for ate a femme Thy sotto he banana so jy Bid ts nga Cer. The ons Mid Ne icp seed ot omc om peal sock on an ae ito ie, och eee = Fn eee gy tm nga ents. Ase fo Den eS mcpy ad at ny swith pts ssl I, ih Solr! see vr ae pony rial se se A preminet e we ed se ty he i ae ng fe pling telethon tbe monks eames poner hols ates mared ad wry selon sinner occa ih Pts ad footer ay " Sy oh Oty we nal ales compe ene on the ean ete pens tthe noma aes TH PEAY fa ie sly fie nate an he wl of NS sae hua and felis an the wv fee yen ply ery ed ert hg T we ae thane oe nanan fr, bo an acbage toh tty fxs inch he wid fe ee ed dons. Paton ete ws so etal en ice preven cing wth LD rain newanisrs s “The Kalan busts lord Cero andi eat of hon exe nd of edscation for such an este. Tey were suonay ated by the ‘ny of widom and pra pilsopy and pois, by te Roman conte tinal sate and sata eduction, where one was taught to be "gh ‘Biking. So fara language is concerned, emphasis was given to the “vite eaty abd elegance of Latin They were so aware that ngsape tnd good command of language cess am imease Powe, Se in {ier exten the Roman Empire oved its might to ¢ common and Standard lnguge. For them, the outstanding orators were hate who founded and preserved the inti of an, the structure of ocean al uran know. Finally, te humanist were hoch coaincd ofthe fundamental unity of rer (ig) ad verbun (word) and therefore wee ‘tore anxious aboct the word tod ie fomlition that the plain tut, tic they considered as ict! siraction with no practi ani ‘hace, Sota tah mast be seled through rational sti, which ‘ight tobe aczompmied bythe teligent Wed of heat o ssibe ‘Man, acqsited withhistory, who cul speak vel “Tosubwanint what has bern ma tu mention seerl nub authors of this pero. In 1313 Petrarch journeyed to Part, Flanders, Le, Aachen fad Cologne in search of od manus, aa in Lite be covered two of Ger's speeches which were no longer Anon. Around 1345 be leat ‘ctv support to Cala i Rlenzo a sates establish a new epubic Jan Rome, Petrri’s ple conser was closely connected wit thea ea ct homenty nd republican sos, bate openydassocte inl om (Cola di Rize, whenever theater berajed sens of lst fr power. Asan esnent post ad an avowed advocate of ports tosony Terre ily ousidered theology as meer of expression insofar as eel pete Tengunge enabled one to dus theologies! subjects na proper and Stag ‘manne. Forti reson be lnvachel Uade aguas the scelstics Who, Ibisesinaten bad lotall antec ‘Baides Bocecro, Cosa Sala (131-1406) was the most prominent lst of Petch, Although be eld te iberal een hgh eat, be wat ‘convinced tht rises raked above them. Moreover tori as the ‘mos importa of al Ural ats soo be ety at the svc ofr ‘radece. Saati leo develope pew and distil atcha com ‘pion of plop. Tote extent that loopy fread to pris, be ‘Mente wth jel prosdae. Theoret philosophy i sect ‘ita poetry wh te wider in i iew by no mass aati of heory ‘or coneplton but of seal andreslte atv, rach sis in aeardPs swe eratsay mons ance with the Iw and aieeets which man has made in tbe couse of Seg. To obtain this wisdom one mast st coral atone only ‘iecjeense whichiman ba acid i istry and which expres in I laws provides the nec guidelines for reasonable activity, This ‘ioty of penis ens teory aa te apreltion of story isle cars “Fac Vala (407-1457) ao comteuted a new piosophy a Which ropes mere expedient, wherefore sumed a ental poston because ‘feiss poll pote Oe can even spenk of =n ientifeation ‘SEnklonophy ad thet, ae HB. Cee has demon in bee book Snore ab Phlsopie Lorenz Vallo Rhetoric as Philosophy, Lorezo ‘Yala, fa Bs Disatatonerdoletiese Valle ade free stack on the pars theortcl dogmatic philosophy of he Arstotens nded be cro a nis poeta cot him Bit pofsership at Pais, The (ity oft Late langue ait poi and ultra fore are cebrated rescowtaran nguc lta ir V1 were ne ca es find an elborate ‘Shlsophy of language mh in many respects reninds one of von Hus Tiana 1th entry pilowopber of Inaguage, We thus const the ry or thought and sete and the inseprable conection between rds ane frm ad content, for thing ate only accesible By means of lheword wiih etoks the wold for stn To vee command of langage [Stobane a xtain power over realty, fasta a each guage i ind of ‘Stepetatio o design of the wold. To lear sn language is 0 make seauiatnce witha ne woe ‘aro Nisei (18-567) ws peeps te mos severe ins ejection of neuretia pilsopy. ln Devers prince vera atone span repronied radon witht separation of pilsophy and tetris, whic ‘Sprecly why he conser Sonate, Pato and Aso not a oxtstand- Ine plosopbers but rater a eadent Sires who wherd ina period of ‘Aa, pal an aestet babar. Nilo stint took sides with Goris and Howrate, Cero and Qointans, and the humanistic and Seta! tradition, which act is indebted forall ati of sel “ite For hi philovphiig wat ssociated with ebisining power oer ‘hoi nd othe. nde tists power which consis man'signieas ceandbumaniy. Taian humanism exerted frseacinglaftuene onthe Jenteal of uation. The Society of Jeu, founded in 1539, very soon engaged in Stonadary evaion and around 160, when Desert attended the ett fheol at La lhe, there were leudy more than 240 soos ran by He secity. These schools were sigue and remarkably uniform as reparde truce apd programme, which ete ni down by lw inthe soled ato sudoran of 1536. The progamine inseded gram, heer, plop andthe bomaates, with rhetoric inch central potion thst {eal year wat ald retre, whle he strate Was based on 8 )stem of competitive cxaniation, Tee mod important aware which were roseated wae reatod to retore andthe Bet stadent recived the eof Inpercor, tas or censor. Suh tiles ae of eoure dearly india of {Bo notion tat tbe word or he pret command of guage ereents an ctu poe. "nts mae the Jens contd tothe edueton of many young people snd at the sme te were responsible forthe pbleation of bande Socks for tearing The rio aura governed all eoadary snd ‘vaivertyefteation, epecily in Catnolie cout i wl into the [Buh cetury. Only tomards the second hal ofthe 19th entry is hetoe replace by the fstraction ofa ore Carts and mature ore ‘ated ie of know. ‘Afr hs tis at La Ps, Descartes opposed such a humanistic and ‘etal esto, In isons de la mathe (Dieoars on Method) be diseibed how he broke avy from the el of knowledge a whic he bad ‘eenedacate and how heared st ew since ounded on the nee vidoe of the cgi. Almost one buted yeas later hover, the Nespo Tita poropter 6. Vico (666174) resumed Ue et npr! hes ofthemajor alan hunasit ‘AS a lavyee and istorian, Vico was an autbovty ea Roman law and sade a subst contribution to the strc sty of encent Rome. He sas get adie of Petrarch and Vall ad fo ong tie was profesor of thelr Like Descartes, be ntaded to deign a pew see (toma ‘ira although he saw it as ite deret rom that of Deseares Vie a0 ‘tated fore frm ground and an ndubtable arin point for now, ‘hich he foun notin evidence, ear and dit perception or the inp Ble ertity ofthe Cogito, bat nthe ety of tat and facta is view facts that whieh deo elie by ma, “Amidst the mens ocean of Aout, here i only one pee ofr grou the dent of ath and fact” (€E Limit, Pic's Grats: Vera fat convert). Vico cleary peter history and fist rence tthe aur cine, fovitisin tb coun of istry thatthe words actuals trough he ropes of human design which oor in ascecing and descending ‘movements. The actu! world inelnes la, economics, pois, eelgon,s ce fransan oseanastS cdvestio and modern sees, No erste ett is posi than when ‘son navates and explains wat be basins Jone. Thilo old good esos sch as meta and py, which man bas Severed os ‘incr end eves format nd the ata scence, whic ithe mork of ‘Golandno a an Ths Gos as ony have abot certainty abou thom. ‘angus: has prominent olen the realization ofthe sate and pois, raion ani clr he mera nde and legal stem, andi the design of ‘Soden sence coring fo Vico te human sit Genin) dd motor Breve but was formed by, Man asgned the tak of passing ena ‘sig lnguoe te word wie we now ve has been unlocked bythe ‘ile, poetic and later the obetve rational word. Ousancing sakes [ethow thle to pres, develop and irusform his wodd De nse! tempers don atone, the nagar ete fb cret ss potsor of eter, Vioo mae a pla fer rhetoric and formated 8 omer of objections agate the Caterian ial of scence anf edoction. or with the Catesans and Fresh atonal ofthe 7th entry, in the Tog a grammar of Pot Repl and in te prota method ofthis pti there wasn plae for itor risa cece, nor fr asceatc prroech fo owtryortetrc. The main conse was with eternal ad octanle rats to tbeenlion of becoming and change. For his resson ‘Vico conieed sich phileophy to have lst ll is with the praxis of potticand soit, which inv th tranformation ofthe word “With the Cartesian and tions ofthe 17 cerry ther is no place for historical sence. The ite anno be area science imply besa iis tnd ers n atbotis and contingat fact, documents and tts hich ace unable to rei the methoeal doubt and do not belong tthe Trlr otevideoce. Ths there io post ferent knowledae ‘Shout hstry. For Vie this woul aio deny te posi f wisdom avast ‘eiman dees wdom only from pst expen. Ths wisdom whch has ‘ren ceboded na tory of texts document station and requations ‘anonlybeapgrogested hy thorough knowledge fir. rally te Caress wd alton eave 39 rom for myth and poets as elfying word aod asthe proer and org souse of inti. ‘Thee seven ess place forthe hte weed. Athol poety and ontor fel serch may well be Beast 8nd appesig they have rohing 1 do wih tence For Vico the ils the os of «real posit for ejoy. Inert What isl wone howeve that men lowe a powesl mean of Inspingone onthe toatlaihigh tial gclsand tlie a Iiehat is polite lyri Tis wolonger posit amie man to goin search oft Inge of i's fadunenal tio, he Casi el eo tas ped, wheter not or pif. A the sae ne oo cao ey tvs pes party Vie hve br ety Teena aod doped In German sete Sean tdely Veo treed consi faftoace onthe plsopers Heer nd Hg, Sigh heer ott era rw. Tat ig we ser vin ue al ns nd oe teasuon efter eth Hana cout 10 tae Hepa, 3. Grr dicowred Vis ad soe Rs pera or plop.« FRANCIS BACON, RENE DESCARTES AND THE NEW ‘SCIENCE The Middle Apes ad wih the Taian Haman here were two options vith ration tthe syle of plomphizing nvoingéilereat opinions ‘hout tbe esnce of knowledge nd tut an abd eestion and espesially the fncion of Inaguage. And yet these options are not the osly nes pou: Around 16001 se ie of ene appeared wih Frans Bacon. ed Reot Descartes, which difered considerably {om the medieval end ‘mani ide This new ieal ao lavolved ilrenteoecepton of truth of language, ad of what mesns to the Homan ache ight of he Contct between pivlocopby and rhetoric and aglst the bokpround of ‘that has beens above wort to give ems consideration othe trig and development of what as cal the new sin “Pun Docn (136-1624) ws hardly cooered with obtaining power cover man by metas ofthe word, Bt rather wih ging contol of tre ‘hough Lacwlege; with ounding the mastery of man over nau At ‘he same tins bewas nll evar of the bepemony of language and al tat haben al ve the centres, He considered hat an unprecedented power had ter asumed Uy gor conclved as te sructare of Ings fai of words and tes, ad ste totally of martes ad fables. Hom Cher, uch a pomee was in Bacon's view rather aeatie, constituting = {Great end danger othe scoal porerof waa over mature Iisa darting [ndalenting power, fom which man should fe ins. "it Non ergann Scinfaram (120) Bacon dieses te Hae or the ‘masons and prejudices wich man harbours. These Heals oocny the Ihuman mind to such an ertet that no tat xn penetrate. Bacon n= ales ial rir Glsions of race, proper to all mankind) sola peur {sons ofthe cave, pele to a2 Invi, ola for Gs of the Irkeplace or pees laeret in laeguge) and finally tls thar (Geers leat tse) Theat three ae expel related tolanege td marvatvesinceelaton, and ae loaly connected wih retrs FRANCEE BACON AND RENE DESCARTES o n§ 42 Bacon considers il sper, which ete result edacton an sontac th eters, th whatever books one happens to have ren, nd tuith three Held igh etzem, He remus that tbe han mia, fa itsconet srctre gut fete ad ortitous. The madi mould by steer one hs more ores scien Herd ot read, nd party conse ‘options which one hs spproprated. Moreover the humana forthe ‘ot pt died nara dsction has detzojed its tre elton to Inf 43 there isa dscnson on he peas nberest in guage. Bacon clans that geople eva community by means of word excsnged at tbemaretpce. The eowd usualy series these word the things thea tshes Lind of etietion of word abd thing Iti om acount of hs idenicaton that words do vileace to the inline, dtrting every thing and lading man nto ile and ruil dscsion and phan). "he last reo dls 48) ae the many narratives tol by helenae tnd philosopher; theo, ploopicl and scene systes taught at “shots, whieh hae made the word int nd of theatre inti poe, ‘The wtld becomes sage fied wih he odes abs. "Acordagto Bacon man mast eadeateu to dgpose of ll these eas, 2s can happen nu moves of progesive iteration. The precepied mind tint be emptied inthe stterpt to reac «vacuum or oecness whee ath ‘neater tot gies, bomeer, jt whats mest by sucha acu, Install dierent from nonetese ef the mind? she ming, conceived os ‘ogo, somehiog oer than he eat fast farts recounted to and stout mun In estan ces it casonar to conse ft haran mind fe Bink tet of paper (Locke) bt ste coset lad not precily ‘he totaly of nscripiona nae by all Kinds f experience? A this does ot _neanthatit ould be imposible fe cues rom a muber of prejudices ‘hiss precaly Bacon's concer, Nevtbels ene cannot na of ie -apos and ts the problem of pede s more complicated thar Bacon “The negative spect ofthis pulwopy ~ freom from pus ~ is sndoubtely Bacon's rors point. There are also stint altsions to ‘etre whch be deisel ejects. The postive spect is more fee. Hete ‘Bacon appeals to induction, which bas evoked endless cussion as & scents method, Thre i a0 completly satisfactory solution. With ‘Aso in any ese ndation Belge tothe Gomtn of tetris the real of paodiom. The ater bas sso era ons ofthe reson why it bas {lense ong tosceptiducton oa siti metbd,et et Deer ate oem eB sna 8 ste esas ton tt heh eat ond REE ene one seit te tay of annie ae ore ae ein. Eaprec n TASESLY Foro nih conn and eps and not wi sce oo tt Tos gs ee et a een ade oem SESE Sai oot naar to Rep ated ay 2 Tea has cs: “Our ean Ul of pemuaoe none Oe noe Pn tote On an of sas howee cal when Soran pean" Torch sce umd tnwl setpoint ot ny ete Saye Su wnt caret ro Te ny in ih SESDENTan Sema thot otng ioe: Onean ten Sees oy tng tf cae be gh ey se Soar ne of tiing hr for owas a ih Steyr win lag.“ veram dale ie ane es. ee pb pry tigate cnet of he cont serch al tn exec oe eal How Be ached Sinton ree pas cc wr en Muted men sibs om en bu eho ot exe om Pee Gena Doses letras Mare 10% se tien et Tu pnd aon tee ts water Scere wn te dean pt ws ned ni i ee doin wae sunt og svcopapy tse aes Men ae say os sen, hey eo nt ak ees im teres The Dow deme el 8 ‘err Shoop awn pp er ETRY Rance nae dara pombe words Dearest Ts ow i lho! ka en ce ite TEES pirat nein ty hc ed Re oe SEEEICGy te etn nt, ne cold bn cla and etn TELE href Paerorebe ints eid erie nt saoma! seas in Eo wit ile te Tor Shomer te et Sc! tLe FETS rcs tom cost We he sinadymenond te Pei otuisdal ie pvous ape Ia Doct ova oe FRANCIE BACON AND RENE DESCARTES 6 smstion iseahers onsdre him a god pp He apie Nnsel al ‘nds of pod books nd langage, became ftir with chs Heatre snd vas eager to cary out all i school eters. He dicovered the wie ‘npaabl poner and benty of loguence andthe shes deh of poetry. He fd a deep appreciation or stor and a rst love fr pot. ‘At the time tine however be tecomes ices subject to doubt cspecily wih rgd tothe phlesophy which was being taght On being ‘fronted with 8 variety of opis which wee fle conicing, be reales that pilosopy provides the means to discus eveyhag Wh the sppearance of tah and thus gun the alton of tore who st est Jere, In otter word, Desartes discovers tat pilsopy supple the ‘vorabulary which eles one to speak itelignty aboot all Kinds of yrobloms, Toe ably too this ges pilrophy 6 certain power and Pret, for which Descartes, awe sll sx as ie reps. Finally be ‘doubt 4 mach that he lst at he stage whore be cess everyting that is oly proba, Onc he ld enough to pense wit i faces, Ie inmeditly ges up hid of iterate Heir aware afi ignorance, a instead of atending cous, 8 was ewstomary, be prefers to wander shout, mesting ll ots of peopl, wing oer cousin aud becoming ‘cust wth Kingdoms and tric, He no longer wants lok for a nowee oe than tht which 10 be ouadia te book of ie Alou Descre by no mete the fst owe tht metaphor and to oppose the ook of iff tat of tadon, be des ge prtular importing to this ‘Descartes spat the wiser of 161.99 fa Germany. The Thiy Yeu" Warhad jut broken ovt and he wat 23 yeas af age For one whole ny be ‘ese na wall eed om somebee in Germany and beast eect He consfers how strange town Jaks orginal towns wee te hamlets ich gradual fecame hip. Ina towneverything ear and sorely, Wh ars howe sie snl one, with set tat are ood, wie fa ‘ome place and arrow in ter, The buldag ar often ecostcted and there eels of ertenins nade. Thing? wos be aie diferent how- tverf tee were bt on engner to plan the constuction of the towe The fonsrscton ef the Love is eniely a mati of chance. Bukngs are "sire ercted eid others y erent peopl, promped by need ant ‘rounstanes, ad adapting already exiting buldings, accordingly Desa tes conse that wth sence we have the ery mre sitantion ~ with the scene la boos, nny ene, where verse options from a varity of p= ple are rather duorely ad fortutoatyaecumulated. Fach ook cone“ FRANCIS HACON AND RENE DESCARTES ts ofa compilation ofl sorts of fragment fom ode Boks. A book ‘Berto wot the work of «sage author isofr as each author always towns fromthe wots of eter author. A book iater quite smi fo incl town and foo tascikoce which i writen down books, ere Dieses compares scence a i. Ti inrsing 10 note dat Wittgenstein employs the sme image for lagange: "Oar lnguae cn be tents an sient isa maz file ret and squares of eld aqd te owes and of houses with adtons for varios periods: and thi su rounded bya lade of ew Doras with tight regular arets ad nif houses” (Papal Ivengaios, § 18). Whtgescin wes the relent city ath sine for ordinary laueae, mile the new, aii {nd planed ey the sil for log mathemats ad th natrl ees ‘esas cottnucs: snc we wee ll cen Before We became EN, We sane hed tot ounces be ped fr along wie by our des and oat lencber. These two wer often a confit and perhaps di not aways Bie ue (he ber advice Ths pis het ar jdpemens cold not possi be as ‘ead nie as they would ve ben if oh tie of ou bith, we ‘nd made fall eof oor undertaodig and had et oursives be ide yi ‘wing tothe fat that our odgments par ecg from dee and are party the rel of what ees have "kes at us", we ae ft with ulode of prouees I we weve eer to ater to eonsuust a rely {Eve see, we should have to make te efor ofee cores of wach ‘eices This cam happen by doubting evertig a lest one in ae Ite The only hing whit we cannot dates the nt of doubting He and thas Desurtes aries athe weown Je pond Th owdr to seach absoltly evan Knomledg we must endeavour to that foresees witout Baling om the founeations which oles base ‘made and witht rnntsning the plcpes which ches have “tae ato {If we wish toll thik for obsles the ist hing we Hae to dois to ‘eid any rash adomeat. We must proceed sys Descartes, js as someone Srthng sone in the dak erty groping bi way. We may only accept Whatever eo wit all coubt and hus shoald not let ours be Frid by the opinions fete but vay lok for a beter one curses Fememtering tat we are aval” guided by crim and example rather ther by sure and sound insight (eo wrth remembering thatthe Imari wots by no-meane poof of the vail or uth of Something. Fnaly we should reset thre moe Ulibood het tat be Found ‘yaa aval ate than bya whol mae. "There areot couse fare aching cosequnoe what Descartes artes, PRANCIS BACON AND RENE DESCARTES 6 ti par eipomsbe for «whole ew fet of knowledge. He Is justly tilled he father of moder scence ed plisopy. Atte sme ine ser new postions wid vat undying presuppositions alo make thi epyes™ sce There are crn conitions of Descartes which are not tally invested by hi ‘What ate these new poston and change? Descartes coocles uh 5 certainty. Truth wha an be posted a esi oi aed on hoa ot ‘dene. Truth sno longer simply what is ween any more than it Something tat exablsed inspec. Te is eens posible fo sen of| Ina resid in soa or poll actly. ‘Wit Desrtes hught bas become someting wich sould be complete siti the pas of a. Man if his iw, simply lord and maser is ‘wn thought; and thought ino Toner He to language and tion. As sme have leedy een Descartes rms tat we are al of ejudies end that ou jadpneats would be much more cer and soond if rom be Une ‘of ear birth we bad bd fl re four understand at cur posal and ‘hd et ores be ped by aoe, Alor everthing we ave ert ‘ora ort of aration from wich we shoud ie oust. the thd caper of Discourse Lemke Deserts easy sates that ran ui snp lod and mtr fis oma thot Here he formats {few provonal moral norms fr hse to enaie ha tlie as hapily St pouuble afer bis dacovery. The tele ran a follows: obey The laws and mors of tit counry and wo Bol seats to he ath which by God's pce, he bs ben eden Te thir ale tts to yall ties {G conget mpl rather us fae to alter my dss rae tha he Word ‘onder, and to some ected to the el that tees thing which i ‘impel within or grup tour thoaghts In thie way Descartes ste "tars hil agaist the treat of llton and despsitto whieh evry Dllsopher isexpred, At th sare ine be cons thar thought isin m0 tray ted tothe trical content in which i executed, and be exlodes Limet from any posophial ales of society. In his conseston ‘ought iter ted fo fngiag, nor to whatever hus aledy been ino to the lnerprting story in which the mort as Become What ‘ti In ie no eng o polite meaning. Final ia Descartes’ pesspeve lnguage fas become « comply etl mediv, an vrent wih aval forma to eommascae [hiner pecsonal esti, Langngs Bas thus Become a ee xpi! sudo loge the sphere fa whic man vel Both Bacon and Desentes are pi epesentatives and founder fa« PANES MACON AND RENE DESCARTES ew el of knowledge and a ew se of pacing since and phos ‘pts, wich wee ofcourse prepared by soy before thm and were also hbonaedandevensodied by eters fer then. Both men were expiily etl to eto, bot in hit espe, they wer ot he frst ~on thnks of Pato for exp ~ and by no meas the Ist Ore can evn sy thatthe ‘holeof ager pilonophy ad expeclly meer sence ae characterized byancpave atid mith reer tortie ‘And yet before, we abd long afr Bacon weote bis Now: Organon, there was in England gute a Cousin retoral aiion. Tass leaty ptaje in W.S Howells bok Lac and Rhein England 100170, [toi mt Bihly epee aoc ony bythe lerymen but even more 40 ‘by thee engaged in pice plonphy, France an the Low Counties tho bad anexenveretoreslHieratate po to, during al Jong afer Desens retin of the “hunatier. Only 4 fare tection hee ‘Onect thea books tobe paid ia France was tate by Gilme Pet on toric (147), Between the years 15D and 1344 there were sx (lions of Pee Fabs Gand e a art depen org. Ott wel Finown wos ar the Rlsterioe icons by rte de a Ramés (159) land Ringo fanaa by Assine Fos (588) Bere Lay abled “aneitesne mor entitles Ratoriga oat pve (1673) wher esas ati ntedation that sets exten) will otoayinsceelsbat in thewbol fife, expecially in comsaece. A oa mention might be made of “Te des te (725) Chas Rolin efoar secon ct wichisdeotet {oreo rl de per by Duara (1730), La rdtorqe ou es les (de tetoornesby Gir (19), a Rtn foie by Creve (1760, is partly cease in the eetrca! erate there ile ‘orto ection othe relation tetvechpileophy and retore: Ta contrast to Iscrate, Cero, Quintana, Auustae andthe Talon Huai, tte more modem authors uy almost no atetion to the pilosophicl impatone oftheir dsipine. A souble exception hee i Perr de la Rams wo raged vehemently apninat the dnaass of the Arisoians bet in gana there ile men of phlosophy ema sii bad been Aimed en the side of thtorc tht piosopy and rhetoric had grown Spartand ad pothng to do wih etch other tori would ten ony bea tater of expesion oe formulation with no reliton to tat. Expesion i {ha coneied ea rely extra fie wl cought intra Thee i ‘eepappelton forthe power of htori and forts wuss aot oly inschoo ut for he whole of one astra ves engaged in come tes but ere arene pilonopical onsqurnes hrc [RANCH BACON AND RUE DESCAREHS o escent the hat reo fe some nee to pio Novnter how comet nd scons he eine! eters may Ee iy te te ti oe Seniesa Gicons te hd ont no plop pe tenons Thi i probably onaedeé with fendemetl lm tht ‘hart form tts nal the donee tral a ‘tra tinkng nd pean, hoe nd expresion, bls soe ot Dhibsophy an sete Both acon and Devas and gio ‘sda ‘et co's posite content sis not 0 ontario his epi entra: perhaps Dare dl ot roel gute 0 te: {ili thee m ivowm Kel emacde, end oto fan ay tat thy have mad pose aw ye of le aaa ew slo toopt ‘Athongh den sacs anette varied and complex fl ith 8 Ios nit tof methods a prs whch have moreover sndorsne vor of todos see 160, kl publ oso 8 few Dat foal hance moaned ‘Moder toupt demands te osifeton of ny thar tht proposed ancof al compos hat ar adhere rs seth for soe on {te ts of which someting can be ait reo ae. event {batts ground yrs from tise to thik, earch ha taken Aiterest recon: rsionalty (eonten),uernaton (Ka) xine, pepion o mediate pecs toons and fo te Wo (Ghenonessog), muaiyo abjety(enpisSen, fron, ce salvaps a mater of ground Oop) bot te inter ba forthe mort Pt le oot Go wih guage rspecc "A sean chrceri of mera rage the rin of tet sce ara pose onus onre te compiely spetune, dangerous snd deine Togs ssne fm peri pte ar tae oppose tno fom etc apunets The aie tops sch cr ing uel to sine epson. A Derieslrywel-iten text wh vain se wih rend wel ts teenager and hardly centile. Thr i= atch or the ad rah te fae face yer tig bit ors nd inlevet fo te ate si. Pwo couse te pond to ery ps la forms and be cos ins defn tty, Tine formes the comttaess An ar wey acosinly Tamed down nd iid. Bat si th of cose, wold Have nosing {odo witht which singly reed. Paap an exon sold be« anc BACON AND RENE DESCARTES smaefor he Romane tates in tought, wich ine are ones ee Condred iat and Zerg der Yer () ao epee ht athens ares to sve he psa CEE olen of poop. Polis witout extort seme ‘eine charac te sat attention pid to Inga. Aon ny tenes tnt partly cost of ext ste sae of art ors an canon tere et teres nthe qoeston vertu Hows texte aks shape, wht xs bppens sorte Sawer eng, what texters three of EE, Ye eh ate ot raed Teele nterstin lenge mich Tein gue mon ofan txt Nitec who tare polos sa vntonr a Bua, aed on ek and Ronan ten, walt nocte ordeal posopilfeestion wit 2 ral ‘Meso clang and sta txts et eri eet ought has patel gre the concealed a ble stotench is chrceti fay plsopi and sete per. te wt renan of he hides prtave cua of whatee it q's af eet pore cr Wh ae Sonn Sua pseu The qt sn raed 2 fo whee host rey dicots and juries roster of poet ~ psons re fat the dfece retaions operate i text MOST ne sa wey seceary forthe et 0 take shape. One met i es Maas Neth end Fee odie tention to Tine set “Wnt ception ofthe lt ee many pisos a nts ely te mow oustunting song fem sll iad one notion fhe Feat arc of piloophy and sine, Ti elton seid in arate rac inteton he itn with te hora sts neal nt prt he tase, bute mare a oes Egon she apport pa exsenee fF Pl aye ote unsitedandeven oak plc. The ace sm Sadon or tat betwen 9 fear who prosains what he hat an ee aut to seas snd neces on iho fuse Geewel cate aly sealife and phosopbieal bo of proedore oe rn have ten mae to cang th featon an 0 AOE & ae ei ede eon, bet most without mach bes: Me™ IRGT Socratic dicsvions among fends re only posible within # 7 PRANCIS BACON AND RINE DESCARTES 6 select aroun. While education has bn extended to more an more people ‘here as been a instese in authoritarian strctre, Whereas Kant, Hegel ff Neue esured to a maxin of twenty stent, te contemporary ‘ilosner fen tates to ten tines a ny This dee notte the fk ‘hat rest esperinest in edvaton are exenelyinporant. They can sso be undetood as reucon tothe authoritarian, ithe Fetori Stroctre of ttonlisiracton. Whee ese epeiments tke eat acount of a numer of dierent aspects of the corfst between ‘lovopy and rhtorremtns n openquertion ‘A soond maifettion ofthe eonsiuroes ofthe retrial strctre in loopy aod sient so be fou in the swarenee of the Empshity End ge te neerty of ing an nvoduton. Any good teacher, of cus, ‘easly urges his students to thik end jade for theses. Homever in ‘ref beable otk ad judge fr oneel, one mie be Borghly Jntodaced into the appropriate vocabulary, method to be foloved, hemes stich have bern handed down aad materi already known. Sch ito- actin ialwaye 2 form of thelocalinedeto, Tis reo an int o- ‘actor cours a book intended aan ntcodeton and an introdustion 0 « ‘book, The eet example ofboth tempo apd yet he et to ‘rte an introdston to philoeophy can be found in Hea peice to ‘Phonmerolgy of Mid Here trex stated tat ts, pocopicaly ‘peaking, pose and improper to write an introductory preae £0 & ‘losopieal work. Such preface i in cot with psopy ih ‘hich doesnot const a number of sertons to be accepted on authority tut whch ise rel and celstine development of thought. Nevertelee Hegel canot omit wating peice, since tbe reader mst have at est manual oa how th meek shoul be ead Hepes pref sone af the most Important teats inthe biter of pop but athe sane tin amine fastcy philosophies and ery retort ‘A thiod manifestation that there fs an awareness that pilosphy end scence ave thet troctore isthe dsasfaction with popuosing and the reaizntion ofthe nest thereat. Popelaring of cous Is eseataly tte same a pubcation. In patton tiscommon distinguish berween Stet sceatse aod popalar work The ater i sully spoten of with ontemp- On no sccount however may we forget haiti ely thanks to Populratioe hate piloony of sence (Coens, sco, myeho- nls ete plas alin seit and enjoys a certain eputation. Inde I that the tet! Knows cules own ited fel is excsely ‘keine fom poplar pt, single latrodotons, and sores from fo» RANCS BACOW AND RENE DESCARTES the rss ein, Tht true of whatever Js known of Pato, Angus, 1 Ragete Apes, Mars, socaogy astonoms, beet es. Even Treat by tae of tet pein app theses to posh ay wee em ote ed eventing of ese pits moter ra ere plosopy. Nevrtelm oe dot ive a cea ht 12 secre periods. Moreover, poplsizing cen file festion roan somnistance, by whieh one is dravn to delve wore deeply toc Without tis ateacton noone wold eer ai intrest in & (earl: bet ths foto of making something apps: tastes typical tral onnpton. Tel a ho pros ete tthe uot cae of isn the impunity and yet the ecesity of an ftroduction ond the ‘eBitbor of population, ae aime teal potems, They re “Geena to qocaone euch ae: what actly consti a txt? What see Mine mately ofthe word? What exacly Beppe whenever sm fBingtnil x ein? What imately lansae? sae sare act out heb pap forthe new sine, by serine the conditions which a eSence mst meetin oder tobe a eal a ir he bs prac ste tion of any fm of beter a jantion i reued, At ibe same te appear thatthe ew aot antl expe from thelr ts not abeays possible 10 ‘Sree al jntication sine he bse isp are sometimes untenable ‘iibcconditonscanntaloay be completly fle. PASCAL AND THE ART OF PERSUASION ‘ess bring an ardent belive and a seave ma, Blase Pasa (1623 162) was fet and foreman important ate, wih te tine for philtonhy in generat and metaphysics in parle. He considered ‘meuphyia pculations ar having no ale ad jc the "God ef the plosopte’. On the contrary be exp and reply confsed it tein the God of Abrakam, Ibsen Too}, ani “inthe Father of {es of Nast, and this God scowing o Pasa, cao Be known in ‘snd though Chi. Even tana epee way the rth aie ite pyrecntion from im, prefrng by fr the mathematical end geomet rethods be wets: “Ths fflibie method i sought by evryour Lopians make prfeion out of eoetdng toward while prometilans ate {be only ones to reach it and ouside ths scence and these who imitate ‘here ate nats desontatons” This des nat mean that here would be to uth of inphtcuside mathenats, Oa the contrary Pel isin tuts et glomrig fom eit’. Theater ia shrewd ad Teuitve epreition of ad insight nto what eoingo= in pope end in the word, mia pop menn and wan, and What needs tote den, while {be force can produ a pitty rebble proof of whatever is serie. Pascal ers that bh seldom tobe Found uted is one manndeed ther is oven an obtat lak of derstanding between then. Mathers- ‘ine make tenses gate ccloos whenever they mae odgmens in thee own way about matters inappeoprne to thi etd, jst ab the erie spit vlews mathemati explanation wit epagance ani be vildermet ‘Theres ext of Pasa ended De epi glamdrqu et dear de per vad the est part eas with theoreti method nd the econ wth ‘heart of pean. Mode reach hs shown that thy ar excl wo separate and independent tents writen about 1643 and oly Iter put topete. Oa intrert ea th soon text, which deals primary ith eeen PAEEAL AND THE ART OF PERSUASION ‘he pometal method which Pcl dens tobe the only method ely atoms tect appeal ecanively tothe undetaning Fuster Sav etd is easy to lum and extacaianly wei although is met excel ated othe eld mathematics. asa give a sumber peso rls concerning defition, om and poo, which mist be tatty bscred forte method tobe realy geometrical and scully con- ‘Wosne We sal nt develop tipo, but thee aren thi ex » amber ‘hate of are importance to or probe, ‘Poca! commences by ming that thre are to entrances (or) vert opiions ean penta the sol, sae, the andrstandng aad The our te natura way that fhe wnerstandg sine one oly apis ie wats proven, The ordinary way bower tat of de wi, or ‘opie unaly acrept nto auch what proven bat watever plese them ‘Etyone downs the svond way mantining tat base, unworthy, ‘Meron entra and yet tithe way ich ual ten ‘Rann shen ade between iin uth ad ath which within cour rach The fore, scoring to the devout bebever Peal, not a- thse inthe rt of perusin, Only God ean peititto penetrate the 08 {pay tba leasing ohn Is eater of grace conferred on an by (Godan teonging tothe eoperntara order. Conering the th which ‘Siti cor ech Psa repeat that tere re two doors through whch ‘Raeter the sou: the undertanding and the wl. There are he sy 7 ‘truth acepabe on the a of derstanding while tere ae covnes {fun wich ene the soul fy the audacious whims ofthe wil Moreover thule a ec sug betwen he understanding andthe wl he oteome Uhh i alvay uncertain To set ths confit and to te able to pss ‘dzment one would have fo poss a through knowles of man's tere sete aich i almost vay aaknown evento oo: in whom the confit taker plac “Guy in eaters can there be alk of wdestanting and whenever the rales eft promt metho re sly obser, nner of argument 'SSavnciag In al ofr felis however mates are conierbly more Shion In ceer to convince somone oti the Bld of mathemati, ‘Soeamun fst ol te acute with he sprite one who Isto Be con" ‘Gs, hint al the niles to wich he adheres, Next one mast know fers that hs years and dees. Lastly one must know te com neton betwee that of whic th lberisto be convinced andthe prailes Te aderesto andthe things eles. “Ihe a of pesoaion isa mater fconviging teeter nan nels PASCAL AND THE ANY OF PERSUATION n ey by nes of donno, igo i dies nd eng hin Then ee eny an ieee forth At an ine {wer thre ih te rma pos spate ‘Sterne: ling ono ans sere sd mage ag {Spr altace laconpubi ere tet ad we He a thee ‘fees for ua peies acra egliy n huan ee Se ht ‘ond ethod of easy coves each wer ae cf epee, ‘owiehe ase sin cmety mops coun Th leone ee ck mor ie, ot ay at ‘Scr oe lsematnatal proach ewe {spe te ule, atbogh te conde tu rpc no hald Tow thom wold wnat mn te favour ong re a a Has ot eon he te ning ea ey iio We ft thas of eam hese Morne ya thi rng om meno man ead om pono oh an in vay fern ocean al ge el eae hee ier ees teveen the fears ees ot man ad won hand por, ‘Eonar sed wht wenor and meow cen dara, youn ad yan, What mo, hos inlean eetemn hve Tr tS thew sad re i mecioned above, Pac cose he blo ge hve re Nowadgn ch proper ta iu mee eps Wh he 2p solony. pcos ud pyeors a fen by means ot inion experiment tbr pose exh mie as tell th epury tobe endl of wht ale te eae ad he ‘eS sae tos et pw hi fe commanor {hatte eee ox omy are fo feral covieg The xa ‘inte toa poop orto nde, Hee th ae conse ad vars: “aol varies wih te nest Inde 5, eel of {elena (obete vb) and see segeiy ad ‘erin (aie amb, Crop rire op cleo, Free tse, ad epsom steer a Be feoedon aswel on err wi wth thcommerstor ote ‘ests st comply, With be ection of Kenseth Bure’ wrk re ‘nhl nen on te dame sed pity don pee structure of philosophical and scientific texts ~ Retraig to Puc simran fe content of the rodentsconc between philosophy and stereo rele that e reserve st Sa nclecat foot tmest excuivey forthe Bel of muthematics ‘Anvbing cepted in plloropy as tue considered by him to belong ‘Doro be drmin of ateation. Tis dots ot mean that philosophy sof oad to Pascal but ely hat pulosopy sould proved mor cars, “ndeerealy bles reteatowthanis sal theese. Athowg Pascal was ‘So scp, be was 0 party serine tan with 9 presetine of ‘evan probleme coftntngseverl 2heetuy think xt SACRED ELOQUENCE ‘The render might well be stoned to some serosa chapter on sad loqunc othe pocamaton ofthe word of God end the eriian mewnge ina philosophic eiy. And yeti the context ofthe problematic covet Setwees strc nd phleophy, the psnomenon of Clin peacing it futmost importance Why thisso? Ta the ist plas sacred eloquence is anew ad psi eae Ii ew ia eumprion with te Grek and Romearhetela, whee heere had fist fall juriial and pony posto sigieace rate nn eligous fone a the ase with preaching, Furthermore sated loge apne Is il To some tet of cori it con be casted under conuttve logue, sine the preacher Hkewite attempts to adie hl Intent opt orto avoid a cetaa acvy Isometines lo edit nsf as the preacher endeavours to sound the praise of God by nating and ‘pling his wondrous dds, Wht eps however that preaching ‘tains tobe the erase of he word of God. After peesion that of ‘ochimig (vie) rath red lmate sation. Preaching tae ae is ‘rm plac not nthe al ofthe cuter inthe open debate th anal ‘sembly but inthe appropriate contest of wep in chur, Ts then sacred elogsenc, ‘Nite should on underertinatetheimportans of preshinginEaropean| ‘tre where it ar bra inuenial inte frmaton of Chistian consou ‘et Sunday after Suaday, the word of God i produ in many parses ltd eben For large sections ofthe poplation the ws the only 0 ‘most inportnt lsrution they recive. It i arglyoming 10 seo ‘inal epeatd instruction that European cle is Chitin, Pesching 18 thas responsible for pubis opinion, the eaety of everey ethical ‘oii plosopiea nd even metaphelSnceptons. Final in the comet of the confit between rhetoric nd philosophy, te pnomenon of preaching is nortan, Bcase of the fat tat plo1. sacaso aLaQuenet pts gerry kel ypon it with ter cote, Toth ee tht qe. ine more and more meuphsial even leas Rad ile sae mcg T tsi for pacha her cles marie ‘nor tema fctoc stein plsony ee empaampier comers sacred loge ther ae seve rors itd sping toe ind In th st lace rom te De nan of agus wal todny many books se een wien a carer ech Ties books on tbe at of eacigeyuetly Sere gus mors on hts, th listo xp elec eee Case, Qian ad min oder shold be soe Bre {Eat eee png ase pert be the seminary tng tee ta Ser, Lites ten ween on he bir f preaching sre se te phony of preaching By fe ase we mewn he ‘ae ad heartless on the eee nd he stats of he “elon inten of peg so et ee cre dao question wat const prentne 2400 he eae nt pec lapen tthe presce andconeeaion Whee Sraiter basemen “Sutuaing autor in conmcton with sch ilove of reaching a soar Main Ler ad Pedish Seroutt, Later ae ere cn nt coniebly mor lence on Geman pion sey ve ena the a sometnes spol eth fDi see and word wh ave end sno is bat te Need aanrraeef be Hoty Spit wo by mc exer ean rans intern ae ce” (H.A 4, 616,32) wortwhle wrest on Ta Marae Te pears worscosideredasanexterzl meio: tet eng he mary othe nod) of yori inward (ie TReg"Sity te mtodncnt Coca) of te dee Wor. Cera een nt be tere te rece’ word a ely be te word Eee nn be etre oped by seit aad ten pra of Gos so fie tt pron avaton Moroes the pect mut POSES) psa oc way another or sumone ye ih a recta? wot iste wor of Got ely asomplibes ome, Gna gD parah tes nove eeu, Bat wot des 1 azo? eet lac peaches pnt ath and thus scifi 1 ine most Pee te of the word, conse father wor the san cada tele bt ater he wos mat i tebe Ove ‘eee cousin with actin pens aad crib een aa ey manly Fair afm concn (a) wish ory exe snenep eLoquence 7 by vite frei ego Witt presng the fh nd ‘nde he word plato thee tela commu. Forno cart eer ann Gand aleve el taow Hin oe trae od of fim rom erento person. Hite wee may ropec a fovea erate taps df owls doe vps ‘Selb Speier ope sone hem Pay prea Weinpspsers bythe ronan ton a whch aw ete Fates Later conse pee vd wang case ‘eran nth peapeae big tr ynonons wh eg ‘ered ie ot amet se oe word. Peneling nt a ‘rzaeto bea pod adhe i, rata ose cara, bt snap ‘nat one ny: Peesng gst ower esl 0b ged Tile a ofr gue ao aoe, Ln cavard Sn ‘hrowph wih someting ovad aed. The peaches word rss ‘ate wtih is coonge tnd Seng, lnpeton sal conten, ‘iy nd wits Paine tn ni i wo so tse acorn to chant wet td roti hs framework when bec fa home. Ie ttn and eos ts totiatte wine ne ealngad gre "Al hs mst ety exe In moderne ‘sword ete pacing (oti tt kee pee ‘ea of mam conscng the mtd In han Gea eaablaiag televingcomanty when pop ca ure och oe te esse of a orig Oot Te on ing lis tne of Grek word poi, eschig va ped logs ander God and tn Ths loge asia of Geter na aloof c= ‘ete hien exes Portlet od pinay a cars sa oA te at as a oii anion ten ach of wee wnt ofiepends nates oi: artes soot at, hp 8 ot, ‘wer and ab Ge es pc tht fens we pen ap ie ‘etic mae win mt pete eo i ie cots (tstenc wit a us ants secon Hea ad epost, ‘bem an aici, vats snd inp Presnell innchantofwaratnen Te conection hh, abr f Laer’ hl edt sind nated ty sing nh ook ath, hog Daerah hat Gods i ng oe. Inter nso et ht po a i whch a pt hop and from whch he eset aon Eh of nny a* wn God, which may be a intel ae, money, nes stoma crete in ehort sting fom which one execs vething, Sch ¢ am ee nek Toe Chrisian exes everyting fom the toe Soa Gasi ait were, pore sept, ie alwaysandeetiay oer than eet, Butertre, is ac Gods for Lather the God who i Sent seo tele in te toe Cod tf pae Gol, And to pet arpa spats eling of his wondrous reds evoKlng 8 one oe erarcaee of mystery ofthe creation, redemption and fue of aa sac ine Hyons ef rete and prolamation God doesnot ely ae anh eva employ he ay forlaton fit crear alt fe meh area of God." This formulation bas eased soe tee tape in Kat Dart but thse ress on miundentand- Bes eters Hatemet tat Go ony est by ve of ith stout om 79 ing Lah rpc ina sbjesivitie or antropcsate mans 8 Seer enrbach, Fr te fh & act a subjective of purely bums ee utes steting vit, Cartan fh isthe rsa of Csisan tio wich te word Got hse. Tes ot ssi Det rear God caso posuiy beth bjt of «purely theres and ime Coeraton It i car The that th “God ofthe pio Ey rete ot only by Pasa butalsoby Later i ePtay ave mewtoned themes appear ia te work of Sehr macneeisen- tei) romantic opposed to the rata of the Elia a evaded the Chistian procamaton ss an eseaal rat of ve emp ith try a the ony sible ae for dsing God or Pane ee reclamation a anfesatin a esa of bri a ae ora deepen and elaboration of hn triton, One of bis die noe ht fie eng, where he makes a much sone SRE fu ater tothe ews fing, Forth te ith ad epeily SPREUaT diane, wl Seleracher reed fai a penal § on ay and non. Iti nan troup peachng that relous Pare tebe evoke. Desi shit of empha othe important Fae jot Scicernacher a Lathe are i agement with read arr opeions comeing he place ofthe word in the believing coe 10 ee Poth ofthe the word of peaching scons of ah re ready been iain, moe theologians apt lost all pie phen ave arate negate aia towards peng, Tesora, it sree dat poe sve preaching, bu ve 0 they do ave eta preaching aimatey of 0 ral ‘rot and dain fort. For eoloey Sue ae is more 4 male of ety an pity o ows We . » senior and catechial nsucton, having tl to Sieuugy ara nce On te eer hand piwots ety ee prescing molyignoing and cen denng Por tem ‘che sa potter n't ot ej ct ett en ston ope oy. 1s tn in acne sone eh se a ory Pes 3 eso of la oy ‘myelin aon tecnico bortnd irte a {yon nl sas oma oho tern Ge ey rd eo str en sate cn “helo ial myrhical-poete saying wih a0 relation Dates). Fam ny esoy tp core Ge fois Arup kiaeg (ge) sa holo Zope) ohh oes pea honing (es wh {seth Gn pee ye Tne soviet pry i hen a no by et of wr Sch el ad ponte ine othe an bt happens oma, oa et, thre ptt msn nob he poet wo make _urhons ta deones py sim fm Pin, esos coo de et Th open ee Fah cia tly. Thine spe Hog“ etapa both wih ‘es wt nw nd snr wih Inne oe 187), Metaphysics bere mean totality of theoreti aad cing {tenets aoa 2 od he Abo) wo eared tng and sent quieren of nd dette fm ee) ya te Pian np lh aap of nd ec fon Ne conkening ad tel pocaraton These Semen cong ‘od areal eet fom a pote ung and Ug sebrton ey fem ire whl» he et oc ete ‘ies wrowpt by Gol on mans tll The Sta sauna es ‘es en neta td pred ot pest Sen pase ch ot a a St Scent yn tan commit eel Se won of ton eps or a ih Be oe tno fel nbs ena on wh ‘Si roe nwt sur: tn rev who fe mand tea pate sen eae + ea naan 8& s4cnuD ELogueNce pene whic preent and to whch al other beings ate present ans ‘ich sou the eae grid (of xpanatin) ently independent of UBenarmtve tol by the beler Thee fave ben utes few aeration of ‘our which are by means merfent; of umet importance bere are fee changs in mening of logos and te medications ofthe see of tat, ste previously Benin - Tn heen of ine something hs evienty append to hols wich is comply paral fo wht took pace la pifsopy withthe advent of ‘tea awe have lead se, nth ters confit wi he opts End wid pots and orator that relapses came about, an evolution ‘Stscined wih sgt into the fundamental ambit ofthe word. The ‘Sibs ctsdenite ctor is que inlrto that metaphysics. Theology Tose pow srt yt yng «ealogy and poison, pe- Tleesaton and elation, tonksiieg and rae I pany 2 ruter Ut beeving athe sense of preing God end creation, Only within this ‘ungy and tlevingprocatuton can Cod appear as God, reveling tel ass eration Theology rat the same time sn endesvour to coni- ooo an eters by wing hem over abd taking ther nto faith in ‘ter words 2 mater apology snd jusieaton Furthermore theolony 8 (Qurson of fin the sone of firm colton wih recto the ei Iberelag and far of exitence Tis conviction presen to once end ‘nn mot be Jostbed in one way ov another, otbervise thee is nt the ‘igh guarntr ofthe truth of ie conviction an one rns te kof rocking whatever oae ples Sach a json and guarantee ‘enue the eosliation fan sotonomoas faim of tath Tra he Tecomes detached from expresion and conceived as an independent onus Yoow ty the tesogan without reoutse tote origi! terance ‘Wht nas ogi cebnted and paed is known and tapi theo bythe becomes a abolteKoowldpe, keowledgeabolie n elf and Komi of th abst, Tis preci such a metapyskal and cele thelogy which dips ‘ages fen cles bythe preacher. Within ths perspective preaching ‘neon be contd a sevous ate, es of no ese importanc fot fewh il since its 0 more than rhetorical procunaten of umber oF (Soaons which ave ars vaié without th and prodamaton. The ‘ocnionnatrlly aries wetter theology has not prepared own Ye ini evelopment, hich has utinatel resulted in he death of God ed in theo lsingal neal or modern men eines metaphysical and sce character, thesogy real esi) scp in Sen mae ct a es nt ae ‘icing ls att port spats tee, Soe of ‘Sites te le ant tote tnctng Monee sinc een ing Cine! bye logan as fast atom, can sir. Fly se the esogen cored of sxe of ‘hepadntscmof wasn eelponion oft howe ey foal cel ia peta os sen oka ao ‘im soo peraten fr iih + pont of tT ow Tags how cin ally tnd no ty, pacing ae incident tation spe. i ters wee tao ct ety Sy est srolog ao neo cae, aa do conta cn Drs cnn conven afte apna -a wey of {tenon sta (esx Gaps) a aon satay nt mack ‘ove tuna eof cing are wich vn con i om and anton omen Hep my rots leg ‘rede miy msg and man rear ont pres Ibe rele [Ponta 3) be sates te “peaccs sek shot shit er nae {iy ew by sty ne thi ty ara ch Soe navy wen nes pen ‘ete oppo pipe prec to Prone of Mind Sed eh tac o epee yea ho Coat hiring Sterna, Accrng fo Hep, pies bore oe ton ot nih tty ig ea een ia hy topo te sch fe smi ne tai? inthe ona for fomet an nen Toe Dent ay, Sein signees a te a eae to eae eee Ske 7) Inte se pce ne aa pupy st evar of Shing eb jag” 10, te Cent ne Ho! soit Schesoncer peas abou the pots «vitor ef sion ad ttn 90 nd tle a ch wtcay sting oo wh lop. Wit motte! ie eo non sk Sonn whl Pp of Rg Regine aon Bs those lt vit cj wilt meen wie of et (ortega enter Sa ih he ve fo td comptes sable tie ed forte wot Deer he yogis of ght snd cnt a er eu dexter prectneton Tate ent sd Hg ae ya ea ln. Ine ewmot al pioropbes, preachers donot do much more than console, fy fd evoke the felng of pity they merely pronounce what i arendy ‘imseon knowedg, presenta flamerok to which ene en cing preci “ervtaton or en ie pve comfort and reasurancewhlesommuniat ng no rely used kaonodge bt merely set f eons. “athoh we have seen the hrs dgment Wich ilwoprs pst on scr eloqonce we might wel ak wheter the piosphe’s work aly Tocietet fom that of the presser. Weareindiagd to cli tht both re Csvently dong the same thing ba ia dflerent ways. The philosophers Spprech more sable, oten more etaled abd perhaps mre consis Tato cases however itis a matter of et, ari of words, presented to the oar ote for bom i sa etn sigaieance ad fection, oct eftiagconcation, scary ras, certainty and crentaton, The thee of piowphy ax conslation sen old oe. Inde it ws lend ‘looney Bost in comoltne plonphie whee be dstngises tbe comelation of pilospay fom tht of poetry. Tis kl thst every pilsopical stent so famework within which oe fel at home and feed ot ear anything stage Te ware for etait andr owrdatins| oral that clied, och a i characteristic of pioophy, endowed ‘vides eiin set, Philosophy fen provides man with anunbe ‘Sotinsexating him fo formulate hs thought and in eran sen (0 ome to pips wih bi extene, Jaspers was not entirely mistaken in ‘Serving plilosophy a2 "Word orientation Although » phiospbical ‘Weae and serio ae certainly particlar Kinds of texts, difeog with feet to sje and coniuton (whieh dilerence soul! not be under fumed), tis does not deny the fat tat tey are bo texts. The wal ‘geste sll alas what doce a tet sigsfy and accomplish in human "An etrenely interesting approac to preaching at est fom the pio optical polt of view tht of Netce who, Ike most German phos: pte came from atypical cerca aieu, He request attacked the boa ‘ub snd barbaric spe of potpber and in§ 247 of Beyond God ond [Bul Gomes von Gut and Bom) be wees "in Gecrenny there his really tee ely on ind of pu and more oes artist pce, samy for the pint In Germany onl the peacer knew what a slab o a word sree to what extent sentence strike, jump, fl ens and runs ot ‘nly the prescer bad consence i sears zed fen enough aba on ‘Schnce for thre te plenty of esons why German ans profi in ‘perch only arly an alot says oo late, The masterpiece of German sueneo wtoquence % fre thei ng, hae of ke pn pee She bbe al he bat Geran ok Compre nh Las Be ‘ot ping my hab omega nt fowin rout henner tin Geren earth Ble Fete Mnemonic i adnscoetin ese degre ith at epg 1 ice) ae pegs een te be ad pecig ro chew to eden athena ‘has ever had"), Furthermore Nietzsche evidently gloriies Christan | done (Ste ppd tyra, ho ene at ion bob tr tbe cevr wes hi pt on eng ask ‘Secrlan mange to een rt tht ontmpt ainst Lows n Sounds Win prt ose omeei ha tre eng {eo dee os tpi or er. Ont Covay hoa {Fopuray pinoy bt emer Lint pres ama Zaina Onn td ages nert concent ee ‘woul ingot to omar ow wat Nes ste tones City, Te topo pit hata coe Ginn peshngs rsnog sexe fom he wor fom ie St Spranns She owl le Chenin th Futon rte pope ar eon Cen meng nt al toed nema frites men omer so oeepy. lh aise, Sakon uty, tc nd ep, ie on or, deo See Ae ame seg ttre) eat nd i, sl onto tl ove ast spore cee tl il ‘Stand edt Note iw Cin phere custo ea eye worl an pony et ee He as pres ‘ot Ks of pchog wc ply ale aa get nd tte poe py imo ye od rena toe eat ad Freight geo ct on nes pay ta ot ‘homers moe repre of is os ks aout tht mati, ton lara toi on pap thet Nts sont fo ian esse Sorat con pig mec Ox nay he es procthg {copa aeapyas tt hes ety 9th Chan presi Ss iat oes ot vo ot ny rch be Sob pea cttcingppslrand neta Aa sll ner ea Nese raoxm KANT AND THE ENLIGHTENMENT This Cotu of Judgment Iman! Kant (172-1808 ines a dsc Monon etre ths mor, he vides te ne rts into the at of peck nd the formate ots (SU) The se of speech is subbed ite rhetoric ed poy Tae Eres cones i ving beastie in one Speech ed ritng, while the later means poetry inthe Broder sense ofthe mor ‘Secrng to Ke the fine atin general sd the rt of psc npr ‘ood bs characte! ty great mearue of feedom. Furermote they ‘Sou be eral art in double weno: they mat not be pastod for [vowel pain nor fr schieving any eet. asta as 2 at retri a tefuncion of entertain on alec. Tn§ Sb there isa dincysion and comparison ofthe asthe ve f the alos ine arts, Poty ays Ket, ranks hs, spe tthe most fe ofa ts bring i ig nfo, being ths east guided by directives and ele aed the most npendet of ater. Ubeating since i aes tar out of comply natal Geterminaon. The werd ofthe poet opens fw perspectives snd reveal oter dameesions, sregtening the mid! by ‘Taking i fe flee, "Potry plays with sion, peodoing i a wih Bu Tiowt desing by for cam that oerapation i ere pay. 18 owt everthing prosede with honey aad sincerity. Gees tobe & erecting play ofthe eet iagiaton, With ead o form the [me proceds in agin withthe lavs of understanding, ving no ‘Some Wo mead and ene the understanding by means of sensible prevention G51.) “Fhngs are ely diferet with trea the at of persuasion. Kant sings betwcen pate elournce ta tbe ot of peru (rs aratra. ‘The farmer sey erected owns efertaining an auience ands ie Trois bet has kite meaning in sul, whe the Inter fs completely iret sine ie not «replay, ut bound to ingenious tcl ues. “The of persuasion s the mor of eseulating mid which endeavours to ENMENT ts achieve its dein. Consequently its ot berating ass postr, Bt ster ‘epriver man ofhifeedom ania ler teat ohisautonony. Prt ‘nove the a's sper Ie not career by Bones snd sce bat ‘yates ofeuoring eters and adalat ks. "The ct persion employ th charm of sont win te hears fan sudince and achieve ft wn design. Wt eth 9 inet i he eel Kann o porate mening of he woe Iss dace which deprives ‘man fis feedom to think, xd ad jog for hime, brroving fom oety only ht which eres its ws purpose, amely convincing ces oa ‘ean point of view: Preity brea of uch design, the at of pesnsion| ‘bro rea att esta ibang at. Moreover ts dagerous end ‘mately wnworthy of haman being ‘Kant cones tha the at of permasion may no even be employed for ‘eco mates, ch in cout oi te pult.For When defn wth vi Tn orth rights of nnd other and encourage tha i coninally given to people ofeach trv knowledge and perform thet ty, the at of persarion ot sey rious. Its ot e00s n0889 becuse it cas be too rely ed to gles ver evil nd js, ror and fsveboods moreover it never above the suspicion of tng » Kind of| onnog and afl eit Te ater egy footnote to § 53 Kant writes “Trmast adi that» best poem bs lays ben sheer dit to me ‘The reading ofthe test scour, however, wheter ef a Roman ortr or of a contemporary patimentaryspaier or of pester, hs aay ‘een minged wit an ualesant feting of sversin ote way People ae ‘manipalted ike » machine by eumnag and aderhanded devi, Deng rows to judges in lnportantmattorewhich would aver have been rade in guietreostion, Fluency and accoracy ef spesch undoutety along tothe ae art, Bat oratory (rz ori) asthe rt of enployng ‘ropes meskes for one's own purpose desres no resect a al, 20 ‘ater how wellness o pod in fact on’ parpose may be. Then apn this rt only louise both in Aber a Rome a tie whea the sae vas hastening tarde its downfall and the re spit of ratiotsm had ‘one, The man who combines car iuight wth s perfect comand of Ttaguag, sound and crete iagnation with areal concern Fr what tray good, is the viens dcnd peur, namely, the rata witht art ‘but very impeive, as Clero wold sy, even tough he if ot alas ‘enala ur ote” ‘One most raze the fll import of Kant’ condemnation of rhetors “oratory Sach gpl philorphieal onteapt or hts of ours rally oppeel to the esteem and presse (Ghayed by the tec retork 'aroatort’ in ancient ines when both {he pct slo speaking well which piipally mean speaking en Mlncagly andthe theoretic tton on the sume Rurshd and were of ‘omidrble infonce. Kent lms that he hayesy ofthe rt of persion Grate when the nce word ws dsatepaing, ths stoic Uy incorrect Such a ear y no means charac of Kant, sng hk fondesaton of tore oppted to uation silane inhi day in hich toric wasesinbigh ese. Tate lant ewes of te Footnote Kant’ positon seems semewhst more anced, pethops he ad econ thoughts om the mate. At the sme ine owee hess pose many pbleme. Kent demas of thee orator ~ ed even Giero dows no ently full hese demands ~ car insight ito things pet command of language, a sound and creative imagination ‘ed filly ue moray, No conizeratn gen othe queton wheter lca tinct sg (lr ot caer ere of Desa) posit ‘without the mediation of langge. Neither dos he ase te questions © Uthat el comand of langngeculd post be. For Kant language i Seemingly 2 neutral meats ad sevibl instrament over which one ea fave complete contol and simply mauipulte to expres ones clear end tint es, This beverly not he ease. On the conteary Ka ys ‘t opins end eonstions (ona rearing the secs eanguage wich fave Hee pane on. Not only dot e provide no eral justeation for fhe ea such opinions Bet he ven attempts que andere to foe ‘hem ypontis readers ‘och 2 eptire judgement pronounced on rhetoric by Kant ~ whom Jesper call thepilospie carat of posh ton. Ment piloropber since Plato vepsrdtetrie nsometing afro, 283 Setocst and lespieat ater eis lent aod ely directed towards ‘mulsaning nd aoguringpoions of power, having no concer fo ruth bot eny forthe semblance of tath es ulmately even enworty af & uae ‘Keats etarks othe arf pereason ae certainly not extraneous tothe rest of is pilosphy, but Bry wel nto the context of hi thot and ‘eclolyconesed with hit view onthe exeace ofthe Enlphenment 10.8 Sevempageesay ented Wes tt Ayfilrang? What Enlighewnen) ast afr thatthe Enlightenment i mats clea rom his eared fclage "Tatelae is he iaity to we ons understanding without the (uidanc of anober, Ths tutap eared whenever it eased not xen & bya ack of reason but by & ak of sation and courage ose one's ‘ets withor the guidance of pote. The mot of he Enighenent is thu to ave courage ose your ove ceo”. Ion ecco of ines td cowardice hat rest many pope oly remain in ttge al thir es, lng after anor has berated them from guidance by ethers and tiny hove eacied the ag of reason. Tht ra why in s0 es fo others toset hemsves ap ther guards. tsso ea) to bein tutelage" For Kast the Enliphteomet i thos» movement of erncptin from the cont betwee tugs aad undanship onthe on ie aod coming tage ad being released from gurdashipon te other side. Tatas ‘roundel into complenentary facts onthe one hazd tees nest nd ‘oword, ack of cova and eaters none who by autre 8 of ge, tou le fo think and spel for imu onthe ater hand there i the fresnse ofthe guia aking ad pening om the ote’ teal. The {rds assitane is summoned, for covenene’ sake, Berane be Is onside essary and inhi way he matlab ttelge. People tnsthor ket staid sod even made tpi, hereby making tno long: pos ‘tlefor tem otha and pen or themselves. ‘Kant give he following example“ T hae @ Book to understand for tne spiral ietoe at my easiace and doctor who rane my tt, then Tne no longer be concemed with auch matters. To lng ted to think provided I can pay. Those whom Ill to help by payment wil ‘scl eevee of the uty busines of iekiog formyl. Te guardians in hei goodness take the gldate of others upon tbensele, seeing 1 ‘hatte majority of prope n facto all women (he fe) conser te ep omaads coming o ag apr fom the fact hat thst edit = also depen Ia Kant vw the oly thing which really equiredin thi emanspation i feo, wich consi im slays and everywhere tng abe to opely sake ue ots ove undrtanding nd to rect or nell. Kant Knows ‘ny too wel that on ep from this inall sorts of ways. Everywere one ete the ey “Don't think, dont reason” The army acs sys “Don't reston bu di" The clergyman in the church says "Dost reason but tee!” The financier sy "Don't reason but py!” Nevers 8 an remain sn’ ak to educate each individual ad humanity a + whale ‘onardsthi freedom, Ir unworthy of bursa Belg o be wihout sch an eocation. Acoring to Kant one casot begin soon enough ith he lndvia'edveston to redom. Even the young child who Bas uct ower of terstanding shouldbe taught to Judge and desi for hms“The vidas education to redo is posible ease man is naturally 2 ‘Homa tag, Educating hutaaty to fedom eof coun considerably ‘Bowe dict, since there i lo the iaoene of tao, the poled ‘sem and social conventions. "Th we tendency ofthis text onthe Ealghenent is utes nthe same way ah there loan evident conestion between What Kant sts Bere “nd ss asertns on sete, Fresdom ithe fandueatltowght gf he Enlightenment with is slogan: vhave te courage to thik for youre”. “Teese deprives maa of tach edo ting nsf p aa guardian {o hnk and spat on tel of others and determining how other should {Bink and wet: The orator nay be the patamentaran othe pola, {he put eatow ce ptt, the lawyer incor, the sett on whose book tne, and te man whos considered competent in given ld and on {hy bn ot this competence execier a vesabe dictator. Bren the ‘Bhsopee racing is philoaphy aot much more then 25 orator. Ia ‘Rants tw any wacker san ‘ra? ie confoutshis pois with autor fn instead of teaching them to think andj for theless ration ‘eiaps “NS vekethinkng modern man wil nderestinat the farceaching sex canes of sch emanciaing though. Nonetsles, the problem of the oui tetwee emncpatinn snd tor, betes the demand thet one {tok or ooeelf andthe ower of te word seas rather mre comple than anc ugg. Are clare ad edston not nataaycharserize by 2 teria sokeace which x fomatve of man? Fee clan seseatly “ppoed to what man by etre, To Boome part fcilzation one st fees do volo (ons o some een, Are since and philosophy, {tua as hey hae a lea weet, not xen steeped ia historic and ‘herby infor la soe? man ever "ord and master labs own Nowe?” and an be ever omc compete freedom overbought nd speech? For Kant language fan fstrment hich man can wea wl comm ‘inte soups aod au wh ft bar nol t do withthe formatin of ‘is thugs aod een ls with rah as unconraling and cosealig. Are the elaton between Isguage thought and truth so simple as Kant com. tient oman a being no stl bs commando is angus or mst be hein insert hms i a Taagage which he msl fas not mde? Is the power of ll that as already teen said inthe pst and oo the many ares cola at gente than Kant soppos? Are Ingsage ad ‘sing marae loge) not onsttatie of man cont existence? ‘cn we ask uric quslons sch asthe, we are nok rp KANT AND THe ERLIOMTENMEN % fd Romala, in eto tothe Ealighteament, sing quit diferent rote, The Rowan cable language an wait, myth 20 author Ty betronony end fasion, unconolahe and inlets as wel asspliisand rhtore tories of plotophy ate til purl by the fact that he etenely seal and ater anal thought of Kent could be flowed by he ‘penlatie mtapyel photons of gure sich as Hegel. There re af Courses nuabe f fro which make his rsasition ltl. German Spevaatine ics was undoubtedly made possible by such fico es {Be relation of Spinora and is ew of totality, a ore ral for maton of Kan teanseadetl vay of ppecepuon or "wassendeatl jetty, the rowing reson that there was 2 twofold dualism pera ie Kans aly the dase of nomenon and peomoon 0d ‘Tibco and practi eon, and Soy the progeivegrifealon obec ad pond, “There however on Aor wich x fen onrooked apd yeti io ut ‘most iportans ames, rhetore The young Fit igh rezrded as oe ofthe son alent haere who made pose the tension from tit and analyte philorphy to peste Melo. Ione ist alive Fite’ ovn mors ia the Brot Elan iv die Wienschfre (Fist Inirodction othe See of Kaci) intention was onthe one han tobe spokesman for Kant, firming sohing other than what Kan ad ‘lone soon the oer band o formate Kean plop independent ‘of Kat inh a wey a fo make tate, ving insight als on- Sequences Acordng to Fie, Kant did nt socoed in mibng wt he ‘nd Yo any asepnbe to it socal. Fiche waned to ake amends er this faluce by 2 clearer exprenson of Kastan thought. This dese for arty was fofientia n the Fema of Fche's own piso, which for tat rte, one of the mort ical ia histor. Hee thet i = Aoubtoly ab» quetion of tata! problem or “ars ben dad na mote general way ne might Wonder Whether te dese to formulate ‘hugh and eas ala and conning 23 pose does tka a rominet and progucive ein the fraation os pilowpbil se. Tithe light of the paemati confit Between pllosophy and Theta, two qorsons can be ised with reer to Kant hil but which area the tine Une of more peal mature: These queslonsconera te rhetoric! lemons ia Kans ova werk nd teil be eons “The metupor of uri proedue bloags 1 the basi ttre of ants tal philosophy, To ase hs on words, Kent lees charges at thePs KANT AND THE ENLIGHTENMENT etre work of eos, metaphysis sence, Metaphase ore ‘Enmore to court forthe al tat wllesut ia equal or ondemnatioo Sunt as Leini a is Theoite~ as the very word bode suggests ~ ‘ngs charges aginst God Boome of th evi ant apparent rationality ibe work and God f umatelyseguted and jie so 10 with ‘Kent setphyies av dle of son condensed whi siese as ‘paths of experience and undersandig swe, Bees the church EaTattomeat the court i te plase pr excellence where sere res FRpreme tis important of eoune to kaow bow acuta and ondesnation i ebaveland who the edt jig but the Betapor ofthe cout hoaldbebore amin "The quston ofthe ile of Kanes werk evokes many more problens is ‘cleioown tat be was not endowed with any reat sie capaci. Ie [Thy css cloqoaoe was not one of song pins. His complex essa Be go preulry beau and certainly not entertaining t ea Kant des of corse ave ison carat il, which ihe sat nor [san Tis is gen engl consiteraton by Heinrich Heine i» some- ‘Tha el Book writen in Pai in 164, ended Zur Geshe der [Rtg and Philsphie Deca (On the History of Rlgon und ‘uieapy ia Germany) Why” Be aks "aid Kast wit bis Krk der rene Feu (Cage of Pare Reason) in such dry a sous spe? ‘octse he ected the athratil form of pilosophers sock a Desa fen Lens ad Wolf he was 1 televe fai hat sins would hse ts “Sgn eqresed nip, endl od chee one. Thos be eripoysa 1390, arct for, coll cng al intinacy withthe es eae. His Fenn wa fo dtingith ime fom the popes philosophers ofthat tine who stove for eeyay diy, and thus he exesed inset! n 2 Sty fle sod buensrte clearly betraying a ceria Dour tue, Perhaps Ket ceed «carefully tflanced language for his care ful blanco tun of thowphts but he was potable fo rest such en (puee. (Dutch texte, p.#.) This semingly someviatseperfsial ‘Rani of Hebe of comierable inportace fo ian that Kans ‘Sumatera cetin defence of fhe plosonker’s postion of power, {Sy nntsning the dination betncen higher and lower clases. Ken's ‘Sarat spe therefore le innoent than one it expect, Mari ‘onder Kant a typi represattve of bourgeois iSesony and een Sham tat hisses amaspetfthe "asst Te Hein opinion, Kens psa syle ad farreschingeonsevencs “Through the laborious ad ripe of his most inortan work Kast ‘RANT AND THE ENLLONTENMEN ot aoe clay, For the extra! form wae ited by snimagantive imi, eine tte superstition tht one ota thier Fone wees ‘ell Heal ter alba, jt as Nitanche, repeatedly taken ‘lence at the poor sl of German posophy, which be accounts for in the following wy. Inthe Sint pace there the constant initatoe and ‘epelon. Tail an attempt nee made oy whit adobe sid ery nv distil tee would be not much tof that unspeakable profes? hl plied by some phloopbers. Finaly many readers only ke 2 ‘lost text seriously when sei, which fin cops in Thing ote haa ting poorly and eintiihy writen. Indeed all his lisa even tds. In the vw of mang people te sg of serious ook ‘rari the fat that it ill toe. A Bet abd atstineee ‘adil coniered to be the sgn ofa soperil work, To be aka ally terol aod fo pas for an inert uot, one shold net form and Jatgon which are rather essere Th problem of the form and se of pilropicl and siete texts is partly fisting Suc texts undoubely have thei own form nd sl, andi pry onthe bass of this that they can be distinguished Thom others, pusy Urry texts Irn easy however oy precy ‘tis prope to philosophical nd sci txts, bu hen this erily ‘oa eaortant tak or trary sess, What lea, that cera es fee reesed ab non-philowphiel sed eonacentte. Thus H. Weintch ema in Literate fr Lever thatthe ancients Fequeally commited Wisdom and scence i the form af a marae recounted bya tech. ‘oder thinking thi orm har entirely nappenred Is oly mation’ in liste whic stow taken ssdouy In plilosophy and scene: For Pato even the term "man of let? had pejorative anne Its also ‘harceite tate sepoashs the sob wth doing ite more ha, teling stor, something pilosopbers out to avid as cha possible ophin,212) ‘While Kant regal hit nots plosopical bu ther a an este robles, we prefer to ty that the ei srctre of tet peocaly 1 etre! probe. Phlsophy alway ed ncessly presents tel as 8 tex whether asa publication of tre sod nomhere ster a philosophy ths texts ioe etulty a twee a tascendent can ine gut ‘ont pulosopy. no philosopher na gore this problemMARX, NIETZSCHE AND FREUD ta July 1972 dhe Hatersinaleatral centre of CesiyLa Salle (Noe mond, orgnied a coloulu ented Nish ody? Iwas tended by Many Preach pilsopers wih a spc interest a Netsche. A lsture ‘tes hen by an author on Nietmeks, the German Pilwopter Kas] Tonith 193), who expend amizement and, in certain ese, dcoht bef hat comensporary French thought salle contemporay German ‘howgh, was focusing soc tention on Nicuscbe. At the ae ne ow ‘hor ends annopence wih tho fet hatin France Nietzsche was {ui Spl onke with Mars and Fread "Nite anno be pt the “tne catcory #3 Fen and Mary, fr whom teres no question of totaly. Freed and Mars have nade vane soveris inhe sete el, but ‘hole neve ening But specs." (FH p.208-20.) ‘Eth clesly conte Nieto with More and Prewd. The fomer i considered pilosopher and even ae a metpbysian, conered with theelimate meaning all tat, whe the ate ae scholars who specialize Instn fll. This opps one thts eammony made, nthe] [moat suey of contemporary peeophy thee geeraly itl or 90 teat pall fo Mace and Fred, whereas Nitoche Is cased and ‘tested wih pilosopersasa mater coure TLwis annoyance withthe fc hat Mare, Nets and Fred ste Tumpe tga seni of a fendamentlmisondestanding of what ‘onlemporary French readers acta sce in Niece and in Marx end Fred. Tes inportnt to considers misundesanding sce itmay provide ‘wot Itodacion oa very specie prblem elated tthe costit ‘eenoen philosophy and etn Te ceva resp Lowith not mistaken i sping at Mars ot 8 “pbonaper. adeed Mara not poser i he rational sense of {Bs word Tn dnorating Him rom Feuerbach he so moves say on phitovphy. He ceases fo dna aly, (ranceadenal) sje, the Dae, NIETZSCHE AND FREUD % retephyil realm. and even the miter, fredom and oatere of man However, be des explicit rest upon phisophy ana phlespers co ‘roel ith toy subjects, tepals, man, etc For Mack such ‘hlosophy i ieolgy In oter wor eh no interton of expan he world but tte ef accountng forthe phenomenon of ‘losophy” Neier can one ty that Freud iso eet wat plesopber, having no ese to constrcta Word view, poste prob ef totality, ae metapiys fen questions nor evento offer ay ulna explanation of plenomen, [Noveteeheexplicly ret op ploy and pilaophrs who do provide a wold vw, a metapbysc or an ultimate explunaton, read tempt to uxt forthe fart of plop Hel, conte plosophy Sraphenomenon thst demands an explanation a ih, For Marc and Freud philosophy ina ext wih avery peu and specie ‘cm an content, This tei then read according to ute Soft metaods in which rhetoric real dseipine basa promieat ie, wheter imp cllyorespistly. More shall be si about hilar “The sae Is ue for News, who Is not sly a philxopher bat rather atten in are of aly vied ways to fre Kiel om plilosophy and stage Hi eatie work i dened to preside ie ‘rng read snd understood in a alin plosepticalcotet The many contraditon ad abundant imagery employed st be seen thi ht [Ninwieke i a longer # pilnoptr but plllogt or “extlops, ‘eating piosopbia texts in aw way with the eyes of one extremly sti te epi tad ie pet fh et pre and cel characte and expecially the Biden power ructres operate erin = ™ “There ar of coor many respects in whch Mars, Newsche and Fred iter. However they do resume each eer ise a all he approach the phasomenon’ philosophy ina new and orignal mancr. They be nto- suced snow metho of reading pilsophy, which bas ben perdved ad farther developed in France. Mar elaborsted upoa by Alas, Freud, seas, and Neteseke by Derida and his ck, The etn which the Heidegsrin spo to phlorphy has also bea inal here cannot tbe contend at prevent. a aay ce he nese of Heeger, peel a8 ‘egads ‘reading’ ned “nterpeeting pilowphy, is much geste tan ‘ometinessupposed. a this chapter wo shall ic the way in which Mar and Freud spproach the pberomenan pilesopy”. The next cep concentrates oa Newste's approach topico art Mare (181-183) conse pilsophy 2 pt of ences rei uiscpy sucha wamiaakaiereaity and tho belongs tothe world Trotich an exist, Coneete realty ofthe world i aceonng to Mart 0 ‘Ganesay uevctred eld wi tree ingerantsuxtural meets the aera pms, he oa and pola! rgaiatin andthe diferent Toute af eslogy Thre ace tno epett deolgy: mates eal i the {Sat f tons sch te ay, school. army hurcheco00m9, ‘he ele thin ideology is lo Luly of thoughts sa Hen, 2 em ‘tconspt and opinions. The totality of ideas ines rein, ei, “Gyinongs Golo, pilonophy and retaphysls, Concept mich 98 te ‘dom, popes, ssbetiiy, god, man, jase ad inne, alee pat of ‘histo. Teslgy pein &pravlaoassuch ts a fet af the class war luis prox wich sited athe safeguarding or chstging of conser. ectgy can ths ave to noon. Tecan sept to maintain, pret wer aogihn he esblabed onder, saepuurdig, cmsolsating and Jatin exiting pone postions. Teclogy can lo endeavor to change ae etiam te cubis oder od wansform power elation in which heron can pei of evolatonty eo} Take fn fance oly anon ne is primariy the world in neh we ve. Alte speaks bere of "onde ve (he ved wo) Th the ncond fstanc ti eoogy ean cern be made conscious, 0s apnea nbencer te rel oss Gxebed or brovet ito guexton oF emcee the tality of inp thoughts and Kes fexpctted. Pils: ‘pty then ethingoter than eology that has been made conscions rainy as an exten thetorial characte Ista a there always 1s untny of defeling snebingaplast real or inapsed opponents ‘Ruma te dfee ae certain ight an dts, materia and span snsions teitoris and power postns, distinctions and oppositons For tic reton philosophy ir often rather plemia a order tobe realy ining an ieology mis be wel cousrcted and appeat lope! snd ‘Sheet with the stcgth and sity to adept to continually chaning ‘Ghutinces, Only thes can an isnogy te ponerfol and convincing ‘Moran tobe able to flaetion san ieoogy It mast be prolsined end propa Rts vital and analyte icipline might wl be of cose. te snc in eining vet insiaht at the apolopeizal character end “Gpcnintion of an iesogy, ite power to convince andthe structure re (Ged fortis Although Marx himself does nt sty meaton this ax, nIETZscuU AND FREUD °s expt, he sponte mos ss tthe itor cater of $loophy ta of a oceeconme ho a ey en De che Hage: Mote be a to el seine i ae ier iy ren oie ef Na cr tn fin te ong ome toca elo Pe something should be done in this area. ore ‘ith Sond Ped (SSE) tng! se samen xen my spss Tanda sic fev ex = d uch oe {Ste Mr» cosa wth lngeps ih sesson a oon, Screvatoa onetucommenctton twitch Sec oe lav emer ht thin asin pesos thin acs were (9, ep. 9) To get et Pet ‘reo cri ve pt ino wht bpp wer ee “Tet wth ech her Pee quston pr exten wt "Rhy tng ees tomsig i Pes lege pa Si nin the wet tight a momberof re 2 fie af daopr sed mons: Comeston ia ctl cet in Freudao en comenaon nah: Sve ene ‘Bo pastobeop low Fr ig ct poston comer ‘lon nae dinppatng. bower tt nowt nee ra 08 Seether tomer Shchale tos th tere someting nd per iets ifomun ote pou Pre ema he “nsrang in de Paychoanalye, "Words wee onal apc apt his day words hive raed much of ee nent magical power. By words oat perton can aks ancte filly Bap or rv i to despa, by words the teacher convey is owed tothe pis, by word the rt cars ‘is adiene with im and teins hi jadpents and decison. Words Provoke afect snd are in general the meas of muta infnce among Se Ths we hl ot pest th wi fwd i poste (G1, Xip 10) “The Parsi anlyt Jacques Lacan i ia no way Jaco ot merely subir i refrmbltng Fred psychotslys in the terminology of| ‘he strstr agus of De Seoste and, what even more sgn, inthe terminology of case retre. In Fenton et champs de a prcle te Lnquge en pychanaya Lean cams that besides a thorough know6 ray nier2seu AND FREUD edge of tags the anlet must acess sty what in the Mile Ihe wereld res rls, "To this realy we ad toi, diet, ‘aie mca seme of the term arin the Topea of Arte erm ad occa thecowm of sexto of angnge.” (Er 258) ‘esnany rrp Preudan peybounalis i form of rete (eis p26) Wish any cose move a itor than an fermenentis re 29 ager of iden retrial sractares than an nteretaton af «hidden ‘Getalng One must be dn hi pit, Pychoaasis i not eto in {Be mse of he art of seating or wriiag wel and eonvasnely, 20 & ‘vm sea formating rae for ext and sound speck, Neve~ these in eto nthe ante of stl cline thst tempts to Jeet ihe contri and ube etre character f whatever oe 88 oF ‘Woe inthe sil of Feng and reading while bing very sos to Thon capers of pech which re persuasive and rrovorae, ‘Meson pvebeauyss i form of etre, then the colt between etonslys and phlosoptiy iran spect ofthe ich wir probe of [Bennie txtnen shetore od pilosphy. The cot between psycho= Sable and philosophy is very serous, ech ofien vehemently reprosching Tir Teetines denoucing the oer There hee certain culminating at in tbe confit etme sop and het “We sal atemp to ly ll this making oe concrete by tuning urate fo win he aay cul doer and what Feud sa aout ‘rea "Fr asia steno win sid with en attentive spate yt un biaed eat. He doesnot nme entr nto dsuson, deny oF afi, fs jodgumes or eve approval, question wheter wht hs Been sid i {ur, nor ven ive an isediat intrpetatio, but steal the whe Ts Sek scomneraton with the snalyt theres but on medium and that i Stiteer in sd Norse dete alt depart fom this ea. He Tarlo by scree ignorance and resent inactviy, having Hise {surest in socaled ‘objective fc othe question of tru nthe sense of pect! tween what aid and no-alereaiy. The anayt adopts this rae epoca in these conversations, but also in everthing Ut te Tens toss an nb, even sophia speck "Th rapt stn ad ease athe eareess that a cert roon Jntatng poe in the cour of pening and wrt By means of the word he spate and writer fee themacer from a mune of anes and faedeaonn inhibitions and obesions, taining eleazation re tany by tettng tenses and their Weed to themasves and oter. any, Er2sew® AND FREUD ” At the same ine, however, the analysts aware tht erin alienation ‘makes it apparene inthe cours of paling nd wing By mens of the ‘ord maa cons hms from hms an othe. Suc a alain s Decay and inet, sine i eonsttive of ll speech ad wring. ithout ti aloatin (tbe original epeson) ao Torm of exresion ot Formulations posible ‘Why thee tal of aienation? Whenever man speak, it seam 2 i be msi peaking nd isl abt speak about msl en his wrk. “Tis howoverie not enti the ase In he Rt pce he lv dubs im. ‘eifandNsenvirnmnent wits words that tasting cone from i. He contin employs the Ingoge of eter, which be hte has not ‘deine sine twas thee bfor he bepsn to epeak. Te make bial rally Intl, be mort evn inset tam extn language, abaoconng his hina tocar there of generality, Ihe ress todos, be soecus to the ‘iioy of abolte party, whereby any jolt son becomes np Heel nth os mei bi ‘Man, howeves must submit hint ot only to lngsage bat othe se arate cing shout him a the werd. He aays woven ito {he web of tore marae oad aboat hm. A concrete exam of hi the ame he hs which he never ave o hia but recived fom another. “Ths nme bin. te fit le, the proper name by which be wrested from mere anon, It ao Bis goad oF bad ame, fae or Blame, ecomipanying him and opening he rveted pace wheres un ean and "us ne Ths web of naratives ls eos the totaly of dies expec ‘ions ition veluejadgument and amewerks which deterie the inaividsal im relation to the tes. Incided nthe Iter ate parent, teacher fay and sey, Man undoubtedly has aera fedom ith ‘enn to thoe narratives bu even thi freedom oly exis by vrtoe of this web, nhene he drives is own ws as, exertions, SEPpin- ‘meu an irown vw on Himself and isenviconment Witoot thi web of ‘arate nothing wold hae real mang frit. ‘What is moe, by speaking and writing man eoestruts for himself an nage of ime a is word Tis nage includes the wet of conveons ‘man ha concerning bss and hit rounding. The set of eonvtons concerns wht maa thnks Bimsl tobe or eather the way he appess 10 mst separate nity witha efit postion athe workd anda dette set of relations to his flow man. It palo concert wih what man ‘onsidr the word and things ob, ote wa reality apps toneie rach ange tht man constant present to hime an footer 10 ‘hom be speaks eating himsl with this image ad ideatiyng thins THourd him by eas oft Sine he derives is eat, independence end ‘modus vive fom this nage, e rather concen wih reserving and ‘ending ft agit rel or imaginary opponeats. He expects the others to iden hin wit hs nage and to recognize his tof convictions, n> ‘ofa she request approval to preseeve his ow deity andi mn Sword Fortis reson sh f what he spss enetilly ect towarss [iseg or rsiaing te ther approval Every word expects am answer, Shite eh siatment lle for a eons. The answer may be afimatve of ‘rcv. Iti rom thi conrmation tat man dees the ootbol ha be eyes, And snc vey neptoninvolis a more fdamental airmation, {he epi canals supply the necessary tabi. Only he wer lene of| the tbe s moral. Al owl torial means are employed to obtain {Misreponte. To conios tinsl and oer of wht ie understands Bi fatto (bth in itl and in elation to oes) be makes eof avery ‘genious and sul pane of reveling and concealing. proving an dis pron. tempting td being tees his game man rie hive ‘loumiog meve and more Hilf and a the same tine becomes fuer aienaed rom hinsel. Ts the arial stution of payhoanastiel conversation, the asa comes and expen retain frm ay Torm of response in orer tose fr exp in motion the comple mechanism of Images and convictions, ‘hntfeations and confemationy, that constantly treatens fo come 0 & alt In normal conversation man usually parties nthe game. More tres in good man contact, tere remain ocasons which event pti uly then the analyst tens and read a the relation that ti 3 ‘yet jst py the ladvicoal nsf who i seaing aod writin. Hei Treo te fect tht tend not ord and master of i own words nd nguage. The Freudian diacoer boils down to the ecngition tt ta snot mane in vr Bouse (G7, XI, p11) There ae al sort [rete forces and obscie powers at work ovesing and determing ll Spseh ta iting. Although thse orcs eran spesch a writing.) Woo comitte o constant challenge to continually resume conversation. ‘Drea and dsc ce certtiny included in these ors: dead of nonbece ronideatty aad chaos, sod dese for being, Wenity and order. Iti ‘Specty fom these free tat all spech and wring recive a eee race any, HETZSCuH AND FREUD » ‘What as ens te bt he ie tr rte of antwatinglsr a olfarcomeston oh a ao trey le fom vl commention Teo to arpa ‘yest and writ, fr no nts bow mech hx ay eo Do Posepal peck nd wing, hy ae Sar eso a someting SAL Now a psopber ight el cp atl is bag fo Fin strstr of hi spech bat he eanot fe ims rom net Simpy telnet the rca peek The Fre goverig sch cat reverbecompisel brow ende cot “The le of tric pgcoanlys een more apart fom what ruse bon ey which in fo te royal ay to te coniciar He employs the cream adsl tat happes thesia» model (erdocriagandundetanng mans unconow se PayOnes of ream, 90) Fes ims at thee arto ements ocled in reaming tnt amg an then Converting theft mani cnet (0 i 510). Toe 0d ‘sre iene portant Acrinconeson ts patents ean tres Peedeenfrese tonsa attain (Xp. 17) ‘ch he els eam-vrk Threw for ingortnt chin fa hs Sream-wors Fn condos which Lacan undertnds mtn Sexo dilconen, which Peo meine cls afore and Lana nde at etn, Ty cnr of repos, WS Son in comeing the reamtought into a mae Ls ieee the secondary reo (or sabato), ber the ream Bees coherent whole in mt the mainton det eit ee meas ‘Ncetain eaterae une pel whenovet one emesis cnc’ dei, Ooe soul bet ind that pcos ever about {heer dam balay soa he Yl? dream. “sit as oe meted Lac ndetstnds condition an ace rent 8 metapr sad meteayn, which ae Boh Seed om casi ‘etre. Honeer best doe not ett Mal thot ures fprechInhi Eekswerehe iosFreb rhtreb es dead fv Run of seo snd ope indy tobe fond in Oualams: “Expand pleomum, hyprstn or wep, sepesio,repetton, opin, hse ae tacts iplenents and mrp cates, ono alr, enyny tedster oan cone Sins where Fad faces bt ed the etettios or denoestate, Maca on bs hough and tat mach af iowa ‘piosophic terminology {served rom the csi storie tain, Tas ao applles 0 the 5 celled wil power. ‘The poblm of sore ana had a prominent positon in Nitche's thought at an ently age Be wat confronted wih rhetoric in thee ways. In tbefistlace ects from apace mula, which, ize 3 lone of te fow ples whee the ar of periion i pet into acti, Sometioes with consderable il an fen wih succes. Evenlater eis ct ‘Shamed, wlke mot orphan, to side wth clergymen or those who ‘rok the goad news. Although his god news is ean dierent ror ft f Chrisinn itil remains sews tat hast be proces. The mews {spot into the mouth ofthe ant-Chret othe prophet Zaeahatra who fakes ea for enjoyment xing Reman tu to he ee ‘While stl youne be read several Gera angus phloopbes, in pr- tinue Gustav Gerber snd pops als Freusch Gruppe, who cined that ll pluophiel probleme ar umatelylnguop-prebiens and tat thought entire eoversed and determined by language. These autor con ‘erlanguageshvinga metphoriclandmetogymiea eto, tte ture by which philosopher low themcresta Deas tempted In Ware ial Lage i ansermorlichn Sin, Nereis tat rath is nothing tie than mobile ony of meupor and metonyny (Werke IM, p. 314) uerzsene AnD Piutosoriy 10 Foaly Newco was eel contented with tetris i teding of Greek and Roman iterate dering i sy of clas phology a the Universes of Boen and Legg When he hse «24 yar od pro- fesor atthe University of Basel beg to teach csi philloy, the problem of retonealmostimmatnely assumed a ceatal positon, Ia IBT2-1073 he etre on the Mistry of reek Retr a 1M on Rhee din 18761876 the History of Gelert. ‘Nice’ cures on act eto wee attended by & anal group ranging foe thre to eleven stadest hiss oe more ote theft Fnportant mater are mos ot ma in rowed lea rooms but ber in smal cles, "The most leat wows Wing the storm, houets which sppecach oa pte gover the woe” (Werke Ip. 1067) Thee etree te extenely interesting inte ght of the probate cone between ‘etd aad plop. We bave realy made use of thin previous canter ‘Nrtshe emphasis thatthe ancient Greks ha dep appeiton for ‘etree that he eat wat ld in ph reper. Foe them toes ‘mart and een the most aime ar. Fartbermore i ws tpl a reek ft, elosaty connected withthe Grek lngusge and witout parle in ‘er aca of Grek ultere. The Gresks were primarily men of words sd flogueno wat “the bet of hs ati people” (Md. Vy 9.7). "Training an individual to exe in helo was theultimate os of Hell sinc cutare” (Mar, V, p38) The at was Signed #0 convince ‘ers by means of Words range an was tended ao ech lto ‘a general recognition or approval. Rbeorie represented tremendous ‘oer and of his he orator was throughly avare, Nletusce wits “ie ‘gute Impose for veto undertaog the Way i wich the whole fan ‘ty was permeated bythe shes annoyance ofthe orators and sts who dane that they wer able to accomplish anything” He continues: “felis ‘nd its power radully centred yom the silo the caer, and then was ‘moat probably bee dow” (Mas Aue, V.. 4) "Niusche so eramines Plt’ bostity towards stoic to was a seats confit with the sphists, ating retore end deen orators (tus Aue, V, p. 29). Nesache ss" “How shuld ose understand Pla’ bate aga toric” and be answer: "He was envious Of thee Infoenee" (Werk lp. 351) Tha estexplnation of Pats host that he was jealous ofthe power sich the orators enquesonally Blt However, oot shouid not understand ths nny to payelopaly, sae Isthemanieation ofthe dese taba one's omn and thr a pct oftheil to exience oth il power. Bata holt to tetris ao 8 ‘manifestation ofthe socalled polos of rath which according to Nitar ‘he i aimately nothing otber than he der or sory ad recognition (Ges. Aug, IV, p 1-14). Ths et 30 much mnt of transient ory or public sppeoal bat rahe of recogiion sd approbation onthe Tart of cv and ranendet forces and asthories which mast ist be bl lato one's phiesphy, The coseqeene of Plato's hostltytowacls ‘het the ri of meta, which en poste through separation of reaiy fom sperch about alt. Another consequence of Plato's ate 1s thas phlsepay generalyadops negative ate towards eho ‘Shce Pts, esa philosophers re convined that piesopby has ile ‘ornothiagto do wih etre ad sich acovitonlsacepedinpilsoph- ‘Nieache sare of the fat that teenie iosepicl tration since Patol cpt aod owe toads tors. Pheplosopher i saspcoos fay form of dra and convistion and coscouly abors ay rhetorel Wslnce: Nonetees Nite =the maser of immense sarin’ a be falls self (Werke, p13) elim that hs piosphia atone fats permented wit and geveed by a hidée,uneoscous and often ‘ute sobre rntor In is view eet, onthe oat bad, an fest and, (the ote had, an expression ofthe wil to power. There shold be no risunderstandiag bee In ateptiag to show tat exing pilcsophy ‘etorel be endoabely intend to womask the prtesons of pilsophy. Ta no way however, det be panto contra noreetarcal allosophy ‘over and ogists exiting piesopy. Even is on pilsopy i aso ‘etodcl and purpostly intended to be ax exelent example of rheioti ‘coring to Netacbe thee ean be no philosophy oer than metrical ‘llsopy, ice he phloopher deere the uth. The phosophe shoud ‘ecopin this however, ad the fot tht he refer fo do so consti ‘rocky the decadence of Sonny, “Why is piovopy permed th Biden and soe eto? The ros geetl ane stat plosophig Isa matter of langue intr pretation, nd formolation, that phlotopty consis exsely of net ‘work of words asd lass, and that language Sch satel eto (tes, au, Vs p29). Concentrating on Nietzsche we shal elaidate his last point rom the viewpoa of htorial fue of sech andthe problem offstpretton, 1a hs Basel Lectres he repestedly dices the retrial fares of spewch, namely meteor syaendoce sod tonya Which he ako defines terasene AND ruuLosorny 19 (ar arg, Vy. 29-200 and 316319), the ight of vais eoctempo- rary sist defatons may be rather problematic bat hi not portant here. Niewsche most understands metaphor as a ellie 200 ‘ange of meaning. In the move specie meaning metaphor dined asa breve sinle, Le asim withthe amison ofa ce ihe. Tok far tpi aan anand Toh ian su. Net comer hat thei sins a transition ia metaphor fom one on to mothe, eg fom he Juma tothe nootuman (Ge fet of he oun), fom te om baa to the human (penn, subet fom tine to space Gear iy estou Syesedche isan expression wheety one aspect ofa thing i allowed to ‘spp tothe whole thing or one partcaartmpresion aroused by thing ‘ppl to the ting ise root instead of house or “hod stead of work fore). Metoeyny sbows mach sinarity to syecloce. Hee there isan change, eg of cate ad eft, or est and cane (oat fated of Inbout the stor astead othe Wert). What is mot important fr Nitze bere it dhat dare i i all dbase figures of pec a ansiton exchange of trasfeenc sis expesed in the vod ‘netphor of “anf Although ts twaston can be dae com ‘owly ara iteray proses, mony happens consi. lt belongs tothe esac ofthe vans that tbe forgotten a soon as possible ead that al ace be wiped ost. The Iter may reat fom egoeat we. A ‘Betaphor Beoses worn inthe same way ar csn that i continually ‘hanging bunds. Tis clitraton however s primal the conequence of ‘nactveforptting ora kind ofrepesing All words, Nite clas, are the esl of och a tawsion. The whol of language sta rem of word considered to be a sts of ropes tnd figures of pee. The distinction between guatie and non-guratve ‘xpresions is untae, There areths ao so-called adeqt oralatins Lngaage i esentaly and structaralymetaporsl or rhetodcl (Mus ‘usp, V, p. 299-50) Its wndersandable the, tht in is ater woek Nietchepraduly sen le aboot torial gars of pec apd more out words suc, “According to Niece, words ae the ssl of « sumer of inate ‘mechanisms which are este fn ertaising the sas of man nd his ‘wold Words are ponte on the bss of the proces of abbreviation, for ‘ing, omision end represion. They re chartered by an eqealiaion| ‘twhat snot equa the stoping af movenea, a nteshange feet tnd cane or sty and pasty, simpli or uiestion of 2nats, and at, by 8 fbaton or imation of reality These ‘tecinias ae ancestry condition of speech aad weg. We employ ‘rordeto fila blak or compeasate a os, "We insert word whenever car Tonornce begin” (2. (il to Power), 482), We make we of words to mntain ouster nd ot word for we singly need told oor own by firming word of permicene an of thngs (W-2 1, $719. nthe fst instance ths means that words signi nothing rn. Tis pple to words uch at“, "wil, "power" but so tall wor from & ilnopbieal ets sje “aie, doer oo", "be doing”, "and {Bat which det, reparted: "et ar nt forget tha this mare eos tnd does nts enything eal” (Werk, Il. 772)-T also measthat ‘ich word exe falehood sod i ths fasienton, ton oe er ‘One shuld be crf ere however. Error and fleaton guest tat theres tue word wich flied bythe word, but his is certaialy not Nites itenton: He atemptepecaly to abolh the disinction ot fnposton between tv and fase There i nothing other than ou atu ‘word which primary the word of words. "Whenever I ook, see words dats of words, but o ot know however he bepisig of th sentence tic sles the pane ofl he bts" (Werke fp. 929) Words produce ‘Tauber ction th totality of which we wally cal the woot rely ‘We contaslypresat thee tions to cases and each ether, hereby ‘etelshing cern comment snd mata! wodestaodng In tempting Sd brite temp by each ote, we aitin each other in pradexicl "This sls connec with the problem of inerpretation, a8 sen by [Nitec for whom pilosopty is othing other than a nterpetation oF etwork of interpeston, The fist messing of interpretation betel formolaon, wansation ot rendering. Soh interpretation Is form of pow. speaking poetical the pilsopher angus knowledge ad in eeling knowedp he speaks pot.” (Phlaseplenbc,p. 194) Its tn ceges wich ele same tine an espe (2M § 850, or aking ‘out what one eft topo in (W72-,§ 586). To interpret ito bring topebe al hat is and happens in a prevoulydesaned scheme of being tsraging thing according to adtenal reverks and mode's Both he Forgting of many axpcs andthe desire not o knew 2 well as spl ‘menting sd inveton are neesary Bae Such interpretations dese to Talp one sts ad formulate things (Wz. A § S16), and hos o obtain a techn poner over th word (2M, § 64) To inept is to make Duman existence posible and to establish muta understanding. [Nistarhe doesnot sonsidrinterpetatin an nepetation of sme tag, ator ealty (objective pave, sine something, fat ot realty, is for him already the result o's interpretation, Thess te 0 fact, oly leereetations(W.z.M, §48)- Interpretations onthe other had, avaye sa interpretation of previous laterpetatoas. Iti "a new iteration on top of aol one which bs become uintelie andissow no more than a Situ" (Wz, § 0), aterpetatin ir text with och eaeblace t 4 plimpsst of even a palypsst (Werke, I p28). A etwork of aer- pretation in ation, a twee, nd man i constantly exci with Us etwork. Words soch a subjet ed object, and word fa and thing, (Goda man, ral gens of this etek; ey ae psig rom 2 tient text wich hs bon handed down ‘Nether, however, ite iatepettion someones ltepreaion. Nitze sche rpetelyconiered the question of ho i llerpeing ot wh i {pesking and weting (IF. 8, § 273) In the context of traditonalpioe ‘opty, where man at sabjectty seat one i lmmedy lined to tnewer! mn! Man wool then be the one who constuced the Betious ‘trl ad linea pilosopbieal pec. Soc a andpoat ads edly to ‘Rbjetvim. Nite, however, not a sects. “Evertig is sb- Jesthe, you ey, but even this an interpretation” (Wr, § 81.) He Clem dio hat ana interpeter oan sujet end gi of oration fsa mere ison. Te interpreter end the interpretation "a mee ton; is dey etions” (WA, 81, Tst asthe doer bbingthe deed “a fson” sali the interpreta sth el of ninteretaton (Werk, 790). To aflem an interpretation behind or separate rom th interpret. ion th st remnant of faithin being or presence ject God. But this fits one apa on inerpetaion, Thus whimatly oe ay nt ask ‘who iterate "One should not ask who iatepets, but ate, does inter- ‘tng a form of Wil to Power have existence?” (W2M, § S55) Tn any case whenever one speaks, oot always employs words whith are ‘ule as Nice nya We away expess our thoughtsin words wich se avalable o us. To expe my entire suspicion we have at any given ‘mona ol tht thooght for wich word are sve, whch an me of lessee that thought” (Werke Ip. 1177) Te word we enploy came {0 us fom ong train, const part of mas pec for as long 2 an be rememtered or pat ofthe network of interpetations about he weld ‘hich arin ralaton Futhenoe the gover or thooghtandconsiou- es oftencoianinga mythology andeveaatielogy. Weeaasevedouvay ‘eth them, for every lterpetation maker uw of previous nterpretaont‘To ietepet to ermulat;it ia way of speaking wher something insid ite never spl msn nos peaking Man spoken Tis formar tin nant be found in Netace. t's borrowed from Jacques Laan who swt "The subj‘ spolan’ more than be speaks” (Eri, p 280). Ia [Nitshe however we find he following: "The septic ys: I don't know what o and have wo dea what should do." To which Nietzsche eles “You ar ht bt hove no doubl, You “are done’ at every moment. -Humanty ba at altines exchanged the active with he passive” Werk I 1 1036) Mans dor’, but he sls spoken. Hei aot subject end ein or cente and master of ks own words: Any alimaton of man a sect reais into eyes of Nicasche sll a metaphysical and even elopeal Tterpetaton inthe Nitchenn sense fx game of constantly tempting sd bees tempted, convincing ees and otbers and being convinced by ster Weesnnot oid th gum; nas itdseable to doso, or We ove all ‘hat we ae to thi game of wil poser The ony thing we can dof to tempt to gin some Fgh into ths gine, but even 5 insight is end ‘ives remains an interpretation andi once apin an eect of temptation, I poopy isan interpretation, i thee then eiteon to decide thera certain interpretation is good or ot etal the sume what one ‘hin or ar here Limite toons apes? Nits’ ve pie ir tat there isan ity f possible interpretations. The word bab once agin ‘bxcome nf’ Insofar as we cannot deny the posit thai ince a fy of terpretaton” (Werk, M,p. 250) Netasche speaks af = ‘Dewitt’ which eal als bis" pespectivisn™ Each interpretation isa cert perspec. Pespectivm i comected with the metonymical trace of every posible interpretation. Each perspective an interpre {ation ony posible onthe basso desta” not to know and an active Forging We humans caa donating other tn trp inthis Wa end esimply hve to acep this, Wats known abostperspectity shoal noe be forgotten however. Nitce's second psa is that perspective ofan interpretation i good or leptimae naar a i at poner. Tae vay of ac aterpetation proportonat tits silt to ere wri in whch t {gpa to live. The plilcoper then mor alioasume the ak of lesier (Werke I, . 676. Trath set be decreed ad this en oly Bappen in Fors ot trenchant speech. Nictzache's in objections east (Pata) ‘metaphysis are re tht ithaforgttenabout pees and has abso- Tudo its ove lnterpretaon. Secondly, thas, ote a werd rom Mats, mer even diferent interpretation ofthe worl instead changing erescue ano Fintosorny ny 1 would appear then that Nistche consider the wl power a8 the las ward, sce I goveras and determines spec Its the most important factor in expinig the fet of philosophy and acts atthe uldmate cfteron efjostfextion ofan treatin. Theres homever a fardanentl problem hers the wl to pone uel sot an nepetaton? sit 0 just Erich Erited pees that x abstracted by Neth The Wl to power is ill nya word. Des Netce thus nt fll bck on atonal ‘Betaphics? The wilt povertecomes the iat explanation intend of [Asotes “nrg, Pats “isthe Ga ofthe Mile Age, he “bs ety of tora tines, Hepes “Gt, Scheling's und Schopenhave’s “Wa This i Heidegger's most impornt objection agaist Netsche, ‘ho he coeds a th la rent netaprisanbesurof i fErmation lth wl to power ss anda peep. Moreover in eiegees view ‘etaphyie races is completion in Nicziche. Perhaps the peoblen is ‘nore compler tha Heeger gests. 1 §2 of sentesso Gut und Bove (Bejond Good and Evi) Nitche als explciy with the wil fo power that rane everthing, gvering realty Ihe a ve (rant He makes a further comment hovever "Tat et ‘it hat this oo wou be enya interpretation and you Wl be eager ‘nough to mae this objtion, Well all the ter (ark Tp. 6). The wl to power would slo be met inerpetation, perpete or word. I this wee caret, “iterpetatin” woud be the lst word. The question ‘which nes ain then what Is atrpretatin"? One shoud be ‘are here, sce arording to Nace every what gun’ (et sieady the binging toptber of someting in a predetermined scheme of thing. The querton ofthe enence of something piosophicl question sd the answer i always a philosophic interpretation. The question of ‘interpretation ean therefore only be posed ina statele mane. fn sy ce lterpetaion not asta ely gor subject that poses ‘tlt Irs ceave nr fest at ssl and is not peesent fo tse. For min lk interpretation i not to clear Any gusto ef inept sey ‘reappors interpol, The qotstion of interpretation no mere ‘esate from inerpetation than he gusto of language nod spesch ‘an be rad ouside languapeand pes ‘Wit these problems In mind coe cou perbaps say with he neces ution tht nterpetaton sa vt witha ene o oson. This event Inthe rhetorical erchange of setnort of convctoas and fabric of words 1s from ti vet thet min dere his conrete een, is View OF ims and on Bis wood iden and expectations, hs questions and asvers thse mstonymial and pipes didosre ofl hat which one Teerrets ead says that it's However, Nite ons betas the tendesy to in that ach iterpetatin is fication and each for tiulaten distortion Laggge for hi i falsehood Perhaps moe po- (ren would te mode fone wld relly take seriously tht there i nthing fe than iferpestion ad that such inerpretion isthe mater of “puting tah nt operation” (Hees). There is no tat oter than thn wich comes to bith in speaking ad wring. All opeec ad wating thos an enconcealiag std coneaing, aot ef someting tht bs aledy pret uneven one Way © aboier afr one instance er ano, tas an eiinal event cyan tings to ace and dsppen. Ths howe ter b wore Heiegesan than Nieoecean, but perhaps Heidepsr bas rete aredepint the evento speaking a wring. xv PHILOSOPHY AND METAPHOR In storie erature fom anguy w the present day one feqeenty| ome across season on metaphor. Retorcevea manifests endescy © Test ite more and more to study of Sure of spceh fa wich tee hor ocupes piped osion. In examining the iterate on metaphor, ‘whichis inde abundant is immediately sing that hee sa consis hls amount of disagreement concering the defstion of metaphor, is ‘ace and fusetion, ts mening and purpose in speech, Fallon di ‘oer ater divergent atiudes of various posoprs wih regard to 3 metaphorical us oflangaae. ‘A clase intion i found ia Aton’ Poetica (XXI, 7) weraponk Rac blpaces Dherponémpopd. The very translation ofthis detton presents many eiiclier and bat provoked much disuion. Rose esa rater fe teashtio: “metaphor owt in ing the ing nae ‘hat belongs to sometiag ee” (145, 6, A ore teal ation ra 2 follows "metaphor isa wastrence of word Ge. tbe meaning of word) to something ele". Ariole tea eds the falling commen: “tistrandeenecan bea transference fom gro pei fom seis to me, fom one spe o sor, o searing to anagy Thx coment ‘tongs not vo mach othe defation of metaphor ba i ready erin lnseaton of irent forms of metaphor. Athough Aristo’ defilion | tobe foun la most sacs on metapter, doesnot mens tht this Aeciion i wimpy endorsed. The oppose i ater the cs. The in ica is that eso vague: ansereace(netpbora) dened tan ference (piphors)- We tal no onriser the numeros disioos on this Quintana deises metaphor at an abbreviated sie (Metaphors ‘revieesimiiudo") Ustuo Orta, VI, 6,4) The inteprettion of {is definition aie presenta few problems. The aliowing dfiton sto be found in anche easic Wook, Tait des ropes by Duara (1730)6 Piiconornty AnD METAPHOR srataphr ea figure of speech by which one taster, 2 spe (i) the proper meting of word aboter meaning which only belongs 9 by vue of comparison i the sind” (Trt 1,4) According fo the Conse Oxford Ditoary of Curent Engh metagor ite apatistin fame ex deseipie tr toa objec fo whch not teal applicable (eg. & glanny eon). In Bis serio Der Unfany des Aitorolen Metapherberife HH. Leb aries at 125 diferent defntion, ost of le en tefl rs () ane ee (2) sn raloy,@) Her cgendeh, ot teal (mgmt). "Nether [shee any apreement concerning te place, fonction, meaning and purpose of melapor. Foe some authors it isa mere embelishest, ‘led Senseo itr ent, eleance or vray. Kayako provide some ‘rieaton sing design to dra ateaton fo cera pos. For many _suthors metphor is a her seesiy and not a mer adton but unsvoi sblsadindpenabe to speech The aide of posters with regan oto vrs fom one of radial rejection to one of excesveglrifeaion with many msanced sks betes. We shal set few of ths, esting ors toa ‘Many authors adopt the poston whereby a ral separation is made Seavees a etphorel, Sguaie and tansfeenil we of lenges, ad sn emt, adequate, eral and now-etphorkal ws. Ssence and pier ‘opty esttalyesclde any metapboral se of langspe. Phosophy can snd mus reach an adegune and exact formulation, Meapbor itil st fnd athe sane tine, dangerous and deceptive emaamt of nonce ‘Speco an inal pon the way from myth to log. The snr hat something meteporcal or merely metaphor signe tat iti aot ‘sete norstcy philosophical thereby implying anaccaationorzereach insofar ait ndetes efseey or diurbace tat haste be reste ‘Otte autor, sac asthe Romans, distinguish becwen a metaphorical ‘x prec lnngnge and an erat Ieral and siento langage. Poetic Inngunge isthe only appropriate langage to formulate what ely on ‘one's ind. The pilosopber must speak "the Inguage ofthe gods (Hem sesh) Such postion i tobe ound ia Novalis or example, who cone Siders poet asthe highs lee of thought snd pots philosophy ab te ‘nly one ute to expe the ruth, For Helder poetry ithe Begining {od the end of any knowledge" A sma posidon i to be found moo Visous contemporary defenders of metaphysis, who mos fete 10 Oe problem of analogy hich Arto conneted wimetaphor PHILONORHY AnD METAPHOR “Then asin there ae those witcha that languages atraly metaphor ‘clad that the dstsctontetnen furtive and son-gurate lnguige 15 meanings, appetng they, perhaps unjosy, to Guintians who wot thi mot vething we sy rte (pone laa oirar Fours) (nt Ora, 1X, 3) The lal hat anguagesnaarly metapor ical and ht the dtntion between figurative ard noiguative expe Sos is maninghs ean be found in Nice (the previous shape) In his Vorctale der Here (108), Jean Paul writes: "Tero ery [ingunge wit ear to spiral hings,adtonny ef faded metaphors” (179), In an essay etled Sprache wed Relon (1889), Ozorg Russe rts: “Metaphor expresion isthe fandametal determination of| human tnguage a8 soc” (p 1). Aetodig to in, each word bas ¢ netaphorie an, abe sy, inaginry component oberg the cone. Ever ia the most sberact words one sl comes across ruinente of m= thology which canaot be eatily lad, eg matter, spit, sabstnce, ore, weigh ce Jean Pol and Renze are speci ineresied in he ‘roblem ofthe erg words. ‘An itcesting postion hat of A. Ben, Die Parone der Meth then in Grane deg (1893), where he sys fat *Langusge i thoroushly metaphoric i emboe the sian! sod piu the export ra reduced analog ofall if, bred onan interaction snd linterna fusion of boy and soul” (p. 24). Base considers language as ‘toreuphly metiphocal.Iis that impose and icortet oppose # ‘tert meaning 1. fgaratve meaning, “or what appears tothe ignorant 8 literal isto the one who ows simpy Sera (4). The entire problem of tetsphor is sen by Bese agaist the Bachground of the opposition ‘ecm soul and ody ge between sete and nalipe we deed eat all authors who distinguish between Tera (Ronsfgwatie) and figurative language employ ths opps, For Blsehoweet, his oppo tion Is problematic On the on band seri alway spituaizng sensi, and corporis always animated corporeal, wie om the tor had, spit nays Fred with mater. This interaction of Bly ad Soal, mater and sprit, Is expessed in lnpoage. Tn the Ath chapter of| Philosophie der Metaphorscien Be expcily dese with neta in pblsophy, ciety opposing hima to Hep! wiht doing se wo hin Tn his view Hepes dialect that of pre thought ands such i shee ‘hon Pare hous simply does ot eis and Hegel x ery the vet of metapborcal usin, Leas ae nothing bt the hypostaizatons of - ‘bmp: or unconcoas metaphorical personiestions. This appli o Spinens PHILOSOPHY Ano METAPHOR 2 setnce, Fikes oo, Hepes absolut, Schoperhaues wil andthe ‘aconcous of yon Hatha, Bie wrtr"We thal never, at eve in UHough, sapere the metaphor deimtion: 1 hstary of metapbor is ot oly «Risto of human error, ut aio and ite simply a itary of ‘bumaniy and of he its of knowledge” (115. For Bite history of silos isthe story of errs. He fs ceary a langue, baths snot is last word, Near th ecnclisin otis wor, be ne: "The tae shove dvoe i man, the tray rete, isa e achive the {piston of mater or ring sir into are and ie nto the den” (9.224) Metaphor as area aneton, ving ri to now meaning. ‘When sathors such ns Renz and Bee claim that all words x rally tnd stimtely only seaphons, there i rk, of cou, thatthe word “metaphor aes ts meaning. It no Tonge ps then to eitingash tetveem expressions soch a2 vale af ten" and “the rer whieh runt throu the vale Wheacrer thi tinction can no longs be me, be ‘ums imposible to reproach certain phsopters with te a ht they te ‘meely metaphors. Nevertbels Bisse door eerauch Hegel wih is fa thi pect Nicuacke tr mich more ral reali the dius oct with sch epronh “The university of metapbor i firmed, each in it own way, by Nite sche, Jean Pt Ranz, Bis, ab 0 cra extent, by Scelig ad ‘many oes such s G. Gerber, OF. Grapps, PM. Miler an F, Math se, who dims the dine between metaphor ad Heal spss ‘nd lim hat all ech orga and ultimately metaphor. With ‘most of them this ads oa certain guage septic, whetedy metaphy- ss Becomes impossible or at kat an extemely peclenstc bois ‘Anober with sla attude towards metaphor Kal Jaspers, who fy 12> means ed into replcem but for whom the metaborklcharacte of ‘ech opens up the space when meeps becomes pont Ts Yonder Walvis (987). Jaspers votes a chapter to language In a parsgraph enti "the univeity afte metaphor be clans that there an oa be arelatve dtintion tetera words with Iter! meting and Words considered ar metaphor. He quotes hth Noche and Getbe with pproval “All words are sounds, they rer other mening and fom the teploning are tropes. Te teal word aot ven i langage” He then comin: words ely havea sale era meaning, when one forgets ‘he iin nig nto this fdamental cari of langage bas tay comequenss wth respect 10 aterpretation, communsation and the “Sign-charae of langage Words are ever pel noel ips Bu open pan ite eld of meanings 08 the ba of Being eqivosst. Langage it tte eiam n wh hiosophy develops and thoughts toad to language Since thi mdiom ir undoubesy defective, taht ha ts tations. Ox the eter han, precely because Words are metaphor and old open an entre fed of referers, ths medium hss owe wealth Jase, tte, Sonsiers linguist sea very ul Reset can fre fam ay frre which ae the consequence of language, by lneting empty words ‘bins and the domination of ernoogy. Ica ko feu ra he euncran lansuageaopestn in whith the reference character of| Words as een fv. Lingsiic analysis has stations, however, Since Tanguage Ise oalymetiom in which pilosonizng ties paws Lnguapeeetaaly metaphoric Tn te ligt ofall his Jpers doesnot conser metas to be ln posi. The universality ef metpor dees ot lead him to language epic, On the contrary i precy the metaphor character of Tanguase tat makes mtapyses pow. This position ft at ently ‘Stsfctry ce wth Jager language, foetion, and speech remain far to ena to philosophy, In certain seme langage atte be fomes indent, thereby eating te coat hetveeashetoricand philosophy. ‘With Hog! the stuaion i more comple. He positon With rept to rcepoe tin many septs very cia, altowgh no lvays So lear and contains a namter of ambigues. We all conser this postion jn del since thi can als be an ceason to shed some light oo other ‘Specs ofthe problem Hepa fequatly employs the contrast Between repeseattive thinking (Werte) and consent (Beri) One of the ores where tis contrat ‘operates in the enon between rein and powopy. Relipon is tenth on the vel of epresetatin hnking, wheres pinoy tah ot thetevel of coset, Religion an philosophy speak vo detent anges sis sated in the peace othe sod edition of opine der phil {phichon Wisensehfen language th oso tat of epee “howrdt and he langage of phemerl men otha ofthe conse cone Hegel doesnot conier rion an llsopy a simply oppose teach they, for thi contet the sms invofar ax Bt the ngage ofthe Bods nd that of en del wil the absolute. Philosophy however, cme resin, bringing te representative tought of eligi tothe lel of on= ‘opts Acoing to Hep tthe task of philosophy to replace epeentatie "hovabe with eoteepts (Exe, § 3) or change epresatative thought to thought se, 9,Tn§ 3 ofthe Bnayloie Hes cans tht eepresentatve hoot isthe ‘idring any espresso ultimately enc In peaking about eral ‘ign expeeion end metaphorical (Le. derived) expesons, it soon ‘ecomes evident tha there mo eritrion to be ound to desde wheter a texpeson i orignal or derive, Wh sould speaking about God sa fslute Spit ors th Absa’ be ore eral than speaking sbout God ‘no loos upon man with sak! One ea ofcourse that he seeond xpeson only itagey and mst not beaker erally ince Gos eannot “Ele” oe ook fn the ral ese ofthe word, The expreson has tote ‘canted ang the traation Noall then bes araive about Go's el ‘srene, Bit sth talon not jt ax metaphorical? To pt it oe Foret, the expeson tat God sprit o‘lmighty’, "emnipresea’, {te at jt ar much mere imagery? Why then shold the expesion tat “Godis a ceator be taken more Ira thn the expression tat he's 2| child in a manger’? Moreover, can one separate “Ga fom ech aboot tim? Feng the anever fo tere qostons i bat the proble socated sith God alway problem finger Bot does thi nots jst well to speaking aboot mn ands world? I I ot also metaphor 0 ay ‘thatman is lepenat absence’ anda“ebjt nd tha he Wold el of extnce in which man develope ht onsets exten ‘Tere teem tobe # number of problems ivolved in a philosophy of smeaphor. Hedeger eppeecited several of thee dues and begun to sree with the problem of eigen (tera operand wnegetiche (four), Canng rom = bemenesticleton he ood for he proper ening ofthe totality of arate resoented by thinkers nd pots: Beblnd swhsteverman based eta proper meaning Which anon) be exposed by Thea of ab iatrpetaion, It isnt entry wrong to say st Blemans Enimytholgiserang ose iyprtion in he eatly Heidpeet- On the basis ‘this conronation wih postr Heieggr tr abandons is bemeneatia poston As a piosphr oa cxn adopt various vews with regard otheny PuLLOsOrHY AND METAPHOR prets. One can simply oveook thst words as if post docs sot ext, ‘Hereby excading onc of couse om a very lrg tea of bat ek ‘eine nd expesion. Moreover one then compel Insensitive toe setork of memings estab by the poet Ii argly owing to the ord of pct tat ith nth Gods ad in the el of an the totaly oF «thi an pote! norms, an the stem of human udgeontsan vales ave cone into being and he brea handed down fu Aso hosopbet ‘onecanattempttoetpress more dct wat pots hve suid ia pots ot etapa way. This second atude with rpard tothe pots eile & streton of poetry as such. Tt ipls an enormous prenonsesron the ‘at ofthe phlosopher that he soul pve beter egesion to wht has ‘eon si hy the most elogent of pales In shor ove clang that Sophocles dd ot write aswell es Pato. The only serous ate to te doped with ead to poet, sys Heiden, fo et portey rally come Intots own whic imps tbe recopution that the spss fhe pt end of {he thinker are to particular characteris and cra! poses of Jhuman speech which ae not eacibe a ach ote, Dialogue berncen poet ‘sd hiker my well be posible but hs snot a mater he paosopber| ‘uanlting and interpreting whatever the poet basi On the contrary, ‘samt ofttening snd slowing ens 0 be epoke of eting eal ‘hin and speak, and of orowiag'a word or phate. Inte epilogue to War lst Meapysik? Heideger weiter: "A good dels known aoe the fl ins beeen philosophy and port. We know noting howeter about he ‘alone beeen the oct ad the thinker, whoa living as neipbours 00 ‘iret notion” ‘This not al however. non tht Heide i feqently ecuset of tog metaporeal language Sich a reproac comes expecially from those who make a rail sepataon tetmeen metphorcl and toe ‘metaphoric sptch an who dei to exclude al etapa spec fom Dlosopy and since. To reproach Hetegpr tonsa fact a ht is thought is at scenic and at str plwepical, In response {his repose Heidegger makes an important remavk on metabo. "The idea oftanserence and of metaphor depends upon «tition peas ‘even a separation betwen the eile tnd none o winpendent ‘hres. This distinction whichis made tetween the seule aa om senile, the pyc nd the now phyla fundamental ent of what ‘eal metaphysis an ha the retest nduence on Wester psoroph. ‘With the insight that ths disinton remns nadeqat, metapiyis ene ‘toposton asthe lading way o inking, With te iht int the tation -ivosorny AND WETARHOR ns Arosa ot metptyse, eng mctaporecones robin SS Tu Ken tuctstefancrrt wis wish we wally psa Srna Forth en espns a mah ep Scwie mepeag th wer ofthe ees fest as npr Semeur oy ets wate he etapa” (Dr Sat om Gry BE) Om sels yf or nt The eet Sex it th saphna” Acorn to Teer hee an Saree rerioutip tenes, netngr ta elappes. The te Of {Scoop manpr peopprr& coepon ef langage wich i hurr of mesphsed nob Speaing sot etna and Seneapbore sone where cue wit ant o= Heeart ineady to ewan metapyace, Als ends ts of Netse mo rot tat we shal pve et i of he acapysea) Go ong we tte otetne codon iam Ivison mater tone scape on piloepy and mtr, foroch ort be ai Byway otto re shoul ie fr Sulteouy ew parca Wis prey rab the anosot of dgreme! among piilwopis nt ny sain ts tno netapor bt score ‘Emmy te pation one aps wih ef th ple ad fein of ‘scoping sch a teh what as asad above Samy one erin of etapa ome tal by ihe atl iopontblty ef esprenig oe equ and by te Seniy of eating move oe epeniely abut anand his Sou Morera incponal pect ot ey pomp 5 of ran nd commana soon ny spe oye eae neerwene ih matic meting sleagtonmctae ne ‘mech inacetan ay Caper “arta ovens thrend omnes sma an npr pet contr tee het od POS {y, Thre who dey an) sonal component of plnopte Spe Sita ret meta a thepouty ef nomsseuporl lowly Ths Hower, who eng at sy psopeal specks Fermeted win toe sone il cl that one c= ze aed ‘Sapor anger Fartamers host ink hyena eapoe Goin face a, eten vowing prope aig independent a th ‘pen og thts ngage: Thy sonar engage atl ne Soesalnotreaagtapopy ea conttcteatsPsepbes ‘who con pip psp of guge— both obec md16 PHILOSOPHY AxD MErARHOR subjective patie ~ are conve that something cx oly be inetd by Tsngsage slow. Tt nown tat metaphor ban Bad prominent ile in thovght, perhaps many problems of tinal mete are the product of “peaphoral lion’ (Wigan). Metopor, however, bes bo ‘Etrmined thought on the metaphor. The word metaphor i aveady 9 ‘metaphor Of partsarimperoce re traces ofthe mespie of the nated (eal) trth and of eli (cecoation), whic canbe oon ia thovet on ‘metaphor. Th dim tht metaphysics ha een he vim ofa etre ‘te of language is even moe applabie to a piosopy of ator, The ‘xpresion itn satherunfrtuat, however, ince eared susp the poly of philosophy of metaphor whch would not perm ea to beg by metaphor. Is precely tis suggestion whi revoked bye metaphor of the ned tath Ii for that mater aot relly $0 . ‘Oly in thei nt, a coer say of pc and wig app tht tis tne bet stop ht hat enpcal Hen and ‘Strole olowian or cil grep of rp Ons lowan wens ‘iter repens nondemoasbe oe. One's flown ft Thu pret tent oth cae spea ad there fo an uiee: Moremet te adjoint tothe sence eer reaches the “agence one ral ape theo frat emacs nue ont Salk Thr ecm fobs ete force smo in speech ad wing. tan Seng stl suence ond ears. The cbaenge to ein 0 ea Spon tocome om afer The ie ea aps os abet be sector nent en tanto sae est fre work ner ad wing inthe fae of wich we cpt tay cures cy costing info quia Sl el hrs pt a tt ny oh rec a ring are ay sone ope ene me mut tend ann TEIN Wadcthawrr etar'ofo quem our eserton ad who ‘Eilat ve osive rutcenre sch and weg ae lays of ber ee craser in ere oe te respose (nthe ese ofa recat So he "be A pose ht ea ae ened ‘Den ths etal and spon. sae ierteaa much eeatane tthe csv ‘op of Kalla ‘Dr rene ihe Ta) and fo the net‘ ofthe Man ‘Dat “list. Sens ts tas bs nny brn ele Loo "Resson Tra Arson har ame Roe ees TRESSRe pre spenh bated ada igen ttt sfc etarsal nec ands for appro. Tht rea eee ieee beter it en sal win alent Syiate “Hhlras story which ny agate fre ue A Toad edi hints tat of soe areal wove to acter he oun ots ehh ne He pe a RORADG Siar howe sh mst uy Wi ee wh he a16 ‘Wo 1s ACTUALLY SPEAKING? a by telling ase story chery night, Through her fsinatng speech and BIBLIOGRAPHY. tose command of languoge ar Bene den he seein conta fly postponing dsth end ering hc enjoyment, fst scene an alone ‘ae certily cred towards postponing deh 0 perbaps all eu speech ‘and wring Is alo to avold death, th pest mister andthe ote par ex ‘lec Are we nt al condemned to death juste Seeheraade?Perapst isthe dark secret death and 20 oe Kos whats meant by tis word = Which governs our speech and writing from outside and chadenges and makes it pose from within. "The eset! veltive Between death and language Suen spears bat not yet thought.” (Unterncg ar Spach, em “Avrmussim, L, “Freud et Lacan" in Le moweile Critique. 161-162 (1964/65), ra re nce an pete ti whee eee ll man EEE mmo ne EE ce yt te ae a vet achteng Sr Meurer Philo” a ‘nica Cee Te a Pe ah! vO cr 2 gta Sa ites ate em ‘Gaara F Za nance de Fi. La fortiori em sericea eae their tn Greco-Roman Edwaton. New York, 1957. a eat mettn ach a galt a CHER penan u ttrenve Se ee nt he ns, Pe Bras D. Fat indag athe {ature dans texte Pista” re ariel, Mini Pat TE 20 IO. nn ee a Marske st Cl O18 N87 Paine ietioanarny De Sven B, “Piao Anion mst pli Rito in ‘ge nits i Hera Sagem Carson ‘Bee er ates ogra Maser Ps 196 ues Ky Mech Whe er at rei eee ir Yormadne Gesen, De Sch 9 Donon Ek, Pw Gort Ree Tent wit dn end Commenter. ‘Gane nr. Dexotat Dol Ge), Pipher on Re radon nd Erie ‘tet itn eon Conan ae os nasa Ours a ate pe me ‘Dunne, J, Ce groan 1, Riverine générale, Larouse, Part, 1970. Bar. ener Entrant Doon Mat Ths, 1986 ea, Uz a aatr ute Beat, Miao, He (enc etn: 2a Stace it edn & rece sare fe Pree sna: aang be Somt ak, M, Bat, W. Bivariate Retr wn ie Gee Wiens ‘ibe Bechpaducaty barman, 9 gm ihn Rk, Ded Rit See The en Ls ower dedi odio eG. Geet), Fain, are Me Lt ott ke ces. Une arr de cence hin. Paved dacs Galata, Pi ‘ron tomnacr,B, RlstoceKonmanaton Queen. Meter, 1S ot ed geet oN Pa 8 {Guowin, GR, Hemenek d Teseph Kener. Ten i110 CR Mote Tonge, 9 onan, H, hor Buyers SchlbochVera, Misc 1973. ‘Gens iy err os Php Laren Vas W ih Meco, 1974 ‘Gennes iy Splatt Reto Dar Bd eal deb heey tem oar Pope ey VD ei Beri, 9 (hoi smchanialrepeo; Wa- oct Das 199). Conds Nese und se Rhos Neer, Tage, 970. Gs By Mock der ier Oemach der ratinln Ske, Zar Reta det ‘Reich Muon aur, Ks 1970 ttn Mavcamat Za ee der Veta vo Whee Tel Tvea voor. Poe, 6 Salen © Lain, A Pano, ‘isi vaa,G. Yeo) Romeh Hanbun. 7 suntsoonarny 19 ‘Ontnanc, Ws Hamil ond Rt Zar Frage aches Vern ‘any, Mobo, Gate, 3. Hany. Clann Wn: Fae Meier, Harbor 362. ‘Phin de Gees Fx Mote amu. 152 Mr bspcen one (30), el Mr, Ha ‘ara 85 = ican lr Ahi 1. Thre, Werawgte, Sam, Fat 2 Veen lr Pipe er Rae. (nt Bt) Fel Mer, names ‘ie Prin der Gece, ex Meet, Hanture.188. ‘Mtocoen, Mette rs Deng (Ve eee Aa), ‘Renermane, Pir M9 1 Bigtinay e Mevpp, Nemee, Taos, 188 Ty Winery! Kasra rasa BL 188, wre and iti Nose lig 195% Ty rotvere Risener 95? A Three Space Nese Plligen, 193. Eadie Nek, logs 95. er Sis wom Grane ese, Piles, Hie Hs Zur Gece de Regio sd Pipi ty Desa Rec Sa dbl nus A Uechugon or Terie Rho bel Pato an rele, "Vang | Rope ota 17% net A nae MCaphre Klas, 197, otic WS. Love ont Rice snd 150070), Now ee, bse = Ends Cemy rh Lind Rte Pion Now Kee, 197. ioe Rynnd Ft Micra Serf Bator ont Ret Coal ary Pre Hc, New Yor, 5, seine, 9, Rca en ee" in Teor Flo. 3 097 ps8 son, We, Pie, Die Formane de grin Monsen, W. de Ort, ‘ria Now Yor, 9 “stn, Le Pent Ben Dio andthe ert of Dios, Cais Uv Ske Msc, Bafa a ests ies Paps, Bein Bi vende Ware Ber, Manche, 190. Fn ed stnpaary Pres of tri: See Ress Waser nto ee Vouk Bron Sen Franco ooten, 17 iyi Riner CF NUR. ‘en 1, Me, abr 195. Ie Te tl haan eee. nto, Now Sry 19,ve metiognaPay Iie tr he on Birt 60 49,3) it, ete ay RN wire. Be cs aie i, Paeenieeeel ie nae an heute, Yan Gru se, 17 ‘et heriariomaape ae Fa NSmatcsan Seige Bp he pre ‘Coenen Konan Srna Rn sa xen 1 Pts es pe so Be ai ate Wy "Riri In Poe Ree dace Arar “oui Sat ay tn uta ipo Thar Se Srntn of Sote ton. The Une ot ‘Gia he Lc Fr eeu Par TESS Bk wee Crue. 1 Lae Grd der Pc vac Hck ether Ee Gene de Lite ‘sy 8M Hoey nn, Libel bs es ae Sn Te rac of Roan ee rao Pep ey A Hei hee 1a Gt te nce 8 gs fe entene aaaea Lakin Bren Mecphbri KSo 7 Tem ce cc a tc tit ‘Sah eta ps ties Gata rancor, Sin ene nent “tele oat © Wer Hoc tes et co sont SP 16: se air oii og Be tcarsPoe be Mano eke Rr Ta nd tod CH Bc, Manche, 1974, Mat iit sac Counted Racin Coma o TIT mrt aso ince Ere poap oe fe tna cap cel pene) eek scan i Kenneth use an th New Rte" Quarto ef nee CORitart omele Woks (aro Ae) and 7 Geshe der chien Berets" in Grommet Werke, (Mion ‘ae bad ep, Ant i pis Lien” a Grama Woke, oon “heh nd Vn ASB. Rint 32 wit rome Wik, aro te Bud ‘Woke tet inde. EX. Sects. Hater, Miner, 1956, = hit ine h e, CEE ce ata ar De Ste e Ps Corso Wes De scan der tice Caps es Sige Sait Wise mice lect tee Papa ramon te lms Foe nea Baoan SS TT Ne, tt enn tt cme ma er gs na a le, gt hw i aa as tw nee ttre M2 (9% sr esr Revoe Xl sil. 196 NE. 908 Rasonoun, Eades pristine Kinckstec, Pas, 1970. ESSE Ry ane tren ee nn, 1. *Vorchle er etek” i Stee Woe, Bd. Bt 86 Lay rae cee a es at th 1 a eo Dre fn Rts sey ot anise Ce er rt Pp a ey Ce agar nsw! hannah sr A i ent eae coe” ne Sets ero hana 1 spent gen tte ce et aa aya dar nce Sanchar re ‘Bite tater cepa heen, st. re a Sinem "hess Wins,1 aimuioonarny Suse, Qeraugzeten von), Rita, Sober caret wn Tein Rare Ot, Had, 1 rome CHP, Het erp metaphor on alan wtgri ono, "Kran 1, Tors Py The ire Pac Later sie Pr, 1965 {at Tee Bc Oo ‘ites lig atic ace Ate: Wont eat our ey be Rite hr Gch nd Rimer in stem Oberieh “lng Be, 172 WER Hh eta Lew, a nd itor 2 Lith ‘wmsmme Sy Fw pate el Nadrone Reaioone (Eel fare “el ot Her, Hoh penn Vou! Sse onde eheond tend hor bende ere Van Goren, Ase 98 \woronerny Ppl Ieigoons Macks fr, 9,