Review of Related Literature and Studies

DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION
Division of Surigao del Sur

Carmen National Surigao del Sur
Senior High School Department
Carmen Surigao del Sur
________________________________________________________
CHAPTER II
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES
Related literature
The 4Ps program started last 2008 under the previous administration
and continued in massive scale in Aquino Administration; This CCT entails
several provision which still unfamiliar to both school administrators and
teachers alike. Presently the government spending staggering amount of
money per year,44 billion by 2013 and 62 billion in 2014 to sustain the
program; which eventually added to fiscal national debt. In order to implement
the program Philippine Government has granted the amount of $800 million
from World Bank and Asian Development Bank; therefore we can conclude
that the funding of the program came from loan and eventually paid by tax
payers.
One of the targets of the CCT program is to decrease the drop-out rate
among the poorest high school it only mean that teachers must be aware on
the program. The first thing we have to understand is the monetary
subsidence of the program; 4Ps recipient is receiving the amount of 300
pesos for educational assistance per qualified household and additional 500
pesos for health and nutrition per household monthly. Subsequently, 4Ps
recipient is required to participate in community-school related program such
as clean drive, brigade eskwela and family day session. Furthermore,
students or pupils under 4Ps program must attend and complete the 85% of
monthly attendance. Conversely, they should have an average grade of
75.4ps recipient must coordinate and cooperate to any school related
activities since there is educational assistance given to them. In addition 4ps
recipient who is no longer in school should be removed from the program.
Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino Program (4Ps) as a conditional cash
transfer (CCT) program that transfers cash to beneficiary families if they
follow its conditionalities. Just like other CCT programs, the Pantawid
Pamilyang Pilipino Program aims in reducing and alleviating existing poverty
by supplementing the income of the poor to address their current
consumption poverty, especially in the education and health of their family
members while making them follow certain conditionalities that can boost their
human development investment and ensure its compliance so that they can
have more opportunities in breaking the intergenerational cycle of poverty in
the long run (Fernandez and Olfindo 2011). The Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino
Program is also called Conditional Cash Transfers (CCT) as Philippine

Government version. According to Brul (2009) this program helps the
penniless people and most of them are living in squatter area and family who
can’t provide their basic needs.
Cited by Department of Social Welfare and Development (2010),
Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino Program is a poverty reduction strategy that
provides to extremely poor households to help improve their health, nutrition
and education of children aged 0-14. The 4Ps is patterned after the
successful Conditional Cash Transfer (CCT) Programs in Latin America and
Africa. CCT has been cited as one of the key factors behind the positive
socio-economic outcomes achieved by Brazil where 11 million families are
currently enrolled in the program, and other countries. The poorest
households in the country selected through a uniform, objective and
transparent set of criteria.
There are three steps in identifying the beneficiaries: Provinces were
selected using the following criteria: a) 20 poorest provinces based on the
2006 Family Income and Expenditure Survey (FIES); b) Poorest provinces
in six regions without a province in the list of the 20 poorest provinces; c)
Five cities in the NCR, two in the Visayas, two in Mindanao and one in the
Cordillera.
1. The selection of the poorest municipalities from the above
provinces based on the Small Area Estimates (SAE) and FIES
where saturation surveys of households are being conducted.
2. Computerized selection of the poorest households based on a
ranking system using Proxy Means Test developed for the
program.
The PMT Assesses socio-economic characteristics such as:
ownership of assets, type of housing unit, level of educational attainment of
household heads, and access to water and sanitation facilities. The DSWD
selects the beneficiaries based on the targeting system developed for the
program. 4Ps provides conditional grants to the beneficiaries such as:
• P6000 a year or P500 per month per household for health and
nutrition expenses, and
• P3000 for one school year or 10 months or 300 / month per child
for educational expenses. A maximum of three children per
household is allowed.
A household with three qualified children can have a subsidy of P1,
400 per month or P15, 000 annually as long as they comply with the
conditions. To avail cash grants, beneficiaries should comply with the
following conditions:
• Pregnant women must get pre and post natal care, and be
attended by a skilled/trained professional during a child birth.
• Parents or guardians must attend responsible family development
sessions.
• Children 0-5 years old must receive regular preventive health
checkups and vaccines.
•Children 3-5 years old must attend day care or pre school
classes at least 85% of the time.
• Children 6-14 years old must enroll in elementary or high school
and attend at least 85% of the time.
Students or pupils who are 4ps recipient with more than a week absent
without prior notice must not receive their monthly educational assistance.
Hence, only DSWD can add or remove any person under the 4ps program.
CCT Program is strategically designed to invest in human capital by providing
quality and accessible education for everyone, therefore it is mandate that we
need a clear understanding on the provision entails in the program.
Why we should support the 4Ps?
The 4Ps program is and continues to be a good investment - Here’s
why a recent forum on the Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino Program (or 4Ps) held
at the Philippine Institute for Development Studies, experts from different
government agencies and academic institutions discussed the rationale and
the feasibility of extending and expanding the program.
Under the management of Department of Social Welfare and Development
(DSWD), the 4Ps is widely known to be the lynchpin of the government’s anti-
poverty efforts. One of its key interventions is the provision of small cash
transfers to mothers, as long as they commit to investing in their children,
such as by ensuring their children go to school, as well as get deworming,
vaccination and regular health check-ups to name a few other aspects of the
program. 4Ps operates in 79 provinces covering 1484 municipalities and 143
key cities in all 17 regions nationwide.

As of June 2013, the program covered almost 4 million households.
The planned extension of the 4Ps program will include an additional 2 million
children to the current 8.5 million in the program. A special emphasis will be
placed on providing additional support to children from poor families who
would like to go to high school.
Yet, even as the budget for 4Ps is set to increase, some people seem
impatient about its pay-off, which most assume will be immediate—such as
reducing the number of poor and hungry people in the country. Several
opposition politicians have even resorted to calling the government program a
“dole-out”. Some question the size of the allocations dedicated to the 4Ps.
Their typical argument is that there are better alternative uses for these funds.
Noting that the 4Ps program is and continues to be a good investment. Here’
First, the 4Ps is NOT the only program in the anti-poverty strategy of
the government, yet it’s quite possibly the most important component. The
reason is that this program attacks one of the root causes of poverty—weak
education, health and other human development characteristics that
disadvantage a poor person.

No amount of job creation will employ and lift out of poverty millions
of under skilled and unhealthy citizens. No business would get into such an
enterprise, and no government can sustain economic growth and job
creation on such a weak foundation. Therefore, human capital build-up is,
first and foremost, the key ingredient in this strategy.
What is often poorly understood about the 4Ps program is that it’s
less focused on adults, and more focused on the next generation. The
economic pay-off from these investments, therefore, will take some years to
fully manifest in the form of more educated and healthy citizens and more
productive workers.
If we are serious about poverty reduction (and dare I say, poverty
eradication), investing in children is where we should really begin.
Otherwise, a never ending stream of people with weak education and health
will add to the ranks of the poor. Of course, human capital is not enough.
Access to the other factors of production and growth will also need to
dramatically improve for the vast majority of the population —such as
through microfinance and lending to SMEs (improving access to capital);
and true agrarian reform (access to land).

RELATED STUDIES
Foreign studies
Based on the findings of the School enrolment and performance of the
selected student’s of Mexican have been improving. The major breaking point
in school attendance occurs at entry in secondary school. In primary school,
continuation rates reach at least 95% in every grade, with the result that 85%
of the children that start primary school complete the cycle. However, only
72.4% of the children that successfully complete primary school enrol in the
first year of secondary school. The gender difference is very pronounced at
this decisive step, with 75.1% of the boys entering secondary school and only
69.4% of the girls. Progresa is targeted at poor families and has three
components: health, nutrition, and education.
Education is, however, by far the program’s most important component
in terms of cash transfers. It consists in payments to families with children
attending school between the third grade of primary and the third grade of
secondary. The conditionality requires presence at school in at least 85% of
school days no more than 3 absences a month.1 after three years in the
program, families may renew their status as beneficiaries, subject to
revaluation of their socio-economic condition. The level of the transfers
increases as children progress to higher grades in order to match the rising

income they would contribute to their families if they were working (Progresa,
2000). The transfers are slightly higher for girls than for boys in secondary
school.
According to the Article that learning effort depends on children’s
exogenous characteristics and cannot be adjusted once presence at school
is required.
According to the United Nations, our country is expected to reach its
peak number of young people by around 2040-2050, roughly 25-30 years
from today. This means the brunt of our future labor force is comprised of
infants already being born today andtheir future capabilities depend heavily
on the policy choices we make.
4P’s can help ensure that the majority of our young people do not fall
through the cracks. For every 1.8 to 2 million children born every year in the
Philippines, at least about onethird (or up to six hundred thousand) are born
to poor families according to some estimates. Because of 4Ps, children will
grow up to be educated, healthy, and productive members of Philippine
society, contributing to the country’s economic competitiveness in the longer
term. Therefore, the 4Ps is not merely a matter of charity for poor children
as far as the country is concerned—our long run economic growth depends

in large part on how successfully we equip our future citizens and workers to
compete.
The key role that that school performance plays on the decision to
continue. Throughout primary school continuation rates are higher among
those that passed than among those that failed their grade. There is here
again a striking discontinuity at entry into secondary school. The
performance rates is the lowest in the first year of secondary school and
drop-out rates after a first year of trying secondary school without success
are very high. In the last year of each cycle there are very large re-
enrolment rates upon failure, suggesting important incentives to complete a
cycle.
Nevertheless, the 4Ps prepares future workers; but it does not in
itself create jobs. It is imperative that more jobs are created and more
entrepreneurship encouraged in order to spur economic development that is
inclusive for the vast majority of the youth.
Local studies
Based on the findings of the study of academic performance among
selected pupils at Inopacan District, Leyte SY 2013-2014, the drop-out rate
among the poorest elementary and high school were decreased .The parents
and pupils who are 4Ps recipients attended regular participation in all school
activities. On the part of Department of Education, there is an increase of
enrolment every school year. The inconsistent results for older children
between 13-17 years old (age as of 2011) the majority of whom are outside
the age cut-off for CCT education grant eligibility as suggested by insignificant
coefficients across specifications, could be explained by a number of factors.
Direct costs may be incurred in the form of school fees, supplies,
transportation costs, and so on. For example, since there are less high
schools than primary schools, high school children are generally more likely to
travel farther away from the homestead to school, requiring households to
spend more money on transportation. As children grow older, the opportunity
cost also increases as they could earn money from working instead of
studying in school. To address this issue, many CCT programs (e.g., in
Bangladesh, Brazil, Mexico, 30 Honduras, and Turkey) provide larger cash
transfers to older children to compensate for the higher implicit/explicit cost
associated with schooling.
Furthermore, the estimated CCT impact varied depending on the
number of school children in the household, with positive impacts among

young children in small households. As discussed earlier, basic DD
suggested a 7 percent increase in school enrolment among the sample of
younger children from beneficiary households with three or fewer school-aged
children.
The economic status significantly affects their levels of academic
achievement. However, residing in a first class municipality does not
guarantee high-paying permanent jobs or non-permanent jobs to working
members of both non 4ps- and 4ps families. Some students from low income
have difficulties to understand or learn as fast as others. Their stressful lives
may also affect their grades because the children’s arte left on their own and
no one cares about their success are failure in school (Jensen,2013)
Students, in non 4ps families have signicantly higher daily allowance
compared to 4ps recipients. In terms of income, without the cash grant, each
person from 4ps families had about PhP 7,740 to cover his/her expenses for
the entire 6 months. On the average, students in non 4ps families recorded
and average attendance of 62.8 % compared to 60.70 % among 4ps
beneficiaries, both lower than the 85 % requirements. Lower school
attendance among 4ps beneficiaries maybe associated with the number of

factors such hunger, distance of school from home ( Valeroso,2012) and
allowing children in high school to work to earn income for their families
(Maligalig and Albert, 2008).
The positive association indicates that a significant improvement in the
extent of study skill had a positive effect on the academic performance of both
non 4ps and 4ps beneficiaries. However, the negative association indicates
that a significance improvement in the extent of study skills had a negative
effect on the academic performances of students in 4ps families indicating
that living in the first class municipality does not immediately guarantee an
improvement in academic performance. Despite living in a first class
municipality, students in 4ps families are more likely enrolled in low
performing schools.
The comprehensive quantitative impact evaluation currently underway
will provide more robust evidence on the impact of the CCT program, based
on data collected from a much larger sample size and information collected
on a vast range of issues. This study was conducted to serve as a rapid
assessment of the Pantawid Pamilya focused on school enrolment, while
waiting for the comprehensive impact evaluation (Chaudhury and
Okamura,2012).
The study looks into some significant information about the 4Ps beneficiaries
of Balamban Elementary School where their children are enrolled. For the
school year 2014-2015, it had a pupil population of 257, where 120 are male
and 137 are female. It has eleven teachers and is headed by an Elementary
School Principal I.
This shows that the Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino Program (4Ps) is
instrumental in sending all student’s to the next higher level of education. This
explains that if a student’s is 85% absent or more of the monthly school days,
they will not be given the allotted educational grant for that month. It
strengthens the supposition that a better attendance leads to better academic
time and better learning. And it shows that the 4p’s has a big impact to the
academic performances of the students. And it has a big help for the
development of the recipients in terms of education.

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DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION

Division of Surigao del Sur

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

and continued in massive scale in Aquino Administration; This CCT entails

several provision which still unfamiliar to both school administrators and

teachers alike. Presently the government spending staggering amount of

program; which eventually added to fiscal national debt. In order to implement

the program. The first thing we have to understand is the monetary

subsidence of the program; 4Ps recipient is receiving the amount of 300

recipient is required to participate in community-school related program such

as clean drive, brigade eskwela and family day session. Furthermore,

monthly attendance. Conversely, they should have an average grade of

75.4ps recipient must coordinate and cooperate to any school related

activities since there is educational assistance given to them. In addition 4ps

recipient who is no longer in school should be removed from the program.

Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino Program (4Ps) as a conditional cash

transfer (CCT) program that transfers cash to beneficiary families if they

Pamilyang Pilipino Program aims in reducing and alleviating existing poverty

by supplementing the income of the poor to address their current

consumption poverty, especially in the education and health of their family

have more opportunities in breaking the intergenerational cycle of poverty in

Program is also called Conditional Cash Transfers (CCT) as Philippine

Government version. According to Brul (2009) this program helps the

can’t provide their basic needs.

Cited by Department of Social Welfare and Development (2010),

Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino Program is a poverty reduction strategy that

provides to extremely poor households to help improve their health, nutrition

successful Conditional Cash Transfer (CCT) Programs in Latin America and

socio-economic outcomes achieved by Brazil where 11 million families are

currently enrolled in the program, and other countries. The poorest

households in the country selected through a uniform, objective and

transparent set of criteria.

There are three steps in identifying the beneficiaries: Provinces were

selected using the following criteria: a) 20 poorest provinces based on the

2006 Family Income and Expenditure Survey (FIES); b) Poorest provinces

in six regions without a province in the list of the 20 poorest provinces; c)

1. The selection of the poorest municipalities from the above

provinces based on the Small Area Estimates (SAE) and FIES

where saturation surveys of households are being conducted.

2. Computerized selection of the poorest households based on a

ranking system using Proxy Means Test developed for the

The PMT Assesses socio-economic characteristics such as:

ownership of assets, type of housing unit, level of educational attainment of

program. 4Ps provides conditional grants to the beneficiaries such as:

nutrition expenses, and

for educational expenses. A maximum of three children per

A household with three qualified children can have a subsidy of P1,

conditions. To avail cash grants, beneficiaries should comply with the

attended by a skilled/trained professional during a child birth.

• Parents or guardians must attend responsible family development

• Children 0-5 years old must receive regular preventive health

checkups and vaccines.

classes at least 85% of the time.

• Children 6-14 years old must enroll in elementary or high school

and attend at least 85% of the time.

CCT Program is strategically designed to invest in human capital by providing

quality and accessible education for everyone, therefore it is mandate that we

need a clear understanding on the provision entails in the program.

Why we should support the 4Ps?

The 4Ps program is and continues to be a good investment - Here’s

at the Philippine Institute for Development Studies, experts from different

government agencies and academic institutions discussed the rationale and

the feasibility of extending and expanding the program.