International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) ˌɪntəˈnæʃnl fəˈnɛtɪk ˈælfəˌbɛt

Consonants (pulmonic)
Labio- Post-
Bilabial Dental Alveolar Retroflex Palatal Velar Uvular Pharyngeal Glottal
dental alveolar

Plosive p b t d ʈ ɖ c ɟ k ɡ q ɢ ʔ
Nasal m ɱ n ɳ ɲ ŋ ɴ
Trill ʙ r ʀ
Tap or flap ⱱ ɾ ɽ
Fricative ɸ β f v θ ð s z ʃ ʒ ʂ ʐ ç ʝ x ɣ χ ʁ ħ ʕ h ɦ
Lateral
fricative ɬ ɮ
Approximant ʋ ɹ ɻ j ɰ
Lateral
approximant l ɭ ʎ ʟ
Consonants (non-pulmonic)
Voiced
Clicks Ejectives
implosives

ʘ bilabial ɓ Bilabial ’ examples:

ǀ ɗ p’
Dental /
Dental Bilabial
alveolar

ǃ ʄ t’
(Post) Dental /
Palatal
alveolar alveolar

ǂ ɠ k’
Palatal-
Velar Velar
alveolar

ǁ ʛ s’
Alveolar Alveolar
Uvular
lateral fricative
Other symbols

ʍw Voiceless / voiced
labial-velar approximants

ɥ Voiced labial-palatal approximant

ʜʢ Voiceless / voiced
epiglottal fricatives

ʡ Epiglottal plosive

ɕʑ Voiceless / voiced
alveolo-palatal fricatives

ɧ simultaneous x and ʃ

k͡p Affricatives and double articulations

can be represented by two symbols
ts͜ and joined by a tie bar if necessary
 Suprasegmentals Tones and word accents

ˈ Primary stress Level tones Contour tones

ˌ Secondary stress eb or ˥ Extra high ě or ˩˥ Rising eg or ˥˧

eː Long é ˦ High em ˥˩ Falling ep ˧˩
eˑ Half-long ē ˧ Mid eu ˧˥ High rising ew ˧˥˧
ex Extra-short è ˨ Low e{ ˩˧ Low rising e} ˧˩˧
ǀ Minor (foot) break ȅ ˩ Extra low ꜛ Upstep ↗ Global rise

ǁ Major (intonation) break ꜜ Downstep ↘ Global fall

. Syllable break

Linking (no break)

͝
tones

High falling

Low falling

Rising falling

Falling rising

Global rise

Global fall
Diacritics

n† d† Voiceless tˠ dˠ Velarized d˺ No audible

release e‰
sŠ dŠ Voiced tˁ dˁ Pharyngealized nŒ Syllabic ɔ̹Ž
tʰ dʰ Aspirated b• a• Breathy voiced e‘ Nasalized ɔ̹’
t “ d“ Dental b” a” Creaky voiced ɚ Rhoticity u̟—
t ˜ d˜ Apical t ™ d™ Linguolabial eš Non-Syllabic e›
t œ dœ Laminal ɫ Velarized /
pharyngealized ež Raised eŸ
tʷ dʷ Labialized dⁿ Nasal release e¢ Lowered e£
tʲ dʲ Palatalized dˡ Lateral release e¦ Advanced
tongue root
Retracted tongue
root

More rounded

Less rounded

Advanced

Retracted

Centralized

Mid-centralized