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112 The Journal of Craniofacial Surgery Volume 27, Number 1, January 2016
Copyright © 2015 Mutaz B. Habal, MD. Unauthorized reproduction of this article is prohibited.
The Journal of Craniofacial Surgery Volume 27, Number 1, January 2016 Eggshell-Derived Hydroxyapatite
TABLE 1. Showing Distribution of Subjects According to Groups and Sex TABLE 3. Showing the Size of the Lesion Preoperatively in Both the Groups
Sex SHA Group % EHA Group % Total % Size of the Lesion SHA EHA
Preoperatively Group % Group % Total %
Male 5 50.00 5 50.00 10 50.00
Female 5 50.00 5 50.00 10 50.00 <2 cm 5 50.00 2 20.00 7 35.00
Total 10 100.00 10 100.00 20 100.00 >2 cm 5 50.00 8 80.00 13 65.00
Total 10 100.00 10 100.00 20 100.00
EHA, eggshell-derived hydroxyapatite; SHA, synthetic hydroxyapatite.
EHA, eggshell-derived hydroxyapatite SHA, synthetic hydroxyapatite.
25–35
the literature, but in this study EHA is indigenously synthes-
ized by microwave processing. The EHA produced was RESULTS
chemically pure form of nanocrystalline calcium deficient
22– 24
hydroxyapatite with eggshell origin alike any other SHA. Clinical Observations
The sizes of cysts were ranged from 2 to 4 cm in diameter. All
Clinical and Radiologic Evaluation the patients were healed well without significant adverse clinical
The study was conducted in the Department of Oral and Max- observations irrespective of the size of the lesion in both the
illofacial Surgery in our institute after ethical committee approval. groups (Table 3). First day postsurgical clinical examination
The study registered in Clinical Trial Registry of India (CTRI) showed similar edema among patients in both the groups with
retrospectively with CTRI numbers CTRI/2014/09/004947 and reddish overlying mucosa in all the patients. At the time of suture
CTRI/2014/12/005340. A total number of 20 patients aged removal, the mucosal color and contour was normal in all the
between 20 and 45 years with periapical cyst/residual cyst of patients. Moreover, no flap dehiscence was observed.
anterior maxilla, requiring cystectomy/apicoectomy, and grafting
were enrolled (Tables 1-2). All the patients were divided randomly Digital Radiographic Observations
into 2 groups with 10 patients in each group. In Group-1 the cystic
defects were filled with SHA, whereas in Group-2 with EHA. Radiologic evaluation of surgical site outline and bone formation
characteristics in both the groups were significant with time interval
All the patients were followed up during first and second week
(Table 4; Fig. 1), but on comparison between the groups both SHA
postsurgically to evaluate the signs and symptoms of infection or any
and EHA showed similar pattern of bone formation and bone healing
other complications related with the surgical procedure. During
characteristics along with the margin blend with material margin at
clinical evaluation mucosal color, postoperative pain or swelling was
first, third, and second month’s interval (Table 5). The mean radio-
noted. Pain measurements were carried out using visual analog scale.
The wound healed uneventfully in all the patients. Seventh day of graphic density of grafted cystic bone defects were continued to
postsurgery, suture removal was done. Infected patients were excluded increase until it reached its maximum at 24 weeks (Table 6). The
from the study. Bone regeneration was assessed postopera-tively at mean density of SHA and EHA group were similar at third and sixth
first, second, third, and sixth month’s intervals using modified month’s interval. The formation of bone and bone margin blending
with material margin were well correlated with density of bone
observer strategy.36,37 The radiographs were examined blindly by 2
formation. The radiographs shows well demarcation of both material
examiners. In case of any gross inconsistency with observations, the and bone margin during first month follow-up (Fig. 2 A-B), and was
third examiner observed the radiographs to prevent bias and the results
invisible with passage of time (Figs. 3-5). At sixth month’s interval on
were tabulated. Surrounding normal bone density was also measured
both the sides it showed trabecular appearance indicating complete
as a control since beginning and correlated till last follow-up for
bone formation (Fig. 6). The observations of bone regeneration
comparison using the variable intensity light.
parameters by both the examiners were in very good agreement with
each other (k: 0.81–0.92).
Statistical Analysis
Radiographic changes in surgical site outline, internal portion
of surgical site after surgery were statistically compared using TABLE 4. Showing the Comparison of Groups (Synthetic Hydroxyapatite, Eggshell-
Mann-Whitney test and Wilcoxon matched-pairs test. The kappa Derived Hydroxyapatite) With Radiologic Evaluation of Surgical Site Outline at First,
(k) correlation was taken into consideration to assess the degree of Second, Third, and Sixth Month by Wilcoxon Matched-Pairs Test
observer agreement for radiologic assessment. The mean values Groups Treatments N t z P
and standard deviations of each parameter were calculated. The
Student t-test used to evaluate the differences between the means; SHA First month versus second month 10 0.00 2.8031 0.0051
P < 0.05 was considered as significant.
First month versus third month 10 0.00 2.0226 0.0431
First month versus sixth month 10 0.00 — —
TABLE 2. Showing Mean and Standard Deviation Age of Men and Women Second month versus third month 10 15.00 1.2741 0.2026
by Groups and Sex
Second month versus sixth month 10 3.00 2.4973 0.0125
SHA Group EHA Group Total Third month versus sixth month 10 0.00 1.8257 0.0679
EHA First month versus second month 10 0.00 2.8031 0.0051
Sex Mean SD Mean SD Mean SD First month versus third month 10 0.00 2.0226 0.0431
First month versus sixth month 10 0.00 — —
Male 28.20 7.66 25.00 4.53 26.60 6.17 Second month versus third month 10 15.00 1.2741 0.2026
Female 34.40 4.98 29.60 14.06 32.00 10.26
Second month versus sixth month 10 3.00 2.4973 0.0125
Total 31.30 6.91 27.30 10.14 29.30 8.69 Third month versus sixth month 10 0.00 1.8257 0.0679
EHA, eggshell-derived hydroxyapatite; SD, standard deviation; SHA, synthetic EHA, eggshell-derived hydroxyapatite; SHA, synthetic hydroxyapatite.
hydroxyapatite.
TABLE 5. Comparison of 2 Groups (Synthetic Hydroxyapatite, Eggshell-Derived Hydroxyapatite) With Radiologic Evaluation Surgical Site Outline, Bone
Formation and Bone Healing Patterns at First, Second, Third, and Sixth Month by Mann-Whitney Test
Treatment Time Groups Sum of Ranks U z P
Copyright © 2015 Mutaz B. Habal, MD. Unauthorized reproduction of this article is prohibited.
The Journal of Craniofacial Surgery Volume 27, Number 1, January 2016 Eggshell-Derived Hydroxyapatite
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The authors thank S.B. Javali for his continued support in the
research.
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