PHYSIOLOGY OF SEEDS

Oriny tri ananda/ 1714441009/ ICP of Biology Education

Abstrak
Seed dormancy can be caused, among others, by the impermeability of seed coat
to water and gas (oxygen), embryos that have not fully grown, mechanical barriers to
seed skin to embryo growth, the formation of growth regulators or due to imbalances
between growth inhibitors and regulating substances inside embryo. From the seed
dormancy type above, sugar palm is included in the category of physical and chemical
dormancy. The duration of dormancy in palm seeds is caused by several factors including
the physical condition of the sugar palm seeds which are hard on the skin and endosperm.
The seeds are embryos, food reserves, and seed protectors. The embryo is a new plant
that occurs from the union of male and female gametes in a process of fertilization.
Perfectly developed embryos will have the following structures: epicotyl (prospective
shoots), hypokotil (prospective roots) and cotyledons (prospective leaves). Food reserves,
in seeds there are several structures that can function as a food storage reserve network,
namely: cotyledons, legumes, endosperm and perisperm. Dormancy in seeds can last for
several days, a season, even for several years depending on the type of plant and the type
of dormancy. Growth will not occur as long as the seed has not yet passed its dormant
period, or before it is subjected to a special treatment for the seed. Dormancy can be seen
as one of the biological advantages of seeds in adapting plant growth cycles to their
environmental conditions, both seasons and coincidental variations. So that in a way,
indirectly the seeds can avoid themselves from the destruction of nature. Dormancy in
seeds can be caused by physical conditions of the seed coat, physiological state of the
embryo or a combination of the two conditions. Breaking dormancy needs to be done to
accelerate germination can be done physically and chemically. The method that is often
used in breaking seed dormancy is by opening, soaking hot water, and scarifying using
acid solution. One of the acid solutions used is sulfuric acid (H2SO4). H2SO4
compounds can soften the wax layer on hard seed skin, so the seeds are more permeable
to water. One phase of dormancy is a trigger, which is when the seed (in this case the
rhizome) is sensitive to environmental cues. In this phase the inhibiting factors and
drivers of growth are in a balanced state. Hormones are one of the driving agents for
germination agents whose mechanism is largely determined by the type of hormone and
concentration used.

Keywords: Dormancy, seed germination, inhibitors.

Introduction compared to other creatures. Apart

Humans are creatures of God from humans, there are still many
where in His creation, Allah SWT. creatures created by Allah with their
choose the best form for humans respective forms and tasks. Plants are
created by God as food providers for
living things such as humans,
animals and other plants that need
nutrients from the plants themselves
and. Humans are created by God to
become caliphs on earth and become
devoted to God. Animals are created
by Allah as well as providing food
for other living things and helping
humans in activities on earth such as
plowing fields and so on.
Dormation is a delay in
growth for a certain period, this
condition is found in seeds, shoots,
tubers or rhizomes. Parts of the plant
remain variable, but there is a
reduction in metabolic activity and
this is closely related to external
factors and internal factors. Water,
light and temperature are external
factors that are very influential for
dormancy. The internal factors that
affect dormancy include the presence
of certain compounds which are
inhibiting in this case including
ABA. In seeds, the embryo has not
reached morphological maturity
because insufficient nutrition is also
one of the factors that can cause
dormancy. Dormancy in seeds is
often caused by hard seed coat which
inhibits the absorption of water and
oxygen, naturally dormancy will be
disconnected after a fungal attack on
the hard seed coat or after being
digested by the burn and may also be
eroded after joining the water flow.
Dormancy caused by hard seed skin
can be overcome by certain
treatments such as using certain
chemical compounds such as
alcohol, fat solvents, sulfuric acid or
hot water, besides that certain
hormones such as GA3 or
scarification are used, namely
grinding seed coat (Ismail et al.
2019).
The process of seed
germination is influenced by several
factors including seed dormancy.
Dormancy is a state of seed that
experiences a period of rest and is
difficult to germinate even in an
environment that allows it to grow.
Breaking dormancy needs to be done
to accelerate germination can be
done physically and chemically. The
method that is often used in breaking
seed dormancy is by opening,
soaking hot water, and scarifying
using acid solution. One of the acid
solutions used is sulfuric acid
(H2SO4). H2SO4 compounds can
soften the wax layer on hard seed
shells, so the seeds are more
permeable to water (Lestari et al,
2016).
Seed dormancy can be
caused, among others, by the
impermeability of seed coat to water
and gas (oxygen), embryos that have
not fully grown, mechanical barriers
to seed skin to embryo growth, the
formation of growth regulators or
due to imbalances between growth
inhibitors and regulating substances
inside embryo. From the seed
dormancy type above, sugar palm is
included in the category of physical
and chemical dormancy. The
duration of dormancy in sugar palm
seeds is caused by several factors
including the physical condition of
sugar palm seeds that are hard on the
skin (Fitriyani et al., 2013).
Seed dormancy shows a
condition where healthy seeds
(viable) fail to germinate when in
conditions that are normally good for
germination, such as adequate
humidity, temperature and
appropriate light. Dormancy can
occur during the management
process, so that seeds cannot
germinate even in environments that
are good for germination. The cause
of seed dormancy can be caused
partly because of the hard seed skin,
undeveloped embryo growth (less
mature), seeds contain inhibitors in
the fruit or seeds that prevent
germination, and a combination of
several types of dormancy. Some
treatments can be given to seeds, so
that the dormancy level can be
lowered and the percentage of
sprouts remains high. The treatment
can be directed to seed skin, embryos
or endosperm seeds in order to
eliminate germination inhibiting
factors and reactivate dormant seed
cells. Breaking dormancy for hard
seed skin can be done by soaking in
cold / hot water, treatment with
strong acids, for example sulfuric
acid (H SO) and scarification on
physical parts, 2 4 while embryo
dormancy can be removed through
stratification (chilling and pre
chilling),incubation and stratification
and chemically (Zanzibar, 2017).
Dormancy in seeds can be
caused by physical conditions of the
seed coat, physiological state of the
embryo or a combination of the two
conditions. For example: seed shells
that are impermeable to water and
gas are often found in seeds that are
impermeable to water. The level of
seed dormancy varies between and
within species. There are different
methods and techniques for dealing
with dormancy, depending on the
factors that influence it. For example,
a common treatment for seed skin
dormancy is soaking with hot water,
mechanical and chemical
scarification, and aeration of hot air.
Soaking in chemical solutions,
namely strong acids such as KNO3,
H2SO4 and HCl with concentrated
concentrations make the seed skin
softer so that it can be passed easily
(Haryati et al., 2015).
Mechanical treatment
(scarification) on the seed coat that
can be done by stabbing, scraping,
splitting, thinking or burning, with
the help of a knife, needle, file,
rubbing paper, or other is the most
effective way to overcome physical
dormancy. Because each seed is
handled manually, individual
treatments can be given according to
the thickness of the seeds. In essence
all seeds are made permeable with a
small risk of damage, as long as the
radicle area is not damaged
Treatment by using chemicals is also
often done to break the dormancy in
the seeds. The aim is to make the
seed coat easier to enter into the
water during the imbibition process.
Strong acid solutions such as sulfuric
acid and concentrated nitric acid
make the seed skin softer so that
water can be traversed easily. In
addition, it can also be used to grow
hormones to break dormancy in
seeds, including cytokinin, giberellin
and auxin. Giving giberellin on
eggplant seeds at a dose of 100-200
ppm can eliminate the seed
dormancy (Mistian et al, 2012).
Seed dormancy types differ
between all types of seeds.
Dormancy can be divided into
embryonic dormancy, seed skin
dormancy, and a combination of
both. Soaking with water can be
done to break the seed coat and make
it easier for the embryo to absorb
water. Mechanical and chemical
scarification methods (soaking hot
water and chemicals) are techniques
used to break dormancy.
Germination that is low or below
80% and the germination period
which reaches 5 days after planting
is thought to be caused by a hard jute
seed skin structure, because it is
composed of dense sclerenchymal
tissue. This structure can inhibit
germination to being able to block
water imbibition and O2 gas
exchange. In dormant seeds, Absicid
Acid is found which can inhibit
germination (Hidayat et al., 2017).
Temperature of 600C is the
right temperature to break dormancy.
The seeds of plants will grow
optimally at 400C, so temperatures
higher than 400C cause the skin of
sugar palm seeds to crack and water
easily enters the seeds. Scarification
by slashing removes a small portion
of lignin in the seed coat so that the
endosperm seeds are not resistant to
high temperatures but are still
protected (Fitriyani et al., 2013).
Seeds consist of an embryo
and its food reserves, surrounded by
a protective sheath. When ripe, seeds
are spread from the parent through
the wind or through other means.
Because it provides nutrients and
protects the embryo until it can move
from plants analogous to the womb
of a pregnant woman that can be
released and moved. As we will see,
seeds are a key adaptation that helps
seed plants to become the dominant
producers on land and a compilation
of current plant diversity. Seed plants
also have a huge impact on humans.
Starting around 13,000 years ago,
humans began to grow wheat, figs,
corn (called maize in England or
corn in the United States), bananas,
and other wild seed plants. This
practice emerged independently in
various parts of the world, including
the Near East, East Asia, Africa and
America. One proof, well preserved
squash seeds in Exhibit 30.1, was
found in a cave in Mexico and
originated from 8,000 to 10,000
years ago. This seed is different from
wild squash seeds, stating that
squash was domesticated at that
time. Domestication of seed plants,
especially angiosperms, produces the
most important cultural changes in
human history, changing the majority
of people who had previously
migrated and hunted into settled and
farming communities (Campbell et
al., 2008).
The seeds will grow into
seeds and the fruit will become the
fruit that wraps the seeds (in some
plant species). If the seeds are grown
in a suitable place, the seeds will
germinate and will form new plants.
to the ovulum (ovule). Inside the
ovulum, the core of the pollen
(sperm core) meets the nucleus of the
egg, resulting in fusion between the
two nuclei. The process of fusing
these two nuclei is called fertilization
or fertilization. The core of one
sperm will fertilize the nucleus of the
egg cell to form a zygote, while the
other sperm nucleus fertilizes the
nucleus of the secondary body to
form the endosperm. This conception
event is called double fertilization. In
subsequent developments, the ovule
will grow into seeds and the ovary
will be the fruit that wraps the seeds
(in some plant species). If the seeds
are grown in a suitable place, the
seeds will germinate and will form
new plants (Palennari et al., 2016).
Overview of seeds Seeds are
one of the breeding tools that come
from flowers. The perfect flower
consists of three main parts, namely
the base of flowers, flower jewelry,
and persarian tools. Rubber seeds are
the result of persarian from a
persarian device consisting of
stamens and pistils. These stamens
and pistils are in one flower. The
variance in rubber flowers is divided
into self-friendship and cross-cutting.
Persarian itself occurs when the
stamens come from the same flower
or other flowers, but are still in one
tree. While crossing occurs when the
stamens come from other tree
flowers. It is this cross-section that
can form new rubber clones.
Persarian in rubber flowers can occur
due to the influence of wind, rain,
animals, and even humans. An
understanding of how to get a new
rubber clone, can be made easier by
knowing how to persarian in terms of
the origin of the roots that produce
seeds. The seeds produced are
divided into three types, namely
illegition seeds, legition, and
propalegition. The illegition seed is a
seed produced by cross pollination
where the female flower is known
with certainty, while the male flower
is unknown. An example of an
illegition seed is sweeping seeds
from an unselected rubber plantation
or seeds from a clonal garden that is
located adjacent to an unselected
rubber plantation. Legition seeds are
seeds obtained from cross-pollination
of which female and male flowers
are known with certainty. Examples
are rubber clones that are planted in
adjacent gardens and both types are
known. Propalegition seed is a seed
obtained from cross pollination
where the female flower is known,
but the male flower is uncertain (Tim
Penulis PS, 2008).
The nature and expression of
the seeds of the Acer harvest
dormancy vary, ranging from
inactive seeds to the multiplication of
highly inactive species. Pinfield &
Dungey (1985) divided the Acer
species which produced active seeds
into those who had propagules that
had embryonic dormancy (the
embryos did not even germinate
when isolated from the seed coat).
However, the differences between
the two categories are often not very
clear, and the seeds of many species
can show features associated with
both types of dormancy. Wareing
(1973) found that embryos were
inactive during seed ripening at Acer
pseudoplatanus, a species
traditionally classified as having
seeds with testaimposed dormancy.
Because Acer seeds are different the
species is morphologically very
similar to one another, Thomas et al.
(1973) proposed that it is possible
that they all passed through the same
maturation process. It consists of a
sequence of phases that is
characterized by modification of
present dormancy, starting from deep
embryonic dormancy in developing
seeds and reaching the mantle stage
subject to eventual dormancy. The
various types of dormancy found in
the genus can reflect differences in
the duration of certain stages during
the maturation process, as well as
differences in the time of fruit pulp
(Chaves et al., 2017).
Practicum Method
The tools and materials used
in the first activity are scissors,
knives, plastic cups, colored plastic,
lights, and the ingredients are garlic,
cotton. The activities of the two tools
are belender, knife, plastic cup. The
ingredients are corn seeds, fruit juice,
aquadest.
The workings of the first
activity are 8.1 Breaking of Seed
Dormancy. Provide 4 plastic cups,
select 12 seeds that are still good
then sting or slice the hard parts of
the seeds at the far end of the embryo
until the cotyledons appear, soak 3
seeds in freshly boiled water and
leave until the water is cold, and put
3 seeds in the freezer for 2 hours.
Place each group of seeds in a plastic
cup, which has soft cotton, and label
them according to the treatment,
which is heat, cold, control, and
which will be wrapped in colored
plastic, the treatment is the same as
control, then store in a dark place at
temperature rooms, those wrapped in
colored plastic, stored under the
lamp, check every day for 7 to 10
days and how to develop them
compared to one another.
Second activity 8.2 Effect of
inhibiting substances on seed
germination. Belender fruit into fruit
juice or fruit juice. Prepare fruit juice
from several types of fruits according Table 1.2 Percentage of seeds that
to the assistant's instructions, namely germinate
bananas, papaya, grapes, apple, Germination (%)
mangoes, and distilled water as
control, make 6 groups of seeds in Treatment 0 24 48 72
each of 5 corn grains and add in each hour hour hour hour
fruit juice. what has been done, every Corn seed 0 0 0 0
day the fruit juice is replaced with a + water
new one but before being replaced (control)
Corn seed 0 0 0 0
the seeds are washed first to clean, + papaya
observe when the seeds begin to juice
germinate and how many seeds Corn seed 0 0 0 0
germinate every day as well. + mango
juice
Determining the percentage of seeds
Corn seed 0 0 0 0
germinating the observation was + grape
stopped after 100% germination juice
control and calculated the percentage Corn seed 0 0 0 0
+ banana
of sprouts for treatment 6 each seed
juice
germinating after counting Must be Corn seed 0 0 0 0
discarded at each observation. + apple
juice
Observation Result
Discussion
Unit 8.1 Breaking Seed Dormancy
Unit 8.1 Breaking Seed Dormancy
Table 1.1 Development of garlic
Based on the data obtained, in
after 10 days
each treatment given to garlic, only
Treatment Germination one garlic in the cold treatment and
1 2 3 the control treatment experienced
Hot - - - germination. In this lab there are
several deviations from the theory.
Cold - √ -
There are several factors that can
influence. For example, there is a
Control √ √ √
fungal disorder that inhibits the
germination process (seeds become
Wrapped - - -
in Color rotten and damaged before
Plastic developing further). Besides the
humidity of the room and the media
Unit 8.2 Effect of inhibiting are not always maintained constantly
substances on seed germination so that none of the garlic has
developed.

Unit 8.2 Effect of inhibiting
substances on seed germination
Based on the data obtained, in
using whole corn seeds, none of the
corn seeds germinated. This is
because the five fruits contain
abscisic acid which is a germination
inhibitor. In addition, corn seeds
used may be damaged due to various
factors. Example the presence of
fungal disorders inhibits the
germination process (seeds become
rotten and damaged before
developing further).
The mechanism of inhibition
of seeds on ascorbic acid, namely in
lime takes place chemically. The
seeds of rice have experienced
dormancy which occurs due to seed
skin that is not permeable to water
and oxygen. As a result, only a little
oxygen can enter the seeds, so the
acidic effect of ascorbic acid cannot
be neutralized, as a result the seeds
cannot germinate. Ascorbic acid
inhibits all parts of the plant,
especially in the leaves.
Conclusion
Based on observations made,
it can be concluded that dormancy in
seeds can occur because it is
influenced by several factors, namely
there are external factors such as
temperature, humidity, water content
and internal factors, namely from the
seed itself which is influenced by
hormones and the development of
embryos in the seeds .
The inhibiting substances in
some fruits can cause the seeds to not
germinate, examples of abscisic acid
that can have an effect on the plasma
membrane of root cells, inhibit
protein synthesis, deactivate certain
genes specifically (effects of
transcription) which show strong
control of the germination process
plants, including seed germination.
Abscisic acid is produced in terminal
buds which will inhibit all parts of
the plant. As well as ascobarbic acid
experience dormancy that occurs due
to seed skin that is not permeable to
water and oxygen.
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