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UNDERSTANDING HISTORY - Role of Historical Man

• History - Follows a principle which he called
- Study of past events. Weltgiest or world spirit which

• Challenge and Response Theory embodies ideals like patriotism,

- Arnold Toynbee heroism and unity.

- Man responds to the situation placed

before him.

- Mankind’s approach in coping with

challenges determines history.

- A study of History

- 12-volume series

- Based on Toynbee’s thesis that

history reflects the progress of

civilization and societies.

- The failure of a civilization to survive was

the result of its inability to respond to

challenges.

• Exchange Theory

- Alvin Scaff

- Refers to the systematic statement of

principles that govern the exchange of

goods ( tangible and intangible ).

• Geor Wilhem Hegel

- An idea is the moving force of History.