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Luminal Protozoa PDF
Luminal Protozoa PDF
PKH-UB 2013
Luminal Protozoa
Parasitology terms..
A parasite is an organism that obtains food and shelter from
another organism and derives all benefits from this association.
obligate parasite, when it can live only in a host;
facultative parasite, when it can live both in a host as well as in
free form.
endoparasites , Parasites that live inside the body
whereas those that exist on the body surface are called ecto-
parasites.
Parasites that cause harm to the host are pathogenic parasites
while those that benefit from the host without causing it any harm
are known as commensals.
Parasitology terms..
The organism that harbors the parasite and suffers a loss caused by
the parasite is a host.
The host in which the parasite lives its adult and sexual stage is the
definitive host
The host in which a parasite lives as the larval and asexual stage is
the intermediate host.
Other hosts that harbor the parasite and thus ensure continuity of
the parasite's life cycle and act as additional sources of human
infection are known as reservoir hosts.
An organism (usually an insect) that is responsible for transmitting
the parasitic infection is known as the vector.
Sarcodina
Sarcomastigophora (amoeboid)
(pseudopodia/flagella)
Kinetoplastorida
(hemoflagellata)
Mastigophora
(flagella)
Diplomonarida
Trichomonadorida
(intestine
flagellates)
Eucoccidiorida
Protozoa (epithel cells)
Apicomplexa
(gliding, intracellular)
Piroplasmorida
Ciliophora
(blodd cells)
Haemosporida
Microspora (blood cells)
INTESTINAL PROTOZOA
Pathogenic Commensal
Entamoeba histolytica Entamoeba hartmani
Balantidium coli Entamoeba dispar
Giardia lamblia Entamoeba coli
Dientamoeba fragilis Endolimax nana
Cryptosporidium parvum Iodamoeba bütschlii
Enterocytozoon bieneusi Chilomastix mesnili
Septata intestinalis Trichomonas hominis
Cyclospora cayetanensis Blastocystis hominis
Isospora belli
INTESTINAL AND UROGENITAL
PROTOZOA
Intestinal and luminal protozoa pada manusia dan hewan
Entamoeba histolytica (Amoebae)
Balantidium coli (Ciliates)
Giardia lamblia and Trichomonas vaginalis (Flagellates)
Cryptosporidium parvum and Isospora belli (Sporozoa)
Protozoan infections in animals may be caused by organisms
in the sub-class Coccidia (disease: Coccidiosis)
amoebiasis (amebic dysentery,
amebic hepatitis)
Causal agent : Entamoeba hystolitica
Phylum: Sarcomastigophora
Subphylum: Sarcodina
Family: Entamoebidae
amoebiasis
Excystation
Cyst Trophozoite
Encystment
1. Passed in feces
2. Non motile 1. Metabolically active
3. Resistant to hostile 2. Motile
environment 3. Multiplies by replication
4. Does not multiply
1
1
16
life cycle
1. Ingestion of cyst in
the contaminated water
and food
2. Excystation occurs in
the small intestine. Eight
trophozoites produced
from one cyst.
3. Trophozoites migrate
to large intestine where
they multiply or may
encyst for excretion
4. Cysts exit hosts
1
2
in the stool
amoebiasis
Predileksi :
saluran pencernaan, otak, hepar, paru-paru
Hospes :
manusia, vertebrata
amoebiasis
Patogenesa :
- Abses pada organ predileksi (otakencephalitis, paru-
parupneumonia, liver hepatitis)
- Jaringan nekrotik
- Sekresi mukus berlebihan pada usus diare mukus khas
amoebiasis sal. Cerna
- Haemorraghi pembuluh darah pada jaringan pecah/rusak
amoebiasis
Gejala klinis
Acute: Frequent dysentery with necrotic mucosa and
abdominal pain.
Chronic: Recurrent episodes of dysentery with blood and
mucus in the feces. There are intervening gastrointestinal
disturbances and constipation. Cysts are found in the stool.
The organism may invade the liver, lung and brain where it
produces abscesses that result in liver dysfunction,
pneumonitis, and encephalitis.
Amoebiasis pada hewan
Intestinal amoebiasis
Hepar dengan abses
‘flask shaped’ ulcer
karena amoebiasis
amoebiasis
Diagnosa :
- Pemeriksaan sampel feses (fresh atau swab) langsung /
pewarnaan
Differential Diagnose :
- Giardiasis
- Bacterial diarrhea demam tinggi dan leukocytosis
GIARDIASIS (lambliasis)
Etiology
Giardia lamblia (a flagellate)
Phylum: Sarcomastigophora
Subphylum: Mastigophora
Giardiasis
Causa : Giardia lambia
Predileksi : usus halus
Hospes : manusia, kucing, anjing, unggas, kuda, primata dan
hewan liar lainnya, beaver (reservoir)
Giardia is the most common flagellate of mammals and birds.
Its trophozoites are binucleate and have four pairs of flagella.
Trophozoites adhere to microvilli of epithelial cells of the
small intestine.
Morfologi umum :
Flagellata, 8 flagella dan 2 axostyles
Stadium trophozoit : pipih, ‘half-pear’shape,
tidak memiliki mitokondria, 12 to 15
micrometer, 2 nukleus dan 2 parabasal bodies
Stadium kista : bulat dgn dinding tebal, inti 4
Giardiasis
Infection occurs by ingestion of
cysts, usually in contaminated
water.
Decystation occurs in the
duodenum and trophozoites
(trophs) colonize the upper small
intestine where they may swim
freely or attach to the sub-mucosal
epithelium via the ventral suction
disc.
The free trophozoites encyst as
they move down stream and
mitosis takes place during the
encystment.
The cysts are passed in the stool.
Man is the primary host although
beavers, pigs and monkeys are also
infected and serve as reservoirs.
Giardiasis
Patogenesa :
Tropozoit menutupi epitel mengganggu absorpsi nutrisi
malabsorbsi kekurusan
Kerusakan epitel abdominal pain dalam jumlah banyak kolik
Diare tidak berdarah atau bermukus, karena parasit tidak masuk ke dalam
mukosa usus, hanya menempel berbau busuk dan mengapung di air
Giardiasis
Gejala klinis :
Flatulence
Lactose intolerrance
Abdominal pain
Diare berwarna terang, tanpa darah dan mukus
Tidak ada demam
Differential Diagnose :
- amoebiasis
- Bacterial diarrhea
Trichomoniasis
Phylum: Sarcomastigophora
Subphylum : Mastigophora
Family : Trichomonadidae
TRICHOMONIASIS
Etiology
Trichomonas vaginalis (a flagellate)
Morphology
The trophozoite form is 15 to 18 micrometers in diameter
and is half pear shaped with a single nucleus, four anterior
flagella and a lateral flagellum attached by an undulating
membrane. Two axostyles are arranged asymmetrically
(Figure 12). The organism does not encyst.
Two trophozoites of Trichomonas vaginalis from culture. The four
flagella and single nucleus are visible. The dark median rod is the
axostyle which is characteristic of the trichomonads
Life cycle
T. vaginalis colonizes the vagina
of women and the urethra
(sometimes prostate) of men.
Infection occurs primarily via
sexual contact, although non-
venereal infections are possible.
The organism does not encyst
and divides by binary fission
which is favored by low acidity
(pH > 5.9; the normal pH is
3.5 to 4.5). There is no non-
human reservoir.
Symptoms
T. vaginalis infection is rarely symptomatic in men, although it
may cause mild urethritis or occasionally prostatitis. In
women, it is often asymptomatic, but heavy infections in a
high pH environment may cause mild to severe vaginitis with
copious foul-smelling yellowish, sometimes frothy discharge
(Figure 12).
Pathology
The organism causes contact-dependent damage to the
epithelium of the infected organ.
Trichomoniasis in cattle
Tritrichomonas foetus
Synonym: Trichomonas foetus
Predilection site: Prepuce, uterus
Hosts: Cattle
Life cycle: The trichomonads reproduce by longitudinal
binary fission. No sexual stages are known and there are no
cysts. Transmission occurs during coitus.
Clinical signs : irregular oestrous cycles, uterine discharge,
pyometra and early abortion
Trichomonas in poultry
Trichomonas gallinae
Synonym: Cercomonas gallinae, Trichomonas columbae
Predilection site: Oesophagus, crop, proventriculus
Hosts: Pigeon, turkey, chicken, raptors (hawks, falcons,
eagles)
Trichomoniasis
Trichomonas caviae occurs in the intestines of guinea pigs. Its
flagella are readily seen in stained fecal smears
Balantidiasis
Balantidium coli
Phylum: Ciliophora
Family: Balantiidae
Balantidiasis
Balantidiasis
Causa : Balantidium coli
Predileksi : ileum, sekum
Hospes : babi, tikus, sapi, kuda, manusia, serigala,
kera
Morfologi :
Bentuk tropozoit : lonjong seperti kantung, silia di
permukaan tubuh, memiliki makronukleus dan
mikronukleus
Bentuk kista : bulat/lonjong, tidak tahan kering, memiliki
makronukleus
Balantidiasis
Hospes definitive adalah manusia
Reservoar adalah babi, tikus dan
hewan lain.
Cysts (bentuk infektif)
menginfeksi melalui makanan
tercemar parasit
Portion of rabbit
intestine affected by
coccidia infestation
Faktor yang mempengaruhi patogenesis Eimeria
Faktor hospes-parasit
Hospes: Umur, pada ayam umur 2-4 minggu. (Ayam umur
<2mg masih mempunyai imunitas induk, kekuatan lambung
lemah belum bisa memecah ookista). Pada domba/kambing
umur 4-6 bulan, sapi 3-6 bulan
Jenis parasit tergantung jenis eimeria yang patogen
Jumlah ookista yang tertelan
Gejala klinis
Diare, diare berdarah
Lemah, nafsu makan berkurang, berat badan turun
Kematian karena perdarahan hebat
Toxoplasma
Phylum: Apicomplexa
Subordo: Sarcocystidae
Toxoplasmosis
Bersifat zoonosis
Heteroksenosa, bisa menginfeksi semua jenis hewan
Siklus hidup
Siklus enteroepithelial pada hospes intermediate
Hospes definitive terinfeksi melalui ::
Makan oocyte Toxoplasma (yg telah sporulasi)
Makan cysta Toxoplasma yang terdapat pada hospes
intermediate (daging domba, sapi, tikus, anjing, burung)
Tugas
Jelaskan siklus hidup Toxoplasma gondii
Patogenesa
Penularan
Gejala klinis
Diagnosa
??