GROUP 7 PARASITOLOGY

TOXOPLASMA GONDII
LIFE CYCLE
CLINICAL FEATURES
DIAGNOSIS
MANAGEMENT AND TREATMENT
PREVENTION
TREATMENT.

 Neonates with congenital infection are given oral pyrimethamine 1mg/kg

daily and sulfadiazine 100mg/kg with folic acid for a year.
 FOLIC ACID may be used especially in immunocompetents
 Trimethoprin sulfamethoxazole can be used especially in
immunocompromised patients.
MANAGEMENTS.

 Proper cooking of meat

 Proper washing of hands and washing of vegetables and fruits before eating.
 Blood or blood products from seropositive persons should not be given and
screening for T. gondii antibody should be done in all blood banks.
CONTROL.

 It is very difficult to control the toxoplasmosis because of wide range of

animal reservoirs.
 There is no vaccine for the toxoplasmosis for humans.
 A genetically engineered vaccine is under development for use in cats.
ILLUSTRATION
LIFE CYCLE

 The life cycle of T.gondii is completed in the two hosts which are;
 DEFINITIVE HOST;
In this category cats and other felines are involved in which both sexual and
asexual cycles takes place.

INTERMEDIATE HOST; involves man and other mammals in which only the asexual
cycle takes place.
The life cycle of T.gondii has two types of life cycles
i. ENTERIC CYCLE.
ii. EXO ENTERIC CYCLE.
ENTERIC CYCLE

Both sexual and asexual reproduction occurs within mucosal epithelial cells of the small intestine of the
cat.
Cat acquires infection by ingestion of tissue cysts in the meat of rats and other animals or by ingestion
of oocysts passed in its faeces.

The bradyzoites are released in the small intestines and they undergo asexual reproduction leading to
formation of merozoites
Some merozoites enter extraintestinal tissues resulting in formation of tissue cysts in other organs of
the body.
Other merozoites transform into male and female gametocytes and sexual cycle begins, with the
formation of microgamete and macrogamete.
A macrogamete is fertilized by motile microgamete resulting in the formation of an oocysts, which
passes through maturation stages or sporulation in the soil after being excreted from host through feces.
A mature oocyst containing eight sporozoites is the infective form which may be ingested by rats or
other mammals to repeat the cycle.
EXO ENTERIC CYCLE

 The cycle occurs in humans ,mice rats, sheeps which are intermediate hosts;
 Humans acquire infection after eating uncooked or infected meat particularly lamb and pork containing tissue cysts.
 Ingestion of mature oocysts through food, water, or fingers contaminated with cat feces directly or indirectly.
 Intrauterine infection from mother to foetus[ congenital toxoplasmosis.
 Blood transfusion or transplantation through infected donors.
 Sporozoites from the oocysts and bradyzoites from tissue cysts enter into intestinal mucosa and multiply asexually and
tachyzoites[endodyogeny].
 Tachyzoites continues multiplying and spreading locally by lymphatic system and blood.
 Some tachyzoites also spread to distant extraintestinal organs like brain and form tissue cysts, the slowly multiplying forms
inside tissue cysts are called bradyzoites which remains viable for years.
 The dormant bradyzoites inside cyst may be reactivated in immune suppression causing renewed infection in the host.
 Human infection is the dead end of parasite
 Human toxoplasmosis is a zoonotic disease.
 The full natural cycle is maintained predominantly by cats and mites.
 Mice eats materials contaminated with oocysts shed in cat feces, tissue cysts develop in mice.
 When such mice are eaten by cats they get infected and again shed oocysts in feces.
DISEASES

 T.gondii cause diseases called TOXOPLASMOSIS

 CLINICAL FEATURES
 The outcomes of toxoplasma gondii infections depends on the immune status of individuals or infected person
 Active progression of infection is more likely in immunocompromised individuals
 Has complications in AIDS
 Most human infections are asymptomatic.
 Toxoplasmosis is categorized into the following forms.
 ACQUIRED TOXOPLASMOSIS and CONGENITAL TOXOPLASMOSIS
 ACQUIRED, infection acquired postnatally is mostly asymptomatic.
 The most common manifestation of acute acquired toxoplasmosis is lymhodenopathy the cervical lymph nodes being infected.
 Fever headache myalgia are often present, and the illness resembles flu.

 CONGENITAL TOXOPLASMOSIS. This occurs when T.gondii transmitted from mother to the foetus.
 Occurs when mother gets primary toxoplasma infection whether clinical or asymptomatic during pregnancy, most newborn babies are
asymptomatic at birth and may remain so throughout, some develops clinical manifestations after some weeks.
 The manifestations include chorioretinitis, cerebral calcifications, convulsions, strabismus.
 OTHE FORM INCLUDES OCULAR TOXOPLASMOSIS. This form may present as uveitis, choroiditis.
PARTICIPANTS

 JESTINA NYAGAWA
 JACKSON JACKSON
 FATMA BAKARI
 JOSHUA HILUKA
 SALIM F SALIM
 SHABAN NGONDO
 PATRICK A DOMINICK