BUFFER SOLUTIONS

 Resist changes in pH when small quantities of an acid or an alkali are added to it.
 An aqueous solution containing a weak acid and its conjugate base or a weak base and its
conjugate acid.
 Used to prevent any change in the pH of a solution

Acidic Buffer Solutions

 Has a pH less than 7

 Commonly made from a weak acid and one of its salts
Alkaline Buffer Solutions

 Has a pH greater than 7

 Commonly made from a weak base and one of its salts

Henderson-Hasselbach equation

where: pKa = acid dissociation constant

[A-] = concentration of conjugate base
[HA] = concentration of weak acid

[𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑑𝑖𝑐 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑜𝑛𝑒𝑛𝑡]
𝑝𝐻 = 𝑝𝐾𝑎 − log [𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑖𝑐 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑜𝑛𝑒𝑛𝑡]

 If Kb is given:
[𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑑𝑖𝑐 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑜𝑛𝑒𝑛𝑡]
𝑝𝐻 = 14 − 𝑝𝐾𝑏 − log
[𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑖𝑐 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑜𝑛𝑒𝑛𝑡]
SOLUBILITY PRODUCT
 Applies in situations where salts do not fully dissolve in a solvent
 It is the mathematical product of its dissolved ion concentrations raised to the power of its
stoichiometric coefficients.
Reminders:

 The lower the solubility product (Ksp), the lower the solubility.
 Solubility products change with temperature, so the temperature at which a solubility product was
measured must be stated.
Examples:

Example 3:
ELECTROCHEMISTRY