SOLUTION

By

Dr. rer. nat. H. Muharram, M.Si

1.
SOLUTION
Solution Terminology
2. Electrolytes and Nonelectrlytes
3. Strong and weak electrolytes – chemical
equilibrium
4. Concentration of Solutions
5. The pH Concept
6. Measurement of pH. Indicators
7. pH of the water
8. Calculating The pH of A Solution of A Strong
Acid
9. Calculating the pH of A Solution of A Strong Base
10. The Relationship Between Ka and Kb for An Aci
Solution Terminology
Solution is a homogeneous mixture, that has
uniform properties throughout. We could also
say that the solution consists of a single
phase. Solution consists of two component,
namely solven and solute
 ELECTROLYTES AND NONELECTRLYTES
Electrolytes are substances that produce ions in solution.
Substances can be categorized as strong electrolytes, weak
electrolytes or nonelectrolytes.
Strong Electrolytes
Strong electrolytes are substances that only exist as ions in
solution. Ionic compounds are typically strong electrolytes. Strong
acids, strong bases and salts are strong electrolytes. When solid
NaCl is placed in water, it completely dissociates to form Na + and Cl-
ions.
H2O + NaCl(s) → Na+ (aq) + Cl-(aq)

Weak Electrolytes
A weak electrolyte only partially dissociates in solution and
produces relatively few ions. Polar covalent compounds are typically
weak electrolytes. Weak acids and weak bases are weak electrolytes.
H2O + CH3COOH(l) → CH3COO- (aq) + H+(aq)
ELECTROLYTES
Nonelectrolytes

A nonelectrolyte does not dissociate at

all in solution and therefore does not produce
any ions. Nonelectrolytes are typically polar
covalent substances that do dissolve in water
as molecules instead of ions. Sugar (C12H22O11)
is a good example of a nonelectrolyte.

H2O + C12H22O11 (s) → C12H22O11 (aq)

 STRONG AND WEAK ELECTROLYTES –
CHEMICAL EQUILIBRIUM
Substances such as NaCl and HCl, which
are completely dissociated in solution, are
called strong electrolytes.
Between the extremes of strong
electrolytes and nonelectrolytes exists a
large collection of compounds called weak
electrolytes. These compounds produce
aqueous solutions that conduct electricity,
but only very weakly.
 CONCENTRATION OF SOLUTIONS
Summary of the Concentration Types

Concentration Type Mathematical Formula Use

% composition  massA  For ease of making a solution.
mass % A   100
 massA  B  ...  When physical properties are more
Ppm  massA  important than chemical properties.
ppm A     10
6

 massA  B  ... 
Mixtures of solids.
 massA 
Ppb ppb A     10
9
When the concentrations are very low,
 massA  B  ... 
use ppm or ppb.

Mole fraction mol1 Mixtures of solids or gases

X1 
mol1  mol 2  ...
Mixtures in which the roles of solute and
solvent are not clear

Molarity nmolSolute Most common laboratory solutions

M
Lsolution
Molality nmolsolute Situations in which the properties of the
m
kgsolvent solvent are studied.

Normality nmolequivalents Acids and bases

N
Lsolution Oxidizing agents
Reducing agents

Formality n formulaweightunits Ionic compounds

F
Lsolution
 The pH Concept
pH
pH is a measure of the
acidity or basicity of a
solution. Pure water is said
to be neutral, with a pH
close to 7.0 at 25 °C (77 °F).
Solutions with a pH less
than 7 are said to be acidic
and solutions with a pH
greater than 7 are said to be
basic or alkaline
pH = - log [H+]
pOH
pOH is sometimes used as a measure of the
concentration of hydroxide ions, OH−, or
alkalinity. pOH is not measured
independently, but is derived from pH. The
concentration of hydroxide ions in water is
related to the concentration of hydrogen
ions by
[OH−] = KW /[H+]
where KW is the self-ionisation constant of
water. Taking cologarithms
pOH = pKW − pH.
So, at room temperature pOH ≈ 14 − pH.
However this relationship is not strictly
valid in other circumstances, such as in
measurements of soil alkalinity
 Measurement of pH. Indicators
An approximate measure of pH may be obtained by
using a pH indicator. A pH indicator is a substance
that changes color around a particular pH value
Universal indicator components
Transition pH
Indicator Low pH color High pH color
range
Thymol blue
red 1.2 – 2.8 yellow
(first transition)
Methyl red red 4.4 – 6.2 yellow
Bromothymol
yellow 6.0 – 7.6 blue
blue
Thymol blue
(second yellow 8.0 – 9.6 blue
transition)
Phenolphthalein colorless 8.3 – 10.0 fuchsia
Colourless
 pH of the water
As we know the water is ionized to H+ and OH-: H2O ↔ H+
+ OH-
K = [H+][OH-]/[H2O]
K[H2O] = [H+][OH-]
Kw = [H+][OH-]
Kw = 10-7 X 10-7 =
pH = - log [H+] = - log 10-7 = 7 and pOH = - log [OH-] = 7
-log Kw = - log [H+] + - log [OH-]
-log 10-14 = - log 10-7 + - log 10-7
pKw = pH + pOH
14 = 7 + 7
Kw is the ion-product constant for water. Kw is a constant, not
only for pure water, but also for all aquoeous solutions.
 Calculating The pH of A
Solution of A Strong Acid
pH = - log [Acid] x valence of acid

e.g.
What is the pH of a 0.001 M solution of H2SO4?

Analysis:
The key to solving the particular problem is realizing that H 2SO4 is a strong
acid, which means that it is completely dissociated in the solution.

Solution:
The complete dissociation of H2SO4 gives 2 mol of H+ and 1 mol of SO42- for
every 1 mol of H2SO4 that dissociates. Since the solution contains 0.002 mol
H2SO4 per liter, it contains 0.002 mol of H+ per liter and therefore [H +] = 0.002 M
(The solution also contains 0.001 mol of SO42- per liter, but we don’t need that to
calculate the pH).
The pH is defined as: pH = - log [H+]
Substituting yields: pH = - log 2 x 10-3 = 3 – log 2
Performing this operation gives pH = 2.70.
Calculating the pH of A Solution of A
Strong Base
pH = - log [Base] x valence of base
e.g.
What is the pH of a 2.5 X 10-4 M solution of Ba(OH)2?

Solution:
Metal hydroxide are strong bases, which means they are 100% dissociated.
Therefore, in this solution the OH- concentration is equal to 5.0 X 10-4 M.

To calculate the pH, we can proceed in either of two ways.

Methode 1, We know that Kw = [H+][OH-].

Threfore, [H+] = 1 X 10-14/5.0 X 10-4
= 2.0 X 10-11
From this we calculate the pH: pH = - log 2 X 10-11
= 11 – log 2 = 10.70
Methode 2, By definition pOH = - log [OH-]
In this problem [OH-] = 5.0 X 10-4
Therefore, pOH = - log 5.0 X 10-4 = 3.30
The pH is therefore pH = 14.00 – 3.30 = 10.70.
 The Relationship Between Ka and
Kb for An Acid-Base Conjugate Pair
A very simple, yet interesting relationship exists between the values of Ka and Kb
for the members of an acid-base conjugate pair, which is
Ka x Kb = Kw
That this is true can be easily seen if we consider the pair NH4 + and NH3. For the
ammonium ion the expression corresponding to Ka is
Ka = [H+][NH3]/[NH4+]
and for ammonia the expression for Kb is
Kb = [NH4+][OH-]/[NH3]
Therefore, the product of Ka and Kb is
Ka x Kb = [H+][NH3]/[NH4+] x [NH4+][OH-]/[NH3]
Ka x Kb = [H+][OH-]
Ka x Kb = Kw
Be sure you know this equation, because normally either Ka or Kb, but not both,
will be found in tables. Thus, it is common to find listed the value of Kb for NH 3,
but rarely will you find a table that gives the value of Ka for [NH 4+]. This no problem,
however, because if you know K for one of the members of the pair, you can easily
calculate the K for the other.