UNIT 14

Acids and
Bases
 UNIT 14

Acids and Bases

UNIT 14.1

Acids and Bases

Theories
Arrhenius Theory
According to Arrhenius theory, acids are compounds that
release hydrogen ions(H+) when dissolved in water. Take
a strong acid, such as hydrochloric acid. And the bases
are compounds that release hydroxide ions (OH-) when
dissolved in water.

Svante Arrhenius
Arrhenius Theory
According to Arrhenius theory, acids are compounds that
release hydrogen ions(H+) when dissolved in water. Take
a strong acid, such as hydrochloric acid. And the bases
are compounds that release hydroxide ions (OH-) when
dissolved in water.
 Bronsted-Lowry
Theory
an acid-base reaction theory that was introduced by the
Danish Chemist named Johannes Nicolaus Bronted and
English Chemist named Thomas Martin Lowry.

Johannes Nicolaus Bronsted

Thomas Martin Lowry

 Bronsted-Lowry
Theory
A bronsted-lowry acid is a substance in which donates a
proton or H+ ion to the compound and forms a
conjugated base.
Strong acids and bases ionize are completely in an
aqueous solution, wherein weak acids and bases are
partially ionized in aqueous solution.
Bronsted-Lowry
Theory
Water molecules are amphoteric in nature, which
means it can act as bronsted-lowry acid as well as
bronsted-lowry based.

The Bronsted-Lowry base is a substance which

accepts a proton or H+ ion from other compounds.
Lewis Theory
This theory is also an acid-base reaction theory whereas,
this theory suggests that acids react with bases to share a
pair of electrons, with no change in the oxidation
numbers of any atoms. Many chemical reactions can be
sorted into one or the other of these classes.

Gilbert N. Lewis
Lewis Theory
Lewis acid is any substances such as the H+ ion, that can
accept a pair of nonbonding electrons. In other words,
Lewis acid is an electron-pair acceptor.

Meanwhile, a Lewis base is any substance, such as the

OH- ion, that can donate a pair of nonbonding electrons.
Therefore, the Lewis base is an electron-pair donor.
Lewis Theory
One advantage of this theory is the way it complements
the model of oxidation-reduction reactions.

Oxidation-reduction reaction involves a transfer of

electrons from one atom to another with a net change in
the oxidation number of one or more atoms.
UNIT 14.2

Bronsted-Lowry
Acids and Bases
Summary
Recall that Bronsted-Lowry Theory is:

Acid donor Proton donor

Bases acceptor Proton acceptor

Proton-Transfer Reaction

𝐻𝐶𝑙 ( 𝑔 ) +𝐻 2 𝑂 −
𝐶𝑙 ( 𝑎𝑞 ) +𝐻 3 𝑂
+¿(𝑎𝑞)¿
(Hydronium)
(Hydrochloric Acid) (Water) (Chloride Ion)
 Amphiprotic
Substances that can function as acid in
one reaction and base in another
Gas Example

𝑁 𝐻 3 +𝐻𝐶𝑙(𝑔) 𝑁 𝐻 4 𝐶𝑙(𝑠)
(Ammonia) (Hydrochloric Acid) (Ammonium Chloride)
 Conclusion

Wrong Right

Thus, both forward and reverse reactions

are occurring or have the same concluded
reactions in the end:
List of Bronsted-Lowry Acids
and Bases
UNIT 14.3

Acid-Base
Properties of Water
Amphiprotic
Amphiprotic species are those that are able to either provide or
receive protons. In the presence of an acid, it serves as a proton
acceptor. When acting as a proton donor when a base is present.
Autoionization of water
The process of a water molecule giving a proton to another water
molecule is known as the autoionization (or self-ionization) of water.
The HO ion in the reverse reaction releases a proton to form an OH ion, making the
reaction reversible. As the H.O and OH ions are a stronger set of acid and base than
the H,O molecules, we can see that the reverse reaction is significantly more
important than the forward reaction. As a result, balance is greatly moved to the left
The Ion-product Constant of
Water
𝐾 𝑤 =¿
The Ion-product Constant of
Water
𝐾 𝑤 =¿
The symbol Kw is used to signify the equilibrium constant of water, which is
the ion-product constant of water at 25°C.
The Ion-product Constant of
Water
𝐾 𝑤 =¿
The expression for Kw can be written in terms of either H3O+ or H+ and Kw
has the same value in either case.
 𝐾 𝑤 =¿
The product of the concentrations of the hydronium and hydroxide ions must
always be equal to 1x10-14, so if the concentration of one of these ions
increases, the concentration of the other must decrease.
Example 1
A solution has What is the concentration?
Example 1
A solution has What is the concentration?

𝐾 𝑤 =¿
UNIT 14.4

The pH Scale
Recap

¿
ACID Concentration
[O 𝐻 ] −

BASE Concentration
 The pH Scale
ALKALIN
ACIDIC NEUTRAL
E

If , the solution is neutral

If , the solution is acidic
If , the solution is basic/alkaline.
 pH Scale Instruments

Litmus Paper pH Meter

What is pH?
• Power of Hydronium ()
• The strength of the acid or base character of a substance
• Mathematically defined as:
Examples pH

STOMACH ACID 1

LEMON 2

ACIDIC
SODA 3

TOMATO 4

COFFEE 5

MILK 6

NEUTRA
 WATER 7 NEUTRA
L
SEA WATER 8

BAKING SODA 9

SOAP 10

BASIC
AMMONIA 11

SOAPY WATER 12

BLEACH 13

DRAIN CLEANER 14
What is pOH?
• Power of Hydroxide ()
• Mathematically defined as:
 More basic

14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 pOH

pH 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

More acidic
 More basic

14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 pOH

pH 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

More acidic

Therefore, for a solution at 25°C:

● If pH < 7, the solution is acidic.

● If pH = 7, the solution is neutral.
● If pH > 7, the solution is basic.
What is ?
• The relationship of pH and pOH to the ion-product constant
of water ()
• Mathematically defined as:
Example 1
Calculate the pOH of NaOH given the is at
25°C
Example 1
Calculate the pOH of NaOH given the is at 25°C

pH pOH
Example 2
Calculate the of HCl with a pH of
1.20 at 25°C
Example 2
Calculate the of HCl with a pH of 1.20 at 25°C

pH pOH
Example 3
What is the pOH for an aqueous
solution (at 25°C) whose pH is 7.5?
Example 3
What is the pOH for an aqueous solution (at 25°C) whose pH is 7.5?

pH pOH
GROUP 1: ACIDS AND BASES

THANK YOU
FOR LISTENING
 UNIT
UNIT 1.1
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UNIT
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 UNIT
UNIT
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 1.4
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UNIT
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GERALD
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