CARPENTRY AND MASONRY

• CARPENTRY
– art and manner of cutting, forming and joining wood parts together.
– involves shaping and assembling structural woodwork.
• Carpenter – Builder or skilled craftsman who performs carpentry works
• Woodworking – Skills developed in terms of measuring, cutting, framing, joining and finishing wood materials.
Types of Woods
1. Lumber
– Woods that came from trees, either softwood or hardwood.
• Softwood – called as conifers because many of them bear cones.
• Hardwood – comes from broad leafed (deciduous) trees
2. Yard lumber
– Prepared lumber for variety of uses.
• Select grade – lumber of good appearance that can take different finishes such as stain, paint,
and enamel.
• Common grade – suitable for rough carpentry. It is not of finishing quality (eg. Coco Lumber)
3. Manufactured wood
– Also called man-made wood, this are timber sheets which are produced by gluing wood layers
or wood fibers together.
• Wood veneer –thin slices of wood
• Plywood – a sheet material from thin layers or "plies" of wood veneer
• Pressed wood or Fiber wood – also called as Medium-density fiber (MDF), made from woodchips
• Particle board – also known as Low-density fiber (LDF) or chipboard. It’s cheaper, denser and more uniform than
conventional wood and plywood
• Laminated wood – logs are processed by sawmilling and drying
• DEFECTS OF WOODS
• Knot – Branch or limb has been exposed
• Check – small crack or split.
• Split – break or big crack in the board.
• Decay – Rotting of wood
• Stain – Discoloration
• Wane – lack of wood on the face of the piece
• Warp – crack, bow, cup, wind (twist) or any combination of this.
• Lumbers are sold following the description:
• Surfaced two side or S2S – planed or smooth on two sides.
• Surfaced four side or S4S – planed or smooth on four sides.
• Surfaced in two side and one edge or S3S – board has been surfaced S2S first, then one edge is ripped
straight.
• Rough lumber – unplanned usually passes exact dimension in T, W, L.
• Surfaced lumber – Planed lumber usually lessened in actual size by about 3/8 of an inch.
• Prices of lumber ranges according to the following:
• Types of wood
• Dimensions
• Grades of lumber – either sun dried, air dried or kiln dried
• Basic Consideration on the Quality of Work Done:
• Quality of wood selected
 • The design of the project
• The skill and basic processes involved in making the project
• Wood Preparation
• Seasoning – process of drying the wood in preparation for use.
• Finishing
Seasoning
• the process of drying the wood in preparation for use.
– Air Seasoning (Sun Dried) – filling the wood in open air
– Kiln Seasoning (Kiln Dried) – the use of oven to dry wood
– Treated – Use of Chemical compound before seasoning
• approximate moisture content of drying hardwood for home furniture are:
20 % for softwood
6-12 % for hardwood

Finishing
• Scraper – used to produce a very smooth surface.
• Sand paper – used to smoothen the surface of wood.
• Wood fillers (Masilya) – used to eliminate deep cuts and holes
• Stain – a wood finishing metal, derived from different color of woods such as walnut, mahogany and natural
color.
• Shellac – came from gums substances of insects
• a. Orange Shellac – natural type
• b. White Shellac – produced by bleaching
• Varnish – most used clear finishing material
• Paints – most widely use in finishing a project.
• a. Latex paint – is easier to work with and dries more quickly
• b. Enamel Paint – used for coating surfaces that are outdoors
• c. Lacquer Paint – used for a number of hard and potentially shiny finishes applied to materials
such as wood and metals.

• Common Wood Joints

1. Dado Joint (across the grain) Groove that runs on board, commonly use for making cabinets and
bookshelves.
2. Rabbet Joint (along the grain) Commonly used for making frames to hold glasses in drawers and other
cabinetwork.
3. Mortise and Tenon (force fitting) Oldest and strongest kind of wood joint. This is considered best for
quality chairs, tables and benches.
4. Miter Joint Uses 45 degrees angle cut, intended for making frames.
5. Lap Joint Used for reinforcing wood length. Wood assembling is overlapping each other.
6. Butt Joint Simplest type of wood joint, two pieces of wood is nailed in one end.
7. Dovetail Joint Used on the corner of drawers and chairs.
8. Tongue and Groove is widely used for re-entrant angles, allow two flat pieces to be joined strongly
together to make a single flat surface

• MITER JOINT – picture frame

• LAP or BUTT JOINT – tables and chairs
 • MORTISE and TENON – chairs, table and benches

• Cutting Tools
• Back Saw – making wood joint.
• Coping Saw – irregular shape and curves
• Crosscut Saw – across the grain
• Hack Saw – cut metal
• Key Hole or Compass Saw – irregular and circle shape in wood.
• Long crosscut Saw – large and round lumber
• Rip Saw – along the grain

• DESIGN A PRODUCT
Designing processes to follow;
1. Clarify the purpose, condition and place of use.
2. Draw a conceptual picture.
3. List the materials needed.
4. List the tools and equipment to be used in processing.
5. Prepare technical drawings and parts drawings.
6. Make prototype if possible.

• Wood Floor System

1. Girder – principal beam extending from wall to wall.
2. Floor joist – placed on the girders where the floor boards are fastened
3. Sill – rest horizontally upon the foundation
4. Header – Short transverse joist that supports the end of cut-off joist at a stair well hole
5. Trimmer – Supporting joist which carries an end portion of header.
6. Flooring – tongue and groove board which is most common of wood flooring materials.

• Roof System
1. Shed or Lean-to-Roof – Simplest form of roof consisting of one single slope.
2. Gable or Pitch Roof – Most common type and economical form of roof
3. Hip Roof – Common form used in modern houses
4. Hip and Valley Roof – Combination of hip roof and an intersecting gable roof forming T or L shaped building.
5. Pyramid Roof – Modification of hip roof
6. Gambrel Roof – Modification of the gable roof with each side having two slopes.
7. Dome – Hemispherical form of roof
 • Types of Roof Frame
Rafters
1. Common Rafter – extended at right angle from the plate or girt to the ridge.
2. Hip Rafter – diagonally laid from the corner of plate or girt to the ridge.
3. Valley Rafter – does not extend from plate or girt to the ridge.
4. Jack Rafter – frame between hip rafter and girt are called hip jack. The frame between the ridge and
valley rafter are called valley jack and those frame between the hip and valley rafter are called cripple
jack.
5. Octagonal Rafter – placed on octagonal shaped plate at the central apex or ridge pole.

Truss
– series of triangles used to distribute load and stiffen the structure spacing
– Girts – the structural member that supports the rafters or truss of a building.
– Collar Beam – ties between rafters on opposite sides of roof.
– Purlins – the structural member placed on top of the rafter or top chord of a truss that support the
roofing materials.
Board foot (unit measurement of lumber)
• (T” x W” x L’ ) / 12
• Example:
– 7 pieces of 2” x 4” x 12’ , cost Php 11.00 per board feet.
– 2x4x12 = 96/12 = 8 bd. ft. x 7 pcs = 56 bd. Ft.
– (8 bd. Ft. x 7 pcs) x Php 11.00
– 56 bd. Ft. x Php 11.00
– Php 616.00

MASONRY
• Concrete – artificial stone as a result of mixing sand, cement, gravel and water.
• Mortar – mixture of cement, sand and water used for binding stones, bricks, etc. or for plastering.
• Plaster – mixture applied wet to wall or ceilings and hardened to produce smooth surface.
• Cement – a bonding agent that reacts with water to form a hard stone-like substance.
– Two types of Cement
• Portland Cement (Approx 24Hrs Curing Period)
• Pozzoland Cement (Approx 72Hrs Curing Period)
• CHB – most widely used masonry material
 • Bricks – manufactured from clay
• Ashlars – stone blocks laid in parallel horizontal courses.
• Rubble stone – irregular stones with good face for wall surface.
• Aggregates – material bound together into a conglomerated mass by cement and water to form concrete,
mortar or plaster.
– Fine sand
– Coarse crushed rocks, gravel

BLESSING NOTES
• Carpentry – referring to technology and science of cutting, fitting, and assembling
• thumb – used as guide
• working with piece of materials as in sawing, boring, filing and planing, always use – Clamps
• marking the thickness – marking gauge
• squareness – Try square
• Angles – Sliding T bevel
• Carpentry – referring to technology and science of cutting, fitting, and assembling
• thumb – used as guide
• working with piece of materials as in sawing, boring, filing and planing, always use – Clamps
• marking the thickness – marking gauge
• squareness – Try square
• Angles – Sliding T bevel
• hardwood – 6-12 %
• Softwood – 20 %
• angle used in sawing soft and thin wood – 30-45 degrees
• Seasoning - process of drying the lumber
• Sawing – preparation of wood for commercial purposes
• common plywood is 4 x 8 feet
• provides greater holding power than nails – screw
• process of smoothening using sand paper – Sanding
• constructing tables and chairs – Mortise and Tenon
• CHB – bound together by a material called mortar
• artificial stone – Concrete
• most widely used masonry materials – Hollow blocks
• manufactured from clay – Bricks
• conglomerated mass – Aggregates
• aggregate components of a total mass of concrete – 90% (exact composition is 95%)
• 1: 3: 6 – class C concrete mixture
• hand mixing ½ kg of water + 1 kg of cement + 2 kg of sand + 2.5 – 3 kg of gravel
• vertical – Plumb bob
• classifications of masonry tools – none of the above (2 only, Roughing Up and Surface Finishing Tools)
• finishing a surface – Float
• fine textured concrete plaster – Rubber foam
• flexibility – NOT to be considered in proportioning concrete mixture
• commonly used in small and large construction – Portland cement
• practices in mixing cement EXCEPT, Add plenty of water
• purpose of footing in masonry, It prevents the foundation from sinking
• Has long period of curing time – Pozzolan
• smallest division of the metric scale – millimeter
• one inch to centimeters – 2.54
• best to use – Kiln dried
• caliper – cylindrical object
• Fastening materials – nails
• Plywood – three or more veneer slice
• strongest form – mortise and tenon
• sanding – done before the application of finishing materials
• S4S – four of its sides are smooth or planed
• splicing or joining of wood using two side blocks – Fishing
• simplest – Butt joint
• major horizontal support – Header
• series of triangles – Truss
• 60 degrees –tooth of a cross cut saw
• solid color instead of a wood pattern – Opaque finishes
• oldest and most commonly used building material – Wood
• conifers – Soft wood
• binding agent – Cement
• rough – cutting marks are visible
• put through planking machine – dressed
• been dresses and matched, ship lapped, or patterned – worked
• plank of wood that has been roughly cut – Lumber
• Flat-grain – parallel to the face
• Edge-grain – 90 degrees to the face
• art of building with stone, bricks, concrete – Masonry
• you hold on to – Handrail
• part do you step on – Tread (minsan READ ang kalagay sa option)
• Door hinge – door swing when you close and open it
• standard height of the riser – 6-8 inches
• protective equipment, EXCEPT – ear muffs
• Helmet – protects the carpenter from falling objects
• protects the carpenter from falling – Belt and harness
• compress baked clay – Bricks
• closely together – Close-grain
• do not run parallel to the board – Cross-grain
• picture frame – Miter joint
• shelves of a bookcase – Dado joint
• end of one member inserted to hole of the other member – Mortise and Tenon joint
• Lap joint – one side over the other
• Butt joint – one end over the other
• rigid and durable – Mortise and Tenon joint
• 45 degrees angle – Miter joint
• protects the room occupants – Rabbet joint
• middle of a bench – Bridle joint
• English system – inch
• Metric system – meter
• measure long distances – Pull-push rule
• mark very rough objects – Chalk line
• vertical line – Plum bob
• fasten and remove nails – Claw hammer
• smoothen wood surfaces – Plane
• smooth finish of concrete after floating – Concrete trowel
• cut brick, block, or stone – Mason's hammer
• repair mortar joints – Pointing trowel
• and move mortar – Brick trowel
• mix concrete – Shovel
• lays bricks – Hawk
• flat with handle at the back usually made of wood – Float
• shaping and forming concrete edges – Edger
 • mix concrete for column and slab – 1 : 1 1/2 : 3
• class B mixture – 1 : 2 1/2 : 5
• mix concrete for a slab in the ground – 1 : 2 : 4
• mix concrete for hollow block filler – 1 : 3 : 6
• can be molded without segregation – Plasticity
• degree of wetness or slump – Consistency
• results from mixing cement, sand, and water – Mortar
• results from mixing cement and water – Grout
• process of finishing using mortar – Plastering
• Start laying ceramic tiles – Center
• Start laying concrete hollow blocks – Left
• mix mortar for plastering – cement and sand
• toilet and bathroom flooring – Non-skid granite tiles
• Bricks longer side is exposed to view – Stretcher
• regulate the strength of concrete, EXCEPT , Dropping concrete mixture from high elevation
• 1:2:4 – Class A
• set-up the lateral level of a concrete fence – Spirit level
• coarse aggregates – Gravel
• process of hardening of concrete – Curing
• widely used in small and large construction including roads and highways – Portland cement
• added to the batch immediately before or during its mixing – Admixture
• the structural reinforcing member – Stirrups
• structure that holds the poured concrete – Forms
• days shall concrete be maintained above 10 °C temperature – 7 days
• 4" x 8" x 16" concrete hollow blocks – 55 to 60 pcs

COMPUTATION
• A carpenter bought 7 pieces of 2”x4”x12’ lumber. If the price is 35.00 per board foot, how much did he pay?
a. 1,980.00 c. 1,950.00
b. 1,940.00 d. 1,960.00
2x4x12 = 96/12 = 8 bd. ft. x 7 pcs = 56 bd. Ft.
(8 bd. Ft. x 7 pcs) x Php 35.00
56 bd. Ft. x Php 35.00
= Php 1,960.00

• Find the total number of board feet of six pieces of lumber with a dimension of 2" x 4" x 12'.
a. 8 bd. ft.
b. 96 bd. ft.
c. 48 bd. ft.
d. 480 bd. ft.
2x4x12 = 96/12 = 8
8 bd. ft. x 6 pcs = 48 bd. Ft.

• If you have 2 ft length of a piece of wood, how long is it in inches?

a. 25
b. 12
c. 22
d. 24
2 ft x 12 inches = 24 inches

• If you have 2 yards length of a piece of wood, how long is it in inches?

a. 82
b. 72
c. 84
d. 64
2 yards x 36 inches = 72 inches

• 10 yards length of wood is how many feet?

a. 36
b. 35
c. 30
d. 24
10 yards x 3 feet = 30 feet

• One decameter of G.I. sheets is how many centimeters?

a. 10
b. 20
c. 100
d. 1,000
1 decameter = 0.10 meter
1 meter = 100 centimeter
0.10 m x 100 cm = 10

• A 2" x 3" x 12' lumber is how many board feet?

a. 2
b. 6
c. 8
d. 10
(2 x 3 x 12) /12 = 72/12
=6

• 5 pcs. of a 1" x 1' x 8' lumber is how many board feet?

a. 30
b. 35
c. 40
d. 45
1x1x8=8
8 x 5 pcs = 40

• 50 millimeters length of a piece of lumber is how many decimeter?

a. 5
b. 0.05
 c. 0.005
d. 0.5
1 meter = 1000 millimeter
1 meter = 10 decimeter
50 mm / 1000 m = 0.05 m
0.05 m x 10 dm = 0.5 dm

• How tall is a 10 meter building in inches?

a. 3.937
b. 39.37
c. 393.7
d. 3,937
1 m = 39.37 inches
10 x 39.37 = 393.7

• A mason wants to lay concrete hollow blocks into a 10 sq.m. wall. How many CHB are needed?
a. 100 pcs.
b. 120 pcs.
c. 122.5 pcs.
d. 125 pcs.
10 sq. m x 12.5 pcs (standard) = 125 pcs

• How many 8" x 8" wall tiles are needed in a wall 2.5 m width and 4.0 m height?
a. 300 pcs.
b. 500 pcs.
c. 550 pcs.
d. 600 pcs.
2.5 m x 4 m = 10 sq m
10 sq m x 25 pcs (8”x8”) = 250 pcs
(pwede yung 300 dahil nearest to 250)

• A carpenter bought 10 pcs. of a 2" x 3" x 8' lumber. If the price of lumber is ₱50.00 per board foot, how much
did he pay?
a. ₱1,800
b. ₱1,900
c. ₱2,000
d. ₱2,100
2 x 3 x 8 / 12 = 4
4 x 10 pcs = 40 bd ft x Php 50 = Php 2,000

• A carpenter bought 10 pcs. of a 2" x 4" x 6' lumber. If the price of lumber is P50.00 per board foot, how much did
he pay?
a. ₱1,800
b. ₱1,900
c. ₱2,000
d. ₱2,100
2 x 4 x 6 / 12 = 4
4 x 10 pcs = 40 bd ft x Php 50 = Php 2,000

• How many cubic yard of concrete do you need to cover a space with an area of 25 square foot and a slab
thickness of four (4) inches?
a. 0.34 cu. yd.
b. 0.32 cu. yd.
c. 0.25 cu. yd.
d. 0.51 cu. yd.
• Convert 4 inches into foot
• 4 / 12 = 0.33
0.33 x 25 sq m
8.25 sq m / 27 (cu. yrd)
0.30555 … or 0.31 cu. yrd
(0.34 is the nearest)

• To convert from feet to get number of meters, multiply feet by?

a. 0.3048
b. 25.4
c. 30.48
d. 2.54

BUSINESS MATH
Four Financial Statements
1. Balance Sheet / Financial Position
• assets
• liabilities
• capital
2. Income Statement
• revenue or income
• expenses
– Gross Income (total revenue, WITHOUT deduction)
– Net Income (Revenue less Expense; R > E)
– Net Loss (E > R ; Expense is greater than Revenue)
3. Statement of Owner’s Equity
• capital and drawing in a CERTAIN PERIOD
4. Statement of Cash Flow
• Received cash; on going operations
• Cash receipts and payments
ASSET
CURRENT ASSETS
1. Cash – A medium of exchange that is in currency form.
2. Account Receivable – Money owed by the customers or debtor acquired through service rendered and goods
purchased on accounts
3. Notes Receivable – debts endorsed through promissory notes.
FIXED ASSETS INTANGIBLE ASSETS
Land Franchise
Buildings Copyright
Vehicles Trademarks
Office/ Store Supplies Patent
Office/Store equipment and machineries Software
Furniture and Fixtures

LIABILITIES
•
Unearned Revenue – an income collected by the business in advance whose product or service is yet to
be provided.
1. Current Liability
• Accounts Payable
• Notes Payable
• Salaries Payable
• Utilities Payable
• Interest Payable – Interests accumulated from debts
2. Long-term Liability
• Mortgage Payable
• Loan Payable
• Bonds Payable
•
CAPITAL
• Owner’s Capital – invested/investment
• Owner’s Drawing – account used for assets withdrawn by the owner for personal use.
REVENUE
• Sales
• Commissions
• Service Revenue
• Rent Income
• Interest income
EXPENSES
• Salaries Expense
• Utilities Expense
• Rent Expense

• Bookkeeping – recording all the transaction in a systematic manner

• Classifying – grouping similar and interrelated business transactions by posting it to the ledger
• Summarizing – preparing financial statements
• Journalizing – recording business transaction in a book of original entries called a journal
• Posting –transferring entries from journal to ledger.
• Adjusting entries are used to:
a. close the books
b. record accruals
c. correct errors
• Reminders:
– Pag column ang tinatanong, it’s either DEBIT or CREDIT lang
– Pag ang transaction nag end sa “on account or on credit” ang credit side ay Accounts Payable pero pag
wala, automatic ang credit side ay Cash
– Lahat ng pumasok DEBIT, lahat ng lumabas CREDIT
– I-analyze maigi ang transaction bago mag answer 
• Reminders:
– Pag gross sales, walang bawas ang pipiliin
– Pag net sales naman ibawas ang expenses
– Pag depreciation value, if given na yung value, iconvert ang percentage into decimal, then multiply sa
amount
 – If per yearly or monthly ito ang formula;
total amount – depreciation value
time (months if needed)
• Reminders:
– Pag kukuha ng percentage, mauuna ang maliit na value sa mas malaking value, kaylangan naka decimal
muna then multiply sa 100 para maging whole number, kapag dinivide mo at naka whole number agad,
baliktarin mo yun pag divide dahil baka nagkamali ka lang 
– Pag wala yung exact answer, hanapin ang pinaka malapit

BLESSING NOTES
• Statement cash flows, the information concerning the cash inflows and outflows
• Closing entries are made, in order to transfer net income/loss and owner's drawings to the owner's capital
account
• Trade companies – business to receive goods and services before paying
• example of external finance – Bank loan
• Capital gain – shareholder sells his shares for more than he paid
• point at which the level of sales of a business exactly equals its costs – Break-even point
• Current Assets-Current Liabilities – Working capital
• does not appear in a Balance Sheet – Depreciation Expense
• Net Income or Profit results from, revenues exceeding expenses
• Assets are normally recorded at – cost
• Requires 15 months of payment – Long-term liability
• Best applies to current asset – Accounts receivable
• Non-current assets – Properties and equipment
• Received in exchange for delivery of goods – Income
• Decreases in Owner’s equity – Expenses
• Resources owned – Assets
• Acquired assets through obligations – Liability
• Business owned will be due not to exceed a year – Current Asset
• Requires prompt payment – Current Liability

COMPUTATION
1. Jeff receives P2,500 from her parents as monthly allowance. He spends 3/5 for dormitory fee and utilities, 1/5
for her other needs and saves the rest. How much does she save?
A. P1000
C. P850
B. P750
D. P500

3/ 5 + 1/5 = 4/5
2500 X 4/5 or 2500 / 5 = 500
500 X 4 = 2000
2500 – 2000 = 500
D. 500

2. Christine is a saleslady in Miniso Department Store. She received a salary of P 10,000 a month plus a
commission of 1% on all her sales. Last month, her total sales was P35,000. How much did she earn for the month?
A. P 10,035.00
B. P 10,003.50
C. P 10,350.00
D. P 10,530.00

1 % / 100 = 0.01
35000 X 0.01 = 350
10000 + 350 = 10, 350
 C. P 10,350.00

3. If a skirt marked down 25%, what will the purchase price be?
A. P25.00
B. 75% of its original price
C. 50% off
D. P75.00

B. 75% of its original price

4. Find the profit of Ronnel's water refilling business with revenue of ₱56,000,000 and costs of
₱42,000,000
a. ₱14,000,000
b. ₱140,000
c. ₱1,400,000
d. ₱14,000

56,000,000 – 42,000,000
= 14,000,000

5. Niko's food stall has costs of ₱2,900. Her total food sales are ₱11,600. What percent of her food sales do
the food costs represent
a. 20%
b. 25%
c. 27%
d. 30%

2,900 / 11,600
= 0.25 X 100
= 25 %

6. Brea needs 250 cookies for a buffet. She will make oatmeal raisin, macaroons, and chocolate chunk
cookies. She wants 25% of the cookies to be oatmeal raisin and 15% of the cookies to be macaroons.
How many chocolate chunk cookies must Brea bake?
a. 150
b. 125
c. 140
d. 100
25 % oatmeal
+ 15 % macaroons
40 %
100 % - 40 % = 60 %
250 (total cookies)
250 * 0.60
= 150

7. A customer places a special order through 480 Furniture Store. The list price in the manufacturer's catalog is
₱1,600. 480 Furniture receives a 35% trade discount. What is the net price for the furniture order?
a. ₱560
b. ₱1,535
c. ₱1,565
d. ₱1,040
Shortcut in getting net price in Trade Discount:
Subtract the given discount from 100% then multiply to the given amount
100% - 35% = 65%
1,600 x 0.65 = 1,040

8. Ron's Manufacturing offers discounts on most of its products. What is the trade discount rate on an item
with a list price of ₱16.79 and a net price of ?₱2.42?
a. 22%
b. 26%
c. 54%
d. 74%
Trade Discount = List Price x Trade Discount rate
Net Price = List Price – Trade Discount
TD = 16.79 x 2.42
= 40.63
But, in the given option, 26% is nearest to the correct answer.

COSMETOLOGY
• Matrix – contains nerves
• Cuticle – overlapping skin around nail
• Mantle – deep fold or skin at the base of nail
• Nail Wall – skin on sides of nail
• Eponychium – thin line at base of nail
• Nail bed – beneath nail
• Lunula – half moon shape
• Nail grooves – slit or track in nail bed

PROCEDURES IN MANICURE
• Remove old polish
• Shape nails
• Soften cuticle
• Dry fingertips
• Apply cuticle remover
• Loosen cuticle
• Trim cuticle
• Clean under free edge
• Apply hand and arm massage
• Remove traces of oil
• Apply base coat
• Apply colored polish
• Apply top coat
• Apply instant nail dry

• Kinds of Make Up
1. Day make-up – work, church, ordianry event
2. Evening make-up – heavy/dramatic, party, pageant
3. Photographic make-up – wedding, pictorial
4. Theatrical/Fantasy make-up – disguise, theater play
5. Corrective make-up – achieve balance
– Highlighting
– Shadowing/Shading
6. Implement and Supplies
– EYE: Eyeliner, eyeshadow, mascara and eyebrow brush
– FACE: Foundation brush, concealer brush, powder brush and blusher brush
– LIP: Lip brush
7. Cosmetics
– Foundation
 – Powder

• SPECIAL PROBLEMS:
1. Induces relaxation – even tempo or rhythm
2. Oily skin and blackheads – caused by hardened mass sebum
3. Whiteheads (Milia) – common skin disorder
4. Acne – disorder of sebaceous gland
5. Packs and mask – normal and oily skin
6. Hot oil mask facial – dry, scaly skin, and skin inclined to wrinkle
Plain Facial
• Prepare tools and patron
• Give plain facial
• Apply beaten egg white
• Let application stay for 3 – 5 minutes and remove it with hot towel
• Apply skin lotion and makeup
Facial Treatment
• Cleansing cream
• Massage cream
• Treatment mask
• Moisturizer
• Study of hair – trichology
• Hair comes in variety of colors, shapes and sizes
• Hair is distributed all over the body, except palms of hands, soles of feet, lips and eyelids
• Types of hair:
• Long hair
• Short hair and
• Vellus hair (lanugo)

• Color of hair
1. Natural color depends mainly on heredity
2. Albino – person born with white hair
3. Gray hair – absence of color pigment, result of natural aging process

• Hair cutting
1. Beveled – 90 degrees
2. Blunt – cutting straight across the strand
3. Elevation – hair is held away from head
4. Graduated – wedge
5. Guide – determines length of hair
6. Layering – achieve by cutting with elevation
7. Parting - subsection Section – division of hair before cutting
8. Tension – how tightly hair is pulled
9. Undercutting – held in forward position
10. Weight lien – ends of hair hang together

• Hair style
1. Chignon – traditional
2. Petal blossom – pageant
3. Laced up and Elegant – wedding
4. French twist – casual

BLESSING NOTES
• foundation serves as make-up base – cream
• best shear to use for thinning bulky hair – thinning shear
• process of thinning, tapering and shortening – hair cutting
• color to the cheeks – Rogue (also called blush)
• To correct misshaped eyebrows – eyebrow pencil
• makes eyelashes wavy – curl lash
• makes small eyes appear bigger, adding lines on the eyelids
• emery board is used to shape – free edge
• orange wood stick is used to – remove excess nail polish around the nails
• ability of the hair to absorb moisture – hair porosity
• Foot cosmetics with tiny particles – foot scrub
• best way of shaping the eyebrow with the use of shave – Depilation
• heavy make-up – evening affair
• first cosmetic applied on nail – base coat
• dividing the hair – Sectioning
• darker shade of eye color – Lighter
• lips are broad – use lip liner at the outer portions of the lips
• nail is composed – Keratin
• Customer A is complaining, Ask for an apology, maintain professionalism and ask what she wants.
• first thing the pedicurist should do, Ask the customer what she wants for her toenails like the shape, color, etc.
• NOT desirable quality for effective client relation, discussing personal life
• statement is NOT true, Salon owners and managers do not consider appearance, personality and poise to be
as important as technical knowledge and manual skills.
• guidelines for good human relations and professional attitude, EXCEPT one, Make a good impression by
wearing obtrusive jewelry to look at your best.
• public teacher – Business attire
• make-up of public teacher – Light make-up
• a neatly finished up style – Chignon
• Long hair – Laced-up and Elegant
• makeup in wedding – Photographic
• short nails – Round nail
• implements – cuticle pusher, nail brush, cuticle nipper, nail file and orange wood stick
• cosmetics – top coat, base coat, assorted colored polish and cuticle remover
• equipment – manicure pillow, chair, and finger bowl
• correct way to use cuticle nail file, The dull spade side is used to push back and loosen the cuticles.
• nail to grow out straight – square nail
• massage applied before – base coat
• last step in manicuring/pedicuring – apply top coat
• imaginative and artistic process – nail art
• Expert – nail technician
• Protein in nail – Keratin
• Nail extenders – artificial nail
• Decorative / painting – nail tatoo
• statement is CORRECT, Adult fingernails grow at an average rate of 1/8 inch a month
• technical term of nail – Onyx
• Nail diseases – Onychosis
• Study of nail – Onychology
• hand-held tools used in manicure – Implements
• light, continuous stroking movement – effleurage
• Massage with pressure – petrissage
• Continuous stroke that create heat – friction
• not good to apply massage when a person, high blood pressure and heart condition
• shaping the nails, what comes first, Discuss with the client the nail shape best suited for him/her. File the nails
at the left hand starting with the little finger and working towards the thumb.
• exposed to the sunlight – SPF lotion
• drinks can take to hydrate – plain water
• color testing of a foundation – jawline
• aids in maintaining face – face cleansers
• moisturize the face – face cream
• first step in giving facial – apply cleansing cream
• NOT a concern in analyzing the client's skin – shape of the face
• NOT beneficial for facial treatments – weakening muscle tissue
• common skin disorder - whiteheads
• recommended for dry, scaly skin, or skin that is inclined to wrinkles – hot oil mask facial
• role of the cosmetologist, Work closely with the client's physician to carry out instructions as to the kind and
frequency of facial treatments.
• treatment for acne, EXCEPT – Apply moisturizer
• used to set the foundation – powder
• backdrop for entire make-up – foundation
• highlight is produced when, a lighter shade than the original one is applied to a particular part of the face
• in giving facial manipulations to induce relaxation – tempo
• has some obvious abrasions on her scalp – Advise the client of her scalp condition and reschedule her
appointment
• cause of gray hairs at this early age – has defects in pigment formation occurring at birth
• arranging the hair with attractive shapes and styles – Hairstyling
• Who is an albino, an absence of coloring matter in the hair shaft, which is accompanied by no marked of
pigment coloring in the skin or irises of the eyes
• holds the shears at an angle to the hair strand other than 90 degrees – beveled cut
• safety measures in haircutting is NOT true, Cut past the second knuckle when cutting on the inside of the hand
• partially wet and partially dry – Uneven
• texturizing performed most effectively, On dry hair styled the way it will typically be worn
• myths about hair growth, EXCEPT, Normal, healthy hair grows and sheds each follicle repeatedly cycles
through three stages
• graduated effect – taped haircutting
• art of creating curls or weaving – Hair setting
• to increase the circulation of the blood to the scalp – Scalp manipulation
• remove tangles before hairstyling – Nape of the neck
• strands of hair an average person shed per day – 40-100
• Hair is distributed all over the body, EXCEPT – Soles of the feet
• Assessing personal need of client – Consultation
• Manicure – hands and fingernails
• Ideal nail contour – Oval shaped
• Fits most fingers and toes – almond shape
• Lies underneath most of nail – nail bed
• Half moon like – lunula
• First step in manicure/pedicure – cleaning
• Loosen cuticle – push in one direction
• Use to loosen cuticle – cuticle pusher
• Functions of top coat – protect enamel from chipping
• Small nail – round shape
• Do not shake bottle – air bubbles
• Prevent multiplication of micro-organism – disinfectant
• Ordinary occasions, work or going church – day make-up / light make-up
• Facial with normal skin – about a month / once a month
• Oily skin type – skin toner
• Hair structure above the skin – hair shaft
• Hair structure beneath the skin surface – hair root
• Haircut by analyzing – face shape
• Effective client relationship – good manners and emotional balance
• Long and casual hairstyle – rollers with large circumference
• Cutting straight across without thinning – layered cut
• Tweeze eyebrow – upward
• Tools and equipment be sanitized – before use

• Commercial hot-oil treatment

1. Apply hot oil product
 2. Cover with plastic cap for 15-20 mins
3. Give scalp massage
4. Rinse hair
5. Shampoo hair
Answer – 1,3,2,5,4

• Arrange the following cosmetics in their order of use in applying make-up?

I. Curl lash
II. Eyeliner
III. Eye shadow
IV. Mascara
a. I, II, III, IV
b. II, III, IV, I
c. III, II, I, IV
d. IV, I, II, III
• If you are going to start a home service as a manicurist/pedicurist and your parents give you ₱500.00 to start
with, which equipment, implements, cosmetics and materials should you buy first?
I. Nail cutter, nail pusher, cuticle nipper, assorted nail polish, base coat, and top coat
II. Solvent, lotion, cuticle oil, and nail art designs
III. Tray basket, emery board, orangewood stick, nail brush, nail file, and nail polish remover
IV. Finger bowl, manicure pillows, hand towel, antiseptic solution, and nail buffer
a. I only
b. I and II
c. I and III
d. I and IV

• Arrange steps in cleaning the nails:

I. Apply cuticle remover
II. Cut & file nails
III. Push cuticle
IV. Trim cuticle
a. I, III, II, IV
b. II, I, III, IV
c. III, I, IV, II
d. I, III, IV, I

DRAFTING
FOUR COMMON TERMS
• Drawing
– International language
• Freehand drawing/sketching
– Paper and pencil
• Mechanical drawing
– With instruments such as T-sqaure, triangles
• Orthographic projection
– Exact shapes and observation
METHODS OF DRAWING LINES
A. Orthographic
• Also called as 3 VIEW DRAWING
• Planes of porjection
– Frontal Plane Front View
– Horizontal Plane Side View
– Profile Plane Top View
• Glassbox technique
 – Extracting or extraction of TV, SV and FV
B. Pictorial
– Isometric
– 3 Dimensional, 30 degrees, 30 x 60 degrees, triangle
– Perspective
– Most realistic, visual observation
A. Bird’s Eye View (becomes narrower)
B. Man’s Eye View (horizontal plane)
C. Worm’s Eye View (becomes bigger)
– Oblique
– One side is parallel to another, 45 degrees
A. Cavalier – actual measurement
B. Cabinet – depth reduce to ½
C. General – depth reduce to ¼
TWO KIND OF DIMENSION
• Location Dimension – parts, size, shapes
• Detailed Dimension
 Overall – width, length, height
 Semi-detailed – minor measurements
Grades of Pencil used for General Drafting
• HB – for lettering
• 2H – for line work
• 4H – for general
Minimum requirement for drafting students
• 4H – for repenciling F or H – for all lettering and freehand work
• 6H – for light construction lines
• 2H – for visible object lines
GEOMETRIC FIGURES
1. LINE
• Set of points
• Types of Lines
– Straight line – shortest distance between two points
– Parallel line – will never meet
– Perpendicular line – intersecting lines
2. Kinds of Angles
• The simplest way to sort triangles is by their angle size:
– Acute triangle is one in which all the angles are acute (less than 90°).
– Obtuse triangle is one in which one of the angles is obtuse (more than 90°).
– Right triangle is one in which one of the angles is a right angle (exactly 90°).
• Another way to group triangles is by looking at the lengths of their sides:
– Equilateral triangle is one in which all three sides have the same length.
– Isoceles triangle is one in which two sides have the same length.
– Scalene triangle is one in which all three sides have different lengths

3. POLYGONS
 • PROPORTION OF LETTERS
1. Normal letters – used when space is adequate
2. Extended letters – used when space is wider
3. Compressed letters – used when space is limited
4. Lightface – with very thin stems
5. Boldface – having heavy stems
6.
Guidelines

Types of Lettering
1. Roman - (thick and thin lines)
2. Gothic - (uniform width)
3. Italic Letters - (slant)
4. Script Letters - (cursive/fancy/elegant)
5. Text Letters - (fancy style of letters)

TYPE OF LINES
• Break line (long – wavy, and short – pointy)
• Cutting plane line
• Visible line
• Hidden line
• Center line
• Extension line
• Dimension line

• Types of Section
1. Full section – cuts entirely across
2. Half section – symmetrical
3. Broken-out section – partial used when need exposure
4. Revolved section – show true shape
5. Removed or Detailed section – same as revolved but not shown on view

• KINDS OF GRAPHS
1. Line Graphs – usually constructed by placing two sets of figures in relation to each other
2. Bar Graphs – excellent for comparing quantities, values, and percentages
3. Volume Graphs – suitable when only two or three items are to be compared
4. Pictorial graphs – made effectively by using geometric or pictorial symbols
5. Phantom section or Hidden section – emphasized interior

• KINDS OF CHARTS
1. Organizational Charts – useful in showing the relationships and functions of different departments
2. Pie Chart – useful in making percentage comparisons

• KINDS OF MAPS
1. Map is used to find directions easily
2. Geographic map – shows the boundaries of countries
3. Topographic map – used to show in some detail the top view of a section of a country
 4. Relief map – shows the relative elevations of the ground surfaces
5. Contour map – made when contour are given with elevation

BLESSING NOTES
• Isometric – 3 dimensional, 30 degrees, 30 x 60 degrees
• Orthographic – 3 view, exact shape, actual observation, planes of projection
• Geometric Construction – accurate shape / angles / lines
• Pictorial – can be seen by naked eye
• Perspective – most realistic, visual observation
• Glass box technique – extract
• Architectural delineation – detailed dimension
• Drafting – systematic representation
• Oblique – one side is parallel to another, 45 degrees
• Cavalier – actual or same measurement
• Cabinet reduce to ½
• General – reduce to ¼
• Subtitle – 3/16 inch
• Good height of lettering 1/8
• Dimension line – ¼ (dimensioning)
• Extension line – 1/16 to 1/8 (dimensioning)
• Drafting – systematic representation
• Drawing – international language
• Mechanical – with instruments
• Freehand – paper and pencil
• medium of communication between designers and clients – Drafting
• orthographic projection can be seen in an object including its unnecessary views, 6 views
• horizontal lines – T-Square
• Vertical lines – triangles
• angle or an arc – Protractor
• Sketches – ruler
• Meter stick - height
• Arc and circle – Compass
• Divider – dividing lines
• French curve – curves except circles and arcs
• Scale – reproduce, reduce or enlarge
• Protect rest of drawing, erasing shield
• Make pencil point sharp, pencil sharpener
• Indicate measurement – dimension line
• Center line – circle dimension, diameter
• Dark solid li8ne, show visible edges – visible line
• Composed of dashes, show invisible edges – hidden line
• Has been cut away – long break line
• Cutting plane cut through – section line
• Gradual darkening – shading
• Never letter without Guidelines
• Most important part – Lettering
• English – inch
• Grade for lettering – HB
• I inch = 2.54 centimeters
• 1 ft = 12 inches
• 1 yard = 36 inches
• 1 yard = 3 ft
• 1 meter = 36 inches
• Caliper – cylindrical objects
• Like sketching – freehand
• Emphasis – pleasing to the eye
 • Proportion – relation to one another
• CAD – Computer Aided Designing
• NOT accepted type of dimension, None of the options
• Create depth, add light and shadow
• If all letters spaced equally, used up too much space
• drawing pencil is better than an ordinary writing pencil except, There are different kinds of drawing pencils for
specific work
• good to follow when making lettering except, When using lower case letter only two horizontal guidelines are
used
• center of holes – Center lines
• increases in the enrollment of first year high school students this school year, bar graph
• horizontal lines – It is drawn from left to right
• one-point perspective, All horizontal line point towards the one vanishing point
• orthographic projection it contains – 3 views
• zero point of a line graph – origin
• percentage comparison – Pie graph
• descriptions of tangent lines except, The point of intersection is the radius.
• Boxing method – isometric (for clarification, ito po yung tama, hindi po oblique )
• After 2-dimensional drawing are done, next step is – Dimensioning
• Imaginary cut – Sectioning
• Manual drafting – lettering by hand
• Dimensiouns – Tolerancing
• Single-stroke letters – free and natural fashion
• Lines at end of every letter except O in Roman letters – Serifs
• Lettering box – tools made of plastic or aluminum for lettering
• 3rd angle projection, Right side view, Left side view, and bottom side view
• Additional plane of projection – Frontal plane
• Superfluous dimensioning – repetition
• Section to be detailed – assembly of parts
• Approach – Dual dimensioning system
• Size of reinforcement bars – Top view, Front view, Side view, and Isometric
• Parallel line – Lines of sight
• Commonly used in TLE drafting – Roman

ELECTRICITY & ELECTRONICS

ELECTRICITY
• Greek word – Elektron means amber
• New Latin – Electricus means amber-like
• Basic part of nature and it is one of our most widely used forms of energy
• Electrons – negative Charges
• Protons – Positive charges
• Electrical charge can be generated by friction, induction or chemical change
• Potential difference (voltage) across an ideal conductor is proportional to the current through it
• Electricity is measured in units of power called watts
• James Watt invented the steam engine
• Electric charge – determines electromagnetic interactions
• Electric Current – movement or flow of electrically charged particles
• measured in amperes (unit of current)
• Electric current is either
• Direct Current (DC) single-direction flow
• Alternating Current (AC) repeatedly changes direction
• Electric field – electric charge on other charges in its vicinity
• Electrical Energy – form of energy present in an electric field or magnetic field
 • Electric potential – capacity of an electric field to work (measured in volts)
• Electromagnetism – fundamental interaction between magnetic field and the presence and motion of an
electric charge
• Electric power – name given to electrical energy production and distribution
SOURCES OF ELECTRICITY
1. Biomass – all solid material of animal or vegetable origin.
2. Geothermal – Geo means earth and thermal means heat. Heat energy of the earth (volcanoes)
3. Hydropower – hydro comes from Greek word for water. Forces of moving water from rivers or storage
reservoirs (falls, dam)
4. Ocean power – Marine currents. Two-way current: ocean tides caused by gravitational pull of the moon and
sun, One-way currents: rivers of ocean water flowing within the ocean.
5. Solar Energy – from sun. most inexhaustible and cleanest source of energy.
6. Wind Power – wind is a form of solar energy.
7. Coal energy – coal is among the fossil fuels along with oil (petroleum) and natural gas
8. Nuclear energy – energy trapped inside atoms. Electricity is generated in a nuclear reactor by the fission of
atomic nuclei
9. Natural Gas – made up mostly of methane. Methane is combination of hydrogen and carbon.
TYPES OF ELECTRIC CIRCUIT
a) Alternating Current (AC)
– Electric charge moves forward and backward
– Voltage or current that changes polarity or direction, over time
– Back and forth motion occurs between 50 and 60 times per second
– It is called the frequency and is designated as either 50 Hertz or 60 Hertz
b) Direct Current (DC)
– movement of electric charge is only in one direction
– voltage or current that maintains constant polarity or direction, over time.
– Source of direct current: Chemical battery (electronic power supply, mechanical generator)
KINDS OF ELECTRICITY
– Static Electricity – at rest
• Buildup of electric charge
• Net presence (or imbalance) of charge on a body
– Dynamic Electricity – in motion
• Flow of electric charge
• Movement of positive and negative charge particles
ELECTRICAL SYMBOLS
Circuit symbols – used in circuit diagrams which show how a circuit is connected together.
• Wires and connections
• 6 Switches
• Output devices
• Power supplies
TYPES OF ELECTRICAL CIRCUIT
• Series Circuit
– One current path
• Parallel Circuit
– Two or more current path
• Series and Parallel Circuit
– Combination of series and parallel connection in one circuit
Series Circuit
• Current – same throughout the circuit
– Itotal = I1 = I2 = I3 ….
• Voltage – equal to the sum of individual voltage
– Vtotal = V1 + V2 + V3 …
• Resistance – equal to the sum of individual resistance
– Rtotal = R1 + R2 + R3 …
Parallel Circuit
• Current – equal to the sum of individual current
 – Itotal = I1 + I2 + I3 ….
• Voltage – drop across each load is the same
– Vtotal = V1 = V2 = V3 ….
• Resistance – product over sum
– Rtotal = (R1) (R2)
R1 + R2

• Voltage
– Force of an electrical current
– Volts ( Symbol : V or E )
• Current
– Flow of electricity
– Amperes ( Symbol : I )
• Resistance
– Determines the amount of current flows through component
– Ohms ( Symbol : R )
• Power
– Rate of doing work
– Watts ( Symbol : P or W )
Power
• P = E²
R
• P = I² x R
• P=IxE
Horsepower – Kilowatt
• 1 Horsepower (Hp) = 746 watts (w)
• 1 Horsepower (Hp) = 0.746 Kw
• 1 Kilowatt (Kw) = 1.34 Hp
• 1 Kilowatt (Kw) = 1,000 watts
•
PARTS OF ELECTRICAL CIRCUIT
Schematic Diagram – a representation of the elements of a system using abstract, graphic symbols
rather than realistic pictures.
• Load – electrical device (fixture and appliances), that consumes electrical energy
• Path – are wire use as conductor; provides passage for electric current from source and back
• Control – device that control or turns the circuit on/off (switch)
• Source – provides electrical power (battery, dry cell, generators)
•
OHM’s LAW in Household Electrical House Wiring
– discovered by German physicist George Ohm (1787 – 1854)
– deals with the relationship between voltage and current in an ideal conductor
– states that the current through a conductor between two points is directly proportional to the
potential difference or voltage across the two point, and inversely proportional to the resistance
between them.
• Volts E = I x R (Voltage)
• Current I = E / R (Amperes)
• Resistance R = E / I (Ohms)

PROCEDURE IN ELECTRICAL HOUSE WIRING

– Basic Principles of Good Wiring
1. shut off the power; remove the main fuse
2. electrical wires are color coded
3. white wires are connected to other white wires
4. study the wiring diagram
5. most home wiring is complete with either No. 14 gauge or No. 12 gauge wiring. No. 14 is the
smallest wiring permitted under most codes
 6. always use same size cable for continuation of extended wring any circuit
Single pole switch – most basic on all electrical switching.
Installing new light and switch
1. determine current to know what size of cable will you use
2. run feed cable from electrical panel to switch location
3. run switch cable from the switch location to light fixture
4. install electric box
5. install light fixtures
6. make connections to switch. Splice white or neutral wires together. Connect black wires to switch
terminal. Connect ground to switch ground terminal and box if it is metal
7. install switch into the box
8. install cover plate
9. connect feed cable in main electrical panel to proper size circuit breaker, and ground / neutral bar
10. test your work

HOUSE WIRING
House wiring methods approved by National Fire Protection Association include open conductors,
concealed knob and tube wiring, surface metal raceways, armored cable, under floor raceways, non-metallic
sheathed cable, electrical metallic tubing, cast-in-place raceways, wire ways and house ways.
Wooden Raceways Method – made of dry and quality wood and usually consists of backing and capping
The Philippine Electrical code requires the surface wooden raceways may be used in exposed dry
locations, and where the maximum potential difference between conductors does not exceed 300 volts. It shall not be
use in the ff;
1. for concealed wiring
2. where it may be subjected to mechanical injury
3. in hoist ways
4. in elevator shaft
5. in hazardous location
• Wooden raceways are terminated by boxes, switches and other fittings, shall be provided with a W-cut to
accommodate the mica tubing inserted over the conductors.

ELECTRONICS
• Electronics – Flow of charge through non-metal conductors
• Electronic components – any physical entity whose intention is to affect the electrons
• Electrical circuit – network that has closed loop, giving a return path for current
• Network – connection of two or more components, may not necessarily be a circuit
• Conductors – metals and other substances where electrons can move freely
• Insulators – substances where electrons cannot move freely
• Transformer – an electronic devised used in producing desired voltage
• Inductors – choke or coil in circuit that oppose changes in electric current
• Semiconductors – group that are neither good conductors nor good insulators
• Resistance – measure of the difficulty to pass an electric current through that conductor
• Conductance – electric current flows through a substance

BASIC ELECTRONIC TOOLS

1. electric drill and drill bits – 1/8 inch to ½ inch. Used to drill holes on the printed circuit board that has been
etched.
2. soldering iron – used for soldering of thorough hole components.
3. disordering pump - removes liquid in solder
4. vacuum pick up tool – pick and place head for transferring die or chips
5. soldering stand – keeps iron away from flammable materials
6. helping hand tool – crucial tool in doing successful electronics work
7. wire stripper – used to strip off wire insulator from its conductor
8. long nose pliers – hold components that have short leads
9. side cutting pliers – cut wires into shorter length before being used; trim off excess component leads
 10. small tweezers – hold small components
11. allen wrench set – used to screw and unscrew Allen type of crews
12. Philips head screwdrivers
13. flat head screwdrivers
14. hammer – used in assembling projects that involved casing
15. socket wrench – include nut drivers, hex drivers and starters in assorted sizes
16. pocket knife – for cutting PCB, wires or remove some copper from the printed circuit board

MAINTENANCE TIPS OF ELECTRONIC TOOL

– ensure tools are used only for their intended purposes
– keep it lubricated with light firm of oil to inhibit rust
– keep tools clean and sharp
– ensure proper uses of tools are always adhered to by following instructions
ELECTRONIC COMPONENTS
– basic electronic element usually packaged in a discrete form with two or more connecting leads or
metallic pads
– connected thru soldering to printed circuit board
Capacitors
– Passive electronic component
– Consist of two pieces of conducting material (such as metal) separated by a non-conducting (insulating)
material called dielectric
– Invented by Ewald Georg von Kleist (October 1745)
– When a (voltage) potential difference exist between the conductors, an electric field is present in
dielectric. This field stores energy and produces a mechanical force between the plates. The effect is
greatest between wide, flat, parallel, narrowly separated conductors.
Types of Capacitor
– Electrolytic Capacitor (Electrochemical type capacitor)
– Tantalum Capacitor
– Ceramic Capacitor
– Polystyrene Film Capacitor
– Mica Capacitor
– Metalized Capacitor
– Variable Capacitor
– Trimmer Capacitor
Diode
– Device which conducts electricity in only one direction
– Also known as rectifier
– Used to change alternating currents into direct currents
Types of Diode
– Light emitting diode (LED)
– Avalanche diode
– Laser diode
– Schottky diode
– Zener diode
– Photodiode
– Varicap diode or Varactor diode or Rectifier diode
Transistor
– Commonly used to amplify or switch electronic signals
– It is fundamental building block of electronic devices
– Used in radio, telephone, computer and other electronic system
– William Shockley – father of transistor
Resistors
– Two terminal electronic component designed to oppose and electric current by producing voltage drop
between its terminal
– Simplest components in any circuit
 – Restrict the flow of electrons and reduce the current or voltage flowing by converting electrical energy
into heat
Types of Resistor
– Variable Resistor (Potentiometer)
– Variable Resistor (Preset)
– Carbon Composition Resistor
– Film or Cermet Resistor
– Wire – Wound Resistor
– Metal oxide film Resistor
– Vitreous enamel Resistor
– Cement Resistor
– Semiconductors Resistor

Types of Circuit Board

1. Broadband
• Temporary, no soldering required
• For testing purposes
• Easy to change connections and replace components
2. Strip board
• Permanent, soldered
• Has parallel strips of copper track on one side
• Can be cut with a junior hacksaw
3. Printed circuit board
• Permanent, soldered
• Have copper tracks connecting the holes where the components are placed
ELECTRONIC SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM
• Electronic Symbols
– Resistor
– Capacitors
– Diodes
– Transistor
– Audio and Radio Devices
– Meters and Oscilloscope
– Sensors (input device)
– Logic gates

BASIC ELECTRONIC CIRCUIT TROUBLE IN APPLIANCES

– Broken wiring inside cord set
• most common problems with vacuum cleaners
 • internal breaks in the conductors of cord sets caused by flexing, pulling or other long abuse
– Bad internal connections
• broken wires, corroded or loosened terminals
• operation will be intermittent or erratic – or parts of appliances will not function
– Short circuits
• two wires touching or contacting the metal case of an appliance happens too often
• due to repeated vibrations, heating and cooling cycles
– Worn, dirty or broken switches or thermostat contacts
• will result in erratic or no action when switch is flipped or thermostat knob is turned
– Gummed up lubrication, or worn or dry bearings
• due to environmental condition (dust, dirt, humidity) or poor quality control during manufacture
– Broken or worn drive belts or gears
• rotating parts do not rotate or turn slowly
– Broken parts
• caused by normal wear and tar, improper use, accidents or shoddy manufacturing
– Insect damage
• frayed insulation, short circuits caused by bodily fluids or entire bodies, remains of food and
droppings.
– Electronics deals with how electrons move to create electricity and how that electric signal is carried
in electric products
– Electronics depend on certain highly specialized components, such as transistors and integrated circuits, which
are part of almost every electronic product.

BLESSING NOTES
• 2 voltage connected in Parallel and reconnected in series gives less light
• Circuit breaker – device automatically breaks due to overload
• Facilitate pulling – pull box
• Electrical metallic tubing – resistant coating for protection of wires
• Junction box – termination and connection
• Breaker switch – for electric shock
• Symbols – schematic diagram
• Wiring – physical appearance
• Block diagram – linear appearance
• Load – convert electrical energy into other form of energy
• Circuit – whole path
• Source – AC or DC
• Control – on/off; switch
• Measure resistance, ohmmeter
• Measure current, ammeter
• Measure voltage, AC voltmeter / DC voltmeter
• Measure voltage, resistance, current – multitester or multimeter
• Electrical pliers – cutting/holding
• Soldering iron – joing (circuit board)
• Fuse puller, for pulling cartridge
• Mini drill – boring holes
• Screwdriver – driving
• Desoldering pump – removing solder iron
• Silicon diode – rectifier
• Crystal diode – detector, signal
• Light emitting diode (LED) – lighting
• Zener diode – regulator
• Rectifier diode – convert AC to DC
• NPN base – positive; outward
• PNP base – negative; inward
• Fusion – joining hydrogen atoms
• Tension – surface
• Fission – splitting
• Friction – rubbing
• Weatherproof socket – outdoor / wet location
• Location plan, not included in electrical plans for residential house
• Surface type – beyond wall surface
• Flush type – within the wall
• Generator – mechanical
• Battery – chemical
• Transformer – magnetism
• Heat to electric energy – thermocouple
• 1st and 2nd band – significant digits
• Multiplier – 3rd band
• Tolerance – 4th band
• Anode, positive
• Cathode, negative
• AM, 530 KHz – 1600 Khz
• FM, 88 Mhz – 108 Mhz
• Oscillator – produce high frequency
• Soldering flux – acid used to clean metals
• 14 AWG light fixtures and circuit
• 12 AWG convenience outlet
• 8 AWG cable for service entrance
• SI standard of 14 AWG is 2.0 mm
• Electrical metallic tubing – raising to either higher or lower level
• Series connected drycell – increase amount of voltage
• Resistor – oppose, resist, limit
• Diode – one direction, convert AC to DC
• Insulator – no electron moving
• Capacitor – storage of charge
• Sine wave – rise and fall of AC and voltage
• Open resistor – infinite (no deflection)
• Erratic sound – defective volume control
• Worn out amplifier – audio frequency signal
• Broken antenna – main signal
• Blasted tuner – radio station
• Tuning capacitor – tuned to different station
• Resistor – non polarize
• Transistor, Diode, Capacitor (polarize, + - )
• Emitter, electrode with an arrow
• Self bias, base connected to collector
• Copper – commonly used, cheapest
• Silver – best conductor
• Aluminum – better conductivity than copper
• Busbar – for connecting high voltage
• Western union – housing installation
• Photoelectricity – emmission of light
• Source – supplier of electricity (battery, dry cell, generator)
• Load – electrical devices
• Control – switch on/off
• Path – circuit, wires
• Electrical pressure – volts
• Solid conductor – electrons free to move
• Bigger wire less resistance
• Bend copper without kinking, expose copper to heat
• NPN silicon base bias voltage – 0.6 volt
• Stored – memory
 • Encoder – phase distortion
• Voltage divider – operating point is almost stable
• Difference in potential – voltage drop
• DC – series
• AC – parallel
• Binary processor – single integrated circuit
• Cannot be recharged – primary battery
• Wire stripper, to cut insulation
• Solder – Tin and Lead
• Forward Biased – ON Switch
• Reversed Biased – OFF Switch
• Yellow-Violet-Black-Gold, 47 ohms, 5%
• Two plates capacitor, Dielectric
• Ferric chloride, chemical used in etching copper
• Voltage in capacitor – working voltage
• Aluminum, metal used as heat sink

Computation
• What is the voltage required by an automatic pressure cooker having a resistance of 30 ohms when the current
flowing is 8 amperes ?
E=IxR
= 30 x 80
= 240 Volts

• What amount of current does a 40-watt fluorescent lamp draw from a 220 volts power source ?
P = I x E (given is P and E)
I=P/E
= 40 / 220
= 0.18 A

• Two resistances of 4 ohm and 6 ohm are in series and another 10 ohm resistance in parallel to the series
combination. The resultant resistance is?
Series
Rt = 4 + 6 = 10 ohms
Parallel
Rt = 10 x 10 / 10 + 10
= 100 / 20
= 5 ohms
Note: Kung nauna niyang banggitin ang parallel, yun din ang uunahin mong formula then after that tsaka ka mag
series 

• Two resistors of 3 ohm and 15 ohm are connected in parallel to a 30 volts circuit. The current flowing through
the 3 ohm resistor is?
I=E/R
= 30 V / 3 R
= 10 A

• Two resistors of 6 ohm and 9 ohm are connected in a series to a 120 volt source. What is the power consumed
by the 6 ohm resistor?
P = E² / R
= 120(120) / 6
= 14400 / 6
= 2400 watts

• In a series circuit with 4 ohm, 16 ohm, and 8 ohm resistors connected in 7V source, what is the current flowing
in the 4 ohm resistor ?
I=E/R
= 7V / 4R
= 1.75 A

• If 12 volts are applied to a certain lamp whose filament has a resistance of 3 ohms, the current flow through the
lamp filament will be?
I=E/R
= 12V / 3R
=4A

• Resistance of 230 V lamp is 300 ohms. What current is required?

I=E/R
= 230 / 300
= 0.7666… or 0.77 A

• Electric heater uses 20Kw-hr in 8 hrs. if voltage across the heater is 240 volts, what is the resistance
P = E² / R
R = E² / P
Note* convert Kw into watts first, remember that the unit of Power is watts
20 kw x 1000 w = 20,000 watts
= 240(240) / 20,000
= 57,600 / 20,000
= 2.88 x 8 hrs
= 23.04 ohms

• Toaster takes 10A from 120V line. The power used is?
P=IxE
= 10 x 120
= 1200 w
*if Kw ang hinahanap, divide the total watts in 1000 to get the value in kw

• How many kilowatts is the water heater if it draws a current of 10 amperes and has a resistance of 23 ohms?
P = I² x R
= 10(10) x 23
= 100 x 23
= 2300 / 1000 (to convert in Kw)
= 2.3 Kw
• How many kilowatts does a certain appliance consume for 5 hrs of use, if it has a power rating of 1.5 Hp?
1 Hp = 0.746 Kw
= 1.5 x 0.746
= 1.119 x 5 hrs
= 5.595 or 5.6 Kw

• Find the cost using a 100W, 220V lamp for 20 hrs at Php 3.00 per Kw-hr.
= 100 W x 20 hours
= 2000 W / 1000 (to convert into Kw)
= 2 Kw
= 2 Kw x Php 3.00
= Php 6.00

• What is the horsepower rating of an electric water pump if it ha a power rating of 1.75 Kw?
1 Kw = 1.34 Hp
= 1.75 x 1.34
= 2.345 or 2.3 Hp

• A 200-v lamp has a resistance of 400 ohms. The power rating in watts of lamp is ?
P = E² / R
= 200(200) / 400
= 40000 / 400
= 100 watts

• What is the resistance of a 100 w, 110-v incandescent lamp ?

R = E² / P
= 110(110) / 100
= 12100 / 100
= 121 ohms

• A fluorescent lamp unit connected to a 110v AC line takes 1.2A and requires 110w power. What is its power
factor ?
P=IxE
= 1.2A x 110V
= 132 w
Power factor
= 110w / 132w
= 0.83333… or 0.833

• The resistance of a 230v incandescent lamp is 300 ohms. What current is required to operate the lamp?
I=E/R
= 230 / 300
= 0.7666… or 0.77 A

• A group of lamps operates a current of 12 A and a voltage of 120v. What is the total power of the lamps?
P=IxE
= 12 x 120
= 1440 watts
If kilowatts
= 1440 / 1000
= 1.44 Kw

• A cell supplies a load current of 0.5A for a period of 20 hours until its terminal voltage falls to an unacceptable
level. How long can it be expected to supply a current of 100mA?
1 A = 1000mA
0.5 A x 1000 mA = 500 mA
= 500 mA / 100 mA
= 5 x 20 hrs
= 100 hrs
• A battery is rated 200Ah. If it is used to supply a constant current of 8Ah. How long can the battery last until it
becomes unusable?
= 200Ah / 8Ah
= 25 hours

• The resistance of 500 meters of a certain wire is 125 ohms. What length of the same wire will have a resistance
of 60 ohms ?
= 500 meters / 125 ohms
= 4 ohms per meter
= 60 ohms x 4 ohms per meter
= 240 meters
ENTREPRENEURSHIP
• Entrepreneur – gain profit and gives opportunities
CHARACTERISTICS OF AN ENTREPRENEUR:
• Adaptive
• Analytical
• Committed
• Creative
• Innovative
• Inquisitive
• Leadership
• Persistent
• Self discipline

Concepts of Filipino Entrepreneur

1. Self-reliant
2. Risk-taker
3. Creative
4. Industrious
5. Humble
6. Helpful
7. Happy

PRODUCTION – creation of goods and services

• Costs of Production – represents the payments for the factors of production

 • Scheduling
– process of ensuring the delivery of materials at the right place and at the right time
• Quality Control
– process of ensuring that goods and services are produced in accordance to the specifications and
requirement
• Productivity
– efficient creation of goods and services

MARKETING PROCESS
– Asset of human activities directed at facilitating and consummating exchange
– It is an integration of various functions
– Selling is only a part of marketing
• Marketing Plan – an outline of actions designed to achieve a specific set of goals
– The external environment consists of namely:
• Political forces
• Economic forces
• Societal forces and
• Technological forces
• Marketing Strategies – tools of achieving the goals of the enterprise
– Product strategy starts from introduction to growth and maturity and finally to decline.
– Promotion strategy consists of advertising and personal selling
– Pricing strategy help in the conversion of product and services into money in business, the apparent
objective of pricing is to maximize profit. (monopoly or oligopoly)
• Penetration pricing strategy – very low price for a new product is offered
– Place strategy is delivery of goods to the customers
• Marketing Functions – process of buying and selling
– Exchange – buying, selling, pricing
– Physical – assembling, handling, processing and packaging, storage
– Facilitating – financing, market information, demand and supply, market research

Forms of Selling
1. Retailing is selling in small quantities.
– Classification of Retailing
a) General store, permanent institution in the economic life of the country. It carried a wide
variety of items
b) Single line store specialize in one single item.
c) Convenient store includes coffee shop, bakery shops candy stores magazine and newspaper
stands located in business districts
d) Specialty shop specializes in certain items which the busy department store cannot offer
 e) Itinerant store or rolling store
f) Large scale retailing like variety store, mail order house, supermarket department store
2. Business plan – blueprint guide, detailed roadmap
3. Research study – an systematic assessment
4. Feasibility study – well documented
5. Outline of Feasibility Study
1. Evaluate your personal resources and interest, and the resources of the community
2. Analyze the market
3. Business location
4. Financial Plan
5. Production plan
6. Organizational Plan
7. Management plan

CLASSIFICATION OF BUSINESS ORGANIZATION

• TWO TYPES OF MANAGING

1. Managing Business
a. Keeping clear records
b. Verifying profit and loss
c. Managing cash flow
2. Managing Enterprise
• Distribution channel
a. Cooperatives
b. Independent, locally based private enterprise
c. Marketing boards and other state enterprises
d. Transnational companies

BLESSING NOTES
• first and foremost for entrepreneurs – Being a good follower first
• base the type of business, Availability of resources and time for business
• distributed among the stock holders, Dividend
• step-by-step procedure – Project proposal
• how the business will be managed – Market study
• key ingredient to entrepreneurship is placed on – Innovation
• can identify a good business through, The availability of supply, interest, capacity and skills
• Attracting buyers depends on, Consumers likes and dislikes
• Risk taker – Acceptance of challenges and changes
• working together – Coordinating
• Entrepreneurship refers to any lawful activity
• first step to put up her own business, Application of mayor’s permit to operate
• records the financial operations – Bookkeeping
• true about debit and credit, Debit increase asset and decrease liabilities
• Entrepreneur, A person who is able to look at the environment and identify opportunities
• Objective – aim of business organizations
• Magna Carta for Small Enterprises – RA 6977
• agreement in a corporation – article of incorporation
• agreement in a partnership – Articles of Co-Partnership
• Machinery and/or equipment, Capital assets
• buying and selling of goods and services through internet, Electronic commerce
• factor should be considered a priority in finding a location, labor supply
• Marketing – point of production to the point of consumption
• Profit is an indicator – Business
• ability to create new things, invest in new enterprises and expand business – Entrepreneurship
• factors must he possess that will not rely on services of employees – Knowledge / Skills
• match the needs of the society, must be based on felt needs
• SWOT analyze business opportunities
• Communicates with people through interviews, observations and advertisement – Marketing study
• communicate the product to customers, Promotion
• most important in choosing the best location, access to supplies and raw materials
• market refers to people, institutions or organizations for whom the business is designed
• how to increase profits – not included in planning a business
• benefit of business planning, eliminate business risk
• planning – thinking ahead of objectives
• environment includes technological, social and ethical/political factors – Macro environment
• purchased a right to operate an already established business – Franchise
• Entrepreneur – principal actor of the production
• tangible used in the production – Material resources
• start-up – establishing a business from scratch
• market describes the buyers and users of the product and the area of dispersion – market study
• superior delegates authority to a subordinate – line type
• disadvantage of a functional type of organization, Morale is likely to be low when discipline is weak
• Private label brand – type of product, as designed, produced and marketed by the seller
• NOT needed by an entrepreneur – Working skills
• Entrepreneur, seeks to create value for local communities, people or customer by starting new ventures which
exploit new products, processes or markets
• INAPPROPRIATE in starting a business, Cope with failures of the business
• NOT a source of fund, Seek assistance from Central Bank of the Philippines
• INAPPROPRIATE – Relaxed
• UNDESIRABLE – Impassive
• primary cause of failure in small business – Poor location
• turning daydream into reality – Enthusiasm
• Enthusiasm – gives the energy to pursue his endeavors
• able to withstand the troubles – Perseverance
• physical meeting point – Exchange functions
• actual flow of commodities through space and time – Physical functions
• marketing objective is NOT true, Maintain instability of supply and demand for marketed goods
• Place – vehicle for informing target market
• price cutting or relaunching the product – Maturity
• NOT appropriate in running a small-scale business – Distribution channel
• Shareholders, Independent, locally based private enterprise
• defeat and exit the market – Decline
• tangible and intangible aspects – Product
• SWOT analysis – assess entrepreneurial projects
• PEST analysis – opportunities and threats
 • SWOT, Strengths-Weaknesses-Opportunities-Threats
• final stage in the marketing planning – Control
• target market, is attractive to the business and matches its supply capabilities
• well documented – Feasibility study
• Blueprint – Business plan
• successful entrepreneurial activity – Careful planning
• Coffee and Cake apply – Marketing concept
• Assess entrepreneurial projects – Competitor analysis
• Do things faster – efficiency
• Blending of variables – Variable research
• Help community and government – Salary and Taxes
• Person who is enterprising, has high level of technical knowledge
• Monthly load payment – Principal + Interest
• Where are we now? – first stage in the marketing planning
• Irritated – NOT a characteristic of an entrepreneur

FOODS
• Baste – moisten foods during cooking (ito yung ginagawa pag nag ba-barbeque, habang gingrill ung meat,
nilalagyan ng liquid mixture, ang tawag dun ay basting)
• Bread – coat food with bread crumbs
• Julienne – cut food into thin, matchstick strips
• Marinate – process
• Marinade – dry and liquid mixtures

COOKING METHOD
• Moist Heat
– Uses liquid
• Dry Heat
– Uses oil
Moist Heat • Stewing
• Boiling Dry Heat
• Blanching • Broiling
• Braising • Grilling
• Pressure Cooking • Frying
• Simmering • Sauteing
• Poaching • Roasting
• Steaming • Barbecuing

TWO TYPES OF NUTRIENTS

– Macro Nutrient
• Carbohydrate
• Protein
• Fats
– Micro Nutrient
• Vitamins
• Mineral

• CARBOHYDRATE
– Polysaccharides
– Disaccharides
– Monosaccharide
• PROTEIN
– Amino Acid
• FATS
 – Triglyceride

CLASSIFICATION OF VITAMINS
• Fat Soluble
- Vitamins ( A-D-E-K )
• Water Soluble
- Vitamins ( C, B1-B2-B6-B12 )

Vitamin A – vision
Vitamin D – (calcium) bones and teeth
Vitamin E – skin
Vitamin K – (potassium) joints
Vitamin C – absorption of iron and immune system
Vitamin B1 (Thiamine) good appetite
Vitamin B2 (Riboflavin) protein
Vitamin B6 (Pyrodixine) metabolism
Vitamin B12 (Cobalamin) Blood clothing and reproduction of red blood cells

Dry Ingredients in Baking

1. Flour
• major ingredient among all other ingredients
• Bread – 12% - 14%
• All purpose – 10% - 11%
• Cake – 7% - 9%
2. Sugar
• Brown sugar – has been processed, less purified than white sugar
• White, granulated sugar – commonly used by bakers
• Confectioner’s sugar – finest in texture
3. Leavening Agents
• Air – incorporated in several ways when one creams the butter and sugar; eggs are added one at a time
while mixing
• Steam – hot water vapor causes the mixture to rise
• Carbon dioxide – hot water vapor causes the mixture to rise
4. Salt
• enhances the flavor
• helps prevent growth of undesirable bacteria
• controls yeast activity
• strengthens the gluten
• removes the flat taste
•
Table Setting for Different Table Service
• Russian Service
– food is fully prepared in the kitchen and placed on platters for service to the guests
• Buffet Service
– It is used when there is no large table available to accommodate all diners plus the food
• Plate
– This type of service offers the opportunity to arrange the food attractively and in the size portions
desired

Volume
1 teaspoon = 4.9 milliliters
1 tablespoon = 3 teaspoons
½ ounces
14.8 milliliters
1 cup = 16 tablespoons
28 teaspoons
 8 ounces
1 pint = 2 cups
1 quart = 4 cups
1 gallon = 16 cups
8 pints
4 quarts
1 peck = 8 quarts
1 liter = 1000 milliliters
1.06 quarts
Weights
1 gram = 0.035 ounces
1 kilogram = 2.21 pounds
1 ounce = 28.35 grams
1 pound = 453.59 grams

BLESSING NOTES
• Milk – source of Vitamin B1 (Thiamine or good appetite)
• CHON (Carbon – Hydrogen – Oxygen – Nitrogen) chemical formula for amino acid which is a component of
Protein
• Al dente – firm yet tender to bite
• Pastry products– tender and flaky
• Bread flour – strongest and sweetest flour (12-14 % gluten)
• Measuring – sift flour before measuring
• Creaming – sugar, butter, egg
• Beating – the purpose of beating is to incorporate air
• Kneading – process involving pressing, pushing, folding, and stretching of the dough
• Nutrient that responsible in the formation of tissues in the body, Protein
• Application of dry, heat on cakes, breads and pastries is called Baking
• The right “kind” means, Buy those which fits the intended purpose
• viands which is rich in protein, vitamins, minerals, and other macronutrients and can be prepared at a limited
budget Pinakbet with broiled bangus
• Deglazing - added some white wine and scarped the bottom of the pan
• Flambé – added wine to cook food
• More than twice the calorie per gram, Fats
• Fats – 9 kcal/g
• Carbohydrates – 4 kcal/g
• Protein – 4 kcal/g
• Main structural component of the body, Protein
• Fat, sugar, salt and alcohol – Eat least food
• Cutting vegetable into thin match stick, Julienne
• Poor night vision, Retinol (vitamin A)
• Appealing to the eye – Garnish
• Most accurate (vitamins), Regulate physiological processes
• Carbonara – bechamel sauce
• Lactose – milk
• Sucrose – sugar
• Glucose – plants
• Fructose – fruits
• Loss of riboflavin can be prevented, kept cold & protected from light
• Soften skin – scalding
• Slaughtering, killing of domestic livestock
• Removing of feathers, defeathering
• Evisceration, entrails or abdominal parts
• 100 guest – Buffet service
• Main course – Entrée
• Dessert – Entremets
• Soup – Consomme
• Sauce – Espagnole
• To slice thinly – Emincer
• Meat, biggest expense
• Cutting apples, oxidative enzymatic changes
• Baked mussels, low cost dish
• Docking, using fork to make holes
• Pastry, tender and flaky
• Salmonella – egg
• E.coli – contaminated food / raw meat
• Cooking, breakdown cellulose
• Baking – cakes, breads and pastries
• Braising – menudo, asado and adobo
• Blanch – the vegetable in boiling water
• Blanching – plunge
• melting of sugar – Caramelizing
• simmering – just below boiling point
• retain the most antioxidant, Steam lightly
• LEAST healthy – Frying
• Steaming, preserve vegetable color and nutritional value
• Vitamin C, healthy immune and strong connective tissue
• space is limited and there’s limited work force, Buffet service
• raw foods – Behind cooked and ready to eat food
• The term salad when used alone – Green leaves that are eaten raw
• breading procedure, Flour, egg wash, bread crumbs
• Pork Hardinera – Steaming
• Chicken Galantina - Roasting
• lacks protein – Kwashiorkor
• Beriberi – vitamin B-1 deficiency
• Blanching, until crisp and then dropped it into cold water
• least gluten – Cake flour
• not used right away, They are stored in the body as fat
• Gueridon – French
• Cooking egg in hot water – Poaching
• Macaroni salad – Flake
• Roux, flour and fat (butter)
• Roe, ripe egg of fish, shrimp, scallops
• Highest water percentage, Tomatoes
• Absorption of Iron, Vitamin C
• Veloute sauce, chicken or fish stock
• Egg to bind food – thickening agent
• All drinks serve at the right side
• Most important meal, breakfast
• Main goal – keep meal nutritionally adequate
• Fermentation in bread – Salt
• used primarily in the preparation of flat icings, confectioner sugar
• Collagen, converts to gelatin when it is cooked
• anti-oxidant – Vitamin E
• most vitamin C, 1 cup of chopped green chili peppers
• Saturated fats, Movie theater popcorn
• alcohol and carbon dioxide, Yeast
• NOT belong to the group – Pie
• pastry shell is baked before it can be filled, Blind baking
• Buttercream icing – shortening, sugar syrup and eggs
• safety risks in baking EXCEPT, sufficient light
• blunt knife for cake designing – palette
 • conventional method of mixing is FALSE, one-bowl method
• NOT a function of salt, increase volume
• quick breads – Cut in the shortening
• gives structure, Gluten
• steamer is not available, Place the fish wrap in banana leaf and cook in a tightly covered frying pan containing
water.
• statement about service rule is FALSE, Scrape and stack dirty plates on guest table
• CORRECT menu sequence – appetizers, main dish, cereals, beverages, desserts
• first thing that a receptionist should offer – menu card
• required before assembling the food materials, menu planning
• good source of fiber, bread, rice, pasta
• rolling boil – forming rapidly and cannot be stopped when stirred
• Onions – sulfur compounds
• should be avoided primarily, vitamin C is destroyed in the presence of alkali
• best cooking temperature is, low to moderate heat
• proofing – Testing cakes for doneness
• pourable mixture of flour, Batter
• Copper bowl, has special property which stabilizes the eggs
• mise enplace – pre-heating the oven
• cut is appropriate for potato in preparing menudo, cubes
• cooked over live coals – Barbeque
• To soak - marinate
• Working the dough by stretching and folding, Kneading
• fat soluble vitamins, EXCEPT:
Vitamin C
• physiological functions of food, EXCEPT provide satisfaction
• iron deficiency – Anemia
• NOT a function of fat, Repair body tissues
• good sources of carotene, EXCEPT Legumes
• NOT a group from the Food Guide Pyramid – food additives
• Provides energy not a function of water
• ordered food from appetizer to dessert – Table d'hote
• proper doneness in vegetables, EXCEPT: cook different kinds of vegetables together
• Callos and Goto – Tripe
• Bopiz – Variety
• general direction for Low-Cholesterol diets is FALSE, use of margarine
• NOT a moist-heat method of cooking, Baking
• Cooking meat is FALSE, unavailability of nutrients
• food from approved sources , guarantee safe and wholesome food
• reasons for cooking meat is FALSE, unavailability of nutrients
• 1 pinch = ½ dash
• 16 tablespoons = 48 teaspoons

Computation
• A 50g serving size of chiffon cake contains 3g fat, 22g carbohydrates and 3g protein. How many kcal are in a
serving size of chiffon cake?
3g fat x 9 kcal/g = 27
22g carbo x 4 kcal/g = 88
3g protein x 4 kcal/g = 12
27 + 88 + 12 = 127 kcal

• Estimate the kilocalorie value of a 25g biscuit with 16g total carbohydrates.
16 g x 4 kcal/g = 64 kcal

• One sachet of powdered juice contains 60g orange flavor. How many liters of water should be added if the
proportion is 1g powder, 20 mL water?
 60 g x 20 ml = 1200 ml
• Convert ml to L
1200 ml / 1000 L
= 1.2 L

• How many ounces is 1 cup of soda?

1 cup = 8 ounces

• Baking chiffon cake requires a baking temperature of 350 degrees Fahrenheit. What is its equivalent in
Centigrade if your oven thermostat was set in degree Celsius?

℃ = ℉ - 32 ℉ = ℃ x 1.8 + 32
1.8
= 350 F – 32 / 1.8
= 176.67 or 176 ℃

PLUMBING
• Cleanout – allows gain access for cleaning clogged lines
• Drainage System – includes all piping within public or private premises
• DWV – Drainage Waste and Vent
• Plumbing Fixtures – plumbing items in household (lavatories, sink, tubs)
• Potable – safe for drinking and cooking
• Grade – slope or fall of pipe
• Fitting – used to connect pipes
• Sewer – underground tunnel that carries off drainage and waste matter from house
• Soil Pipe – discharge of water closet (toilets)
• Riser – extends vertically
• Stack – vertical main
• Trap – prevent back passage or back flow of air
• Vent System – provide circulation of air
• Waste Pipe – conveys liquid waste from fixture
• Water Supply – carries water under pressure
• Drain Water System – begins at fixtures and appliances
• Vents System – provide way for sewer gas to escape

HOUSEHOLD WATER SUPPLY

• House Service – pipe connection from public water main to any source of water supply
• Riser – extends upward from one floor to next
• Branches – horizontal pipes that serves faucets or fixtures

PLUMBING MATERIALS
1. Pipes
2. Fittings
3. Valves

Pipes
1. Rigid Type
• Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC)
• Chlorinated Polyvinyl Chloride (CPVC)
• Unplasticized Polyvinyl Chloride (uPVC)
• Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene (ABS)
• Styrene Rubber Plastic (SR)
2. Flexible Type
 • Polyethylene (PE)
• Polybutylene (PB)

Type of Pipes
• Copper – most common in house plumbing
• Stainless steel tube – used in marine environment
• Galvanized Iron Pipe (G.I) – carry water into home from well
• Cast Iron Pipe and Fittings – used as flanged in water main system and water service pipes
• Concrete Pipes – for sewer purpose
• Plastic – for drains and usually for white and gray water

Fittings
• Used to connect and reduce pipelines
• Kinds of pipe fittings;
– Elbow > change direction
– Coupling > connect shafts at their end
– Bushing > inserted to one pipe and allow to screw another smaller pipe
– Union > connect shafts quickly and conveniently
– Plug > cap end, insert in end of tube
– Cap > covers the end of pipe
– Reducer > connect larger pipe to smaller pipe
– Nipple > used for extension from fitting
– Tee
– Wye

Valves
• Control flow of water through pipes
• Types of valves
– Gate > allows maximum flow of water
– Globe > slow down flow of water
– Check > prevent backflow of water
– Angle > control water supply in lavatory, sink, tub
– Float > control water supply inside tank

Trap
• Prevent backflow of gasses
• Plumbing Code on Traps
“ Every trap shall be self-cleaning trap for bath tubs, lavatories, sink and other similar fixtures”

• Plumbing Tools
1. Wrenches – tighten or loosening
2. Pipe cutter (plastic) and Hacksaw (metal)
3. Threader – teeth on pipes
4. Pipe vise – for cutting, threading and reaming pipe
5. Pliers
6. Blow torch and Propane torch

Water Supply System

• Consist of;
– water service pipe
– water distributing pipes and
– necessary connecting pipes

Types of Sewage Disposal System

• Cesspool
– Hole in ground w/ stones and bricks.
 – Allow contaminated sewage to leach into under surface of ground
• Privy
– Concrete vault with wooden shelter for collecting raw sewage
• Septic Tank
– Vault used to collect organic waste from house drain
• Public Sewer Line
– Conveys raw sewage from buildings and houses to disposal system

• SEPTIC TANK
 Sludge – semi liquid at the bottom
 Scum – floating substances

Two Processes in Septic Tank

1. Sedimentation – decomposition in upper portion of tank (with scum)
2. Anaerobic decomposition – accumulated sludge at the bottom of tank
2. Good waste pipe installation;
1. Right location of the cleanout
2. Proper fitting and joining of pipes
3. Correct slope of the pipelines
TYPES OF WASTE
• Solid waste – discharge from water closet (toilet)
• Liquid waste – from sink, lavatories etc.

TYPES OF DRAINAGE PIPING

• Soil Pipe – waste from water closet
• Waste Pipe – waste from various fixtures other than water closet

REPUBLIC ACT NO. 6541 NATIONAL BUILDING CODE OF THE PHILIPPINES

Chapter 5.02 – SANITATION SECTION 5.02.01:
General Provision All buildings hereafter erected for human habitation should be provided with plumbing facilities
installed in conformity with the National Plumbing Code adopted and promulgated by the National Master Plumbers
Association of the Philippines pursuant to Republic Act 1378, otherwise known as the "Plumbing Law“.
1. Establish standards that will protect the health of the community. Faulty plumbing is a serious health hazard.
2. Codes have always varied widely from place to place.
3. With the increasing standardization of equipment and materials, plumbing codes in different areas of the country are
tending more and more toward uniformly,
4. There is by no means a single plumbing code. Organizations are at work encouraging the adoption of a uniform,
nationwide plumbing code.
5. Most obvious variations in code have to do with climate-pipes in underground (to prevent freezing).
6. Plastic piping, still a relative new comer in the industry, is not accepted uniformly throughout the country.
7. Regulations concerning it may vary; some places don’t allow its use at all.
8. Improvements in the materials and an increasing amount of experience with plastic piping seem to indicate that more
uniform regulations can be expected.
9. Since changes will always occur- in materials, in methods of joining pipes – an absolutely current plumbing code will
never be possible.
10. Every home plumber should have a copy of the local code. (Get this from the building inspector’s office; cost is
usually low.)
11. When you do any plumbing, check the code first. If the material you’re planning to use isn’t mentioned in the code,
check with the building inspector.
12. Some plumbing codes prevent anyone but a licensed plumber from doing certain kinds of work.
13. Most codes, allow homeowners to do all plumbing work in homes they own and live in.
14. Check your code before you begin any work.

Plumbing (RA 1378)

 Plumbing is the art and science of installing pipes, fixtures and other apparatus to convey and supply water in
buildings and to dispose and discharge waste water in a safe, orderly, healthy and sanitary way.
  Plumbing designs and installations are governed by a set of rules prescribed by the National Plumbing Code.
 Republic Act 1378, otherwise known as the "Plumbing Law".
 Plumbing (Purpose of the Code)
 Establish standards that will protect the health of the community. Faulty plumbing is a serious health
hazard.
 With the increasing standardization of equipment and materials, plumbing codes in different areas of
the country are tending more and more toward uniformity
 Cleanout be installed in the pipe system to facilitate troubleshooting in case of stoppage of flow
 Any structure with a house drain installed, must have at least one soil stack or stack vent extended full size
above the roof.
 Not less than 3” or 75mm diameter, no less than 2 m above the roof if the roof is used other than protection
from the elements of weather
 Cleanout be installed in the pipe system to facilitate troubleshooting in case of stoppage of flow
 Any structure with a house drain installed, must have at least one soil stack or stack vent extended full size
above the roof.
 Not less than 3” or 75mm diameter, no less than 2 m above the roof if the roof is used other than protection
from the elements of weather
 The ideal position of horizontal pipe, were those installed at 2% slope. 2 cm per 1 meter length, a 3 meters pipe
will have inclination of 3x2=6 cm.
 The house drain shall be provided with adequate number of cleanouts to facilitate troubleshooting or cleaning in
case of stoppage or flow. Every 20 m space

BLESSING NOTES
• Person who installs pipes – Plumber
• Showers, lavatories, bath tubs and sink – Plumbing Fixtures
• Required by the National Plumbing Code EXCEPT, There should be no ventilation pipe to avoid exposure of bad
odor
• Faulty plumbing may cause, Serious health hazard
• Pipe that conveys waste other than from the water closet, Waste pipe
• Prevent siphonage or backflow of the water – Vent pipe
• Ideal size of the pipe – Not less than 3” or 75 mm diameter
• Commonly used plastic pipe, Polyvinyl chloride (PVC)
• Septic tank collect organic waste discharge
• Septic tank is ideal in a family with 6 members – 1.3 cu.m.
• Septic tank is ideal in a family with 9 members – 1.95 cu.m.
• Decomposition in the upper portion of the septic tank, Sedimentation
• Minimum distance of the tank to the nearest source of water, 100 meters
• Threader making teeth on pipes
• Teflon tape used to seal
• G.I. pipe – hacksaw
• Pipe Wrench tighten or loosen
• Trap prevent the back passage of air
• Connect smaller pipe from a larger pipe, Reducer
• Connect fixed pipe and fixtures, Union fitting
• Plumbum – latin word for Lead
• Adjustable wrench – tighten or loosen bolts and nuts
• Pipe wrench – tighten or loosen pipe
• Pump – move fluid
• Pipe made of concrete and usually use for sewer – Soil pipes
• System of pipes and drains installed for the purpose of distribution – Plumbing System
• Avoid the sewer gases to build up pressure – Venting System
• Drainpipes connections are lead away from all fixtures at a certain calculated slope of, ¼ per ft.
• Use for making flanged, cast iron
• Venting system facilitate the flow of sewer gases and, solid and water disposal
• Copper – reliability and durability
• Used in conjunctions, Sealants
• plumbing local code – Building inspector’s
• Galvanized – 1960
• Type of joints is generally used on large-diameter pipes – Flanged
• Compressions fittings – Jointing polyethylene
• Most corrosion- resistant, Stainless steel tube
• Shape and position of a trap retains water that serves as an, Effective seal
• Increasing standardization of Plumbing codes, equipment and materials
• improvements of the plastic materials in plumbing, uniform regulations can be expected
• Sludge accumulated at the bottom
• Sewer underground tunnel
• Prevent backflow of water – Check valve
• Ball valve – can be closed or opened
• schedule 40 pipe, Thicker than schedule 20
• NOT required by the National Plumbing Code, No vent pipe is needed.
• Cleanout, purposes of troubleshooting in case of stoppage of flow
• Plastic pipes are commonly used – PVC
• Connected for each faucet, toilet, and fixtures, Fixture shutoffs
• Plumber's snake, Metal with semi-rigid auger
• Toilet has trouble – plunger
• gripping large pipes and irregular objects, chain wrench
• Holding tool when cutting pipes, Yoke vise
• Hold pipe by hand, Vise grip
• Good plumbing practices, EXCEPT – excessive water consumption
• Back flow, being forced back
• examples of plumbing fixtures, EXCEPT, drainage
• NOT true about plumbing standards, Plumbing shall be designed and adjusted to use the maximum quantity of
water consistent with proper performance and cleaning.
• Toxic substance, Hazardous to human health
• best describes a toilet bowl, The Box Type compartment holding water for flushing the toilet
• Plumbing ventilation means, carry sewer gas out and relieve pressure of the drainage system
• Down spout, Rainwater from the roof down to the ground
• Inside building the diameter of pipes – 0.5 inch
• Portable water travel – Galvanized pipes
• System has leak – Gate valve
• Shut off the flow of water just 90 degrees turn, Globe valve
• Fitted with a male adopter, Cap
• Fitted with a female adopter, Plug
• PVC pipes can be installed in a 7.50 meter – 2.5 pcs
• Coupling, connect two length of pipes
• Leaking in the water supply of lavatory, sink, and water close – Angle valve
• Source of potable water, minimum safe distance from the septic tank – 15 meters
• Supply water for public use, minimum meter radius from a well to the residences – 100 meters
• Standard length of a PVC pipe 10 ft.
• Standard length of a G.I. pipe – 6 ft.
• Standard length of a PVC pipe – 3.0 m
• Plumbing fixtures must have P-trap, EXCEPT, water closet
• Size of house drain – surge flow rate from shower
• House sewer, conveys discharge to public sewer
• Water Reservoir – supply (dam)
• Water distribution – distributor (Maynilad, Manila water, Water district)
• Main water pipe – system of pipes
• Water service pipe – water from service to plumbing fixtures
• Below atmospheric pressure – Gate valve
• Water heaters – Anti vacuum
• Radiator valve, self regluating – Calorifer
• Protect tank from pressure - Vacuum
• Needle – nose pliers – cutting, holding
• Combination pliers – grip, cut, twist
• Side – cutting pliers – cutting edges
• Tongue – and – groove plier – loosen and tighten faucets
• Sin clogs up – P-Trap
• Water closet – J bend
• First step in laundry tub, Level the stand
• Bend copper without kinking, expose to heat
• First step in lavatory, water closet
• National Plumbing Code, EXCEPT – to enhance siphoning of water