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Batavia, Dutch East Indies

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For other uses, see Batavia (disambiguation).
Aerial view of the city and its harbor
Batavia around 1780
Batavia, also called Batauia[1] in the city's Malay vernacular, was the capital of
the Dutch East Indies. The area corresponds to present-day Jakarta, Indonesia.
Batavia can refer to the city proper or its suburbs and hinterland, the Ommelanden,
which included the much-larger area of the Residency of Batavia in the present-day
Indonesian provinces of Jakarta, Banten and West Java.

The founding of Batavia by the Dutch in 1619, on the site of the ruins of
Jayakarta, led to the establishment of a Dutch colony; Batavia became the center of
the Dutch East India Company's trading network in Asia. Monopolies on local produce
were augmented by non-indigenous cash crops. To safeguard their commercial
interests, the company and the colonial administration absorbed surrounding
territory.

Batavia is on the north coast of Java, in a sheltered bay, on a land of marshland

and hills crisscrossed with canals. The city had two centers: Oud Batavia (the
oldest part of the city) and the relatively-newer city, on higher ground to the
south.

It was a colonial city for about 320 years until 1942, when the Dutch East Indies
was occupied by Japan during World War II. During the Japanese occupation and after
Indonesian nationalists declared independence on 17 August 1945, the city was known
as Jakarta. It was internationally known by its Dutch name until Indonesia achieved
full independence in 1949, when the city was renamed Jakarta.

Contents
1 Dutch East India Company (1610�1799)
1.1 Arrival
1.2 Founding
1.3 Expansion
1.4 1740 massacre
1.5 The region
2 Dutch East Indies (1800�1949)
2.1 Southward expansion
2.2 British rule
2.3 Technological advances
2.4 Abolition of Cultivation System
2.5 Dutch Ethical Policy
2.6 Independence movement
3 Society
4 People associated with Batavia
5 References
6 Works cited
Dutch East India Company (1610�1799)
Arrival
Sketch of Batavia, its harbor with ships, and hills in the background
Batavia between 1675 and 1725
Amsterdam merchants embarked on an expedition to the East Indies archipelago in
1595 under the command of Cornelis de Houtman. The English East India Company's
first voyage in 1602, commanded by James Lancaster, arrived in Aceh and sailed on
to Bantam. There, Lancaster was allowed to build a trading post which was the
center of English trade in Indonesia until 1682.[2]:29

The Dutch government granted the Dutch East India Company a monopoly on Asian trade
in 1602. A year later, the first permanent Dutch trading post in Indonesia was
established in Bantam, West Java. Prince Jayawikarta gave Dutch merchants
permission to build a wooden warehouse and houses on the east bank of the Ciliwung
River opposite Jayakarta in 1610, and the outpost was established the following
year.[3]:29 As Dutch power increased, Jayawikarta allowed the English to build
houses on the west bank of the Ciliwung and a fort near his customs office to
maintain a balance of power.

Tensions between Prince Jayawikarta and the Dutch escalated until 1618, when
Jayawikarta's soldiers besieged the Dutch fortress containing the Nassau and
Mauritius warehouse. An English fleet of 15 ships arrived under Thomas Dale, former
governor of the colony of Virginia. After a sea battle, newly-appointed Dutch
governor Jan Pieterszoon Coen escaped to the Moluccas to seek support; the Dutch
had taken over the first of the Portuguese forts there in 1605. Dutch garrison
commander Pieter van den Broecke and five other men were arrested during
negotiations, since Jayawikarta believed that he had been deceived by the Dutch.
Jayawikarta and the English then forged an alliance.[citation needed]

The Dutch army was on the verge of surrendering to the English when, in 1619, the
Sultanate of Banten sent a group of soldiers to summon Jayawikarta. Jayawikarta's
agreement with the English had not been approved by the Bantenese authorities. The
conflict between Banten and Jayawikarta and the tense relationship between Banten
and the English provided a new opportunity for the Dutch. Coen returned from the
Moluccas with reinforcements on 28 May 1619,[4] razing Jayakarta to the ground two
days later[5]:35 and expelling its population.[6]:50 Only the Luso-Sundanese padr�o
remained.

Jayawikarta retreated to Tanara, in the interior of Banten, where he later died.

The Dutch established a closer relationship with Banten and assumed control of the
port, which became the regional Dutch center of power.

Founding
Coat of arms: a shield with a lion on each side
Coat of arms of Batavia
The region which became Batavia came under Dutch control in 1619, initially as an
expansion of the original Dutch fort and a new building on the ruins of the former
Jayakarta. Coen decided to expand the original fort into a larger fortress on 2
July 1619, and sent plans for Batavia Castle to the Netherlands on 7 October of
that year. The castle was larger than the previous one, with two northern bastions
protecting it from a maritime attack.[7] The Nassau and Mauritius warehouses were
expanded with the erection of an eastern fort extension, overseen by Commander Van
Raay, on 12 March 1619.[8]

Although Coen wanted to name the new settlement Nieuw-Hoorn after Hoorn (his
birthplace), he was prevented from doing so by the board of the East India Company.
[8] Batavia was chosen as the new name of the fort and settlement, and a naming
ceremony was held on 18 January 1621.[8] It was named after the Batavi Germanic
tribe, which inhabited the Batavian region during the Roman Empire; at the time, it
was believed that the tribe was the ancestors of the Dutch people. Jayakarta was
called Batavia for over 300 years.[9]

There were three governmental administrations in the Batavia region.[10]:7 Initial

authority was established in 1609[10]:7 and became the colonial government,
consisting of the Governor-General and the Council of the Indies.[10]:7 The urban
(or civil) administration of the city of Batavia was established in 1620.[10]:9 On
24 June 1620, two company officials and three free citizens (or burghers) were
appointed to the first College of Aldermen.[11] The local rural administration,
formed in 1664, became fully functional in 1682.[10]:10 The Javanese people were
prohibited from settling in Batavia from the time of its founding in 1619.[12]:194

Expansion
aerial map from around 1627
Batavia and its eastern expansion
From its founding, Batavia was planned in a well-defined layout.[13] Three trenches
were dug east of the Ciliwung River in 1619, its first Dutch-made canals. The
canals were named (from south to north) Leeuwengracht, Groenegracht, and
Steenhouwersgracht.[14] The Castle area begins in a former field north of
Steenhouwersgracht,[15] in which a town market was established.[15][14] The first
church and town hall were built c. 1622 on the east bank of the river; Batavia's
first combined church and town hall (replaced during the 1630s) was at 6�07'56?S
106�48'42?E.[15]

Canal with buildings on either side

The coconut-tree-lined Tijgersgracht canal
Around 1627, the three canals were connected with the Tijgersgracht canal. The new
canal was lined with coconut trees; according to a contemporary observer, "Among
the Grachts, the Tygersgracht is the most stately and most pleasant, both for the
goodliness of its buildings, and the ornamentation of its streets, which afford a
very agreeable shadow to those who pass along the street".[16] The Prinsestraat,
originally the street leading to the Castle, became an urban center connecting the
Castle's south gate with the city hall.[13]

Eastern Batavia was protected by a long canal which linked the castle moat and the
Ciliwung riverbend, and ran at a slight angle to Tijgersgracht. The canal cost over
160,000 real, which was paid mostly by the Chinese and other Europeans instead of
the company (who had strengthened the Castle with slave and prison labor.[13] The
short-lived outer canal was redesigned several years after the 1628�29 Siege of
Batavia.

Large overhead map with smaller maps

Batavia in 1667
East of Batavia, Sultan Agung (king of the Mataram Sultanate) gained control of
most of Java by defeating Surabaya in 1625.[17]:31 On 27 August 1628, Agung began
the Siege of Batavia.[5]:52 After heavy losses in his first attempt, he retreated
and launched a second offensive the following year.[17]:31[5]:52�53 This also
failed; the Dutch fleet destroyed his supplies and ships in the harbors of Cirebon
and Tegal.[5]:53 Mataram troops, starving and decimated by illness, retreated
again.[5]:53 Agung then moved east,[5]:53 attacking Blitar, Panarukan and the
Blambangan Kingdom in eastern Java (a vassal state of the Balinese kingdom of
Gelgel).[5]:55

After the siege, it was decided that Batavia needed a stronger defense system.
Based on the work of Flemish mathematician and military engineer Simon Stevin,
Governor-General Jacques Specx[6]:463 designed a moat and city wall; extensions of
the wall were built west of Batavia, and the city was completely enclosed.

In 1656, due to a conflict with Banten, the Javanese were not allowed to live
within the city walls and settled outside Batavia. The Chinese and the Mardijkers
were the only non-Dutch settlers within the walled city. In 1659, A 1659 truce with
Banten enabled the city to grow, and more bamboo houses were built. Bamboo houses
and livestock were banned in 1667, and the wealthy Dutch built tall houses and
canals.
1740 massacre
Main article: 1740 Batavia massacre
See caption
Contemporary etching of the massacre
Batavia's sugar industry declined during the 1730s,[10]:169[18]:29 with rising
unemployment and social disorder.[10]:169 In 1739, 10,574 Chinese people lived in
the Ommelanden.[10]:53 Tensions grew as the colonial government attempted to
restrict Chinese immigration with deportations to Ceylon and South Africa.[4]

The Chinese, afraid that they would be thrown overboard to drown, rioted.[4][19]:99
Ten thousand Chinese were killed from 9 to 22 October 1740.[4] The few surviving
Chinese inhabitants were moved to Glodok, outside the city walls, the following
year.[20]

The region
The region was an important source of food crops and building materials.[10] The
Dutch East India Company established a local government in 1664, which became fully
functional in 1682.[10]:10 Chinese inhabitants began to cultivate sugarcane.
[10]:6[21]

Large-scale cultivation negatively impacted the environment, and Batavia's northern

area experienced coastal erosion. The canals required extensive maintenance, with
frequent closures for dredging.[22] Residents of the Ommelanden lived in country
houses or ethnic kampungs governed by a headman.[10]:5[23]

Dutch East Indies (1800�1949)

1846 map of southern Batavia
Southern expansion, 1840
After the Dutch East India Company went bankrupt and was dissolved in 1800, the
Batavian Republic nationalized its debts and possessions and expanded its
territorial claims into a colony known as the Dutch East Indies. Batavia evolved
from a regional company headquarters into the colony's capital.

Southward expansion
In 1808, Herman Willem Daendels decided to leave the dilapidated, unhealthy Old
Town. A new town center was built further south, on the Weltevreden estate. Batavia
became a city with two centers; Kota was the business hub with offices and
warehouses of shipping and trading companies, and Weltevreden was home to the
government, military, and shops. The centers were connected by the Molenvliet Canal
and a road alongside the canal.[24]

British rule
Under British rule, Daendels was replaced by Stamford Raffles.[2][25]:115�122[26]
[27]:25 In 1811, Raffles � who was employed by the East India Company as secretary
to the governor of Malacca � decided to take over the government in Batavia. One
reason was to prevent the French from stepping in completely, since Napoleon had
nominated Daendels (who worked closely with the French).

In 1816, the Dutch returned to rule the region. Europeans were brought to the
archipelago to establish a colony on vacant land, triggering wars in Java and
Sumatra. Large numbers of troops were brought into the Dutch Indies to suppress
unrest (particularly on Sumatra) and extend Dutch government influence beyond Java.
However, the Dutch never conquered the entire archipelago.[28]

The development of Weltevreden as the colony's administrative center continued,

gradually shifting the center of Batavia south from Oud Batavia. A new Indies
Empire style of architecture emerged; white-plastered villas with a large front
porch were built, especially around the Koningsplein and at Weltevreden. This newer
part of Batavia generally had a more open look than Oud Batavia's developed, canal
cityscape.[29]

Technological advances
Unlike the first half of the 19th century, the second half of the century was a
peaceful period characterized by economic and technological expansion and a stable
government. In 1856, the region's first telegraph line was installed between
Batavia and Buitenzorg. In 1859, Batavia was connected to Singapore with the Dutch
East Indies' first international telegraph connection. The city completed its first
gasworks two years later, and its streets were lit with gas by 1862. Telephone
lines were installed in 1882.[30]

Horse-drawn tram, introduced to Batavia in 1869, were upgraded to steam power in

1882 and electricity in 1900. The city's first railway also began in 1869, and the
line from Batavia to Buitenzorg was completed in 1873.[30] The city's first ice
house was built in 1870.[30]

The 1869 opening of the Suez Canal increased the need for a new port. The port of
Tanjung Priok was completed in 1885, replacing the centuries-old, inadequate Sunda
Kelapa, significantly increasing trade and tourism in Batavia and the Dutch East
Indies.[30]

Abolition of Cultivation System

1897 Batvia map
Batavia in 1897
The Cultivation System (cultuurstelsel) was a mid-19th-century Dutch government
policy which required a portion of agricultural production to be export crops.
Indonesian historians refer to it as tanam paksa (enforced planting).

The 1870 abolition of the Cultivation System led to the rapid development of
private enterprise in the Dutch East Indies. A number of trading companies and
financial institutions were established on Java, particularly in Batavia. The Old
Town's deteriorating structures were replaced with offices, usually along the
Ciliwung River. Private companies owned (or managed) plantations, oil fields, and
mines. The island's first railway line opened in 1867, and railway stations were
built in urban centers such as Batavia.[31]

Schools, hospitals, factories, offices, trading companies, and post offices were
established throughout the city. Improvements in Batavia's transportation, health,
and technology encouraged more Dutch people to move to the capital, and Batavian
society became increasingly Dutch. The city traded with Europe, and increased
shipping led to the construction of a new harbor at Tanjung Priok between 1877 and
1883.[32]

Foreigners were known locally as totoks, distinguishing new Chinese arrivals from
the peranakans. Many totoks adopted Indonesian culture, wearing kebayas, sarongs,
and summer dresses.[33]

By the end of the 19th century, Batavia's population was 115,887 people; of these,
8,893 were Europeans, 26,817 were Chinese and 77,700 were indigenous islanders.[34]
The city's expanding commercial activity led to the immigration of large numbers of
Dutch employees and rural Javanese to Batavia. The 1905 population of Batavia and
its surrounding area reached 2.1 million, including 93,000 Chinese people, 14,000
Europeans, and 2,800 Arabs.[35] This growth resulted in an increased demand for
housing, and land prices soared. New houses were built close together, and kampung
settlements filled spaces between the houses. Settlements, built with little regard
for the region's tropical conditions, resulted in overcrowding, poor sanitation,
and an absence of public amenities.[24] Java had an outbreak of plague in 1913.[24]
Old Batavia's abandoned moats and ramparts experienced a boom during the period, as
trading companies were established along the Ciliwung.[24] The old city soon re-
established itself as a commercial center, with 20th- and 17th-century buildings
adjacent to each other.

Dutch Ethical Policy

Another map
Batavia c.?1914
The Dutch Ethical Policy was introduced in 1901, expanding educational
opportunities for the indigenous population of the Dutch East Indies. In 1924, a
law school was founded in Batavia.[36] The city's population in the 1930 census was
435,000.[6]:50

The University of Batavia was established in 1941, and later became the University
of Indonesia.[36] In 1946, the Dutch colonial government established the Nood
Universiteit (Emergency University) in Jakarta. The following year, its name was
changed to Universiteit van Indonesi� (UVI). After the Indonesian National
Revolution the government established Universiteit Indonesia, a state university,
in Jakarta in February 1950. Its name was later changed to Universitas Indonesia.

Independence movement
Volksraad member Mohammad Husni Thamrin criticized the colonial government for
ignoring the kampungs and catering to the wealthy in Menteng. In 1909, Tirto Adhi
Soerjo founded the Islamic Commercial Union in Batavia to support Indonesian
merchants. Branches in other areas followed. In 1920, Oemar Said Tjokroaminoto and
Agus Salim established a committee in Batavia to support the Ottoman Caliphate.[36]

Spies warned the Dutch about a planned revolt in 1926, and Communist Party of
Indonesia (PKI) leaders were arrested. Andries Cornelis Dirk de Graeff replaced
Dirk Fock as governor-general, and uprisings in Batavia, Banten, and Priangan were
quickly crushed.[36] Armed Communists occupied the Batavia telephone exchange for
one night before they were captured. The Dutch sent prisoners to Banden and to a
penal colony at Boven-Digoel in West New Guinea, where many died of malaria.[36]
Sukarno and the Study Club founded the Indonesian Nationalist Association (which
became the Indonesian National Party and later joined the Partai Sarekat Islam,
Budi Utomo, and the Surabaya Study Club to form the Union of Indonesian Political
Associations) on 4 July 1927.[36]

A youth congress was held in Batavia in October 1928, and the groups began
referring to the city as Jakarta. They demanded Indonesian independence, displayed
the red-and-white flag, and sang the Indonesian national anthem written by Wage
Rudolf Supratman. The Dutch banned the flag, the national anthem, and the words
"Indonesia" and "Indonesian".[36]

See caption
Drawing of the imagined Japanese entry into Batavia
On 5 March 1942, Batavia fell to the Japanese. The Dutch formally surrendered to
the Japanese occupation forces on 9 March 1942, and the colony's government was
transferred to Japan. Batavia was renamed Jakarta. The economic situation and the
physical condition of Indonesian cities deteriorated during the occupation.
Buildings were converted to internment camps for the Dutch.

After the Japanese defeat in 1945, the region experienced a period of transition
and upheaval during the Indonesian struggle for independence. During the Japanese
occupation, and when the Indonesian nationalists declared independence on 17 August
1945, the city was renamed Jakarta.[37] In 1945, it was briefly occupied by the
Allies and returned to the Dutch. The Dutch name, Batavia, remained the
internationally-recognized name until Indonesian independence was achieved and
Jakarta proclaimed the national capital on 27 December 1949.[37]
Society
1718 drawing of a female Balinese slave
Many coolies and slaves were employed from outside Java.
Batavia, founded as the trade and administrative center of the Dutch East India
Company, was never intended to be a Dutch settlement. Jan Pieterszoon Coen founded
Batavia for trade, with the city's inhabitants producing and supplying food. There
was no migration of intact Dutch families, and there were few Dutch women in
Batavia. A mixed society was formed; relationships between Dutchmen and Asian women
did not usually result in marriage, and the women did not have the right to return
to the Dutch Republic. This societal pattern created a group of mestizos in
Batavia. Since the Dutch East India Company preferred to maintain complete control
of its business, a large number of slaves was employed.

Women became an important feature of Batavia's social network; they were accustomed
to dealing with slaves, and spoke the same language (mostly Portuguese and Malay).
Many of these women effectively became widows; their husbands left Batavia to
return to the Netherlands, and their children were often removed as well.

Most of Batavia's residents were of Asian descent. Thousands of slaves were brought
from India and Arakan; later, slaves were brought from Bali and Sulawesi. To avoid
an uprising, a decision was made to free the Javanese people from slavery. Chinese
people made up the largest group in Batavia (most being merchants and laborers),
and were the most decisive group in the city's development. Other residents
included Malays and Muslim and Hindu merchants from India.

Initially, these ethnic groups lived together; however, in 1688, segregation was
imposed on the indigenous population. Each ethnic group was forced to live in its
own village outside the city wall. Each person was tagged to identify their ethnic
group; later, the identity tags were replaced with parchment.

Batavia experienced more malaria epidemics during the 18th century, as its marsh
areas bred mosquitoes.[38] The disease killed many Europeans and Batavia received
the nickname "cemetery of Europeans".[39][40] Wealthier European settlers moved to
southern areas at higher elevations.[19]:101

Within Batavia's walls, the wealthy Dutch built tall houses and canals. Commercial
opportunities attracted Indonesian and Chinese immigrants, with the increasing
population imposing a burden on the city. During the 18th century, over 60 percent
of Batavia's population were slaves working for the Dutch East India Company. Laws
protected slaves against overly-cruel actions by their masters; Christian slaves
were freed after the death of their masters, and other slaves were allowed to own a
store and earn money to buy their freedom.

Although Batavia became the political and administrative center of the Dutch East
Indies and the main port in Southeast Asian trade, the city's population remained
relatively small. Early-19th-century estimates of its population were smaller than
that of Surabaya, although it overtook the latter by the end of the century; the
1920 census indicated a population of 306,000, compared to 192,000 for Surabaya,
158,000 for Semarang and 134,000 for Surakarta. Its population increased rapidly,
exceeding half a million ten years later.[41]

The population of the Dutch East Indies was never purely European. Of the 30,000
Dutch citizens in the Dutch East Indies in 1860, less than 5,000 were purely Dutch.
Seventy percent of the population was male, since more male immigrants arrived from
Europe.[42]

Slavery existed in Batavia until its abolition in 1853. Slaves mainly lived in the
back of the garden of the main house and were paid, with free food and lodging.
Female slaves, known as baboe, cooked and cared for children.[28]

Children went to school, where the teachers were locally trained. Many children did
not finish school; to counter this, the school system awarded prizes to well-
performing children.[28]

When Stamford Raffles was governor of Java, he changed social interaction in

Batavian society. Raffles disapproved of the relaxed Dutch dress code, where many
men wore Javanese attire. Raffles and his wife, Olivia, introduced European dress
(with much white, because of the tropical climate) for men and women.[28]

When the British left Batavia in 1815, most of the native people reverted to their
original Javanese attire but some new aspects persisted. Native males chosen to be
the governing elite wore a European outfit on duty, but after hours they would
change to sarongs and kebaya. Lower-ranked Dutchmen might wear the local style all
day. Women wore sarongs and kebaya to official events, where they wore tighter-
fitting robes or richly-colored (or flowered) cloth � in the style of British India
� and batik shawls.[43]

People associated with Batavia

Reinout Willem van Bemmelen, geologist
Ben Bot, diplomat and politician
Tonke Dragt, writer and illustrator of children's literature
Boudewijn de Groot, musician
Michel van Hulten, politician
Yvonne Keuls, writer
Taco Kuiper, investigative journalist and publisher
Carel Jan Schneider, foreign service diplomat and writer
Francis Steinmetz, Royal Netherlands Navy officer
Frans Tutuhatunewa, president of the Republic of South Maluku
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vte
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Batavia, Dutch East Indies

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For other uses, see Batavia (disambiguation).
Aerial view of the city and its harbor
Batavia around 1780
Batavia, also called Batauia[1] in the city's Malay vernacular, was the capital of
the Dutch East Indies. The area corresponds to present-day Jakarta, Indonesia.
Batavia can refer to the city proper or its suburbs and hinterland, the Ommelanden,
which included the much-larger area of the Residency of Batavia in the present-day
Indonesian provinces of Jakarta, Banten and West Java.

The founding of Batavia by the Dutch in 1619, on the site of the ruins of
Jayakarta, led to the establishment of a Dutch colony; Batavia became the center of
the Dutch East India Company's trading network in Asia. Monopolies on local produce
were augmented by non-indigenous cash crops. To safeguard their commercial
interests, the company and the colonial administration absorbed surrounding
territory.

Batavia is on the north coast of Java, in a sheltered bay, on a land of marshland

and hills crisscrossed with canals. The city had two centers: Oud Batavia (the
oldest part of the city) and the relatively-newer city, on higher ground to the
south.

It was a colonial city for about 320 years until 1942, when the Dutch East Indies
was occupied by Japan during World War II. During the Japanese occupation and after
Indonesian nationalists declared independence on 17 August 1945, the city was known
as Jakarta. It was internationally known by its Dutch name until Indonesia achieved
full independence in 1949, when the city was renamed Jakarta.

Contents
1 Dutch East India Company (1610�1799)
1.1 Arrival
1.2 Founding
1.3 Expansion
1.4 1740 massacre
1.5 The region
2 Dutch East Indies (1800�1949)
2.1 Southward expansion
2.2 British rule
2.3 Technological advances
2.4 Abolition of Cultivation System
2.5 Dutch Ethical Policy
2.6 Independence movement
3 Society
4 People associated with Batavia
5 References
6 Works cited
Dutch East India Company (1610�1799)
Arrival
Sketch of Batavia, its harbor with ships, and hills in the background
Batavia between 1675 and 1725
Amsterdam merchants embarked on an expedition to the East Indies archipelago in
1595 under the command of Cornelis de Houtman. The English East India Company's
first voyage in 1602, commanded by James Lancaster, arrived in Aceh and sailed on
to Bantam. There, Lancaster was allowed to build a trading post which was the
center of English trade in Indonesia until 1682.[2]:29

The Dutch government granted the Dutch East India Company a monopoly on Asian trade
in 1602. A year later, the first permanent Dutch trading post in Indonesia was
established in Bantam, West Java. Prince Jayawikarta gave Dutch merchants
permission to build a wooden warehouse and houses on the east bank of the Ciliwung
River opposite Jayakarta in 1610, and the outpost was established the following
year.[3]:29 As Dutch power increased, Jayawikarta allowed the English to build
houses on the west bank of the Ciliwung and a fort near his customs office to
maintain a balance of power.

Tensions between Prince Jayawikarta and the Dutch escalated until 1618, when
Jayawikarta's soldiers besieged the Dutch fortress containing the Nassau and
Mauritius warehouse. An English fleet of 15 ships arrived under Thomas Dale, former
governor of the colony of Virginia. After a sea battle, newly-appointed Dutch
governor Jan Pieterszoon Coen escaped to the Moluccas to seek support; the Dutch
had taken over the first of the Portuguese forts there in 1605. Dutch garrison
commander Pieter van den Broecke and five other men were arrested during
negotiations, since Jayawikarta believed that he had been deceived by the Dutch.
Jayawikarta and the English then forged an alliance.[citation needed]

The Dutch army was on the verge of surrendering to the English when, in 1619, the
Sultanate of Banten sent a group of soldiers to summon Jayawikarta. Jayawikarta's
agreement with the English had not been approved by the Bantenese authorities. The
conflict between Banten and Jayawikarta and the tense relationship between Banten
and the English provided a new opportunity for the Dutch. Coen returned from the
Moluccas with reinforcements on 28 May 1619,[4] razing Jayakarta to the ground two
days later[5]:35 and expelling its population.[6]:50 Only the Luso-Sundanese padr�o
remained.

Jayawikarta retreated to Tanara, in the interior of Banten, where he later died.

The Dutch established a closer relationship with Banten and assumed control of the
port, which became the regional Dutch center of power.

Founding
Coat of arms: a shield with a lion on each side
Coat of arms of Batavia
The region which became Batavia came under Dutch control in 1619, initially as an
expansion of the original Dutch fort and a new building on the ruins of the former
Jayakarta. Coen decided to expand the original fort into a larger fortress on 2
July 1619, and sent plans for Batavia Castle to the Netherlands on 7 October of
that year. The castle was larger than the previous one, with two northern bastions
protecting it from a maritime attack.[7] The Nassau and Mauritius warehouses were
expanded with the erection of an eastern fort extension, overseen by Commander Van
Raay, on 12 March 1619.[8]

Although Coen wanted to name the new settlement Nieuw-Hoorn after Hoorn (his
birthplace), he was prevented from doing so by the board of the East India Company.
[8] Batavia was chosen as the new name of the fort and settlement, and a naming
ceremony was held on 18 January 1621.[8] It was named after the Batavi Germanic
tribe, which inhabited the Batavian region during the Roman Empire; at the time, it
was believed that the tribe was the ancestors of the Dutch people. Jayakarta was
called Batavia for over 300 years.[9]

There were three governmental administrations in the Batavia region.[10]:7 Initial

authority was established in 1609[10]:7 and became the colonial government,
consisting of the Governor-General and the Council of the Indies.[10]:7 The urban
(or civil) administration of the city of Batavia was established in 1620.[10]:9 On
24 June 1620, two company officials and three free citizens (or burghers) were
appointed to the first College of Aldermen.[11] The local rural administration,
formed in 1664, became fully functional in 1682.[10]:10 The Javanese people were
prohibited from settling in Batavia from the time of its founding in 1619.[12]:194

Expansion
aerial map from around 1627
Batavia and its eastern expansion
From its founding, Batavia was planned in a well-defined layout.[13] Three trenches
were dug east of the Ciliwung River in 1619, its first Dutch-made canals. The
canals were named (from south to north) Leeuwengracht, Groenegracht, and
Steenhouwersgracht.[14] The Castle area begins in a former field north of
Steenhouwersgracht,[15] in which a town market was established.[15][14] The first
church and town hall were built c. 1622 on the east bank of the river; Batavia's
first combined church and town hall (replaced during the 1630s) was at 6�07'56?S
106�48'42?E.[15]

Canal with buildings on either side

The coconut-tree-lined Tijgersgracht canal
Around 1627, the three canals were connected with the Tijgersgracht canal. The new
canal was lined with coconut trees; according to a contemporary observer, "Among
the Grachts, the Tygersgracht is the most stately and most pleasant, both for the
goodliness of its buildings, and the ornamentation of its streets, which afford a
very agreeable shadow to those who pass along the street".[16] The Prinsestraat,
originally the street leading to the Castle, became an urban center connecting the
Castle's south gate with the city hall.[13]

Eastern Batavia was protected by a long canal which linked the castle moat and the
Ciliwung riverbend, and ran at a slight angle to Tijgersgracht. The canal cost over
160,000 real, which was paid mostly by the Chinese and other Europeans instead of
the company (who had strengthened the Castle with slave and prison labor.[13] The
short-lived outer canal was redesigned several years after the 1628�29 Siege of
Batavia.

Large overhead map with smaller maps

Batavia in 1667
East of Batavia, Sultan Agung (king of the Mataram Sultanate) gained control of
most of Java by defeating Surabaya in 1625.[17]:31 On 27 August 1628, Agung began
the Siege of Batavia.[5]:52 After heavy losses in his first attempt, he retreated
and launched a second offensive the following year.[17]:31[5]:52�53 This also
failed; the Dutch fleet destroyed his supplies and ships in the harbors of Cirebon
and Tegal.[5]:53 Mataram troops, starving and decimated by illness, retreated
again.[5]:53 Agung then moved east,[5]:53 attacking Blitar, Panarukan and the
Blambangan Kingdom in eastern Java (a vassal state of the Balinese kingdom of
Gelgel).[5]:55

After the siege, it was decided that Batavia needed a stronger defense system.
Based on the work of Flemish mathematician and military engineer Simon Stevin,
Governor-General Jacques Specx[6]:463 designed a moat and city wall; extensions of
the wall were built west of Batavia, and the city was completely enclosed.

In 1656, due to a conflict with Banten, the Javanese were not allowed to live
within the city walls and settled outside Batavia. The Chinese and the Mardijkers
were the only non-Dutch settlers within the walled city. In 1659, A 1659 truce with
Banten enabled the city to grow, and more bamboo houses were built. Bamboo houses
and livestock were banned in 1667, and the wealthy Dutch built tall houses and
canals.

1740 massacre
Main article: 1740 Batavia massacre
See caption
Contemporary etching of the massacre
Batavia's sugar industry declined during the 1730s,[10]:169[18]:29 with rising
unemployment and social disorder.[10]:169 In 1739, 10,574 Chinese people lived in
the Ommelanden.[10]:53 Tensions grew as the colonial government attempted to
restrict Chinese immigration with deportations to Ceylon and South Africa.[4]

The Chinese, afraid that they would be thrown overboard to drown, rioted.[4][19]:99
Ten thousand Chinese were killed from 9 to 22 October 1740.[4] The few surviving
Chinese inhabitants were moved to Glodok, outside the city walls, the following
year.[20]

The region
The region was an important source of food crops and building materials.[10] The
Dutch East India Company established a local government in 1664, which became fully
functional in 1682.[10]:10 Chinese inhabitants began to cultivate sugarcane.
[10]:6[21]

Large-scale cultivation negatively impacted the environment, and Batavia's northern

area experienced coastal erosion. The canals required extensive maintenance, with
frequent closures for dredging.[22] Residents of the Ommelanden lived in country
houses or ethnic kampungs governed by a headman.[10]:5[23]

Dutch East Indies (1800�1949)

1846 map of southern Batavia
Southern expansion, 1840
After the Dutch East India Company went bankrupt and was dissolved in 1800, the
Batavian Republic nationalized its debts and possessions and expanded its
territorial claims into a colony known as the Dutch East Indies. Batavia evolved
from a regional company headquarters into the colony's capital.

Southward expansion
In 1808, Herman Willem Daendels decided to leave the dilapidated, unhealthy Old
Town. A new town center was built further south, on the Weltevreden estate. Batavia
became a city with two centers; Kota was the business hub with offices and
warehouses of shipping and trading companies, and Weltevreden was home to the
government, military, and shops. The centers were connected by the Molenvliet Canal
and a road alongside the canal.[24]

British rule
Under British rule, Daendels was replaced by Stamford Raffles.[2][25]:115�122[26]
[27]:25 In 1811, Raffles � who was employed by the East India Company as secretary
to the governor of Malacca � decided to take over the government in Batavia. One
reason was to prevent the French from stepping in completely, since Napoleon had
nominated Daendels (who worked closely with the French).

In 1816, the Dutch returned to rule the region. Europeans were brought to the
archipelago to establish a colony on vacant land, triggering wars in Java and
Sumatra. Large numbers of troops were brought into the Dutch Indies to suppress
unrest (particularly on Sumatra) and extend Dutch government influence beyond Java.
However, the Dutch never conquered the entire archipelago.[28]

The development of Weltevreden as the colony's administrative center continued,

gradually shifting the center of Batavia south from Oud Batavia. A new Indies
Empire style of architecture emerged; white-plastered villas with a large front
porch were built, especially around the Koningsplein and at Weltevreden. This newer
part of Batavia generally had a more open look than Oud Batavia's developed, canal
cityscape.[29]
Technological advances
Unlike the first half of the 19th century, the second half of the century was a
peaceful period characterized by economic and technological expansion and a stable
government. In 1856, the region's first telegraph line was installed between
Batavia and Buitenzorg. In 1859, Batavia was connected to Singapore with the Dutch
East Indies' first international telegraph connection. The city completed its first
gasworks two years later, and its streets were lit with gas by 1862. Telephone
lines were installed in 1882.[30]

Horse-drawn tram, introduced to Batavia in 1869, were upgraded to steam power in

1882 and electricity in 1900. The city's first railway also began in 1869, and the
line from Batavia to Buitenzorg was completed in 1873.[30] The city's first ice
house was built in 1870.[30]

The 1869 opening of the Suez Canal increased the need for a new port. The port of
Tanjung Priok was completed in 1885, replacing the centuries-old, inadequate Sunda
Kelapa, significantly increasing trade and tourism in Batavia and the Dutch East
Indies.[30]

Abolition of Cultivation System

1897 Batvia map
Batavia in 1897
The Cultivation System (cultuurstelsel) was a mid-19th-century Dutch government
policy which required a portion of agricultural production to be export crops.
Indonesian historians refer to it as tanam paksa (enforced planting).

The 1870 abolition of the Cultivation System led to the rapid development of
private enterprise in the Dutch East Indies. A number of trading companies and
financial institutions were established on Java, particularly in Batavia. The Old
Town's deteriorating structures were replaced with offices, usually along the
Ciliwung River. Private companies owned (or managed) plantations, oil fields, and
mines. The island's first railway line opened in 1867, and railway stations were
built in urban centers such as Batavia.[31]

Schools, hospitals, factories, offices, trading companies, and post offices were
established throughout the city. Improvements in Batavia's transportation, health,
and technology encouraged more Dutch people to move to the capital, and Batavian
society became increasingly Dutch. The city traded with Europe, and increased
shipping led to the construction of a new harbor at Tanjung Priok between 1877 and
1883.[32]

Foreigners were known locally as totoks, distinguishing new Chinese arrivals from
the peranakans. Many totoks adopted Indonesian culture, wearing kebayas, sarongs,
and summer dresses.[33]

By the end of the 19th century, Batavia's population was 115,887 people; of these,
8,893 were Europeans, 26,817 were Chinese and 77,700 were indigenous islanders.[34]
The city's expanding commercial activity led to the immigration of large numbers of
Dutch employees and rural Javanese to Batavia. The 1905 population of Batavia and
its surrounding area reached 2.1 million, including 93,000 Chinese people, 14,000
Europeans, and 2,800 Arabs.[35] This growth resulted in an increased demand for
housing, and land prices soared. New houses were built close together, and kampung
settlements filled spaces between the houses. Settlements, built with little regard
for the region's tropical conditions, resulted in overcrowding, poor sanitation,
and an absence of public amenities.[24] Java had an outbreak of plague in 1913.[24]

Old Batavia's abandoned moats and ramparts experienced a boom during the period, as
trading companies were established along the Ciliwung.[24] The old city soon re-
established itself as a commercial center, with 20th- and 17th-century buildings
adjacent to each other.

Dutch Ethical Policy

Another map
Batavia c.?1914
The Dutch Ethical Policy was introduced in 1901, expanding educational
opportunities for the indigenous population of the Dutch East Indies. In 1924, a
law school was founded in Batavia.[36] The city's population in the 1930 census was
435,000.[6]:50

The University of Batavia was established in 1941, and later became the University
of Indonesia.[36] In 1946, the Dutch colonial government established the Nood
Universiteit (Emergency University) in Jakarta. The following year, its name was
changed to Universiteit van Indonesi� (UVI). After the Indonesian National
Revolution the government established Universiteit Indonesia, a state university,
in Jakarta in February 1950. Its name was later changed to Universitas Indonesia.

Independence movement
Volksraad member Mohammad Husni Thamrin criticized the colonial government for
ignoring the kampungs and catering to the wealthy in Menteng. In 1909, Tirto Adhi
Soerjo founded the Islamic Commercial Union in Batavia to support Indonesian
merchants. Branches in other areas followed. In 1920, Oemar Said Tjokroaminoto and
Agus Salim established a committee in Batavia to support the Ottoman Caliphate.[36]

Spies warned the Dutch about a planned revolt in 1926, and Communist Party of
Indonesia (PKI) leaders were arrested. Andries Cornelis Dirk de Graeff replaced
Dirk Fock as governor-general, and uprisings in Batavia, Banten, and Priangan were
quickly crushed.[36] Armed Communists occupied the Batavia telephone exchange for
one night before they were captured. The Dutch sent prisoners to Banden and to a
penal colony at Boven-Digoel in West New Guinea, where many died of malaria.[36]
Sukarno and the Study Club founded the Indonesian Nationalist Association (which
became the Indonesian National Party and later joined the Partai Sarekat Islam,
Budi Utomo, and the Surabaya Study Club to form the Union of Indonesian Political
Associations) on 4 July 1927.[36]

A youth congress was held in Batavia in October 1928, and the groups began
referring to the city as Jakarta. They demanded Indonesian independence, displayed
the red-and-white flag, and sang the Indonesian national anthem written by Wage
Rudolf Supratman. The Dutch banned the flag, the national anthem, and the words
"Indonesia" and "Indonesian".[36]

See caption
Drawing of the imagined Japanese entry into Batavia
On 5 March 1942, Batavia fell to the Japanese. The Dutch formally surrendered to
the Japanese occupation forces on 9 March 1942, and the colony's government was
transferred to Japan. Batavia was renamed Jakarta. The economic situation and the
physical condition of Indonesian cities deteriorated during the occupation.
Buildings were converted to internment camps for the Dutch.

After the Japanese defeat in 1945, the region experienced a period of transition
and upheaval during the Indonesian struggle for independence. During the Japanese
occupation, and when the Indonesian nationalists declared independence on 17 August
1945, the city was renamed Jakarta.[37] In 1945, it was briefly occupied by the
Allies and returned to the Dutch. The Dutch name, Batavia, remained the
internationally-recognized name until Indonesian independence was achieved and
Jakarta proclaimed the national capital on 27 December 1949.[37]

Society
1718 drawing of a female Balinese slave
Many coolies and slaves were employed from outside Java.
Batavia, founded as the trade and administrative center of the Dutch East India
Company, was never intended to be a Dutch settlement. Jan Pieterszoon Coen founded
Batavia for trade, with the city's inhabitants producing and supplying food. There
was no migration of intact Dutch families, and there were few Dutch women in
Batavia. A mixed society was formed; relationships between Dutchmen and Asian women
did not usually result in marriage, and the women did not have the right to return
to the Dutch Republic. This societal pattern created a group of mestizos in
Batavia. Since the Dutch East India Company preferred to maintain complete control
of its business, a large number of slaves was employed.

Women became an important feature of Batavia's social network; they were accustomed
to dealing with slaves, and spoke the same language (mostly Portuguese and Malay).
Many of these women effectively became widows; their husbands left Batavia to
return to the Netherlands, and their children were often removed as well.

Most of Batavia's residents were of Asian descent. Thousands of slaves were brought
from India and Arakan; later, slaves were brought from Bali and Sulawesi. To avoid
an uprising, a decision was made to free the Javanese people from slavery. Chinese
people made up the largest group in Batavia (most being merchants and laborers),
and were the most decisive group in the city's development. Other residents
included Malays and Muslim and Hindu merchants from India.

Initially, these ethnic groups lived together; however, in 1688, segregation was
imposed on the indigenous population. Each ethnic group was forced to live in its
own village outside the city wall. Each person was tagged to identify their ethnic
group; later, the identity tags were replaced with parchment.

Batavia experienced more malaria epidemics during the 18th century, as its marsh
areas bred mosquitoes.[38] The disease killed many Europeans and Batavia received
the nickname "cemetery of Europeans".[39][40] Wealthier European settlers moved to
southern areas at higher elevations.[19]:101

Within Batavia's walls, the wealthy Dutch built tall houses and canals. Commercial
opportunities attracted Indonesian and Chinese immigrants, with the increasing
population imposing a burden on the city. During the 18th century, over 60 percent
of Batavia's population were slaves working for the Dutch East India Company. Laws
protected slaves against overly-cruel actions by their masters; Christian slaves
were freed after the death of their masters, and other slaves were allowed to own a
store and earn money to buy their freedom.

Although Batavia became the political and administrative center of the Dutch East
Indies and the main port in Southeast Asian trade, the city's population remained
relatively small. Early-19th-century estimates of its population were smaller than
that of Surabaya, although it overtook the latter by the end of the century; the
1920 census indicated a population of 306,000, compared to 192,000 for Surabaya,
158,000 for Semarang and 134,000 for Surakarta. Its population increased rapidly,
exceeding half a million ten years later.[41]

The population of the Dutch East Indies was never purely European. Of the 30,000
Dutch citizens in the Dutch East Indies in 1860, less than 5,000 were purely Dutch.
Seventy percent of the population was male, since more male immigrants arrived from
Europe.[42]

Slavery existed in Batavia until its abolition in 1853. Slaves mainly lived in the
back of the garden of the main house and were paid, with free food and lodging.
Female slaves, known as baboe, cooked and cared for children.[28]
Children went to school, where the teachers were locally trained. Many children did
not finish school; to counter this, the school system awarded prizes to well-
performing children.[28]

When Stamford Raffles was governor of Java, he changed social interaction in

Batavian society. Raffles disapproved of the relaxed Dutch dress code, where many
men wore Javanese attire. Raffles and his wife, Olivia, introduced European dress
(with much white, because of the tropical climate) for men and women.[28]

When the British left Batavia in 1815, most of the native people reverted to their
original Javanese attire but some new aspects persisted. Native males chosen to be
the governing elite wore a European outfit on duty, but after hours they would
change to sarongs and kebaya. Lower-ranked Dutchmen might wear the local style all
day. Women wore sarongs and kebaya to official events, where they wore tighter-
fitting robes or richly-colored (or flowered) cloth � in the style of British India
� and batik shawls.[43]

People associated with Batavia

Reinout Willem van Bemmelen, geologist
Ben Bot, diplomat and politician
Tonke Dragt, writer and illustrator of children's literature
Boudewijn de Groot, musician
Michel van Hulten, politician
Yvonne Keuls, writer
Taco Kuiper, investigative journalist and publisher
Carel Jan Schneider, foreign service diplomat and writer
Francis Steinmetz, Royal Netherlands Navy officer
Frans Tutuhatunewa, president of the Republic of South Maluku
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9789012086431.
Gunawan Tjahjono, ed. (1998). Architecture. Indonesian Heritage. 6. Singapore:
Archipelago Press. ISBN 981-3018-30-5.
Kaart van het Kasteel en de Stad Batavia in het Jaar 1667 [Map of the Castle and
the City Batavia in year 1667] (Map) (Den Haag ed.). 50 rhijnlandsche roeden (in
Dutch). Cartography by J.J. Bollee. G.B. Hooyer and J.W. Yzerman. 1919.
Merrillees, Scott (2001). Batavia in Nineteenth Century Photographs. Singapore:
Editions Didier Millet. ISBN 9789813018778.
Mulyawan Karim, ed. (2009). Ekspedisi Ciliwung, Laporan Jurnalistik Kompas, Mata
Air � Air Mata. Jakarta: PT. Kompas Media Nusantara. ISBN 978-9797094256.
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Batavia, Dutch East Indies
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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For other uses, see Batavia (disambiguation).
Aerial view of the city and its harbor
Batavia around 1780
Batavia, also called Batauia[1] in the city's Malay vernacular, was the capital of
the Dutch East Indies. The area corresponds to present-day Jakarta, Indonesia.
Batavia can refer to the city proper or its suburbs and hinterland, the Ommelanden,
which included the much-larger area of the Residency of Batavia in the present-day
Indonesian provinces of Jakarta, Banten and West Java.

The founding of Batavia by the Dutch in 1619, on the site of the ruins of
Jayakarta, led to the establishment of a Dutch colony; Batavia became the center of
the Dutch East India Company's trading network in Asia. Monopolies on local produce
were augmented by non-indigenous cash crops. To safeguard their commercial
interests, the company and the colonial administration absorbed surrounding
territory.

Batavia is on the north coast of Java, in a sheltered bay, on a land of marshland

and hills crisscrossed with canals. The city had two centers: Oud Batavia (the
oldest part of the city) and the relatively-newer city, on higher ground to the
south.

It was a colonial city for about 320 years until 1942, when the Dutch East Indies
was occupied by Japan during World War II. During the Japanese occupation and after
Indonesian nationalists declared independence on 17 August 1945, the city was known
as Jakarta. It was internationally known by its Dutch name until Indonesia achieved
full independence in 1949, when the city was renamed Jakarta.

Contents
1 Dutch East India Company (1610�1799)
1.1 Arrival
1.2 Founding
1.3 Expansion
1.4 1740 massacre
1.5 The region
2 Dutch East Indies (1800�1949)
2.1 Southward expansion
2.2 British rule
2.3 Technological advances
2.4 Abolition of Cultivation System
2.5 Dutch Ethical Policy
2.6 Independence movement
3 Society
4 People associated with Batavia
5 References
6 Works cited
Dutch East India Company (1610�1799)
Arrival
Sketch of Batavia, its harbor with ships, and hills in the background
Batavia between 1675 and 1725
Amsterdam merchants embarked on an expedition to the East Indies archipelago in
1595 under the command of Cornelis de Houtman. The English East India Company's
first voyage in 1602, commanded by James Lancaster, arrived in Aceh and sailed on
to Bantam. There, Lancaster was allowed to build a trading post which was the
center of English trade in Indonesia until 1682.[2]:29
The Dutch government granted the Dutch East India Company a monopoly on Asian trade
in 1602. A year later, the first permanent Dutch trading post in Indonesia was
established in Bantam, West Java. Prince Jayawikarta gave Dutch merchants
permission to build a wooden warehouse and houses on the east bank of the Ciliwung
River opposite Jayakarta in 1610, and the outpost was established the following
year.[3]:29 As Dutch power increased, Jayawikarta allowed the English to build
houses on the west bank of the Ciliwung and a fort near his customs office to
maintain a balance of power.

Tensions between Prince Jayawikarta and the Dutch escalated until 1618, when
Jayawikarta's soldiers besieged the Dutch fortress containing the Nassau and
Mauritius warehouse. An English fleet of 15 ships arrived under Thomas Dale, former
governor of the colony of Virginia. After a sea battle, newly-appointed Dutch
governor Jan Pieterszoon Coen escaped to the Moluccas to seek support; the Dutch
had taken over the first of the Portuguese forts there in 1605. Dutch garrison
commander Pieter van den Broecke and five other men were arrested during
negotiations, since Jayawikarta believed that he had been deceived by the Dutch.
Jayawikarta and the English then forged an alliance.[citation needed]

The Dutch army was on the verge of surrendering to the English when, in 1619, the
Sultanate of Banten sent a group of soldiers to summon Jayawikarta. Jayawikarta's
agreement with the English had not been approved by the Bantenese authorities. The
conflict between Banten and Jayawikarta and the tense relationship between Banten
and the English provided a new opportunity for the Dutch. Coen returned from the
Moluccas with reinforcements on 28 May 1619,[4] razing Jayakarta to the ground two
days later[5]:35 and expelling its population.[6]:50 Only the Luso-Sundanese padr�o
remained.

Jayawikarta retreated to Tanara, in the interior of Banten, where he later died.

The Dutch established a closer relationship with Banten and assumed control of the
port, which became the regional Dutch center of power.

Founding
Coat of arms: a shield with a lion on each side
Coat of arms of Batavia
The region which became Batavia came under Dutch control in 1619, initially as an
expansion of the original Dutch fort and a new building on the ruins of the former
Jayakarta. Coen decided to expand the original fort into a larger fortress on 2
July 1619, and sent plans for Batavia Castle to the Netherlands on 7 October of
that year. The castle was larger than the previous one, with two northern bastions
protecting it from a maritime attack.[7] The Nassau and Mauritius warehouses were
expanded with the erection of an eastern fort extension, overseen by Commander Van
Raay, on 12 March 1619.[8]

Although Coen wanted to name the new settlement Nieuw-Hoorn after Hoorn (his
birthplace), he was prevented from doing so by the board of the East India Company.
[8] Batavia was chosen as the new name of the fort and settlement, and a naming
ceremony was held on 18 January 1621.[8] It was named after the Batavi Germanic
tribe, which inhabited the Batavian region during the Roman Empire; at the time, it
was believed that the tribe was the ancestors of the Dutch people. Jayakarta was
called Batavia for over 300 years.[9]

There were three governmental administrations in the Batavia region.[10]:7 Initial

authority was established in 1609[10]:7 and became the colonial government,
consisting of the Governor-General and the Council of the Indies.[10]:7 The urban
(or civil) administration of the city of Batavia was established in 1620.[10]:9 On
24 June 1620, two company officials and three free citizens (or burghers) were
appointed to the first College of Aldermen.[11] The local rural administration,
formed in 1664, became fully functional in 1682.[10]:10 The Javanese people were
prohibited from settling in Batavia from the time of its founding in 1619.[12]:194

Expansion
aerial map from around 1627
Batavia and its eastern expansion
From its founding, Batavia was planned in a well-defined layout.[13] Three trenches
were dug east of the Ciliwung River in 1619, its first Dutch-made canals. The
canals were named (from south to north) Leeuwengracht, Groenegracht, and
Steenhouwersgracht.[14] The Castle area begins in a former field north of
Steenhouwersgracht,[15] in which a town market was established.[15][14] The first
church and town hall were built c. 1622 on the east bank of the river; Batavia's
first combined church and town hall (replaced during the 1630s) was at 6�07'56?S
106�48'42?E.[15]

Canal with buildings on either side

The coconut-tree-lined Tijgersgracht canal
Around 1627, the three canals were connected with the Tijgersgracht canal. The new
canal was lined with coconut trees; according to a contemporary observer, "Among
the Grachts, the Tygersgracht is the most stately and most pleasant, both for the
goodliness of its buildings, and the ornamentation of its streets, which afford a
very agreeable shadow to those who pass along the street".[16] The Prinsestraat,
originally the street leading to the Castle, became an urban center connecting the
Castle's south gate with the city hall.[13]

Eastern Batavia was protected by a long canal which linked the castle moat and the
Ciliwung riverbend, and ran at a slight angle to Tijgersgracht. The canal cost over
160,000 real, which was paid mostly by the Chinese and other Europeans instead of
the company (who had strengthened the Castle with slave and prison labor.[13] The
short-lived outer canal was redesigned several years after the 1628�29 Siege of
Batavia.

Large overhead map with smaller maps

Batavia in 1667
East of Batavia, Sultan Agung (king of the Mataram Sultanate) gained control of
most of Java by defeating Surabaya in 1625.[17]:31 On 27 August 1628, Agung began
the Siege of Batavia.[5]:52 After heavy losses in his first attempt, he retreated
and launched a second offensive the following year.[17]:31[5]:52�53 This also
failed; the Dutch fleet destroyed his supplies and ships in the harbors of Cirebon
and Tegal.[5]:53 Mataram troops, starving and decimated by illness, retreated
again.[5]:53 Agung then moved east,[5]:53 attacking Blitar, Panarukan and the
Blambangan Kingdom in eastern Java (a vassal state of the Balinese kingdom of
Gelgel).[5]:55

After the siege, it was decided that Batavia needed a stronger defense system.
Based on the work of Flemish mathematician and military engineer Simon Stevin,
Governor-General Jacques Specx[6]:463 designed a moat and city wall; extensions of
the wall were built west of Batavia, and the city was completely enclosed.

In 1656, due to a conflict with Banten, the Javanese were not allowed to live
within the city walls and settled outside Batavia. The Chinese and the Mardijkers
were the only non-Dutch settlers within the walled city. In 1659, A 1659 truce with
Banten enabled the city to grow, and more bamboo houses were built. Bamboo houses
and livestock were banned in 1667, and the wealthy Dutch built tall houses and
canals.

1740 massacre
Main article: 1740 Batavia massacre
See caption
Contemporary etching of the massacre
Batavia's sugar industry declined during the 1730s,[10]:169[18]:29 with rising
unemployment and social disorder.[10]:169 In 1739, 10,574 Chinese people lived in
the Ommelanden.[10]:53 Tensions grew as the colonial government attempted to
restrict Chinese immigration with deportations to Ceylon and South Africa.[4]

The Chinese, afraid that they would be thrown overboard to drown, rioted.[4][19]:99
Ten thousand Chinese were killed from 9 to 22 October 1740.[4] The few surviving
Chinese inhabitants were moved to Glodok, outside the city walls, the following
year.[20]

The region
The region was an important source of food crops and building materials.[10] The
Dutch East India Company established a local government in 1664, which became fully
functional in 1682.[10]:10 Chinese inhabitants began to cultivate sugarcane.
[10]:6[21]

Large-scale cultivation negatively impacted the environment, and Batavia's northern

area experienced coastal erosion. The canals required extensive maintenance, with
frequent closures for dredging.[22] Residents of the Ommelanden lived in country
houses or ethnic kampungs governed by a headman.[10]:5[23]

Dutch East Indies (1800�1949)

1846 map of southern Batavia
Southern expansion, 1840
After the Dutch East India Company went bankrupt and was dissolved in 1800, the
Batavian Republic nationalized its debts and possessions and expanded its
territorial claims into a colony known as the Dutch East Indies. Batavia evolved
from a regional company headquarters into the colony's capital.

Southward expansion
In 1808, Herman Willem Daendels decided to leave the dilapidated, unhealthy Old
Town. A new town center was built further south, on the Weltevreden estate. Batavia
became a city with two centers; Kota was the business hub with offices and
warehouses of shipping and trading companies, and Weltevreden was home to the
government, military, and shops. The centers were connected by the Molenvliet Canal
and a road alongside the canal.[24]

British rule
Under British rule, Daendels was replaced by Stamford Raffles.[2][25]:115�122[26]
[27]:25 In 1811, Raffles � who was employed by the East India Company as secretary
to the governor of Malacca � decided to take over the government in Batavia. One
reason was to prevent the French from stepping in completely, since Napoleon had
nominated Daendels (who worked closely with the French).

In 1816, the Dutch returned to rule the region. Europeans were brought to the
archipelago to establish a colony on vacant land, triggering wars in Java and
Sumatra. Large numbers of troops were brought into the Dutch Indies to suppress
unrest (particularly on Sumatra) and extend Dutch government influence beyond Java.
However, the Dutch never conquered the entire archipelago.[28]

The development of Weltevreden as the colony's administrative center continued,

gradually shifting the center of Batavia south from Oud Batavia. A new Indies
Empire style of architecture emerged; white-plastered villas with a large front
porch were built, especially around the Koningsplein and at Weltevreden. This newer
part of Batavia generally had a more open look than Oud Batavia's developed, canal
cityscape.[29]

Technological advances
Unlike the first half of the 19th century, the second half of the century was a
peaceful period characterized by economic and technological expansion and a stable
government. In 1856, the region's first telegraph line was installed between
Batavia and Buitenzorg. In 1859, Batavia was connected to Singapore with the Dutch
East Indies' first international telegraph connection. The city completed its first
gasworks two years later, and its streets were lit with gas by 1862. Telephone
lines were installed in 1882.[30]

Horse-drawn tram, introduced to Batavia in 1869, were upgraded to steam power in

1882 and electricity in 1900. The city's first railway also began in 1869, and the
line from Batavia to Buitenzorg was completed in 1873.[30] The city's first ice
house was built in 1870.[30]

The 1869 opening of the Suez Canal increased the need for a new port. The port of
Tanjung Priok was completed in 1885, replacing the centuries-old, inadequate Sunda
Kelapa, significantly increasing trade and tourism in Batavia and the Dutch East
Indies.[30]

Abolition of Cultivation System

1897 Batvia map
Batavia in 1897
The Cultivation System (cultuurstelsel) was a mid-19th-century Dutch government
policy which required a portion of agricultural production to be export crops.
Indonesian historians refer to it as tanam paksa (enforced planting).

The 1870 abolition of the Cultivation System led to the rapid development of
private enterprise in the Dutch East Indies. A number of trading companies and
financial institutions were established on Java, particularly in Batavia. The Old
Town's deteriorating structures were replaced with offices, usually along the
Ciliwung River. Private companies owned (or managed) plantations, oil fields, and
mines. The island's first railway line opened in 1867, and railway stations were
built in urban centers such as Batavia.[31]

Schools, hospitals, factories, offices, trading companies, and post offices were
established throughout the city. Improvements in Batavia's transportation, health,
and technology encouraged more Dutch people to move to the capital, and Batavian
society became increasingly Dutch. The city traded with Europe, and increased
shipping led to the construction of a new harbor at Tanjung Priok between 1877 and
1883.[32]

Foreigners were known locally as totoks, distinguishing new Chinese arrivals from
the peranakans. Many totoks adopted Indonesian culture, wearing kebayas, sarongs,
and summer dresses.[33]

By the end of the 19th century, Batavia's population was 115,887 people; of these,
8,893 were Europeans, 26,817 were Chinese and 77,700 were indigenous islanders.[34]
The city's expanding commercial activity led to the immigration of large numbers of
Dutch employees and rural Javanese to Batavia. The 1905 population of Batavia and
its surrounding area reached 2.1 million, including 93,000 Chinese people, 14,000
Europeans, and 2,800 Arabs.[35] This growth resulted in an increased demand for
housing, and land prices soared. New houses were built close together, and kampung
settlements filled spaces between the houses. Settlements, built with little regard
for the region's tropical conditions, resulted in overcrowding, poor sanitation,
and an absence of public amenities.[24] Java had an outbreak of plague in 1913.[24]

Old Batavia's abandoned moats and ramparts experienced a boom during the period, as
trading companies were established along the Ciliwung.[24] The old city soon re-
established itself as a commercial center, with 20th- and 17th-century buildings
adjacent to each other.
Dutch Ethical Policy
Another map
Batavia c.?1914
The Dutch Ethical Policy was introduced in 1901, expanding educational
opportunities for the indigenous population of the Dutch East Indies. In 1924, a
law school was founded in Batavia.[36] The city's population in the 1930 census was
435,000.[6]:50

The University of Batavia was established in 1941, and later became the University
of Indonesia.[36] In 1946, the Dutch colonial government established the Nood
Universiteit (Emergency University) in Jakarta. The following year, its name was
changed to Universiteit van Indonesi� (UVI). After the Indonesian National
Revolution the government established Universiteit Indonesia, a state university,
in Jakarta in February 1950. Its name was later changed to Universitas Indonesia.

Independence movement
Volksraad member Mohammad Husni Thamrin criticized the colonial government for
ignoring the kampungs and catering to the wealthy in Menteng. In 1909, Tirto Adhi
Soerjo founded the Islamic Commercial Union in Batavia to support Indonesian
merchants. Branches in other areas followed. In 1920, Oemar Said Tjokroaminoto and
Agus Salim established a committee in Batavia to support the Ottoman Caliphate.[36]

Spies warned the Dutch about a planned revolt in 1926, and Communist Party of
Indonesia (PKI) leaders were arrested. Andries Cornelis Dirk de Graeff replaced
Dirk Fock as governor-general, and uprisings in Batavia, Banten, and Priangan were
quickly crushed.[36] Armed Communists occupied the Batavia telephone exchange for
one night before they were captured. The Dutch sent prisoners to Banden and to a
penal colony at Boven-Digoel in West New Guinea, where many died of malaria.[36]
Sukarno and the Study Club founded the Indonesian Nationalist Association (which
became the Indonesian National Party and later joined the Partai Sarekat Islam,
Budi Utomo, and the Surabaya Study Club to form the Union of Indonesian Political
Associations) on 4 July 1927.[36]

A youth congress was held in Batavia in October 1928, and the groups began
referring to the city as Jakarta. They demanded Indonesian independence, displayed
the red-and-white flag, and sang the Indonesian national anthem written by Wage
Rudolf Supratman. The Dutch banned the flag, the national anthem, and the words
"Indonesia" and "Indonesian".[36]

See caption
Drawing of the imagined Japanese entry into Batavia
On 5 March 1942, Batavia fell to the Japanese. The Dutch formally surrendered to
the Japanese occupation forces on 9 March 1942, and the colony's government was
transferred to Japan. Batavia was renamed Jakarta. The economic situation and the
physical condition of Indonesian cities deteriorated during the occupation.
Buildings were converted to internment camps for the Dutch.

After the Japanese defeat in 1945, the region experienced a period of transition
and upheaval during the Indonesian struggle for independence. During the Japanese
occupation, and when the Indonesian nationalists declared independence on 17 August
1945, the city was renamed Jakarta.[37] In 1945, it was briefly occupied by the
Allies and returned to the Dutch. The Dutch name, Batavia, remained the
internationally-recognized name until Indonesian independence was achieved and
Jakarta proclaimed the national capital on 27 December 1949.[37]

Society
1718 drawing of a female Balinese slave
Many coolies and slaves were employed from outside Java.
Batavia, founded as the trade and administrative center of the Dutch East India
Company, was never intended to be a Dutch settlement. Jan Pieterszoon Coen founded
Batavia for trade, with the city's inhabitants producing and supplying food. There
was no migration of intact Dutch families, and there were few Dutch women in
Batavia. A mixed society was formed; relationships between Dutchmen and Asian women
did not usually result in marriage, and the women did not have the right to return
to the Dutch Republic. This societal pattern created a group of mestizos in
Batavia. Since the Dutch East India Company preferred to maintain complete control
of its business, a large number of slaves was employed.

Women became an important feature of Batavia's social network; they were accustomed
to dealing with slaves, and spoke the same language (mostly Portuguese and Malay).
Many of these women effectively became widows; their husbands left Batavia to
return to the Netherlands, and their children were often removed as well.

Most of Batavia's residents were of Asian descent. Thousands of slaves were brought
from India and Arakan; later, slaves were brought from Bali and Sulawesi. To avoid
an uprising, a decision was made to free the Javanese people from slavery. Chinese
people made up the largest group in Batavia (most being merchants and laborers),
and were the most decisive group in the city's development. Other residents
included Malays and Muslim and Hindu merchants from India.

Initially, these ethnic groups lived together; however, in 1688, segregation was
imposed on the indigenous population. Each ethnic group was forced to live in its
own village outside the city wall. Each person was tagged to identify their ethnic
group; later, the identity tags were replaced with parchment.

Batavia experienced more malaria epidemics during the 18th century, as its marsh
areas bred mosquitoes.[38] The disease killed many Europeans and Batavia received
the nickname "cemetery of Europeans".[39][40] Wealthier European settlers moved to
southern areas at higher elevations.[19]:101

Within Batavia's walls, the wealthy Dutch built tall houses and canals. Commercial
opportunities attracted Indonesian and Chinese immigrants, with the increasing
population imposing a burden on the city. During the 18th century, over 60 percent
of Batavia's population were slaves working for the Dutch East India Company. Laws
protected slaves against overly-cruel actions by their masters; Christian slaves
were freed after the death of their masters, and other slaves were allowed to own a
store and earn money to buy their freedom.

Although Batavia became the political and administrative center of the Dutch East
Indies and the main port in Southeast Asian trade, the city's population remained
relatively small. Early-19th-century estimates of its population were smaller than
that of Surabaya, although it overtook the latter by the end of the century; the
1920 census indicated a population of 306,000, compared to 192,000 for Surabaya,
158,000 for Semarang and 134,000 for Surakarta. Its population increased rapidly,
exceeding half a million ten years later.[41]

The population of the Dutch East Indies was never purely European. Of the 30,000
Dutch citizens in the Dutch East Indies in 1860, less than 5,000 were purely Dutch.
Seventy percent of the population was male, since more male immigrants arrived from
Europe.[42]

Slavery existed in Batavia until its abolition in 1853. Slaves mainly lived in the
back of the garden of the main house and were paid, with free food and lodging.
Female slaves, known as baboe, cooked and cared for children.[28]

Children went to school, where the teachers were locally trained. Many children did
not finish school; to counter this, the school system awarded prizes to well-
performing children.[28]

When Stamford Raffles was governor of Java, he changed social interaction in

Batavian society. Raffles disapproved of the relaxed Dutch dress code, where many
men wore Javanese attire. Raffles and his wife, Olivia, introduced European dress
(with much white, because of the tropical climate) for men and women.[28]

When the British left Batavia in 1815, most of the native people reverted to their
original Javanese attire but some new aspects persisted. Native males chosen to be
the governing elite wore a European outfit on duty, but after hours they would
change to sarongs and kebaya. Lower-ranked Dutchmen might wear the local style all
day. Women wore sarongs and kebaya to official events, where they wore tighter-
fitting robes or richly-colored (or flowered) cloth � in the style of British India
� and batik shawls.[43]

People associated with Batavia

Reinout Willem van Bemmelen, geologist
Ben Bot, diplomat and politician
Tonke Dragt, writer and illustrator of children's literature
Boudewijn de Groot, musician
Michel van Hulten, politician
Yvonne Keuls, writer
Taco Kuiper, investigative journalist and publisher
Carel Jan Schneider, foreign service diplomat and writer
Francis Steinmetz, Royal Netherlands Navy officer
Frans Tutuhatunewa, president of the Republic of South Maluku
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van der Brug PH. Malaria in Batavia in the 18th century. Tropical Medicine and
International Health. 1997; volume 2, issue 9, pages 892�902. PMID 9315048
Pols H. Notes from Batavia, the Europeans' graveyard: the nineteenth-century
debate on acclimatization in the Dutch East Indies J Hist Med Allied Sci 2012;
volume 67, issue 1, pages 120�148. DOI 10.1093/jhmas/jrr004 PMID 21317422
van Emden,, F. J. G.; W. S. B. Klooster (1964). Willem Brandt (ed.). Kleurig
memoriaal van de Hollanders op Oud-Java. A. J. G. Strengholt.
Hiroyoshi Kano, Growing Metropolitan Suburbia: A Comparative Sociological Study on
Tokyo and, Yayasan Obor Indonesia, 2004, pp. 5�6
de Jong 1998, p. 258.
de Jong 1998, p. 259.
Works cited
de Haan, F. (1922). Oud Batavia. 1. Batavia: G. Kolff & Co, Koninklijk Bataviaasch
Genootschap van Kunsten en Wetenschappen.
de Jong, J.J.P. (1998). De waaier van het fortuin: van handelscompagnie tot
koloniaal imperium : de Nederlanders in Azi� en de Indonesische archipel. Sdu. ISBN
9789012086431.
Gunawan Tjahjono, ed. (1998). Architecture. Indonesian Heritage. 6. Singapore:
Archipelago Press. ISBN 981-3018-30-5.
Kaart van het Kasteel en de Stad Batavia in het Jaar 1667 [Map of the Castle and
the City Batavia in year 1667] (Map) (Den Haag ed.). 50 rhijnlandsche roeden (in
Dutch). Cartography by J.J. Bollee. G.B. Hooyer and J.W. Yzerman. 1919.
Merrillees, Scott (2001). Batavia in Nineteenth Century Photographs. Singapore:
Editions Didier Millet. ISBN 9789813018778.
Mulyawan Karim, ed. (2009). Ekspedisi Ciliwung, Laporan Jurnalistik Kompas, Mata
Air � Air Mata. Jakarta: PT. Kompas Media Nusantara. ISBN 978-9797094256.
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Batavia, Dutch East Indies

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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For other uses, see Batavia (disambiguation).
Aerial view of the city and its harbor
Batavia around 1780
Batavia, also called Batauia[1] in the city's Malay vernacular, was the capital of
the Dutch East Indies. The area corresponds to present-day Jakarta, Indonesia.
Batavia can refer to the city proper or its suburbs and hinterland, the Ommelanden,
which included the much-larger area of the Residency of Batavia in the present-day
Indonesian provinces of Jakarta, Banten and West Java.

The founding of Batavia by the Dutch in 1619, on the site of the ruins of
Jayakarta, led to the establishment of a Dutch colony; Batavia became the center of
the Dutch East India Company's trading network in Asia. Monopolies on local produce
were augmented by non-indigenous cash crops. To safeguard their commercial
interests, the company and the colonial administration absorbed surrounding
territory.

Batavia is on the north coast of Java, in a sheltered bay, on a land of marshland

and hills crisscrossed with canals. The city had two centers: Oud Batavia (the
oldest part of the city) and the relatively-newer city, on higher ground to the
south.

It was a colonial city for about 320 years until 1942, when the Dutch East Indies
was occupied by Japan during World War II. During the Japanese occupation and after
Indonesian nationalists declared independence on 17 August 1945, the city was known
as Jakarta. It was internationally known by its Dutch name until Indonesia achieved
full independence in 1949, when the city was renamed Jakarta.

Contents
1 Dutch East India Company (1610�1799)
1.1 Arrival
1.2 Founding
1.3 Expansion
1.4 1740 massacre
1.5 The region
2 Dutch East Indies (1800�1949)
2.1 Southward expansion
2.2 British rule
2.3 Technological advances
2.4 Abolition of Cultivation System
2.5 Dutch Ethical Policy
2.6 Independence movement
3 Society
4 People associated with Batavia
5 References
6 Works cited
Dutch East India Company (1610�1799)
Arrival
Sketch of Batavia, its harbor with ships, and hills in the background
Batavia between 1675 and 1725
Amsterdam merchants embarked on an expedition to the East Indies archipelago in
1595 under the command of Cornelis de Houtman. The English East India Company's
first voyage in 1602, commanded by James Lancaster, arrived in Aceh and sailed on
to Bantam. There, Lancaster was allowed to build a trading post which was the
center of English trade in Indonesia until 1682.[2]:29

The Dutch government granted the Dutch East India Company a monopoly on Asian trade
in 1602. A year later, the first permanent Dutch trading post in Indonesia was
established in Bantam, West Java. Prince Jayawikarta gave Dutch merchants
permission to build a wooden warehouse and houses on the east bank of the Ciliwung
River opposite Jayakarta in 1610, and the outpost was established the following
year.[3]:29 As Dutch power increased, Jayawikarta allowed the English to build
houses on the west bank of the Ciliwung and a fort near his customs office to
maintain a balance of power.

Tensions between Prince Jayawikarta and the Dutch escalated until 1618, when
Jayawikarta's soldiers besieged the Dutch fortress containing the Nassau and
Mauritius warehouse. An English fleet of 15 ships arrived under Thomas Dale, former
governor of the colony of Virginia. After a sea battle, newly-appointed Dutch
governor Jan Pieterszoon Coen escaped to the Moluccas to seek support; the Dutch
had taken over the first of the Portuguese forts there in 1605. Dutch garrison
commander Pieter van den Broecke and five other men were arrested during
negotiations, since Jayawikarta believed that he had been deceived by the Dutch.
Jayawikarta and the English then forged an alliance.[citation needed]

The Dutch army was on the verge of surrendering to the English when, in 1619, the
Sultanate of Banten sent a group of soldiers to summon Jayawikarta. Jayawikarta's
agreement with the English had not been approved by the Bantenese authorities. The
conflict between Banten and Jayawikarta and the tense relationship between Banten
and the English provided a new opportunity for the Dutch. Coen returned from the
Moluccas with reinforcements on 28 May 1619,[4] razing Jayakarta to the ground two
days later[5]:35 and expelling its population.[6]:50 Only the Luso-Sundanese padr�o
remained.

Jayawikarta retreated to Tanara, in the interior of Banten, where he later died.

The Dutch established a closer relationship with Banten and assumed control of the
port, which became the regional Dutch center of power.

Founding
Coat of arms: a shield with a lion on each side
Coat of arms of Batavia
The region which became Batavia came under Dutch control in 1619, initially as an
expansion of the original Dutch fort and a new building on the ruins of the former
Jayakarta. Coen decided to expand the original fort into a larger fortress on 2
July 1619, and sent plans for Batavia Castle to the Netherlands on 7 October of
that year. The castle was larger than the previous one, with two northern bastions
protecting it from a maritime attack.[7] The Nassau and Mauritius warehouses were
expanded with the erection of an eastern fort extension, overseen by Commander Van
Raay, on 12 March 1619.[8]

Although Coen wanted to name the new settlement Nieuw-Hoorn after Hoorn (his
birthplace), he was prevented from doing so by the board of the East India Company.
[8] Batavia was chosen as the new name of the fort and settlement, and a naming
ceremony was held on 18 January 1621.[8] It was named after the Batavi Germanic
tribe, which inhabited the Batavian region during the Roman Empire; at the time, it
was believed that the tribe was the ancestors of the Dutch people. Jayakarta was
called Batavia for over 300 years.[9]

There were three governmental administrations in the Batavia region.[10]:7 Initial

authority was established in 1609[10]:7 and became the colonial government,
consisting of the Governor-General and the Council of the Indies.[10]:7 The urban
(or civil) administration of the city of Batavia was established in 1620.[10]:9 On
24 June 1620, two company officials and three free citizens (or burghers) were
appointed to the first College of Aldermen.[11] The local rural administration,
formed in 1664, became fully functional in 1682.[10]:10 The Javanese people were
prohibited from settling in Batavia from the time of its founding in 1619.[12]:194
Expansion
aerial map from around 1627
Batavia and its eastern expansion
From its founding, Batavia was planned in a well-defined layout.[13] Three trenches
were dug east of the Ciliwung River in 1619, its first Dutch-made canals. The
canals were named (from south to north) Leeuwengracht, Groenegracht, and
Steenhouwersgracht.[14] The Castle area begins in a former field north of
Steenhouwersgracht,[15] in which a town market was established.[15][14] The first
church and town hall were built c. 1622 on the east bank of the river; Batavia's
first combined church and town hall (replaced during the 1630s) was at 6�07'56?S
106�48'42?E.[15]

Canal with buildings on either side

The coconut-tree-lined Tijgersgracht canal
Around 1627, the three canals were connected with the Tijgersgracht canal. The new
canal was lined with coconut trees; according to a contemporary observer, "Among
the Grachts, the Tygersgracht is the most stately and most pleasant, both for the
goodliness of its buildings, and the ornamentation of its streets, which afford a
very agreeable shadow to those who pass along the street".[16] The Prinsestraat,
originally the street leading to the Castle, became an urban center connecting the
Castle's south gate with the city hall.[13]

Eastern Batavia was protected by a long canal which linked the castle moat and the
Ciliwung riverbend, and ran at a slight angle to Tijgersgracht. The canal cost over
160,000 real, which was paid mostly by the Chinese and other Europeans instead of
the company (who had strengthened the Castle with slave and prison labor.[13] The
short-lived outer canal was redesigned several years after the 1628�29 Siege of
Batavia.

Large overhead map with smaller maps

Batavia in 1667
East of Batavia, Sultan Agung (king of the Mataram Sultanate) gained control of
most of Java by defeating Surabaya in 1625.[17]:31 On 27 August 1628, Agung began
the Siege of Batavia.[5]:52 After heavy losses in his first attempt, he retreated
and launched a second offensive the following year.[17]:31[5]:52�53 This also
failed; the Dutch fleet destroyed his supplies and ships in the harbors of Cirebon
and Tegal.[5]:53 Mataram troops, starving and decimated by illness, retreated
again.[5]:53 Agung then moved east,[5]:53 attacking Blitar, Panarukan and the
Blambangan Kingdom in eastern Java (a vassal state of the Balinese kingdom of
Gelgel).[5]:55

After the siege, it was decided that Batavia needed a stronger defense system.
Based on the work of Flemish mathematician and military engineer Simon Stevin,
Governor-General Jacques Specx[6]:463 designed a moat and city wall; extensions of
the wall were built west of Batavia, and the city was completely enclosed.

In 1656, due to a conflict with Banten, the Javanese were not allowed to live
within the city walls and settled outside Batavia. The Chinese and the Mardijkers
were the only non-Dutch settlers within the walled city. In 1659, A 1659 truce with
Banten enabled the city to grow, and more bamboo houses were built. Bamboo houses
and livestock were banned in 1667, and the wealthy Dutch built tall houses and
canals.

1740 massacre
Main article: 1740 Batavia massacre
See caption
Contemporary etching of the massacre
Batavia's sugar industry declined during the 1730s,[10]:169[18]:29 with rising
unemployment and social disorder.[10]:169 In 1739, 10,574 Chinese people lived in
the Ommelanden.[10]:53 Tensions grew as the colonial government attempted to
restrict Chinese immigration with deportations to Ceylon and South Africa.[4]

The Chinese, afraid that they would be thrown overboard to drown, rioted.[4][19]:99
Ten thousand Chinese were killed from 9 to 22 October 1740.[4] The few surviving
Chinese inhabitants were moved to Glodok, outside the city walls, the following
year.[20]

The region
The region was an important source of food crops and building materials.[10] The
Dutch East India Company established a local government in 1664, which became fully
functional in 1682.[10]:10 Chinese inhabitants began to cultivate sugarcane.
[10]:6[21]

Large-scale cultivation negatively impacted the environment, and Batavia's northern

area experienced coastal erosion. The canals required extensive maintenance, with
frequent closures for dredging.[22] Residents of the Ommelanden lived in country
houses or ethnic kampungs governed by a headman.[10]:5[23]

Dutch East Indies (1800�1949)

1846 map of southern Batavia
Southern expansion, 1840
After the Dutch East India Company went bankrupt and was dissolved in 1800, the
Batavian Republic nationalized its debts and possessions and expanded its
territorial claims into a colony known as the Dutch East Indies. Batavia evolved
from a regional company headquarters into the colony's capital.

Southward expansion
In 1808, Herman Willem Daendels decided to leave the dilapidated, unhealthy Old
Town. A new town center was built further south, on the Weltevreden estate. Batavia
became a city with two centers; Kota was the business hub with offices and
warehouses of shipping and trading companies, and Weltevreden was home to the
government, military, and shops. The centers were connected by the Molenvliet Canal
and a road alongside the canal.[24]

British rule
Under British rule, Daendels was replaced by Stamford Raffles.[2][25]:115�122[26]
[27]:25 In 1811, Raffles � who was employed by the East India Company as secretary
to the governor of Malacca � decided to take over the government in Batavia. One
reason was to prevent the French from stepping in completely, since Napoleon had
nominated Daendels (who worked closely with the French).

In 1816, the Dutch returned to rule the region. Europeans were brought to the
archipelago to establish a colony on vacant land, triggering wars in Java and
Sumatra. Large numbers of troops were brought into the Dutch Indies to suppress
unrest (particularly on Sumatra) and extend Dutch government influence beyond Java.
However, the Dutch never conquered the entire archipelago.[28]

The development of Weltevreden as the colony's administrative center continued,

gradually shifting the center of Batavia south from Oud Batavia. A new Indies
Empire style of architecture emerged; white-plastered villas with a large front
porch were built, especially around the Koningsplein and at Weltevreden. This newer
part of Batavia generally had a more open look than Oud Batavia's developed, canal
cityscape.[29]

Technological advances
Unlike the first half of the 19th century, the second half of the century was a
peaceful period characterized by economic and technological expansion and a stable
government. In 1856, the region's first telegraph line was installed between
Batavia and Buitenzorg. In 1859, Batavia was connected to Singapore with the Dutch
East Indies' first international telegraph connection. The city completed its first
gasworks two years later, and its streets were lit with gas by 1862. Telephone
lines were installed in 1882.[30]

Horse-drawn tram, introduced to Batavia in 1869, were upgraded to steam power in

1882 and electricity in 1900. The city's first railway also began in 1869, and the
line from Batavia to Buitenzorg was completed in 1873.[30] The city's first ice
house was built in 1870.[30]

The 1869 opening of the Suez Canal increased the need for a new port. The port of
Tanjung Priok was completed in 1885, replacing the centuries-old, inadequate Sunda
Kelapa, significantly increasing trade and tourism in Batavia and the Dutch East
Indies.[30]

Abolition of Cultivation System

1897 Batvia map
Batavia in 1897
The Cultivation System (cultuurstelsel) was a mid-19th-century Dutch government
policy which required a portion of agricultural production to be export crops.
Indonesian historians refer to it as tanam paksa (enforced planting).

The 1870 abolition of the Cultivation System led to the rapid development of
private enterprise in the Dutch East Indies. A number of trading companies and
financial institutions were established on Java, particularly in Batavia. The Old
Town's deteriorating structures were replaced with offices, usually along the
Ciliwung River. Private companies owned (or managed) plantations, oil fields, and
mines. The island's first railway line opened in 1867, and railway stations were
built in urban centers such as Batavia.[31]

Schools, hospitals, factories, offices, trading companies, and post offices were
established throughout the city. Improvements in Batavia's transportation, health,
and technology encouraged more Dutch people to move to the capital, and Batavian
society became increasingly Dutch. The city traded with Europe, and increased
shipping led to the construction of a new harbor at Tanjung Priok between 1877 and
1883.[32]

Foreigners were known locally as totoks, distinguishing new Chinese arrivals from
the peranakans. Many totoks adopted Indonesian culture, wearing kebayas, sarongs,
and summer dresses.[33]

By the end of the 19th century, Batavia's population was 115,887 people; of these,
8,893 were Europeans, 26,817 were Chinese and 77,700 were indigenous islanders.[34]
The city's expanding commercial activity led to the immigration of large numbers of
Dutch employees and rural Javanese to Batavia. The 1905 population of Batavia and
its surrounding area reached 2.1 million, including 93,000 Chinese people, 14,000
Europeans, and 2,800 Arabs.[35] This growth resulted in an increased demand for
housing, and land prices soared. New houses were built close together, and kampung
settlements filled spaces between the houses. Settlements, built with little regard
for the region's tropical conditions, resulted in overcrowding, poor sanitation,
and an absence of public amenities.[24] Java had an outbreak of plague in 1913.[24]

Old Batavia's abandoned moats and ramparts experienced a boom during the period, as
trading companies were established along the Ciliwung.[24] The old city soon re-
established itself as a commercial center, with 20th- and 17th-century buildings
adjacent to each other.

Dutch Ethical Policy

Another map
Batavia c.?1914
The Dutch Ethical Policy was introduced in 1901, expanding educational
opportunities for the indigenous population of the Dutch East Indies. In 1924, a
law school was founded in Batavia.[36] The city's population in the 1930 census was
435,000.[6]:50

The University of Batavia was established in 1941, and later became the University
of Indonesia.[36] In 1946, the Dutch colonial government established the Nood
Universiteit (Emergency University) in Jakarta. The following year, its name was
changed to Universiteit van Indonesi� (UVI). After the Indonesian National
Revolution the government established Universiteit Indonesia, a state university,
in Jakarta in February 1950. Its name was later changed to Universitas Indonesia.

Independence movement
Volksraad member Mohammad Husni Thamrin criticized the colonial government for
ignoring the kampungs and catering to the wealthy in Menteng. In 1909, Tirto Adhi
Soerjo founded the Islamic Commercial Union in Batavia to support Indonesian
merchants. Branches in other areas followed. In 1920, Oemar Said Tjokroaminoto and
Agus Salim established a committee in Batavia to support the Ottoman Caliphate.[36]

Spies warned the Dutch about a planned revolt in 1926, and Communist Party of
Indonesia (PKI) leaders were arrested. Andries Cornelis Dirk de Graeff replaced
Dirk Fock as governor-general, and uprisings in Batavia, Banten, and Priangan were
quickly crushed.[36] Armed Communists occupied the Batavia telephone exchange for
one night before they were captured. The Dutch sent prisoners to Banden and to a
penal colony at Boven-Digoel in West New Guinea, where many died of malaria.[36]
Sukarno and the Study Club founded the Indonesian Nationalist Association (which
became the Indonesian National Party and later joined the Partai Sarekat Islam,
Budi Utomo, and the Surabaya Study Club to form the Union of Indonesian Political
Associations) on 4 July 1927.[36]

A youth congress was held in Batavia in October 1928, and the groups began
referring to the city as Jakarta. They demanded Indonesian independence, displayed
the red-and-white flag, and sang the Indonesian national anthem written by Wage
Rudolf Supratman. The Dutch banned the flag, the national anthem, and the words
"Indonesia" and "Indonesian".[36]

See caption
Drawing of the imagined Japanese entry into Batavia
On 5 March 1942, Batavia fell to the Japanese. The Dutch formally surrendered to
the Japanese occupation forces on 9 March 1942, and the colony's government was
transferred to Japan. Batavia was renamed Jakarta. The economic situation and the
physical condition of Indonesian cities deteriorated during the occupation.
Buildings were converted to internment camps for the Dutch.

After the Japanese defeat in 1945, the region experienced a period of transition
and upheaval during the Indonesian struggle for independence. During the Japanese
occupation, and when the Indonesian nationalists declared independence on 17 August
1945, the city was renamed Jakarta.[37] In 1945, it was briefly occupied by the
Allies and returned to the Dutch. The Dutch name, Batavia, remained the
internationally-recognized name until Indonesian independence was achieved and
Jakarta proclaimed the national capital on 27 December 1949.[37]

Society
1718 drawing of a female Balinese slave
Many coolies and slaves were employed from outside Java.
Batavia, founded as the trade and administrative center of the Dutch East India
Company, was never intended to be a Dutch settlement. Jan Pieterszoon Coen founded
Batavia for trade, with the city's inhabitants producing and supplying food. There
was no migration of intact Dutch families, and there were few Dutch women in
Batavia. A mixed society was formed; relationships between Dutchmen and Asian women
did not usually result in marriage, and the women did not have the right to return
to the Dutch Republic. This societal pattern created a group of mestizos in
Batavia. Since the Dutch East India Company preferred to maintain complete control
of its business, a large number of slaves was employed.

Women became an important feature of Batavia's social network; they were accustomed
to dealing with slaves, and spoke the same language (mostly Portuguese and Malay).
Many of these women effectively became widows; their husbands left Batavia to
return to the Netherlands, and their children were often removed as well.

Most of Batavia's residents were of Asian descent. Thousands of slaves were brought
from India and Arakan; later, slaves were brought from Bali and Sulawesi. To avoid
an uprising, a decision was made to free the Javanese people from slavery. Chinese
people made up the largest group in Batavia (most being merchants and laborers),
and were the most decisive group in the city's development. Other residents
included Malays and Muslim and Hindu merchants from India.

Initially, these ethnic groups lived together; however, in 1688, segregation was
imposed on the indigenous population. Each ethnic group was forced to live in its
own village outside the city wall. Each person was tagged to identify their ethnic
group; later, the identity tags were replaced with parchment.

Batavia experienced more malaria epidemics during the 18th century, as its marsh
areas bred mosquitoes.[38] The disease killed many Europeans and Batavia received
the nickname "cemetery of Europeans".[39][40] Wealthier European settlers moved to
southern areas at higher elevations.[19]:101

Within Batavia's walls, the wealthy Dutch built tall houses and canals. Commercial
opportunities attracted Indonesian and Chinese immigrants, with the increasing
population imposing a burden on the city. During the 18th century, over 60 percent
of Batavia's population were slaves working for the Dutch East India Company. Laws
protected slaves against overly-cruel actions by their masters; Christian slaves
were freed after the death of their masters, and other slaves were allowed to own a
store and earn money to buy their freedom.

Although Batavia became the political and administrative center of the Dutch East
Indies and the main port in Southeast Asian trade, the city's population remained
relatively small. Early-19th-century estimates of its population were smaller than
that of Surabaya, although it overtook the latter by the end of the century; the
1920 census indicated a population of 306,000, compared to 192,000 for Surabaya,
158,000 for Semarang and 134,000 for Surakarta. Its population increased rapidly,
exceeding half a million ten years later.[41]

The population of the Dutch East Indies was never purely European. Of the 30,000
Dutch citizens in the Dutch East Indies in 1860, less than 5,000 were purely Dutch.
Seventy percent of the population was male, since more male immigrants arrived from
Europe.[42]

Slavery existed in Batavia until its abolition in 1853. Slaves mainly lived in the
back of the garden of the main house and were paid, with free food and lodging.
Female slaves, known as baboe, cooked and cared for children.[28]

Children went to school, where the teachers were locally trained. Many children did
not finish school; to counter this, the school system awarded prizes to well-
performing children.[28]
When Stamford Raffles was governor of Java, he changed social interaction in
Batavian society. Raffles disapproved of the relaxed Dutch dress code, where many
men wore Javanese attire. Raffles and his wife, Olivia, introduced European dress
(with much white, because of the tropical climate) for men and women.[28]

When the British left Batavia in 1815, most of the native people reverted to their
original Javanese attire but some new aspects persisted. Native males chosen to be
the governing elite wore a European outfit on duty, but after hours they would
change to sarongs and kebaya. Lower-ranked Dutchmen might wear the local style all
day. Women wore sarongs and kebaya to official events, where they wore tighter-
fitting robes or richly-colored (or flowered) cloth � in the style of British India
� and batik shawls.[43]

People associated with Batavia

Reinout Willem van Bemmelen, geologist
Ben Bot, diplomat and politician
Tonke Dragt, writer and illustrator of children's literature
Boudewijn de Groot, musician
Michel van Hulten, politician
Yvonne Keuls, writer
Taco Kuiper, investigative journalist and publisher
Carel Jan Schneider, foreign service diplomat and writer
Francis Steinmetz, Royal Netherlands Navy officer
Frans Tutuhatunewa, president of the Republic of South Maluku
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9789814358859
National Information Agency. Indonesia 2004; an official handbook. Republic of
Indonesia.
"Batavia in the 19th century". Argelander-Institut f�r Astronomie. Universit�t
Bonn. 23 June 2014. Retrieved 24 April 2017.
de Jong 1998, p. 257.
Merrillees 2001, p. 14.
Gunawan Tjahjono 1998, p. 116.
Teeuwen, Dirk (2007). Landing stages of Jakarta/Batavia.
Nordholt, Henk Schulte; M Imam Aziz (2005). Outward appearances: trend, identitas,
kepentingan (in Indonesian). PT LKiS Pelangi Aksara. p. 227. ISBN 9789799492951.
Teeuwen, Dirk Rendez Vous Batavia (Rotterdam, 2007) Archived July 24, 2011, at the
Wayback Machine
Oosthoek's Ge�llustreerde Encyclopaedie (1917)
Beck S. South Asia 1800�1950: Indonesia and the Dutch 1800�1950
Waworoentoe WJ. Jakarta Encyclop�dia Britannica, Inc; accession date August 30,
2015. [4]
van der Brug PH. Malaria in Batavia in the 18th century. Tropical Medicine and
International Health. 1997; volume 2, issue 9, pages 892�902. PMID 9315048
Pols H. Notes from Batavia, the Europeans' graveyard: the nineteenth-century
debate on acclimatization in the Dutch East Indies J Hist Med Allied Sci 2012;
volume 67, issue 1, pages 120�148. DOI 10.1093/jhmas/jrr004 PMID 21317422
van Emden,, F. J. G.; W. S. B. Klooster (1964). Willem Brandt (ed.). Kleurig
memoriaal van de Hollanders op Oud-Java. A. J. G. Strengholt.
Hiroyoshi Kano, Growing Metropolitan Suburbia: A Comparative Sociological Study on
Tokyo and, Yayasan Obor Indonesia, 2004, pp. 5�6
de Jong 1998, p. 258.
de Jong 1998, p. 259.
Works cited
de Haan, F. (1922). Oud Batavia. 1. Batavia: G. Kolff & Co, Koninklijk Bataviaasch
Genootschap van Kunsten en Wetenschappen.
de Jong, J.J.P. (1998). De waaier van het fortuin: van handelscompagnie tot
koloniaal imperium : de Nederlanders in Azi� en de Indonesische archipel. Sdu. ISBN
9789012086431.
Gunawan Tjahjono, ed. (1998). Architecture. Indonesian Heritage. 6. Singapore:
Archipelago Press. ISBN 981-3018-30-5.
Kaart van het Kasteel en de Stad Batavia in het Jaar 1667 [Map of the Castle and
the City Batavia in year 1667] (Map) (Den Haag ed.). 50 rhijnlandsche roeden (in
Dutch). Cartography by J.J. Bollee. G.B. Hooyer and J.W. Yzerman. 1919.
Merrillees, Scott (2001). Batavia in Nineteenth Century Photographs. Singapore:
Editions Didier Millet. ISBN 9789813018778.
Mulyawan Karim, ed. (2009). Ekspedisi Ciliwung, Laporan Jurnalistik Kompas, Mata
Air � Air Mata. Jakarta: PT. Kompas Media Nusantara. ISBN 978-9797094256.
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Batavia, Dutch East Indies

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For other uses, see Batavia (disambiguation).
Aerial view of the city and its harbor
Batavia around 1780
Batavia, also called Batauia[1] in the city's Malay vernacular, was the capital of
the Dutch East Indies. The area corresponds to present-day Jakarta, Indonesia.
Batavia can refer to the city proper or its suburbs and hinterland, the Ommelanden,
which included the much-larger area of the Residency of Batavia in the present-day
Indonesian provinces of Jakarta, Banten and West Java.

The founding of Batavia by the Dutch in 1619, on the site of the ruins of
Jayakarta, led to the establishment of a Dutch colony; Batavia became the center of
the Dutch East India Company's trading network in Asia. Monopolies on local produce
were augmented by non-indigenous cash crops. To safeguard their commercial
interests, the company and the colonial administration absorbed surrounding
territory.

Batavia is on the north coast of Java, in a sheltered bay, on a land of marshland

and hills crisscrossed with canals. The city had two centers: Oud Batavia (the
oldest part of the city) and the relatively-newer city, on higher ground to the
south.

It was a colonial city for about 320 years until 1942, when the Dutch East Indies
was occupied by Japan during World War II. During the Japanese occupation and after
Indonesian nationalists declared independence on 17 August 1945, the city was known
as Jakarta. It was internationally known by its Dutch name until Indonesia achieved
full independence in 1949, when the city was renamed Jakarta.

Contents
1 Dutch East India Company (1610�1799)
1.1 Arrival
1.2 Founding
1.3 Expansion
1.4 1740 massacre
1.5 The region
2 Dutch East Indies (1800�1949)
2.1 Southward expansion
2.2 British rule
2.3 Technological advances
2.4 Abolition of Cultivation System
2.5 Dutch Ethical Policy
2.6 Independence movement
3 Society
4 People associated with Batavia
5 References
6 Works cited
Dutch East India Company (1610�1799)
Arrival
Sketch of Batavia, its harbor with ships, and hills in the background
Batavia between 1675 and 1725
Amsterdam merchants embarked on an expedition to the East Indies archipelago in
1595 under the command of Cornelis de Houtman. The English East India Company's
first voyage in 1602, commanded by James Lancaster, arrived in Aceh and sailed on
to Bantam. There, Lancaster was allowed to build a trading post which was the
center of English trade in Indonesia until 1682.[2]:29

The Dutch government granted the Dutch East India Company a monopoly on Asian trade
in 1602. A year later, the first permanent Dutch trading post in Indonesia was
established in Bantam, West Java. Prince Jayawikarta gave Dutch merchants
permission to build a wooden warehouse and houses on the east bank of the Ciliwung
River opposite Jayakarta in 1610, and the outpost was established the following
year.[3]:29 As Dutch power increased, Jayawikarta allowed the English to build
houses on the west bank of the Ciliwung and a fort near his customs office to
maintain a balance of power.

Tensions between Prince Jayawikarta and the Dutch escalated until 1618, when
Jayawikarta's soldiers besieged the Dutch fortress containing the Nassau and
Mauritius warehouse. An English fleet of 15 ships arrived under Thomas Dale, former
governor of the colony of Virginia. After a sea battle, newly-appointed Dutch
governor Jan Pieterszoon Coen escaped to the Moluccas to seek support; the Dutch
had taken over the first of the Portuguese forts there in 1605. Dutch garrison
commander Pieter van den Broecke and five other men were arrested during
negotiations, since Jayawikarta believed that he had been deceived by the Dutch.
Jayawikarta and the English then forged an alliance.[citation needed]

The Dutch army was on the verge of surrendering to the English when, in 1619, the
Sultanate of Banten sent a group of soldiers to summon Jayawikarta. Jayawikarta's
agreement with the English had not been approved by the Bantenese authorities. The
conflict between Banten and Jayawikarta and the tense relationship between Banten
and the English provided a new opportunity for the Dutch. Coen returned from the
Moluccas with reinforcements on 28 May 1619,[4] razing Jayakarta to the ground two
days later[5]:35 and expelling its population.[6]:50 Only the Luso-Sundanese padr�o
remained.

Jayawikarta retreated to Tanara, in the interior of Banten, where he later died.

The Dutch established a closer relationship with Banten and assumed control of the
port, which became the regional Dutch center of power.

Founding
Coat of arms: a shield with a lion on each side
Coat of arms of Batavia
The region which became Batavia came under Dutch control in 1619, initially as an
expansion of the original Dutch fort and a new building on the ruins of the former
Jayakarta. Coen decided to expand the original fort into a larger fortress on 2
July 1619, and sent plans for Batavia Castle to the Netherlands on 7 October of
that year. The castle was larger than the previous one, with two northern bastions
protecting it from a maritime attack.[7] The Nassau and Mauritius warehouses were
expanded with the erection of an eastern fort extension, overseen by Commander Van
Raay, on 12 March 1619.[8]

Although Coen wanted to name the new settlement Nieuw-Hoorn after Hoorn (his
birthplace), he was prevented from doing so by the board of the East India Company.
[8] Batavia was chosen as the new name of the fort and settlement, and a naming
ceremony was held on 18 January 1621.[8] It was named after the Batavi Germanic
tribe, which inhabited the Batavian region during the Roman Empire; at the time, it
was believed that the tribe was the ancestors of the Dutch people. Jayakarta was
called Batavia for over 300 years.[9]

There were three governmental administrations in the Batavia region.[10]:7 Initial

authority was established in 1609[10]:7 and became the colonial government,
consisting of the Governor-General and the Council of the Indies.[10]:7 The urban
(or civil) administration of the city of Batavia was established in 1620.[10]:9 On
24 June 1620, two company officials and three free citizens (or burghers) were
appointed to the first College of Aldermen.[11] The local rural administration,
formed in 1664, became fully functional in 1682.[10]:10 The Javanese people were
prohibited from settling in Batavia from the time of its founding in 1619.[12]:194

Expansion
aerial map from around 1627
Batavia and its eastern expansion
From its founding, Batavia was planned in a well-defined layout.[13] Three trenches
were dug east of the Ciliwung River in 1619, its first Dutch-made canals. The
canals were named (from south to north) Leeuwengracht, Groenegracht, and
Steenhouwersgracht.[14] The Castle area begins in a former field north of
Steenhouwersgracht,[15] in which a town market was established.[15][14] The first
church and town hall were built c. 1622 on the east bank of the river; Batavia's
first combined church and town hall (replaced during the 1630s) was at 6�07'56?S
106�48'42?E.[15]

Canal with buildings on either side

The coconut-tree-lined Tijgersgracht canal
Around 1627, the three canals were connected with the Tijgersgracht canal. The new
canal was lined with coconut trees; according to a contemporary observer, "Among
the Grachts, the Tygersgracht is the most stately and most pleasant, both for the
goodliness of its buildings, and the ornamentation of its streets, which afford a
very agreeable shadow to those who pass along the street".[16] The Prinsestraat,
originally the street leading to the Castle, became an urban center connecting the
Castle's south gate with the city hall.[13]

Eastern Batavia was protected by a long canal which linked the castle moat and the
Ciliwung riverbend, and ran at a slight angle to Tijgersgracht. The canal cost over
160,000 real, which was paid mostly by the Chinese and other Europeans instead of
the company (who had strengthened the Castle with slave and prison labor.[13] The
short-lived outer canal was redesigned several years after the 1628�29 Siege of
Batavia.

Large overhead map with smaller maps

Batavia in 1667
East of Batavia, Sultan Agung (king of the Mataram Sultanate) gained control of
most of Java by defeating Surabaya in 1625.[17]:31 On 27 August 1628, Agung began
the Siege of Batavia.[5]:52 After heavy losses in his first attempt, he retreated
and launched a second offensive the following year.[17]:31[5]:52�53 This also
failed; the Dutch fleet destroyed his supplies and ships in the harbors of Cirebon
and Tegal.[5]:53 Mataram troops, starving and decimated by illness, retreated
again.[5]:53 Agung then moved east,[5]:53 attacking Blitar, Panarukan and the
Blambangan Kingdom in eastern Java (a vassal state of the Balinese kingdom of
Gelgel).[5]:55

After the siege, it was decided that Batavia needed a stronger defense system.
Based on the work of Flemish mathematician and military engineer Simon Stevin,
Governor-General Jacques Specx[6]:463 designed a moat and city wall; extensions of
the wall were built west of Batavia, and the city was completely enclosed.

In 1656, due to a conflict with Banten, the Javanese were not allowed to live
within the city walls and settled outside Batavia. The Chinese and the Mardijkers
were the only non-Dutch settlers within the walled city. In 1659, A 1659 truce with
Banten enabled the city to grow, and more bamboo houses were built. Bamboo houses
and livestock were banned in 1667, and the wealthy Dutch built tall houses and
canals.

1740 massacre
Main article: 1740 Batavia massacre
See caption
Contemporary etching of the massacre
Batavia's sugar industry declined during the 1730s,[10]:169[18]:29 with rising
unemployment and social disorder.[10]:169 In 1739, 10,574 Chinese people lived in
the Ommelanden.[10]:53 Tensions grew as the colonial government attempted to
restrict Chinese immigration with deportations to Ceylon and South Africa.[4]

The Chinese, afraid that they would be thrown overboard to drown, rioted.[4][19]:99
Ten thousand Chinese were killed from 9 to 22 October 1740.[4] The few surviving
Chinese inhabitants were moved to Glodok, outside the city walls, the following
year.[20]

The region
The region was an important source of food crops and building materials.[10] The
Dutch East India Company established a local government in 1664, which became fully
functional in 1682.[10]:10 Chinese inhabitants began to cultivate sugarcane.
[10]:6[21]

Large-scale cultivation negatively impacted the environment, and Batavia's northern

area experienced coastal erosion. The canals required extensive maintenance, with
frequent closures for dredging.[22] Residents of the Ommelanden lived in country
houses or ethnic kampungs governed by a headman.[10]:5[23]

Dutch East Indies (1800�1949)

1846 map of southern Batavia
Southern expansion, 1840
After the Dutch East India Company went bankrupt and was dissolved in 1800, the
Batavian Republic nationalized its debts and possessions and expanded its
territorial claims into a colony known as the Dutch East Indies. Batavia evolved
from a regional company headquarters into the colony's capital.

Southward expansion
In 1808, Herman Willem Daendels decided to leave the dilapidated, unhealthy Old
Town. A new town center was built further south, on the Weltevreden estate. Batavia
became a city with two centers; Kota was the business hub with offices and
warehouses of shipping and trading companies, and Weltevreden was home to the
government, military, and shops. The centers were connected by the Molenvliet Canal
and a road alongside the canal.[24]

British rule
Under British rule, Daendels was replaced by Stamford Raffles.[2][25]:115�122[26]
[27]:25 In 1811, Raffles � who was employed by the East India Company as secretary
to the governor of Malacca � decided to take over the government in Batavia. One
reason was to prevent the French from stepping in completely, since Napoleon had
nominated Daendels (who worked closely with the French).

In 1816, the Dutch returned to rule the region. Europeans were brought to the
archipelago to establish a colony on vacant land, triggering wars in Java and
Sumatra. Large numbers of troops were brought into the Dutch Indies to suppress
unrest (particularly on Sumatra) and extend Dutch government influence beyond Java.
However, the Dutch never conquered the entire archipelago.[28]

The development of Weltevreden as the colony's administrative center continued,

gradually shifting the center of Batavia south from Oud Batavia. A new Indies
Empire style of architecture emerged; white-plastered villas with a large front
porch were built, especially around the Koningsplein and at Weltevreden. This newer
part of Batavia generally had a more open look than Oud Batavia's developed, canal
cityscape.[29]

Technological advances
Unlike the first half of the 19th century, the second half of the century was a
peaceful period characterized by economic and technological expansion and a stable
government. In 1856, the region's first telegraph line was installed between
Batavia and Buitenzorg. In 1859, Batavia was connected to Singapore with the Dutch
East Indies' first international telegraph connection. The city completed its first
gasworks two years later, and its streets were lit with gas by 1862. Telephone
lines were installed in 1882.[30]

Horse-drawn tram, introduced to Batavia in 1869, were upgraded to steam power in

1882 and electricity in 1900. The city's first railway also began in 1869, and the
line from Batavia to Buitenzorg was completed in 1873.[30] The city's first ice
house was built in 1870.[30]

The 1869 opening of the Suez Canal increased the need for a new port. The port of
Tanjung Priok was completed in 1885, replacing the centuries-old, inadequate Sunda
Kelapa, significantly increasing trade and tourism in Batavia and the Dutch East
Indies.[30]

Abolition of Cultivation System

1897 Batvia map
Batavia in 1897
The Cultivation System (cultuurstelsel) was a mid-19th-century Dutch government
policy which required a portion of agricultural production to be export crops.
Indonesian historians refer to it as tanam paksa (enforced planting).

The 1870 abolition of the Cultivation System led to the rapid development of
private enterprise in the Dutch East Indies. A number of trading companies and
financial institutions were established on Java, particularly in Batavia. The Old
Town's deteriorating structures were replaced with offices, usually along the
Ciliwung River. Private companies owned (or managed) plantations, oil fields, and
mines. The island's first railway line opened in 1867, and railway stations were
built in urban centers such as Batavia.[31]

Schools, hospitals, factories, offices, trading companies, and post offices were
established throughout the city. Improvements in Batavia's transportation, health,
and technology encouraged more Dutch people to move to the capital, and Batavian
society became increasingly Dutch. The city traded with Europe, and increased
shipping led to the construction of a new harbor at Tanjung Priok between 1877 and
1883.[32]

Foreigners were known locally as totoks, distinguishing new Chinese arrivals from
the peranakans. Many totoks adopted Indonesian culture, wearing kebayas, sarongs,
and summer dresses.[33]

By the end of the 19th century, Batavia's population was 115,887 people; of these,
8,893 were Europeans, 26,817 were Chinese and 77,700 were indigenous islanders.[34]
The city's expanding commercial activity led to the immigration of large numbers of
Dutch employees and rural Javanese to Batavia. The 1905 population of Batavia and
its surrounding area reached 2.1 million, including 93,000 Chinese people, 14,000
Europeans, and 2,800 Arabs.[35] This growth resulted in an increased demand for
housing, and land prices soared. New houses were built close together, and kampung
settlements filled spaces between the houses. Settlements, built with little regard
for the region's tropical conditions, resulted in overcrowding, poor sanitation,
and an absence of public amenities.[24] Java had an outbreak of plague in 1913.[24]

Old Batavia's abandoned moats and ramparts experienced a boom during the period, as
trading companies were established along the Ciliwung.[24] The old city soon re-
established itself as a commercial center, with 20th- and 17th-century buildings
adjacent to each other.

Dutch Ethical Policy

Another map
Batavia c.?1914
The Dutch Ethical Policy was introduced in 1901, expanding educational
opportunities for the indigenous population of the Dutch East Indies. In 1924, a
law school was founded in Batavia.[36] The city's population in the 1930 census was
435,000.[6]:50

The University of Batavia was established in 1941, and later became the University
of Indonesia.[36] In 1946, the Dutch colonial government established the Nood
Universiteit (Emergency University) in Jakarta. The following year, its name was
changed to Universiteit van Indonesi� (UVI). After the Indonesian National
Revolution the government established Universiteit Indonesia, a state university,
in Jakarta in February 1950. Its name was later changed to Universitas Indonesia.

Independence movement
Volksraad member Mohammad Husni Thamrin criticized the colonial government for
ignoring the kampungs and catering to the wealthy in Menteng. In 1909, Tirto Adhi
Soerjo founded the Islamic Commercial Union in Batavia to support Indonesian
merchants. Branches in other areas followed. In 1920, Oemar Said Tjokroaminoto and
Agus Salim established a committee in Batavia to support the Ottoman Caliphate.[36]

Spies warned the Dutch about a planned revolt in 1926, and Communist Party of
Indonesia (PKI) leaders were arrested. Andries Cornelis Dirk de Graeff replaced
Dirk Fock as governor-general, and uprisings in Batavia, Banten, and Priangan were
quickly crushed.[36] Armed Communists occupied the Batavia telephone exchange for
one night before they were captured. The Dutch sent prisoners to Banden and to a
penal colony at Boven-Digoel in West New Guinea, where many died of malaria.[36]
Sukarno and the Study Club founded the Indonesian Nationalist Association (which
became the Indonesian National Party and later joined the Partai Sarekat Islam,
Budi Utomo, and the Surabaya Study Club to form the Union of Indonesian Political
Associations) on 4 July 1927.[36]

A youth congress was held in Batavia in October 1928, and the groups began
referring to the city as Jakarta. They demanded Indonesian independence, displayed
the red-and-white flag, and sang the Indonesian national anthem written by Wage
Rudolf Supratman. The Dutch banned the flag, the national anthem, and the words
"Indonesia" and "Indonesian".[36]

See caption
Drawing of the imagined Japanese entry into Batavia
On 5 March 1942, Batavia fell to the Japanese. The Dutch formally surrendered to
the Japanese occupation forces on 9 March 1942, and the colony's government was
transferred to Japan. Batavia was renamed Jakarta. The economic situation and the
physical condition of Indonesian cities deteriorated during the occupation.
Buildings were converted to internment camps for the Dutch.

After the Japanese defeat in 1945, the region experienced a period of transition
and upheaval during the Indonesian struggle for independence. During the Japanese
occupation, and when the Indonesian nationalists declared independence on 17 August
1945, the city was renamed Jakarta.[37] In 1945, it was briefly occupied by the
Allies and returned to the Dutch. The Dutch name, Batavia, remained the
internationally-recognized name until Indonesian independence was achieved and
Jakarta proclaimed the national capital on 27 December 1949.[37]

Society
1718 drawing of a female Balinese slave
Many coolies and slaves were employed from outside Java.
Batavia, founded as the trade and administrative center of the Dutch East India
Company, was never intended to be a Dutch settlement. Jan Pieterszoon Coen founded
Batavia for trade, with the city's inhabitants producing and supplying food. There
was no migration of intact Dutch families, and there were few Dutch women in
Batavia. A mixed society was formed; relationships between Dutchmen and Asian women
did not usually result in marriage, and the women did not have the right to return
to the Dutch Republic. This societal pattern created a group of mestizos in
Batavia. Since the Dutch East India Company preferred to maintain complete control
of its business, a large number of slaves was employed.

Women became an important feature of Batavia's social network; they were accustomed
to dealing with slaves, and spoke the same language (mostly Portuguese and Malay).
Many of these women effectively became widows; their husbands left Batavia to
return to the Netherlands, and their children were often removed as well.

Most of Batavia's residents were of Asian descent. Thousands of slaves were brought
from India and Arakan; later, slaves were brought from Bali and Sulawesi. To avoid
an uprising, a decision was made to free the Javanese people from slavery. Chinese
people made up the largest group in Batavia (most being merchants and laborers),
and were the most decisive group in the city's development. Other residents
included Malays and Muslim and Hindu merchants from India.

Initially, these ethnic groups lived together; however, in 1688, segregation was
imposed on the indigenous population. Each ethnic group was forced to live in its
own village outside the city wall. Each person was tagged to identify their ethnic
group; later, the identity tags were replaced with parchment.

Batavia experienced more malaria epidemics during the 18th century, as its marsh
areas bred mosquitoes.[38] The disease killed many Europeans and Batavia received
the nickname "cemetery of Europeans".[39][40] Wealthier European settlers moved to
southern areas at higher elevations.[19]:101

Within Batavia's walls, the wealthy Dutch built tall houses and canals. Commercial
opportunities attracted Indonesian and Chinese immigrants, with the increasing
population imposing a burden on the city. During the 18th century, over 60 percent
of Batavia's population were slaves working for the Dutch East India Company. Laws
protected slaves against overly-cruel actions by their masters; Christian slaves
were freed after the death of their masters, and other slaves were allowed to own a
store and earn money to buy their freedom.

Although Batavia became the political and administrative center of the Dutch East
Indies and the main port in Southeast Asian trade, the city's population remained
relatively small. Early-19th-century estimates of its population were smaller than
that of Surabaya, although it overtook the latter by the end of the century; the
1920 census indicated a population of 306,000, compared to 192,000 for Surabaya,
158,000 for Semarang and 134,000 for Surakarta. Its population increased rapidly,
exceeding half a million ten years later.[41]

The population of the Dutch East Indies was never purely European. Of the 30,000
Dutch citizens in the Dutch East Indies in 1860, less than 5,000 were purely Dutch.
Seventy percent of the population was male, since more male immigrants arrived from
Europe.[42]

Slavery existed in Batavia until its abolition in 1853. Slaves mainly lived in the
back of the garden of the main house and were paid, with free food and lodging.
Female slaves, known as baboe, cooked and cared for children.[28]

Children went to school, where the teachers were locally trained. Many children did
not finish school; to counter this, the school system awarded prizes to well-
performing children.[28]

When Stamford Raffles was governor of Java, he changed social interaction in

Batavian society. Raffles disapproved of the relaxed Dutch dress code, where many
men wore Javanese attire. Raffles and his wife, Olivia, introduced European dress
(with much white, because of the tropical climate) for men and women.[28]

When the British left Batavia in 1815, most of the native people reverted to their
original Javanese attire but some new aspects persisted. Native males chosen to be
the governing elite wore a European outfit on duty, but after hours they would
change to sarongs and kebaya. Lower-ranked Dutchmen might wear the local style all
day. Women wore sarongs and kebaya to official events, where they wore tighter-
fitting robes or richly-colored (or flowered) cloth � in the style of British India
� and batik shawls.[43]

People associated with Batavia

Reinout Willem van Bemmelen, geologist
Ben Bot, diplomat and politician
Tonke Dragt, writer and illustrator of children's literature
Boudewijn de Groot, musician
Michel van Hulten, politician
Yvonne Keuls, writer
Taco Kuiper, investigative journalist and publisher
Carel Jan Schneider, foreign service diplomat and writer
Francis Steinmetz, Royal Netherlands Navy officer
Frans Tutuhatunewa, president of the Republic of South Maluku
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1991ISBN 0333576896
Gimon CA. Sejarah Indonesia: An Online Timeline of Indonesian History. gimonca.com
2001. [1]
Ricklefs MC. A History of Modern Indonesia since c.1200 Palgrave Macmillan, 3rd
edition, 2001. ISBN 9780804744805
Cribb R, Kahin A. Historical Dictionary of Indonesia. The Scarecrow Press, Inc.
2nd edition ISBN 9780810849358
de Haan 1922, pp. 44�5.
"Batavia". De VOCsite (in Dutch). de VOCsite. 2002�2012. Retrieved 27 November
2012.
"Jan Pieterszoon Coen (1587�1629) � Stichter van Batavia". Historiek. 21 August
2015.
Kanumoyoso, B. Beyond the city wall: society and economic development in the
Ommelanden of Batavia, 1684�1740 Doctoral thesis, Leiden University 2011 [2]
Robson-McKillop R. (translator) The Central Administration of the VOC Government
and the Local Institutions of Batavia (1619�1811) � an Introduction. Hendrik E.
Niemeijer. [3]
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(16th�21st Centuries). Brill, 2014. ISBN 9789004271364
de Haan 1922, pp. 46�7.
Bollee, Kaart van Batavia 1667.
de Haan 1922, pp. 46-7.
Gunawan Tjahjono 1998, p. 113.
Drakeley S. The History of Indonesia. Greenwood, 2005. ISBN 9780313331145
Knight GR. Sugar, Steam and Steel: The Industrial Project in Colonial Java,
1830�1885 University of Adelaide Press, 2014. ISBN 9781922064998
Ward K. Networks of Empire: Forced Migration in the Dutch East India Company.
Cambridge University Press, 2009. ISBN 9780521885867
Indonesia. Lonely Planet. 2007. p. 101. ISBN 9781741798456.
Bluss�, L. Strange Company. Chinese settlers, mestizo women and the Dutch in VOC
Batavia. Dordrecht: Floris Publication, 1986.
Mulyawan Karim 2009, pp. 91�2.
 de Haan 1922, p. 469.
Gunawan Tjahjono 1998, p. 109.
Hannigan T. A Brief History of Indonesia: Sultans, Spices, and Tsunamis: The
Incredible Story of Southeast Asia's Largest Nation. Tuttle Publishing, 2015. ISBN
9780804844765
Hannigan T. Raffles and the British Invasion of Java. Monsoon Books, 2013. ISBN
9789814358859
National Information Agency. Indonesia 2004; an official handbook. Republic of
Indonesia.
"Batavia in the 19th century". Argelander-Institut f�r Astronomie. Universit�t
Bonn. 23 June 2014. Retrieved 24 April 2017.
de Jong 1998, p. 257.
Merrillees 2001, p. 14.
Gunawan Tjahjono 1998, p. 116.
Teeuwen, Dirk (2007). Landing stages of Jakarta/Batavia.
Nordholt, Henk Schulte; M Imam Aziz (2005). Outward appearances: trend, identitas,
kepentingan (in Indonesian). PT LKiS Pelangi Aksara. p. 227. ISBN 9789799492951.
Teeuwen, Dirk Rendez Vous Batavia (Rotterdam, 2007) Archived July 24, 2011, at the
Wayback Machine
Oosthoek's Ge�llustreerde Encyclopaedie (1917)
Beck S. South Asia 1800�1950: Indonesia and the Dutch 1800�1950
Waworoentoe WJ. Jakarta Encyclop�dia Britannica, Inc; accession date August 30,
2015. [4]
van der Brug PH. Malaria in Batavia in the 18th century. Tropical Medicine and
International Health. 1997; volume 2, issue 9, pages 892�902. PMID 9315048
Pols H. Notes from Batavia, the Europeans' graveyard: the nineteenth-century
debate on acclimatization in the Dutch East Indies J Hist Med Allied Sci 2012;
volume 67, issue 1, pages 120�148. DOI 10.1093/jhmas/jrr004 PMID 21317422
van Emden,, F. J. G.; W. S. B. Klooster (1964). Willem Brandt (ed.). Kleurig
memoriaal van de Hollanders op Oud-Java. A. J. G. Strengholt.
Hiroyoshi Kano, Growing Metropolitan Suburbia: A Comparative Sociological Study on
Tokyo and, Yayasan Obor Indonesia, 2004, pp. 5�6
de Jong 1998, p. 258.
de Jong 1998, p. 259.
Works cited
de Haan, F. (1922). Oud Batavia. 1. Batavia: G. Kolff & Co, Koninklijk Bataviaasch
Genootschap van Kunsten en Wetenschappen.
de Jong, J.J.P. (1998). De waaier van het fortuin: van handelscompagnie tot
koloniaal imperium : de Nederlanders in Azi� en de Indonesische archipel. Sdu. ISBN
9789012086431.
Gunawan Tjahjono, ed. (1998). Architecture. Indonesian Heritage. 6. Singapore:
Archipelago Press. ISBN 981-3018-30-5.
Kaart van het Kasteel en de Stad Batavia in het Jaar 1667 [Map of the Castle and
the City Batavia in year 1667] (Map) (Den Haag ed.). 50 rhijnlandsche roeden (in
Dutch). Cartography by J.J. Bollee. G.B. Hooyer and J.W. Yzerman. 1919.
Merrillees, Scott (2001). Batavia in Nineteenth Century Photographs. Singapore:
Editions Didier Millet. ISBN 9789813018778.
Mulyawan Karim, ed. (2009). Ekspedisi Ciliwung, Laporan Jurnalistik Kompas, Mata
Air � Air Mata. Jakarta: PT. Kompas Media Nusantara. ISBN 978-9797094256.
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Batavia, Dutch East Indies

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For other uses, see Batavia (disambiguation).
Aerial view of the city and its harbor
Batavia around 1780
Batavia, also called Batauia[1] in the city's Malay vernacular, was the capital of
the Dutch East Indies. The area corresponds to present-day Jakarta, Indonesia.
Batavia can refer to the city proper or its suburbs and hinterland, the Ommelanden,
which included the much-larger area of the Residency of Batavia in the present-day
Indonesian provinces of Jakarta, Banten and West Java.

The founding of Batavia by the Dutch in 1619, on the site of the ruins of
Jayakarta, led to the establishment of a Dutch colony; Batavia became the center of
the Dutch East India Company's trading network in Asia. Monopolies on local produce
were augmented by non-indigenous cash crops. To safeguard their commercial
interests, the company and the colonial administration absorbed surrounding
territory.

Batavia is on the north coast of Java, in a sheltered bay, on a land of marshland

and hills crisscrossed with canals. The city had two centers: Oud Batavia (the
oldest part of the city) and the relatively-newer city, on higher ground to the
south.

It was a colonial city for about 320 years until 1942, when the Dutch East Indies
was occupied by Japan during World War II. During the Japanese occupation and after
Indonesian nationalists declared independence on 17 August 1945, the city was known
as Jakarta. It was internationally known by its Dutch name until Indonesia achieved
full independence in 1949, when the city was renamed Jakarta.

Contents
1 Dutch East India Company (1610�1799)
1.1 Arrival
1.2 Founding
1.3 Expansion
1.4 1740 massacre
1.5 The region
2 Dutch East Indies (1800�1949)
2.1 Southward expansion
2.2 British rule
2.3 Technological advances
2.4 Abolition of Cultivation System
2.5 Dutch Ethical Policy
2.6 Independence movement
3 Society
4 People associated with Batavia
5 References
6 Works cited
Dutch East India Company (1610�1799)
Arrival
Sketch of Batavia, its harbor with ships, and hills in the background
Batavia between 1675 and 1725
Amsterdam merchants embarked on an expedition to the East Indies archipelago in
1595 under the command of Cornelis de Houtman. The English East India Company's
first voyage in 1602, commanded by James Lancaster, arrived in Aceh and sailed on
to Bantam. There, Lancaster was allowed to build a trading post which was the
center of English trade in Indonesia until 1682.[2]:29

The Dutch government granted the Dutch East India Company a monopoly on Asian trade
in 1602. A year later, the first permanent Dutch trading post in Indonesia was
established in Bantam, West Java. Prince Jayawikarta gave Dutch merchants
permission to build a wooden warehouse and houses on the east bank of the Ciliwung
River opposite Jayakarta in 1610, and the outpost was established the following
year.[3]:29 As Dutch power increased, Jayawikarta allowed the English to build
houses on the west bank of the Ciliwung and a fort near his customs office to
maintain a balance of power.

Tensions between Prince Jayawikarta and the Dutch escalated until 1618, when
Jayawikarta's soldiers besieged the Dutch fortress containing the Nassau and
Mauritius warehouse. An English fleet of 15 ships arrived under Thomas Dale, former
governor of the colony of Virginia. After a sea battle, newly-appointed Dutch
governor Jan Pieterszoon Coen escaped to the Moluccas to seek support; the Dutch
had taken over the first of the Portuguese forts there in 1605. Dutch garrison
commander Pieter van den Broecke and five other men were arrested during
negotiations, since Jayawikarta believed that he had been deceived by the Dutch.
Jayawikarta and the English then forged an alliance.[citation needed]

The Dutch army was on the verge of surrendering to the English when, in 1619, the
Sultanate of Banten sent a group of soldiers to summon Jayawikarta. Jayawikarta's
agreement with the English had not been approved by the Bantenese authorities. The
conflict between Banten and Jayawikarta and the tense relationship between Banten
and the English provided a new opportunity for the Dutch. Coen returned from the
Moluccas with reinforcements on 28 May 1619,[4] razing Jayakarta to the ground two
days later[5]:35 and expelling its population.[6]:50 Only the Luso-Sundanese padr�o
remained.

Jayawikarta retreated to Tanara, in the interior of Banten, where he later died.

The Dutch established a closer relationship with Banten and assumed control of the
port, which became the regional Dutch center of power.

Founding
Coat of arms: a shield with a lion on each side
Coat of arms of Batavia
The region which became Batavia came under Dutch control in 1619, initially as an
expansion of the original Dutch fort and a new building on the ruins of the former
Jayakarta. Coen decided to expand the original fort into a larger fortress on 2
July 1619, and sent plans for Batavia Castle to the Netherlands on 7 October of
that year. The castle was larger than the previous one, with two northern bastions
protecting it from a maritime attack.[7] The Nassau and Mauritius warehouses were
expanded with the erection of an eastern fort extension, overseen by Commander Van
Raay, on 12 March 1619.[8]

Although Coen wanted to name the new settlement Nieuw-Hoorn after Hoorn (his
birthplace), he was prevented from doing so by the board of the East India Company.
[8] Batavia was chosen as the new name of the fort and settlement, and a naming
ceremony was held on 18 January 1621.[8] It was named after the Batavi Germanic
tribe, which inhabited the Batavian region during the Roman Empire; at the time, it
was believed that the tribe was the ancestors of the Dutch people. Jayakarta was
called Batavia for over 300 years.[9]

There were three governmental administrations in the Batavia region.[10]:7 Initial

authority was established in 1609[10]:7 and became the colonial government,
consisting of the Governor-General and the Council of the Indies.[10]:7 The urban
(or civil) administration of the city of Batavia was established in 1620.[10]:9 On
24 June 1620, two company officials and three free citizens (or burghers) were
appointed to the first College of Aldermen.[11] The local rural administration,
formed in 1664, became fully functional in 1682.[10]:10 The Javanese people were
prohibited from settling in Batavia from the time of its founding in 1619.[12]:194

Expansion
aerial map from around 1627
Batavia and its eastern expansion
From its founding, Batavia was planned in a well-defined layout.[13] Three trenches
were dug east of the Ciliwung River in 1619, its first Dutch-made canals. The
canals were named (from south to north) Leeuwengracht, Groenegracht, and
Steenhouwersgracht.[14] The Castle area begins in a former field north of
Steenhouwersgracht,[15] in which a town market was established.[15][14] The first
church and town hall were built c. 1622 on the east bank of the river; Batavia's
first combined church and town hall (replaced during the 1630s) was at 6�07'56?S
106�48'42?E.[15]

Canal with buildings on either side

The coconut-tree-lined Tijgersgracht canal
Around 1627, the three canals were connected with the Tijgersgracht canal. The new
canal was lined with coconut trees; according to a contemporary observer, "Among
the Grachts, the Tygersgracht is the most stately and most pleasant, both for the
goodliness of its buildings, and the ornamentation of its streets, which afford a
very agreeable shadow to those who pass along the street".[16] The Prinsestraat,
originally the street leading to the Castle, became an urban center connecting the
Castle's south gate with the city hall.[13]

Eastern Batavia was protected by a long canal which linked the castle moat and the
Ciliwung riverbend, and ran at a slight angle to Tijgersgracht. The canal cost over
160,000 real, which was paid mostly by the Chinese and other Europeans instead of
the company (who had strengthened the Castle with slave and prison labor.[13] The
short-lived outer canal was redesigned several years after the 1628�29 Siege of
Batavia.

Large overhead map with smaller maps

Batavia in 1667
East of Batavia, Sultan Agung (king of the Mataram Sultanate) gained control of
most of Java by defeating Surabaya in 1625.[17]:31 On 27 August 1628, Agung began
the Siege of Batavia.[5]:52 After heavy losses in his first attempt, he retreated
and launched a second offensive the following year.[17]:31[5]:52�53 This also
failed; the Dutch fleet destroyed his supplies and ships in the harbors of Cirebon
and Tegal.[5]:53 Mataram troops, starving and decimated by illness, retreated
again.[5]:53 Agung then moved east,[5]:53 attacking Blitar, Panarukan and the
Blambangan Kingdom in eastern Java (a vassal state of the Balinese kingdom of
Gelgel).[5]:55

After the siege, it was decided that Batavia needed a stronger defense system.
Based on the work of Flemish mathematician and military engineer Simon Stevin,
Governor-General Jacques Specx[6]:463 designed a moat and city wall; extensions of
the wall were built west of Batavia, and the city was completely enclosed.

In 1656, due to a conflict with Banten, the Javanese were not allowed to live
within the city walls and settled outside Batavia. The Chinese and the Mardijkers
were the only non-Dutch settlers within the walled city. In 1659, A 1659 truce with
Banten enabled the city to grow, and more bamboo houses were built. Bamboo houses
and livestock were banned in 1667, and the wealthy Dutch built tall houses and
canals.

1740 massacre
Main article: 1740 Batavia massacre
See caption
Contemporary etching of the massacre
Batavia's sugar industry declined during the 1730s,[10]:169[18]:29 with rising
unemployment and social disorder.[10]:169 In 1739, 10,574 Chinese people lived in
the Ommelanden.[10]:53 Tensions grew as the colonial government attempted to
restrict Chinese immigration with deportations to Ceylon and South Africa.[4]
The Chinese, afraid that they would be thrown overboard to drown, rioted.[4][19]:99
Ten thousand Chinese were killed from 9 to 22 October 1740.[4] The few surviving
Chinese inhabitants were moved to Glodok, outside the city walls, the following
year.[20]

The region
The region was an important source of food crops and building materials.[10] The
Dutch East India Company established a local government in 1664, which became fully
functional in 1682.[10]:10 Chinese inhabitants began to cultivate sugarcane.
[10]:6[21]

Large-scale cultivation negatively impacted the environment, and Batavia's northern

area experienced coastal erosion. The canals required extensive maintenance, with
frequent closures for dredging.[22] Residents of the Ommelanden lived in country
houses or ethnic kampungs governed by a headman.[10]:5[23]

Dutch East Indies (1800�1949)

1846 map of southern Batavia
Southern expansion, 1840
After the Dutch East India Company went bankrupt and was dissolved in 1800, the
Batavian Republic nationalized its debts and possessions and expanded its
territorial claims into a colony known as the Dutch East Indies. Batavia evolved
from a regional company headquarters into the colony's capital.

Southward expansion
In 1808, Herman Willem Daendels decided to leave the dilapidated, unhealthy Old
Town. A new town center was built further south, on the Weltevreden estate. Batavia
became a city with two centers; Kota was the business hub with offices and
warehouses of shipping and trading companies, and Weltevreden was home to the
government, military, and shops. The centers were connected by the Molenvliet Canal
and a road alongside the canal.[24]

British rule
Under British rule, Daendels was replaced by Stamford Raffles.[2][25]:115�122[26]
[27]:25 In 1811, Raffles � who was employed by the East India Company as secretary
to the governor of Malacca � decided to take over the government in Batavia. One
reason was to prevent the French from stepping in completely, since Napoleon had
nominated Daendels (who worked closely with the French).

In 1816, the Dutch returned to rule the region. Europeans were brought to the
archipelago to establish a colony on vacant land, triggering wars in Java and
Sumatra. Large numbers of troops were brought into the Dutch Indies to suppress
unrest (particularly on Sumatra) and extend Dutch government influence beyond Java.
However, the Dutch never conquered the entire archipelago.[28]

The development of Weltevreden as the colony's administrative center continued,

gradually shifting the center of Batavia south from Oud Batavia. A new Indies
Empire style of architecture emerged; white-plastered villas with a large front
porch were built, especially around the Koningsplein and at Weltevreden. This newer
part of Batavia generally had a more open look than Oud Batavia's developed, canal
cityscape.[29]

Technological advances
Unlike the first half of the 19th century, the second half of the century was a
peaceful period characterized by economic and technological expansion and a stable
government. In 1856, the region's first telegraph line was installed between
Batavia and Buitenzorg. In 1859, Batavia was connected to Singapore with the Dutch
East Indies' first international telegraph connection. The city completed its first
gasworks two years later, and its streets were lit with gas by 1862. Telephone
lines were installed in 1882.[30]

Horse-drawn tram, introduced to Batavia in 1869, were upgraded to steam power in

1882 and electricity in 1900. The city's first railway also began in 1869, and the
line from Batavia to Buitenzorg was completed in 1873.[30] The city's first ice
house was built in 1870.[30]

The 1869 opening of the Suez Canal increased the need for a new port. The port of
Tanjung Priok was completed in 1885, replacing the centuries-old, inadequate Sunda
Kelapa, significantly increasing trade and tourism in Batavia and the Dutch East
Indies.[30]

Abolition of Cultivation System

1897 Batvia map
Batavia in 1897
The Cultivation System (cultuurstelsel) was a mid-19th-century Dutch government
policy which required a portion of agricultural production to be export crops.
Indonesian historians refer to it as tanam paksa (enforced planting).

The 1870 abolition of the Cultivation System led to the rapid development of
private enterprise in the Dutch East Indies. A number of trading companies and
financial institutions were established on Java, particularly in Batavia. The Old
Town's deteriorating structures were replaced with offices, usually along the
Ciliwung River. Private companies owned (or managed) plantations, oil fields, and
mines. The island's first railway line opened in 1867, and railway stations were
built in urban centers such as Batavia.[31]

Schools, hospitals, factories, offices, trading companies, and post offices were
established throughout the city. Improvements in Batavia's transportation, health,
and technology encouraged more Dutch people to move to the capital, and Batavian
society became increasingly Dutch. The city traded with Europe, and increased
shipping led to the construction of a new harbor at Tanjung Priok between 1877 and
1883.[32]

Foreigners were known locally as totoks, distinguishing new Chinese arrivals from
the peranakans. Many totoks adopted Indonesian culture, wearing kebayas, sarongs,
and summer dresses.[33]

By the end of the 19th century, Batavia's population was 115,887 people; of these,
8,893 were Europeans, 26,817 were Chinese and 77,700 were indigenous islanders.[34]
The city's expanding commercial activity led to the immigration of large numbers of
Dutch employees and rural Javanese to Batavia. The 1905 population of Batavia and
its surrounding area reached 2.1 million, including 93,000 Chinese people, 14,000
Europeans, and 2,800 Arabs.[35] This growth resulted in an increased demand for
housing, and land prices soared. New houses were built close together, and kampung
settlements filled spaces between the houses. Settlements, built with little regard
for the region's tropical conditions, resulted in overcrowding, poor sanitation,
and an absence of public amenities.[24] Java had an outbreak of plague in 1913.[24]

Old Batavia's abandoned moats and ramparts experienced a boom during the period, as
trading companies were established along the Ciliwung.[24] The old city soon re-
established itself as a commercial center, with 20th- and 17th-century buildings
adjacent to each other.

Dutch Ethical Policy

Another map
Batavia c.?1914
The Dutch Ethical Policy was introduced in 1901, expanding educational
opportunities for the indigenous population of the Dutch East Indies. In 1924, a
law school was founded in Batavia.[36] The city's population in the 1930 census was
435,000.[6]:50

The University of Batavia was established in 1941, and later became the University
of Indonesia.[36] In 1946, the Dutch colonial government established the Nood
Universiteit (Emergency University) in Jakarta. The following year, its name was
changed to Universiteit van Indonesi� (UVI). After the Indonesian National
Revolution the government established Universiteit Indonesia, a state university,
in Jakarta in February 1950. Its name was later changed to Universitas Indonesia.

Independence movement
Volksraad member Mohammad Husni Thamrin criticized the colonial government for
ignoring the kampungs and catering to the wealthy in Menteng. In 1909, Tirto Adhi
Soerjo founded the Islamic Commercial Union in Batavia to support Indonesian
merchants. Branches in other areas followed. In 1920, Oemar Said Tjokroaminoto and
Agus Salim established a committee in Batavia to support the Ottoman Caliphate.[36]

Spies warned the Dutch about a planned revolt in 1926, and Communist Party of
Indonesia (PKI) leaders were arrested. Andries Cornelis Dirk de Graeff replaced
Dirk Fock as governor-general, and uprisings in Batavia, Banten, and Priangan were
quickly crushed.[36] Armed Communists occupied the Batavia telephone exchange for
one night before they were captured. The Dutch sent prisoners to Banden and to a
penal colony at Boven-Digoel in West New Guinea, where many died of malaria.[36]
Sukarno and the Study Club founded the Indonesian Nationalist Association (which
became the Indonesian National Party and later joined the Partai Sarekat Islam,
Budi Utomo, and the Surabaya Study Club to form the Union of Indonesian Political
Associations) on 4 July 1927.[36]

A youth congress was held in Batavia in October 1928, and the groups began
referring to the city as Jakarta. They demanded Indonesian independence, displayed
the red-and-white flag, and sang the Indonesian national anthem written by Wage
Rudolf Supratman. The Dutch banned the flag, the national anthem, and the words
"Indonesia" and "Indonesian".[36]

See caption
Drawing of the imagined Japanese entry into Batavia
On 5 March 1942, Batavia fell to the Japanese. The Dutch formally surrendered to
the Japanese occupation forces on 9 March 1942, and the colony's government was
transferred to Japan. Batavia was renamed Jakarta. The economic situation and the
physical condition of Indonesian cities deteriorated during the occupation.
Buildings were converted to internment camps for the Dutch.

After the Japanese defeat in 1945, the region experienced a period of transition
and upheaval during the Indonesian struggle for independence. During the Japanese
occupation, and when the Indonesian nationalists declared independence on 17 August
1945, the city was renamed Jakarta.[37] In 1945, it was briefly occupied by the
Allies and returned to the Dutch. The Dutch name, Batavia, remained the
internationally-recognized name until Indonesian independence was achieved and
Jakarta proclaimed the national capital on 27 December 1949.[37]

Society
1718 drawing of a female Balinese slave
Many coolies and slaves were employed from outside Java.
Batavia, founded as the trade and administrative center of the Dutch East India
Company, was never intended to be a Dutch settlement. Jan Pieterszoon Coen founded
Batavia for trade, with the city's inhabitants producing and supplying food. There
was no migration of intact Dutch families, and there were few Dutch women in
Batavia. A mixed society was formed; relationships between Dutchmen and Asian women
did not usually result in marriage, and the women did not have the right to return
to the Dutch Republic. This societal pattern created a group of mestizos in
Batavia. Since the Dutch East India Company preferred to maintain complete control
of its business, a large number of slaves was employed.

Women became an important feature of Batavia's social network; they were accustomed
to dealing with slaves, and spoke the same language (mostly Portuguese and Malay).
Many of these women effectively became widows; their husbands left Batavia to
return to the Netherlands, and their children were often removed as well.

Most of Batavia's residents were of Asian descent. Thousands of slaves were brought
from India and Arakan; later, slaves were brought from Bali and Sulawesi. To avoid
an uprising, a decision was made to free the Javanese people from slavery. Chinese
people made up the largest group in Batavia (most being merchants and laborers),
and were the most decisive group in the city's development. Other residents
included Malays and Muslim and Hindu merchants from India.

Initially, these ethnic groups lived together; however, in 1688, segregation was
imposed on the indigenous population. Each ethnic group was forced to live in its
own village outside the city wall. Each person was tagged to identify their ethnic
group; later, the identity tags were replaced with parchment.

Batavia experienced more malaria epidemics during the 18th century, as its marsh
areas bred mosquitoes.[38] The disease killed many Europeans and Batavia received
the nickname "cemetery of Europeans".[39][40] Wealthier European settlers moved to
southern areas at higher elevations.[19]:101

Within Batavia's walls, the wealthy Dutch built tall houses and canals. Commercial
opportunities attracted Indonesian and Chinese immigrants, with the increasing
population imposing a burden on the city. During the 18th century, over 60 percent
of Batavia's population were slaves working for the Dutch East India Company. Laws
protected slaves against overly-cruel actions by their masters; Christian slaves
were freed after the death of their masters, and other slaves were allowed to own a
store and earn money to buy their freedom.

Although Batavia became the political and administrative center of the Dutch East
Indies and the main port in Southeast Asian trade, the city's population remained
relatively small. Early-19th-century estimates of its population were smaller than
that of Surabaya, although it overtook the latter by the end of the century; the
1920 census indicated a population of 306,000, compared to 192,000 for Surabaya,
158,000 for Semarang and 134,000 for Surakarta. Its population increased rapidly,
exceeding half a million ten years later.[41]

The population of the Dutch East Indies was never purely European. Of the 30,000
Dutch citizens in the Dutch East Indies in 1860, less than 5,000 were purely Dutch.
Seventy percent of the population was male, since more male immigrants arrived from
Europe.[42]

Slavery existed in Batavia until its abolition in 1853. Slaves mainly lived in the
back of the garden of the main house and were paid, with free food and lodging.
Female slaves, known as baboe, cooked and cared for children.[28]

Children went to school, where the teachers were locally trained. Many children did
not finish school; to counter this, the school system awarded prizes to well-
performing children.[28]

When Stamford Raffles was governor of Java, he changed social interaction in

Batavian society. Raffles disapproved of the relaxed Dutch dress code, where many
men wore Javanese attire. Raffles and his wife, Olivia, introduced European dress
(with much white, because of the tropical climate) for men and women.[28]
When the British left Batavia in 1815, most of the native people reverted to their
original Javanese attire but some new aspects persisted. Native males chosen to be
the governing elite wore a European outfit on duty, but after hours they would
change to sarongs and kebaya. Lower-ranked Dutchmen might wear the local style all
day. Women wore sarongs and kebaya to official events, where they wore tighter-
fitting robes or richly-colored (or flowered) cloth � in the style of British India
� and batik shawls.[43]

People associated with Batavia

Reinout Willem van Bemmelen, geologist
Ben Bot, diplomat and politician
Tonke Dragt, writer and illustrator of children's literature
Boudewijn de Groot, musician
Michel van Hulten, politician
Yvonne Keuls, writer
Taco Kuiper, investigative journalist and publisher
Carel Jan Schneider, foreign service diplomat and writer
Francis Steinmetz, Royal Netherlands Navy officer
Frans Tutuhatunewa, president of the Republic of South Maluku
References
Anthropologica (in Dutch). M. Nijhoff. 1855.
Ricklefs MC. A History of Modern Indonesia since c.1200 Palgrave Macmillan, 4th
edition, Sep 10, 2008. ISBN 9781137149183
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vte
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Dutch Empire
Categories: Dutch East IndiesHistory of IndonesiaJakartaFormer settlements and
colonies of the Dutch East India CompanyPopulated places established by the Dutch
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