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    © All Rights Reserved
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    376 views90 pages

    Flood Estimation Lower Godavari Subzone 3f

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    acesrsp
    Flood Estimation Lower Godavari Subzone 3f

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    x INDIMETEOROLOGICAL DEPTT. ¥ freeware) mnoncseanciocaen ao” DAR or * Neworursioose AM SATION MinisTRY OF TRANSPORT. x * ae 1995 * x ‘Aug, 1995 x * * x De FLOOD ESTIMATION REPORT FOR LOWER GODAVART SUBZONE 3(f) (revise) ‘A METHOD BASED ON UNIT HYDROGRAPH PRINCIPLE DESIGN OFFICE REPORT NO. LG-3(£)/R-2/24/1995 HYDROLOGY (REGIONAL STUDIES) DIRECTORATE ‘CENTRAL WATER COMMISSION NEW DELI Flood Estimation Report for Lower Godavari aubzone 3(f) (revised) was Giscussed and approved by the following Members of Flood Estimation Planning and Co-ordination Committee in its 53rd meeting held on 16th April, 1995 at Central Water Commission, New Delhi. Ne helae (RV. Codbole } (Sitendea Hal) bursctor Rydrelony (Rs) by, Director Geneva (HM) eetal Water Conzaoeton India’ Meteorological Deptt, few bela New beni or” (BAM. Gupta) Joint Director Stde. /B&P arch Design & Standards Organisation ‘Lucknow 226011 FOREWORD Estimation of f100d of various return periods for design of waterways and foundations of bridges and culverts, Meatan gall and medium catchnents , where hydrological, gates aed inadequate or totally absent | is extremely airticnt? Fe Such a situation, regional method based on Hydrometesrologicat approach involving use of synthetic unit hyofograph na design storm (of specific return period has been adopten, ‘far’ cide purpose, the country, been divided’ into 26 Hydroneteorologicaly notogeneous _ subzoneg and 21" r1o6 SaEIAELON reports covering Hydrometeorological “studies tor se subzones have been published from tine to timen in, addition to above, there is also periodic revision of guch subzonal ‘reports, whenever extra, ‘data sete henooe available and | sophisticated analysis becones due’ te trong Peuizes ‘on ERESEt, Pf Lower Ganga Plaine subzone 1(g) has been revised on these Lines and published Tn inp%° he, present report is a revision of the Flood estination report of Lower Godavari subzone 3(f),published in 1960 eee report, gives the method to compute design tlocd of 95/50/i00 year return period for ungauged catchnents located in’ tance Godavari subzone. The, FPPOre is 2 joint ecfort of centre! water Commission (cue) India Meteorological Department. {IHD} * and amessen Resign gon¢ Standard’ Organisation (RDSO) of “Ministre roe Railways 1 cfoul@, Uke to place on record ny appreciation of _ the cooperative “erforte of the officers and siete ar ghey ythe organisations in bringing out this repens. 29th May, 1995, ( Alesosna Member (Designs & Research) PREFACE Design engineers essentially need the dsicn flood of = apecitic returs seriod for Fixing the water viseavic, the Sesion HFL end foundation desths of bridass, “culverts ana cross drainsse structures dependina on their lite and importance to ensure safety ss well as economy. A cesua) approach may lead to underestimation or oireatinaticn ot structure or uneconomic structure with protleatic situstion. The use of empiricsl flood formilee Like lckens, Ryves, Inglis etc. has no such treauency concect, thoush has the simplicity of relating the marimin flood discmarae te the Bouer of catchment orea with constents. These formulas de ot take into account the basic. meteoroloical factor oF Storm rainfall component anc other physioerasy and hydraulic factors varving” fren catchment to eatimert. Proper: selection of constants in these emeirical fomuiac is left to the discretion of desion enaineer, invelving sus dectivity. Recognising the nees to evolve a method for estimation of design flood peak of desired freausncy. th committer” of engineers headed by Or. A.N. Khosla had recomeneed, in chetr report that the desivn discharge sould be mii mum tlood on records are avaiiaole extending aver @ eriod of not mich less than 50 veers, the cesign flood shouls & SO years flood determined trom probability curve on the basis of recorded Heods during the period. In cose, chere therecuisite date as above are not avaiable, the desian lose should be decided on the ground and meteorological characteristics obtwined on the basis of design storms mccaaitarine the systematic and sustaines coilection of hydomatecrolosical data at selected catcments in different clime de seres of Ines Economic constraints do not justify detsileg hydrotesicat and meteorological inestigations at every tev site ene Large scale end on long term basis Tor estivat ton of design, food “with a desires return period. feydonal tlood estimation studies thus become neceasty for. hydro- Reteorologicel regions in the country. rly, two” main regional asoroaches namely flood frecuency, and hydrometeorolosical sceraaches are spen ter dost fon depending on the availability of the storm raliraall end flood observations tor the reoresentative catchments reo subsectina: to statistical analysis to develop a resiond flsod freauney, model. The other aoorosch needs concurrent iterm rainfall she run-off cata of the representative catthneants over a period of § to 10 veers to gevelon reieeprtative Unde hydregrasns of the catchments located in therssmom so that synthetic unit hydrosraoh may be obtained fr the resion a (eubzenes) and lone tera rainfel records at a large nunoer of stations to develoo design storm values. This approach Ras been, adooted in the prepsration of flcod estimation feports under short teen end long term plsh Under short term olan, the report on estimation of desian flood peak utilising hyaronet data available tor 60 bridae farchnents. spresd throushout the country, uae brought out in $575, wherein the method has beer recommended fer estimating the desian flood sesk for catenment sreas ranging from 25. to 500 sa kn. in the country. Under Long term plan, country, has been divided inte 26 hydrouneteoreleaical hotesenous Subzones.. For preparing the TYSos "Ese imacion reports tor these subsones, eystematis and fusteined collection of hydrometeoroiogical data at the Fepresentative catchments.numbering 10 to 30, fora period of seo io years Ss difrersnt supzomes has been’ carried out in Phased manner by dirferent zonal raiiuays since 1965 under the suoervision and guidence of Bridges and Flood Hing of Research Deaisn and Stenards Organisation of Minfstry of Reliveys. Simfiarly, the Ministry. ot Transport had Undertaken the collection of data for <8 catchments throush Contra? water Comission since 1979, Regional Hydrology Studies Dte. CWC cerries out analysis of sciccted concurrent rainfall and flood date fer the gauged Cotenments bo. derive unit hycrograpns of mgstly ene hour Suration on the basis of rainfall date, seuse and discharse Grit fyarcoreshs are. obteined for each of the gauged Gotchnents. The characteristics of the catchments and their Crit hvdrserseh:, presared for” "several catchments in a Subzone are correlates by regression anelysis and the Equations, for synthetic unit hycreerapn for the subzone are Scrived for estimating design flood tor ungaused catchments: Studies are sisovarricd out by the Owe te arrive at suitable Feconmendations for estisating loss rate end bese flow for Ungauses eatchnent = India Neteorslogical Department conducts depth-duration ~ frequency ansivsis of rsinfall for each aubzene to. provide Rraroneteorelogicel input tor estimation of desian fleed. The subzonal reports incorsoreting studies carried out by Che Bnd IMD ere seared and susiished by CHC on approval of Flood Estinetion Planning ang Coordination Committee (FEPCC)= So fer, following 21 flood estimation reports (FERS) covering 24 subsones have been puiblisned (va) A. Lover Ganga Plains subzene 1(@)* (978) 2 Lower Goaavert.subzone SU 7)** (1983) 3. Lower Narmada & Tact subsone (p) (1382) 4. Righanadt subsone. 81a) (2982) 8. Upper Narmada & Tapi subzone 3(c) (sas) 6. Krishna & Penner subzone 3(h) (1993) 2. South Brahmasutre subzone 2(b) 12984) Upeer Ingovcange Flaine subzone 1(e) (1980) 9. Middle Ganga Plains subzone 1(#) (ses) 10. Kaveri Basin aubzone otf) (2986) 14. Upper Goaavarisubzene 3(0) (1986) 42! Mah & Senarmati subsone Sta) (1987) 13. East Coast subzones éi@)+ (b) & (c) (987) 44. Sone subzene 1(a) (98a) 45. Chanbal subzone.1(b) (989) 16! Betua subzone 1c) (1989) 37. North Branmaputrs subzone 2a) (sen) 18. West Coase Reaion subsone Sis} & (b) (392) 49. Luni subsone ita) (2998) 20. Endravati subzone Sis) (1998) 21. Nestern Hinalaves zone 7 (1998) Revised resort publisned Present revort is revision of this report Hydroneteorelosicel input in the FERS af serial number 4 fo 7 were desed on SRRG data alone and consisted et i} isooluviel mans for 24 hour and/or. shorter, durations sorrespendina to $0 year return period 11) Tine distriautlon of storm reinfall and 11) Point to areal reinfall, retices methodelosy end premared the hydrometecrological input based on “conjuective use of ORG and SRRG Geta, tne hydrometeorolesscal conoonents included i) iscpluviel maps oF 2é-neur rainfall corresponding to 25, 80 and 100 year return periods ii) shert duration ratios to convert 24-noun storm rainfall into rainfall of shert duration. storm iit) ‘time Gistriputson of storm rainfall and iv) point 0 eneel reintail ratios. The FER for Lover Ganga Pleins ~ supsone, 3(@), “published in 197% hea already been revised where tne hydronetecrolesicel insut has been included as per revised methodology. Present report is the revision of the flood estimation nepert of Lover Sodaveri subzone 3 t (report na LG/3/i980) eng deals with the estination ot ficod of 25 year, 40, yeor and 190 year retunn period for smell and medium catchments In Ehe subzone . It covers parts of area of the riven Godevare in the states of Madhya Pradesh, Hahsrashtrs, Andhra Pradesh and Orissa (vad The rainfell-runotf dats of 27 catchments for e period of 5 years during the period 1958 to 1975, usr collected by the Railumys . Date of 22 estehment's for 122 bridge years found Buiteple das utilised in stud) carried out earlier. In the Present. study, addition! of 22. br Eatehnents collected subsequently slonauith the date of 152 Bridge yeors hes been used for UG study. The storm study has deen conducted by IND. The reintall gata of S05. O.R.G. stetions maintained by INO and. State Governments,41 S.R.R.G stations aeintsined by IMO in ond around the’ subzone has deen utilised in the study. Short Suration data (nourly/ half hourly rainfall] of 6& statsone in 13 bridge catchments of the subzone maintained by RDS was Rot utilised for the storm studies because of fairly dense Retuork of IMD"s SRRG date, The repert covers six parts. Part I of the report Introduction" oives Ehe aimmary of the earlier and revised studies, Descristion of the aubsone detailing river system, Fainfali, tempereture ond types of the soil is aiven in. Fort II.” Part III brings ut the SUM relations to be used for Ungaused catchnents in the subzone. The storm studies carried out by the IMD are dealt in Fert IV of the resort. Criteria and. standards th regard to design flood of structures and procedures to compute the desizn flood of Ungeused catchments ore described in Fart Vglona with an illustrative examole. Part VI highlights the Mmitetions, assumptions and conclusions, The report on subzone (31)4s recommended tor estimation of design floed for small end medium catchments varying in areas trom 25 0 1000 sa.kn THIS report may also De used for catchments having areas upto S000. sa-km, judiciously etter comparing the neistiouring cetchnent= naving more or less similar cheracteristics, For catchments of areas less than 25 s0.km., the method giver in the Resort tio, REF - 16 Published by RDSO may be used. The method sdopted and conclusions arrived st. are subject to periodical review and revision in the Light oF Bdequate date being collected! end analysed snc sso. the Bdvencenents in theory and techmiaue. nis report ism Joint effort of Hydrolosy (Resionel Studies) Dee.. Central later Commission of Ministry of Mater Resources, Indis Metecrslosical Department of inistry of Science and Technolesy snd Research Design Starward Organisation, Ministry of Reilways soy trv costo) sara NO. 42 aa 1.2.2 23 2.3.1 2.3.2 23.3 24 i eed 1 24.2 28 28a 2.5.2 conTents, PART-1 INTRODUCTION Need for revision of resort Revised study Hydrological stuay Storm study Procedure to estimate desion flood PART-11 GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF THE svBzONE Location River system General Topographical features Topography and relier soits Lend use Climatological teatures Rainfall feature: Temperature distribution Communications Rellvay sections Road sections PART-II SYNTHETIC UNIT HYDROSRAPH stuIES. Synthetic unit hydrosrash (SUG) Data reauired Gx) PASE NO. 4.6.2 463 466 Date collected Derivation of synthetic unit hydrograph Physdooraphic parameters Unit hydrogranh parameters Establishing retationsnies between shysiosraphic and unit hydroorseh Derivation of 1 hour synthetic unit hydrosrash for an ungoused catchment Desion loss rate Design base flow PaRT-1V RAINFALL STUDIES Introduction Data collected ORG ciate SRRG date Concurrent short duration date dete uses Desth-Duretion-Freauency analysis TeopLuviel macs Short duration ratios Time distribution curves Point to areal rainfall ratios Heaviest rainfall records ons data SRRG date Procedure for design storm raintell estimation («) 2 13 as as a8 15 ae a6 v ” 18 10 19 8.2 saat 5.3 PaRT-V DESIGN FLOOD ESTIMATION Criteria and standards in resend to deaton flood of structures of small and medium catchments Estimation of desien Tlood Tllustrative exenoie Computation of design H.F.L. PaRT -vE a 2 ASSUMPTIONS, LIMITATIONS AND CONCLUSTONS Assumptions Limstetions, conelusione REFERENCES 28 2a 2 | LIST OF ANNEXURES. PLATES AND FIGURES aanexunes { 1a List of hrarometeorolocica! subrones 30 saa LSSt of retiumy Brtoae cat chnent's 32 z iy subtone S(F) and availapinity | ef G20 ond reintell date 3.2 Phystoweohy parameters of selected 33 Satotments 3.3 Ahr RUG perameters of selected % 36 Phystosreshic and unit hydrogranh 3 parancters studied 35, Loss rate ranges of observed 36 flood events i 36 Base flow ranges of observed ” I flood events i a Time sistribut ion co-efticients of sa cumulative hourly raintall Areal reduction factars (%) foréonvetn baer dai api iaiaty T sy bial eda 1 teacorded st 82 ORE stations) be Heaviest 2¢ nes & shorter durations 42 Peintell (recorded at 28 SRRG stations) A a 2 st List of SUG parameters obtained “s from cautions 5.2 Computed flood peaks using TD <1.1"Tp 46 end TDs 1B 3.3 Computation of equivalent slope @ of bridge catchment no. 269 56 Computation of desien flood hycrooraph 48, of bride catchment no. 269 (xit) 1ata) PLATES River syst ‘Topography and relief Soil classification Land use oval Novwal Annual, rainfall Maw Dash sorecimmali- temperature Yap showing rainfall depth for 25-yr 24-hr rainfall Map shoving rainfall depth for 50-yr 24-br rainfall Map showing rainfall depth for 100-yr 24-hr rainfall FIGURES Physiographic paraneters Unitareph parameters os Relation between Lt Le / 8 and tp Relation between tp and ap Relation between ap and W50 Relation between ap and 475 Relation between ap and ¥R50 Relation between ap and R75 Relation between tp and 7B Duration Vs conversion ratio Average ti Of storms distribution curves var tous durations $ Aveo Aceet-to point ;Fainfall ratio (A) for 1,3 and 6 hours (dit) ” 30 3 3 33 s 35 56 57 50 59 a 62 63 64 6s 66 67 6s 69 he deet+to point,raintall ratio (3) for 12 and” 24 houre catchment area plan of Bridge No. 269 Ache. Synthetic unitaraph of Bridge No. 269 Design {ood hydrograph of Bridge Wo. 269 btw) 10 n n B ‘erusoLs AND ABBREVIATIONS: orpows As far as possible vell_ recogni: 1d letter eymbole in the hydrological science: have bean uzed inthis report, "Re hee Re symbole adopted is given vien the unite i 2 a Catchment Area in km ane Areal Reduction Factor. cc. centre of cravity Depths between the river bed profile (irsection| Saeed on the level sof lity and ith Gontours’at the inter'section posts ana ene 4Sben ‘of the base Line (datum) draun’ et the Paine oF Stuay"in'setres: nn eat Effective Rainfall in ems. NIRS) CWC Hydrology (Region Studies) directorate, Central hater commission. Wes’ Baiht T.M.b. India Meteorological Bepartnent ka Kilometres : Length of longest main stream along the river 1 Length of the longest main stream {101 a point c opposite to centraid of the catchnen wah to the gauging site along the main eerean fey kms 1 Length of the ith segment of L=section try kim. N.0.8.T, Ministry of surface Transport (Roads King) « ow) mitimecres Peak Discharge of Unit Hydrograph in cubic metres ber second, fi Flood Digcharge vith return periods of 25-yr, Soyer and 100-yr respectively in cunecs Peak Diacherge of Unit Hydrograph per unit ares in cunecs per eq. ka Point Stor Rainfall Values for 25-yr,24-nour Soeyr_B4sheur and 100-yr Sé-hour return, periods Fespact ively in'cx- Reeacch designe & Standards organisation (hinkstry of faliways) Lucknow, Dquiva Lent stream slope in n/km. synthetic unit Hydrograph Surface Runoff Hydrograph Direct Runoff Hydrograph second square ‘Square Kilosetres, ‘Tige Duration of Rainfall in hours Base Width of Unit Hydrograph in hours xaz Design Store uration in hours Tine fron the start of rise to the peak of Unit fyarogr ape in ours (owt) INTRODUCTION Lower Godavari subzone 3(f) is one of the | 26 hydromet@orological homogeneous subzones into hich the Byunery chas'been divided for. developing” the. regional nethodsiogy for estimating the design flood of small ana reeigm catchments. Annoxure-1.] shows various. subzones into Gnich" the country har been divided. General description of the'subzone is given in Part= Ji of the reports The flood estination report (FER) of Lower Godavari gubzone (Design office Report No. \LG/3/1980) ‘was published $n'iger. ‘the present report is the revicion of the report - The earlier report contained inputs for estineting the aesign” flood of “sb year return periol flood, whereas the present report provides inpues for estinating design flood of §5, 50 and 100 year return period. 1.1 Need for revision of report Hydrometeorological input in 7 FeRs viz.1(g) 2b) 3(b) , 3(c)r 3 Cd), J{f) and 3(h) Were based on SRRG data alone and BSheted or 1) isopruviad maps for 24 hour and/or shorter Girations corresponding to’ 50 year return period 11) Tine Gistribution of storm’ rainfall and ill) Point to areal faingail ratios. However, in the subsequent reports, IMD noditled the nethosology and. prepared the hydronetoorolégical Taput based on conjunctive use of ORG ani SARG data FEPCC in its Sist meeting decided to revise these reports in ar phased, (nanner and inciuge isopluvial, maps of, 24 Hour taincall corresponling to 25, 30, 100 year return periods ii) Short duration ratios to convert 24 hours storm rainfall into fainfall of short duration storm ili) tine distribution of Storm rainfall and iv) point to areal rainfall ratios. It was alse decided by the FEPCC to review and revise the nygrolog deal “seudy, “conta ined in’ tie (reports, utilizing Buditional. rainfall-runotf data collected subsequent to the Preparation of the reports The FER of tower Ganga Plains subzone 1(g)_ has been revised and the revised report (No. L6-i(g) /R-1/22/94) has Been published, as decided by the FEPCC. Present report is a Pevislon of FéR of Lower Godavari subsone 3(£), published in Isst and “includes “hydrometearological study’ as\ per the Revised methodology "and hydrological study” with ‘updated raingall—runort daca 4.2 Revised study Hydrological and storm study contsined in the oarlier report and in the revised report are as under: — 1.2.1 Hydrological stuay The hydrological study carried out earlier vas based on raintall-runorr data of 22 catchments for a period of 5 years luring the period 1959 to 1978. Representative unite hydrographs of 1 hr duration were derived. The equations Felating unit hydrograph parameters and basin parameters were @eveloped for deriving 1-hr synthetic unit hydrograph- Subsequent to the preparation of the earlier report, aaditional data in respect of 2 key gauging stations (875 and 15) for a period of 10 to 12 years from 1979 to 1992 and sites (224,' 161 and 65) for 2 period of 2 - ) years wes made available by RDSO, This data has been utilised “in the present study . Equivalent slope has been considered as one of the physiographic. parameters in the revisea study in” place of Statistical slope. Recommendations regarding the suitable values of loss rate and. base flow have also been revised considering Additiona2 data The pydrological study carried out by oxC to derive relationships between physiographic paraneters and unit hydrograph parameters for obtaining SUG for the ungauged catchnents with the known physiographic paraneters is given in Part-1it Of the report. 1.2.2 storm study ‘The published report contained isopluvial maps of 50 year return period for different durations, tine distribution curves and areal to point rainfall ratios. The revised report includes the hyéroseteorological components i) isopluvial maps of 24-hour rainfall corresponding to 25, 50 and 100 year return periods il) short Guration ratios to convert 24-hour storm rainfall into Eainfall of short duration storm Iii) tine distribution of Storm rainfall and iv) point to areal rainfall ratios. The revised study is based on the rainfall data of 305 orcs maintained by IMD and Seate Govte. and 41 SRRG stations naintainead by IMD- The storm studies carried out by TMD are given in Part-1V of the report. 1.2 provedure to estimate design flood me £1000 estimation report for subzone 3(t) may be used for estimation of design flood of 25 / 50/100 year return period of the structures in ungauged or inadequately gauged Eatchnents in the subzone. Part- V explains procedure for obtaining the design flood of specified return. period Slongvith an illustrative example.the Limitations, Assumptions and conclusions have been expiained in’ Part~ VE of the report. 2 part = or GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF svstoNE 2.1 Location Lower Sodavari subzone extends fron tongitudes 76° to 33° east and Latitudes 17° to 23° north. ‘The subzone is banded by Upper. Narmada’ and Tapi subzone 3(c) on. the. north. and northwest, Upper Godavari subzone 3(e) en the west, Krichna and Pennar subzone 3(h) on the south, Upper” eastern coast, Subzone4(a)_ on the southeast, Mahanadi subzone (a) and Indravat i subzone 3(g) on the east. The region includes the states of maharashtra, Madhya pradesh, Andhra Pradesh and rissa. fagpur, Chandrapur, Wardha,’ Gondia, Nizamabad, Kazipet and Aiiabad are sone, of the important cities and towns located in the subzone 2.2 River systen Plate-1 depicts the river system in the subzone. The subzone is covered by the river Godavari” (in its lower, reaches) and its tributaries. The catchrent. area of the Subzone, is 1,74,201§-km., which ia Sétof the area of main Godavari basin. ‘The subzOne comprises of the sub masing” Of Muneru, Pengana, Wardha, Wainganga and Sabari. The break-up of the area covered by above sub-besins and free drainage area is given belov S.No. Sub-basin Area in eq-kma. muneru 12,954 Pengana 2058 arana 24,087 Wainganga 611093 Sabari 201487 Free Drainage area 31712 Total area 1,74,201, 2.2. General topographical features 2.3.2 Topography and relier Plate-2 depicts the general topography and relief of the subzone. The Lover Godavari subzone nas @ complex. relief. Plains “of medium heights upto 150 m exist near main Godavari river in its Lover reaches. Higher plains between heights Of 350 to. 300 m cover most of the upper reiches. ‘The western part of the subzone and north of Nagpur is the zone of the Tow plateau in the range of 200 to 600s. The southeast and northwest portions of the subzone cover high plateaus in the ranges Of 600 to 900m and there are hills and higher, plateaus ranges fron 900 to 1350 m in the southeastern part of the subzone 2.3.2 soils Plate 3 shows the main soil classification in the subzone. ‘The broad soil groups in the subzone are red Solis and black sols. ‘The red soils are of red sandy, red foany and. red yellow type. Diack soils are of deep black, Rediun black and shallow black type. The black soils are clayey in texture. The texture of the red soils vary considerably from place to place. 2.3.2 Land use Plate 4 gives the land uee map of the subzone. More than 50% of the area is covered by forest. Arable land is of the order of 25%. 2.4 Climatological features (contributed by 11D) 2.4.1 Rainfall featur 2.4.2.1 Annual normat rainfall The igohyetal map of annual normal rainfall over the subzone is prepared (Plate-5) based on data of 291 stations of which 118' stations are inside and 173 stations outside the Subsone, Tt may, be seen from the map that the. annual Yainfali over major portions of the subzone is between 900 mn and 1600 mm. The annual rainfall is the lowest in the Western and southvestern parts of the subzone and increases hortheastwards and. eastwards. The centres of low rainfall Sre around Chandur (803 nm) in district Amraoti ‘of Maharashtra On" the west andi around siddipet in. district Medak of Andhra Pradesh on the southwest. The centres of high rainfall are. around” Tamia (1787' ni). in district Chhingvara Of M.P on the northwest, around Lanji( 1837 mm) in district. Balaghat of ™.P.on the northeast and around Jeypore (2940 mm) in district Koraput of Orissa on the southeast. 2.4.1.2 Monthly rainfall distribution Monthly rainfall distribution at six representative stations of the subzone viz. Lanji, Tamia, Jeypore, Warana, Chandyr’ and Siddipet is iilustrated thtowh bar charts appended to the annual norsal rainfall map. In the bar Charts alphabets along abscissa indicate mimes of months Whereas heights of rectangles are proportional to normal Tainfall of respective months. Figures at the top of each rectangle indicate the month's rainfall as percent of annual rainfall. It can be seen fron the bar charts that the main rainy season comprises of four months from June to September in the Subzone. Total rainfall for monsoon season at Lanji, Tania, Seypore, Wardha, Chandur and Siddipet is respectively 91%, 30%, 86 $, 87%, 86% and 818 of the annual rainfall. Out of these four rainy months , the maximum rainfall is in the nonth of July at all the representative stations, except Seypore. vhere the maxiun rainfall is in the ronth of August. The next rainiest month at these stations is August/July. 4 2.4.2 Temperature distribution 2.4.2.2 Mean daily temperature (annual) Mean daily tesperature distribution over the subzone (plate 6) has been prepared based on data of 27. stations (io'stat ions’ inside the subzone, 17 stations outside the Aibzone) The mean daily temperatures are Worked out as . average of mean navinum and mean minimin temperatures over the year. Tt may be seen from the map that mean daily Eomperatures ara slightly below 238c over southeastern parts Srcubzone in. Koraput district in orissa State. and over porthwestern parts adjoining pachmarhi in¥.P.. The highest Roan daily temperatures are slightly above 28°c over Farimnagar district of Andhra Pradesh. Major parte of the subzone experience mean daily temperatures between 25° and pave 2.4.2.2 Monthiy temperature variation at selected stations Monthly variations of maximum, minimux and mean daily temperatures for six representative stations viz~, Chhindwara, Nagpur, Buldnana, — Nizanabad, Ramagundan and Koraput. are shown’ graphically in piate-6, below the map of nean’ daily” tenperatures. It may be seen from the diagram that the ‘highest maxinur temperatures are observed in, the month Of Mayvat all the six stations vie., Nagpur (42.8° €), Ramagundan (42.8%), , Nizamabad (4i.5%2)y Ghhindwara (09-4¢c) ,pBuldhana (38.2%) and Koraput (34.1). Mean daily temperatires. are also the highest in the month of May at all the six. etationg vis-, Nagpur (35.660), Ranaguindam (26-390) » Nizamabad (34;6%C) chhindwara (32.86) ,Buldnana (32.3%) and Koraput (28.45c),. Minimum tenperatures are observed in’ the nonth of December at al] the six stations vjz.,. chhindwara (9.8%), Koraput (11.3%), Nagpur (12.106), “tizamabad (23508c) , ramagundan (15.0%) and Buldhana (15-16e). 2.5 Communications : 2.9.1 Railway sections ‘The South Central, South Fastern and Central railway serve the ai Following Railway sections traverse through the subzone s.tle. Section cauge Railway 1, BRS ai-Nagpur Broad Gauge South-Eastern 2. Nagpur- Basdnera . centrat 3. Nagpur- ania , central 4. Waraha- Batharsha ” south-central 5, Balharsha- Kazipet . South-central Mukhed-Adilabad Meter-qauge South-Central 5 7. Nainpur—chindvara- Narrow-gauge South-Eastern Parasia 8. Chindware-Nagpur i South-Eastern 9. Nagpur-Gondiia~ South-Fastern Chandrapur 2.5.2 Road sections The subzone is traversed by a dense network of State road ways.National. Highway No.7 connecting Hyderabad and Nagpur Passes through the subzone. PART-IIT SYWTHETIC UNIT HYDROGRAPH sTuDIES 3.1 synthetic unit nydrograph (SUG) Hydroneteorological approach has been adopted for developing a regional metnoa for estinating design fised for small and medium catchments in various hydrometeorologica lly. homogeneous” subzones. In this approach, the, design’ storm after. converting it into eftective rainfall (input) is applied to the unit nydroaraph (transfer function) te obtain adesign flood (basin response). It is possible to. develop unit” hydrograph if site specific concurrent rainfall ‘runofe deta is available ‘for 3-4 years. Collection of adequate concurrent rainfall runoff data for every site, is novever neither practicable nor economically feasible. In such a tuation, ‘the regional method for developing Synthetic unit hydregraph (SUG) is resorted to. The SUC in the present study is a unit nydrograph of unit duration for a catchment developed from relations. established between physiographic and unit hydrograph parameters of the representative gauged catchments in. hy@rometeorielgical ly honegenous region (subzone). Data collected and analysed fOr obtaining subzonal suG equations are discussed in sisceed ing paragraphs 3.2 Data requirea For conducting the unit hydregragh studies for development of equations for derivation of SUG. following concurrent rainfall” and” runoff data. for a. nisber OF catchments of small and medium size, representatively located in @ subzone are required for a period of s to @ years during the monsoon season: i) Hourly gauge data at the gauging site (bridge site) Ai) | Gauge and discharge data observed 2 to 3 tines a day at the gauging site. iii) Hourly rainfall data of raingauge stations in the catchment. " Raingauge stations maybe selfrecording and Jor manually operated. Following catchnent details are also required. iv) Catchment area plans showing the river network, location of raingauge stations and gauge and. discharge sites, contours, roadway and railway netvork natural “and man made storages, habitations, forests, agricultural and irrigated areas, soils etc. v)_ Cross-sections of the river at bridge site (gauging site), upstrean and downstream of the bridge site: vi) Longitudinal section of the river upstrea and downstrrean of the bridge site. 3.3 Data collectea southeastern, central ani Southcentral railways had observed and collected data for a period of 5 years at 27 fellvay| bridge catchments during 1959-78. The data of 148 bridge, years. were available for hydrological studies contained in the earlier report. Additional data for 22 bridge years for 5 bridge sites shown below were ‘collected by DSO. subsequent to the preparation of the report and furnished to cvC No. site Additional Bridge data years anaes 1979 on 2 65 1979 on autiiivea! 1976-790 4 8758 3982-92-11 Sonn 54) 3982-96 05 + Key gauging stations and rainfall and Gischarge observations are continued . Annexure 3.1 shows the name of the stream, railyay bridge Nove railway section, catchment area, no.of rein gauge Stations andl period of availability of rainfall-runoff “data Sear beiage Catchments, This ales includes additional data SE 5 catchwents, collected subsequent to the preparation of the report. It. can be seen from the Annewure 3.2 that the Satchnent area of gauge sites lie between 4gtto 824 sq. kn. 3:4 Derivation of synthetic unit hydrograph procedure to obtain physiographic parameters and unit hydrogeaph paraneters of the catchments and establishing relaelonshipS betveen these paraneters to derive SUG is Geceribed in the following paragraphs. 3.4.1 Physiograpnic paraneters the physiographic paraneters considered in the present study are catchment erea (A), length of main stream (1) fengeh “of the main stream frOm a point neat the centre of gravity of catchment to the bridge site (Lc) and equivalent Syope (8). ‘These are indicated in Figure -1 and explained in the following paras. 2e4s4ed Catehment areata) The gauging site is located on a toposheet and the watershed” boundary is marked. The area enclosed in this Boundary” upto the gauging #ite may be referred to as the catchment area. (A) 3.4.1.2 Teength of the main stream (1) this. implies the longest length of the nain river from the farthest watershed boundary of the catchment area to the gauging site. 2.4.4.2 Length of the main stream from a point near the centre of gravity of catchment te the bridge site (Lc) For finding the centre of gravity of the catchment, usually the boundary of the catchnent is cut on a card board, which is then hung in three different directions in vertical planes and the plumb lines are drawn fron the point of hanging. The point’ of intersection gives, the. centre of gravity of the catchnent. ‘The stream may or may not pase through the centre of gravity but the nearest point to the centre. Of gravity is considered to find the length of the Rain river fron the centre of gravity to the point of study! (ie) 3.4.1.4 Equivalent stream slope (s) one _of the physiographic parameters is slope. the slope nay be. equivalent or statistical . Inthe present stuay equivalent strean slope has been used for deve Loping the SUG ql Felationa in place of statistical slope, use in. the previous, study, the statistical slope was considéres. equivalent slope Gan be computed by the following methods. (a) Graphical aethoa Longitudinal section (L~section) of the nain stream was prepared from the values of the contours across the stream or fhe spot levels near the banks with respect. to their distances fron the point of interest on the section such that the areas of the [section (profile) above and below the line “are equal, This line is called equivalent strean slope line. fl () amaryt deal method L-section is broadly divided into 1 to 4 segnents represent ing the broad ranges of the slopes of the segments and the following formula is used to calculste the equivalent Slope (S) = 54 Oat a usa s = 2 (ca) Wnare Li = Length of the ith segment in kx > D = Elevations of river bed at ith Sean intersection points af contours reckoned from the ted elevation at points of interest considered as datum and D(i-l) an Di are the heights of successive bed location at contour and intersections, 9 L Length of the longest stream as physiographic parancters A, L, Le and S$ obtained for 22 catchrente, found shitable for analysis are shonin Annexure so 3.4.2 Unit hydrograph parancters 3.4.2.4 Serutiny of data and finalisation of gauge~ discharge rating curve out of the 27 gauged catchments, data of 22 catchnents (132"bridge years)” vere “found. siitable for the unit Ayarograpph sttdy contained in the earlier repart. The additional date of 5 catchments, vit. 975,15, 65, ye and. 924 for the period of 22 bridge Years vas avaliable for fevising the unit hydrograph study. These catchments are Snongst. 22 catchments, considered in the earlier Study.” The Baaigional data of these catchments were scrutinized and jauge and discharge rating cusve(s) were dravn on log-lo Seale, “tne” hourly discharges, for “the “duration of the Selected floods were obtained ffom the rating carves. 3.4.2.2 Selection of floods and corresponding storm events In eevious study, 200 flood events in 22_catchnents were "round ‘ghitable for US study. 33 Liood events shown. in Table 9: were found suitable from the edit ional data Collected, ror Bridge Nlo. 375, 15, 224 and tslon the basic Of guidelines given below which wefe also folloved in earlier Stuay. 4) ‘Phe flood should not have unduly stagnant water Levels ii) (The selected flood should result trea significant rain€all excess not less than 1 cms. No 100d was found suitable in the additional data collected for Bridge Wo, 65. able 3.1 (Selected flood events fron 4 catchnants ) No. From data. From otal Utlliged additional earlier data a 2 3 4 5 a etiite 72 ret 2a 32 aiiitaas 12 03 a5 STtiae 3 07 aso ess 5 02 7 3.4.2.3 Computation of hourly catchment rainfall as there is no change im raingauge network in the 4 catchnents, the hourly rainfai1 values for these Catchnents for different. flood. events. were obtained using station Weights computed in the earlier study. 16 3.4.2.4 Computation of the hourly direct runoff depth The selected flood events, of 4 bridge catchments were plotted on the normal graph paper. The base flow was Separated through the normal procedure to obtain direct Surface runoff hydrographs and the hourly direct runoff depth over the catchrent was computed for each flood event. 3.4.2.5 Conputation of infiltration less (f-index) an i-hour Sffoctive rainfall unite With the known values of 1-hour catchnent rainfall and the direct runoff depth for each flood event, the infiltration loss (constant lose. rate)” by triais was estimated for selected flood events of # Bridge catchments viz. 875,15,224 and 161. 2.6 Derivation of i-hour unitgraph 1-hour _unitgraphe were derived for each catchnent for the selected flood events from rainfall excess hyetograph corresponding direct runoff hydrographs. 3.4.2.7 Drawing of representative unitgraphe and measuring their parameters ‘The representative unitgraphs (RUG) of 4 catchnents were derived utilising Uss for flood events selected from earlier @ata and UGs obtained for flood events from the additional Gata as given in col. 3 & 4 of Table 3.1 respectively. Integrated RUGs of 4 sites have been tested on observed floods. "RUGS of renaining 18 sites developed earlier were utilised as such without any modifications. Following parameters of RUGS of 22 catchments (shown in Fig.- 2) are furnished in Annexure 3.3 a) Tine from the centre of unit rainfa}2 duration to the peak of unit hydrograph in hours (tp) « b Peak discharge of unit hydrosraph_in cubic meters per second (0p). This is the product of peak Aischarge per sq km (qp) and catchment area (A). ¢) Base width of unit hydrograph in hours (78). 8) Wiath of unit hydrograph measured at discharge Ordinate equal to 50% of Qp in hours (W50). e) Width of the UG measured in hours at discharge Ordinate equal to 75% of Op (N75). 9) Width of the rising side of UG measured in hours at Gischarge ordinates equal to S0t of Op (WR50). bh) Width of the rising side of UG measured in hours at discharge ordinate equal to 75% of gp (WR75) i) Time from the start of rise to the peak or the unit hydrograph (Tm). This is the summation of tp and os tre 3.4.2 Establishing relationships between physiographic and unit hydrograpn parameters Linear and non-linear equations were _triba for establishing “the relationship between UG parameters and physiographic parameters of the catchments nd non-linear equation as described below was found to be the best rit. P Cee elt lec aera ateai a aul where y''"S — pependent variable X = Independent variable & Constant P= Exponent Various relationships attempted are shorn im Annexure gg The relationship between computed parmeter L* Le. / s&$ ana uc paraneter tp was found to be significant. Unit peak discharge ofthe U.G.(qp) was related to tp. UG Parameters W50, W75, HR50, "WR75 were related to Gp . The UG parameter TB could be significantly correlated to tp: ‘he relationships derived are given in Table 3.2. Table 3.2 ( derived relations) Si.No, Relationship Equation wo. 0.455 tp 0.368 (LaLc/S) 3.4.3.2 0.808 2. ap = 1.842 (tp) 344.3.3 -1.005 9° 3 w50 2.353 (ap) 3.a.3d 4 Ww nase apr OM 3.4.3.5 -1.087 5. WREO 0.938 (ap) 3.4.3.6 1.004 6. WR75 0.579 (ap) 3.4.3.7 0.098 a 4.589 (tp) 364.3.8 8 Tm te + tr/2 2.4.3.9 10, gp = ap ta 364.3.10 Relations developed are shown in Figures } to 9. List of catchnent, and unit hydrograph parancters studied to establish Felationships and co-efficients of correlations is given in Annexure-3-4 12 ‘The above relationships are recommended to estinte the paraneters of i-hour” synthetic unitgreph for an ungauged Eatchment with known physiographic character isties fy be Te and Ss 3.4.4 Derivation of 1-hour synthetic unit hydrograpli for an ungauged catchment Considering the hydro-meteorological homogeneity of : subzone the relations established between physrograptic and unitgraph parameters in section 3.4.) are. applicable for derivation of 1- hour synthetic unitgraph for, an ungauged catchment in the subrone. ‘The steps for derivation of 1-hour unitgraph are: i) Physiographic parameters of the ungauged catchment viz A, L, Le and § are determined fron the catchment area pian. it) obtain tp, gp , w50, W75, ¥RS0, “WR75 and’ TB substituting appropriate basin‘ / unit. hydrograph parameters given in equation 3.4.3.2 to 3.4.3.10 441) Plot the parameters of i-hour unitgraph viz t™, TB, Op, _W50, W75, R50 and WRI5 ona graph paper as shown ih iliustrative ‘Figure 2 and sketch the unitgraph through these points. Sum of discharge ordinates of tr-hr Unitgraph is obtained and compared with the value found by using the following equation’ <@io = 278A « < te Where Q = discharge ordinates at I-hour interval i (cunees) i A = Catchment duration in,sg.kn. tr = Unit duration in hours : Suitable modifications can be made in falling linb upto W50 points, anda snosth Unitgraph be draun 3.5 Design loss rate Direct surface runoff is the end product of storm rainfall after infiitration into surface ssi}, sussurtece and'ground” besides abstractions lite’ evaporation, evapotranspiration, soil moistre and filling up's *curtacs depressions. Tt is difficult, rather ingossibie | to record these. Various parancters at various representative locations Inthe ‘catennent except by the analysis ef obecrves “store rainfall. and” flood events. conversion of gress storm Fainfail Unite into effect ive rainfall units for application to unitgrapn is normally done by subtraction of constant: Lose Fate (-index) for the carchment, even though the loss rates inthe catchments, “8 complex phenomena, vary due to ‘soll n conditions, soil cover and topography alongwith temporal and spatial variations of storm rainfall. The loss rate (em/hr) values conputed for 233 flood events for 22 Bridge catchments including 3 flood events selected from additional data of s Bridge catchments are tabulated in Annexure 3.5. Loss rate is recomended as 0.2 Em/hour ag Loss rate value of 125 flood events lie. in the range of 0.1 to 0.4 cn/hour. The designer can modify this value as per local conditions. 3.6 Design pase flow Base flow values for 182 flood events tabulated in different ranges are shown in fnnexure 3.6. Out of 182 flood events,119\ “flood. events fall under the range of 0.01-0- Cunecs/sq Km. Base Tiow rate Of 0.05 cumecs/2q..km.. May be adopted for estimating base flow for a catchmant. The designer may however any other suitable value as per site conditions. PART- Iv RAINFALL STUDIES 4.1 Introduction 4.1.1 The India Meteorological pepartment (11) has conducted detailed rainfall studies forthe subzsre,, The study” Covers Depth-Duration-Frequency anilysis of available : daily/Short duration rainfall data in and around the subzones The besign Storm components have been derived in the form of (2) 25, "50 and) lov-year 24-hour isopluvial maps, (11) 24 hours ‘to short duration (1 to 23 hours) rainfall ratios, (ii) ‘Tine “distribution curves for storms of various durations (2 to 24 hours) ana (iv) Point'te areal. reinfall ratios for specific durations (1, 3, 6, 22 and. 24 hours) - The methodology applied for analysis of each component, and the procedure for design storm estimation is discussed in the subsequent paras. 4,4,2 The results of the study serve as basic init for design flood estimation for small and mediun catchments 4.2 Data collectea Te following rainfaii data for a large muber of stations in and” around the zone for as long a period ae. Fl possible have been collected for the purpose of this stuly 4.2.2 ordinary raingauge (oRG) data (daily rainfall) of 305 stations, 16 maintained by IND and 242 maintained by the State Governnents, in 36 districts ~ 10 intedhya Pradesh, 12 in Manarasntra, “42 "in andhra Pradesh mi? in’ Orissa —~ covering the Subzone with 30 districts partiy/fully ouside the subzone. Of these, 178, 64 | end 2. stations have respectively 51-70 years’, 31-80 years’ and 11-0 years” record. This was necessary’ in order to covr the ares where. the raingauge network is sparse. 4.2.2 Self recording raingauge (sams) _data {hourly rainfall) | of 41 stations maintained by IM in 24 districts ~ 7 10 in Madhya Pradesh, 9 in Maharashtra and 6 in Andhra Pradesh. Of these 21,.12, 2 ands stations Maye respectively 14-20 years’ (370 station years), 8-13 yerrs) (195 station y years), 5-7 years’. (11 station years and 2-4 years’ (17 Station years) data. of these #1 station, 1 1ie’inside the subzone; 12 of them having data for 8 years or more 4.2.3 Concurrent short duration (hourly /halt-howr1y) rainfall data, “conforming to the requirement of 3. sationg and @ years in “a bridge catchment, ‘of 6 stations in 13 bridge “catchnents in the Subzone, specially maintained by RDSO for varying periods during 1960-1992, 4.3 Data usea ORG data mentioned in para 4.2.1 above available from Imp’s National Data Centre Mave been extensively utilise for Preparation of 25, 50 and 100-year isopluvial maps SRRG data have been Collected from 41 stations (523 as station years) of wnich 15 fall inside and the renaining 26 ife outesde the subzone within about half a degre of ite. boundary. The data availeble being vast, appropriate subsets of the data have been utilised for working out different ‘components. ‘me bridge catchment data mentioned in para 4.2.3 procured from RDSO specifically for deriving point to areal Paingall ratios Were not used because of fairly dense: network CE IMD's SRRG data was available which provides a. better Scientific method for this purpose than the Aso data as was explained in Flood Estimation Report for subzone - 1(g),- 4.4 peptn-puration-Frequency analysis 4.4.2 reopluvial maps For each of the 305 ORG stations in and around the subeone 8 series of annual maxinun one-day rainfall was Generated, ‘The 305 station series thus formed vere subjected fo trequency analysis using Gunbel’s extreme value Gistripueion for computing one day rainfall estimtes for 25, 50 and 100-year return periods. These daily rainfall estimates (305%3) were converted into any 24-hour rainfall estinates by using the conversion factor of Lis. For each Feturn period, the 24-nour estimates for 205 stations were plotted ona base “map and isopluvials. were drawn. “The [sopluvial” maps of 25, 50 and 100-year 24-how rainfall are shown in Plates 7, 8 and 9 respectively, which can be Used to Gerive 24-hour rainfall estimates for specific return periods be any degired location in the subzone. 2 short duration ratios For each of the 12 SRRE atations inside the _subzone having, at “least years’ record, the hourly reinfall asta Mixa "Soubjected to frequency analysis uaing partial “duration Series “for computing year tchour teinfal) eelimtten fer Te Bes," 10, 25 and 50 years and © = 1, 3, 6, 5, 12, 25, 18 and 24 hours.’ “these ‘estinates (12x8x5). weve ‘converted into Paclos“uith respect to the corresponding. 2é-hair watinaces Kverege “ratioe (8x5) for the subzone ao°a witle (mean of 12 Stations “ratios). were then computes for each i-yeae thor pales re" was noticed that for a specified ution ty the BYerage ration beyond ‘T-5 years were comparable in magnitudes RS *nuds the Sverage ration (3) corresponding to 0-year _tchour rainfall have been reconnended to bo adopted unifornly for converting 24-hour rainfall into t-hour rainfall. The 8 conversion ratios for 6 9, 12, 15, 18, and 24 hours given below vere ona graph’and’a smooth curve wae arin ae Ghown” in fat. Fig. 10 which can bbe used to derive’ conversion for any guration t in general, including the intermediate duration (see table alongside graph) 16 Conversion ratio ao-year thour rainfall Rainfall Duration (t) fn hours eaiiichour Painted a 0.320 3 02520 6 02650 5 02730 2 92790 15 07850 we 0910 2 1.000 Any 25, 30. or 100-year 24-hour point rainfall in the subzone as toad fron jsopluvial maps in Plates 7, @ and9 can be converted into. corresponding 25, 50 or 100"year. t-hour fainfall by multiplying with t-hour ratio as read fron the curve in Figure 10. 4.4.3, Time distribution curves Based on hourly rainfall data of all the 15 SRRG stations inside the subsone a total of 2705 rainstorme of duratione ranging fron. 2 to 24 hours were analysed and grouped Stationwige into the following 5 categories : 1) rainstorms of 2 to J-hour duration (518 of all stations) 2) relnoturms of 4 to S-hour duration (722) 3) rainstors of 7 to 12-hour-duration (834), 4) rainstoras of 13 to 18-hour duration (343) 5) rainstorms of 19 to 24-hour duration (288) For each station , 5 different graphs corresponding to each group of rainstorns were prepared by. plotting the Cumulative percentage of the total storn rainfall against percentage of the storm duration and” the average time Gistribut ion curves (15x5) were dravn. Average time @istriput ion curves (5) for the subzone asa whole vere then Sravn by plotting 15 station curves on the same gragh and these are shown in Figure 11, which can be used to derive the tine distribution coefficiénts of storn rainfall in the Subzone for rainstoras of any duration (see Annexure 4.1). 4.4.4 Point to areal raintal2 ratios In the present study, the availability of a fairly dense SRRG. network in the subzone and its surrounding area made it possible to adopt the best scientific procedure for deriving a7 point to axeal relationship based on SRRG data alone in Preference: to bridge data. ‘The hourly rainfall records of 22 Bare stations (5 inside the subzone and 17 outside) were Scanned for. short durations t =1, 3, 6, 12 and 24 hours to Belect t-houx representative storms based on consideration of haximun. central value and concurrent surrounding data Indicating, AN appreciable gradient. Ischytal. maps of 5 representative storms described hereunder vere then prepared Using concursent rainfall values of stations corresponding to the date and tine of cach representative stora. Representative storm puration “Station Rainfa Date Elke COReUEFERE (hour) (on) occurrence data (wo (clock hour} stations) 1. Harrai 59.8 25.7.79(18-13) 4 a Daryapur 31.0 2018177 15-18) 3 ‘ Akola 40.5 2:9.81(15-21) 6 2. Chikalda 80.2 3120.79 (3-45) é 2a. Yeotmal 202/0 45.8 181(20-20) 7 by planimetucing each isohyetal map around the storm centze and plotting the percentage ratios of areal rainfall Gopths to. representative point rainfall against the areas, the best. €it curves. (5) were drawn as shovn in graphe at Figure 12(a) and 12(b), which can be used to” derive the percentage areal reduction factors for. converting point. Painfall” of any duration in the subzone into corresponding areal rainfall. for any particular small catchment. in’ the Subzone (Annexure 4.2). 4.5 Neaviest rainfall recoras 4.5.2 oRG data the highest ever recorded one-day station rainfall (24 hours’ rainfall ending 0830 hrs of date) along with date of decurrence in each of the 36 districts covering subzone~ 3(f) have. been compiled fron the ORG data and) presented in Annexurs, 4-3. , However, in case of districts with. stations Fecordi ig > 35 om. all such stations nave been included. 4.5.2. BRRG data The heaviest stora rainfall in durations of 24, 12, 6, 3 and 1 hour alongwith date and tine of occurrence in each of the 24 "aistricts covering all the 41 SRRG stations have been Compiled’ fron the available autographic records ana are presented in Annexure 4.¢. 4.6 Procedure for design storm rainfall estination For _a_ specified design storm duration 1) hour (tine of concentration) for a particular bridge catchment. in. the Subzone, the design storm rainfall and its. tenporal distribution in the catchment can be conputed by adopting the following procedure ¢ Step-1_: Locate bridge catchnent under study on the 50-year, 24-hour isopluvial map in Plate 6 and obtain the 50-year 24-hour point rainfall value in om. ‘Por a catchment covering more than one isopluvial, compute the average point rainfall. Step-2__:_ Read the conversion ratio for storm duration TD “trom Fig-10 and auitiply the 50-year 24-hour point rainfall in’ Step-i to obtain 50-year T-hour point rainfall. step-3 : Read the areal reduction factor corresponding to storm duration TD and the given area of catchnent from Fig.12(a)/12(b) of Annexure 4.2 and multiply the 50-year D-hour point rainfall in Step-2 by this tactor to “obtain the 50-year TDhour areal rainfall over the catchment. Step-4 1 Read the tine distribution co-efficients for 1,2,.....(1D=1) “hours corresponding to storm. duration 15 ‘from’ relevant graph in Fig.11 or Annexure 4.1 and multiply the 50-year 1D-hour areal rainfall in. Step-2 by these co-efficients to obtain the cimllative depths of 1,2--.-(7D-1) hour catchment rainfall. Step-5 : Obtain the depths of storn rainfall occurring every hour in the bridge catchment by subtraction of the succescive cumulative depths of 1/2r..+(2D-1) and 1 hours in Step=4 a9 Paat-v DESIGN FLObD ESTIMATION 5.1 criteria and standards in regard to design flood of Structures of small and medium catchnents The Khosla conmittoe of Engineers nad recommended a design f100d of s0year return period for fixing the water: vay of the bridges. The conmittes had alco recommended to, @esign the foundation and. protection vork for’ larger: @ischarge by increasing the design flood for waterways by 30% for small catchments up £0500 sq. km.,.25 to 20% for medium catchments upto 500 to 5000 aq km., 20 t0 108 for large Gatchments upto 5000 to 25000 sq. km. and lees than 108 for very large Catchments above 25000 sq.” ki criteria and standards followed for design flood _tor bridges, cross drainage structures and snall dams are given below: a) Indian Railway Standard Bridges substructures and foundation Code revised in 1985 stipulates that all bridges: shall be Gesigned with adequate. watervay for design ischarg: ‘This shall normally be the computed flood with Probable recurrence interval Of "50 years. However, at discretion Of chief Engineer/Chief Bridge Engineer, if a briage ic Tikely co have severe consequences, it my. be designed for floods with a probable recurrence interval of hore than 50 years, while bridges on lese inportant lines or Siaings may be decigned for floada with a probable recurrence Enterval of lese than 50 years. b)_ Indian Road Congress - IRC 5-1985, clause 103 of Section I "General Features of Design" spécifiee that the water way of a bridge is to be designed fora maximum flood Safety, the foundation and protection works should be designed for larger discharge.' ‘The recommended percentage: {nerease over the design discharge specified in clause 103 is Sane as suggested by the committee of Engineers. ©) Indian Standard code of "Practice for design of croas drainage works-I8: 7784 Part I 1975" recommends” that the water way for cross drainage works should be designed for. a 25 yr return period flood. To provide adequate margin. of Aesigned for larger discharges. The percentage increase over the design Gischarge recommended in the code is sane as, Suggested by the conmittee of Engineers. 4)_ central water conmission’s criteria of 1968 specifies that the diversion dans and weirs should be designed for Eloods of frequency of 50-100 yrs. fe) Indian Standards Guidelines for “fixing spillway capacity, of dams under clauses 3.1.2 and 3.103 of TSy 11223-1985" reconnends 100 yr return period flood ae inflow design flood for small dana having either gross stoxage of the dan between 0.5 and 1onn Or hydraulic head Between 7.5m+ and 12. 20 5.2 Retimation of design f100a To obtain design flood of required return period the effective rainfall for design storm duration is to be applied to the unit ‘hydrograph of a catchment. Procedure’ for computing design flood peak and design flood hydrogrash for T year return period by Suc approach is as under? @) Computation of design flood peak Step-1 synthetic unit hydrograph Der ive the synthetic Unit hydrograph as per section 3.4. and fabulate 1 hour U.G. ordinates. Step-2 design storm duration The duration of storm, vhich causes maximum flov in a river, at @ specified location is called "Design Storm Duration". the suc or 22 catchnents fave been derived using the parancters computed from recommended equations “giventn Table-3-4. Annemire 5.1 shows the computed paraneters’s The excess “rainfall increments for different. storm durations TOsl.18tp and TD= TB have been obtained for 25,50 and 100 year” return period and applied on sus derived to obtain the flood peaks "of 25,50 and 100° year return. period. The computed flood peaks are shown in Annexure 5.2. itis seen fron the Annexure 5.2 that maxinun flood peak has been obtained using the storm duration a2 1.1.» tp fer nearly all the catchments. xt | is therefore, recommended to adopt the value of TD as aa + Ep. The design engineer may adopt the value cf TD. as alls por any other value which gives the maximum value of discharge. Step-? design storm rainfall i) Adopt suitable design storm duration (td) as explained in Step 2. ii) Obtain design storm rainfall and hourly areal rainfall unite vide section 4.6, 444) Adopt design loss rate as recommended in section 3.5 iv) Obtain hourly effective rainfall increnents by subtracting the @esign loss rate. Step-¢ Design flood peak 4) Arrange 1 hour effective areal rainfall valves against the 1) hour 0.G. ordinates such that the maxinun value of effective rainfall against the maximin ordinate of U.c., the next lower U.G. ordinate and so on upto T hovr duration. ii) Obtain the base flow for the catchment ares under study vide section 3.6 iii). Total surface runoff is aa obtained by Summing the product of unit hydrograph ordinates Qe tabulated in step 3 (iv). iv) obtain flood peak by adding base flow to total surface runoff as per step 4 (iti) b) Design flood hyarograpn For computation of design flood hydrograph, carry out the steps from’ 3 to 3 and in addition, carry out the following steps. Step-5 Reverse the sequence of effective rainfall unite obtained in’ Step 4(1) toget the critical sequence of the Gfeective rainfall units. Step-s multiply the first 1 hr effective rainfall with the ordinates of U.G. to get the corresponding direct runoff Stainates, Likewise, repeat the procedure with the rest of fhe hourly effective rainfall values giving slag of 1 hr to Etecessive dixect runoff ordinat step-7 Ada the direct runoff ordinates at 1 hour interval to get total direct runoff hydrograph. step-8 Add the base flow in Step 4(il) to the direct runoff ordinates at 1 hour interval in Step 7 to get the 50 year floed hydrograph 5.2.4 tlustrative example an example, taking bridge number 269 as unqauged catchnent’ has been worked out for illustrating the procedure fo compute 30 year design flood. ‘The catchrent plan is enclosed at Fig. A-i. ‘he particulars of the catchment under study are as follow: i) Name of subzone Lover Godavari ii) Nane of Tributary wirur iii) Name of Rail section Xazipet - Ballarshah iv) Shape of catchment teat vy Location Lat 19-39" Long 79+ 26 vi) ‘Topography Moderate slope Procedure is explained stepwise. step-1 Physiographic paraneters. physiographic parameters obtained are given below 1) Area (A) (refer Fig. Av1.1) 242 sq km 2) Length of the longest stream (1) 27.70 km 22 3) Length of the longest stream froma point 11.2 km ‘opposite to c.c. of catchment to point of study (Lc) 4) Equivalent etream elope (5) 3.87 af km i (refer Annexure, 5-3) Step-2 1 hr synthetic unitgraph synthetic unitgraph paraneters as given below were Computed using equations in para 3.4.3- ap = 0.67 cun/ka, W50 = 3.50 hr W75 = 2.00 hr R50" 1.42 hr . WR75= 0.86 hr T! = 14, 06 hr Qp = 162.81 cunecs Retimated paranetere of unitgraph instep 2 vere plotted ona graph paper as shown in fig. A-2." the plottes ‘poines: were Joined to draw synthetic unitgraph. "The discharge ordinates (i) of the unitgraph at tisl hr interval were: summed up and nultiplied by ti (=1) and compared vith the volume Of 1.00 ca direct runoff depth. over the. catchnent, computed fron the runoff depth over the catchment, computed fron the formlag=Aaxd /ei x 0.36 Where A = ca ment area in sq. kn. 4 = 1.0 on depth : tho ean. ata 2az ea 3 ~ -=672 m fe 0.36*ti 0.36 #1 Note: (In case, . year flood. Similar is the case for 25- year Sind and 100-year flood. A generalised conclusion regarding the base flow and loss rate are assumed to hold good ‘during the design flood event. 6.2 Limitations The method would be applicable for reasonably free catchments with interception, if any, Limited to 20% of the total catchment. "For calculating the discharge the total area of the catchment has to be considered. The generalised values of base flow and loss rate have been assiimed to Nold good for the whole subzone. The designer may adopt other suitable values of base flov and lose Tate as por site conditions The data of 22 catchnents nave been considered tor developing @ generalised approach. However, for nore feliable results, the data of more catchments uniformly Gistributed would be desirable. 3 conclusions ‘The methodology for estimating the design flood of 50- yr return. period incorporated” in the body of. the report is Eeconmented for adoption, which aleo holds good for. 25-yr flood and 100-yr flood. ‘The report also recommends the adoption of design flood of 25 year. and 100 year return periods taking into account he type and relative importance of the structures. ‘The report is applicable for the catchment areas ranging fron. 25 "sg- kn.to 1000 9d-kn.the report can also be used for large ‘catchments upto $000 eq kn based on souhd Sudgnent and Sonsidering, the data” of neighbouring catchments. aleo. However, individual site conditions may necesstiate special Study. Bngineer-in-charge at site is advised to take a pragnat ¢ view while deciding the design discharge of & Briage. 20 REFERENCES 2. Report of the Khosla conmittee of Engineers (October, 1959) Government of India, Ministry of Railways. 2. Report of Irrigation Commission (1972). 3, Terigation atlas of India (Revised 1989). 4, IRC : 5 = 1985 ~ standard epecifications and code of practice for Road’ Bridges, Section ~ 1, General Features of Design 6th Revision) 1985, Indian Rosas, Congress. 5. IRC: SP: 13 ~ 1973 ~ Guidelines for the Design of Small “Bridges and culverts. IRS: 1985: Indian Railway Standard aridge substructures "and foundation code. 6. Code of Practice by Indian Railways (Revised 1985). | Estimation of Design Flood “Reconnenged Procedures" (Septenber, 1972), central Water Commission, New Delhi. land Book of Hydrology", Ven Te chow. 9. open Channel Hydraulics", Ven Te Chow. 10. Guide tm Hydrological Practices (Third Edition) World Meteorological Organisation No. 168, 1374. 11. "Engineering Hydrology" Wilson E.M. 29 ae am WGootquated weriiecy tone (oes go- Seed nowt ‘and besin thee toni inme'e tthe Pree oe hagtathan ne Rate) petwe neste 4 otner betes Setiwesriee ong asin sed sight sone owpe gange Plaine towne samme ees Ser eter north araneeputrs tela north ameapetce mnt tneseding tbe Mahl and BeteePatenteeret Beet and Batten fiver. mer RT aisisn one fyi seeghel "Fa wer Ser eee we ioe wera Ginna rence racthatr teat ae fl ae Sor ERITH ttn SE BREE oat geiearae gett ERP, Sa ‘smo = 0 eras = 3.1 Laptop tartan autos cancnems aap AvATARILETY OF DOE & OSHA AG IRL th ufos Hane Hae of Section mere Utley ging tte lation cate Be, Be ot Be belie is lecatet iter eat pila yeare ees ith alsa seit He ometede atte rai lity feetion fie Me, define Bez. Min. ean) ga aw Asa nro oo om UO ND ‘ 3 maton aro me Bo Fees 1 vom EREUaiCI. MH ATS HTT 4 Wat nlnoLnuieat 65 a oo 8 om 7 5 5 ter mo ED t gm crux eM BST IMS SETL EBS > niger arensra mo ES 7 Pa iene aon TEM BRS 1 Sit Nea EBT 1 aero mB oP om me eT 5 Graeme 3 Rm se 1 mst w BoM 8 Bit see 7 5 camo % hoo Mase 5 4 stn soon ete ‘ 15 Toa wns SL SEE 1 16 AM mL a Boo Wo see " 1) Arne oun} 8 dow B® Bk ‘ rnp » noo 4 BL unas Fn ee ‘ Boom oT Rom 1 Aste ® om & on 8 a eae 5 tri, ot mo HO ‘ ane WIR, ueM-ceOME noon BM FISK ‘ uO aKR, am on Mm om Bom 2 Ke 1 fo Ro ete ‘ X swuner MB RO Be een a * ur BoM Mw ono tie i suzone - 312) ANNEXURE - 3.2 PHYSIOGRAPHY PARAMETERS OF SELECTED CATCHMENTS SL. No. BRIDGE AREA L Le 5 No. 8q.kn. Kn. Ka. M/Km. 1 807 24 61.08 22.54 1.28 2 875 750 6008 29:00 1.77 3 224 750 61.00 23:80 1.19 4 65, BL 57:36 23:35 6.99 5 228 483 41:80 17:70 3.68 6 a5 459, 33:10 40128 7 lea 363 35.20 12:90 0.67 a 504/973 341 45.95 20.40 laa 9 269 242 27-70 11:20 3.87 10 ge1 233, 24:10 101101153 ql 969 208 25:00 6.80 2.96 12 57 163, 29:00 15:30 1.23, 43 36 B39 23.00 deat 345 14 566/912 137 i960 5.01 15, 494/798 130 16.90 2255 16 51 a7 23.74 aaa 7 59 65 18:00 2 3230 18 20 60 16:98 aa 19 161 34 15:05 7 3194 20 4 50 12:20 aaa 21 491 2 14:70 i 3140 22 214 33 1alo0 : 9203 cy ‘wrens ~ 3.3 SuBaNe ~ 34) 1- WR RUG PRIWETEES OF SRECTED CATURENIS Ste, MIDS We. RUSRARRSRSSaReessseRs eheaegesssegassangagse SSSSRRESsadasadiesiess 2PReRs eR see RAZeNsRsEA Bagggegesegeescassreg SRERESRSSeSeseesedeon RRSERISASBRARSASESARR Stogeegadddecdddddennd 3 SUBZONE 3(f) ANNEXURE - 3.4 PHYSTOGRAPHTC AND UNIT HYDROGRAPH PARAMETERS STUDIED 81. No. 10 a a2 14 a. 16 ane 1s aos 20 as 22 Note: No 2 0 a eo n 1a 2 a n ae 2 1 1 2 2a ao 0 @0 ao ao a0 ao 1. Equation is of the form of Y= A * x Reconmended relations 2 of samples marked az" x x 0.5 Liters 40 ao 0 Lis ao a0 40 o.5 us ao ao a0 tw tp @ cy w tw a w @ tp 35 w tp @ os ao @ 40 to ao we a0 co w50 ao ws a0 wRso wRso we7s wR75, ™ for derivation a 0.401 3.578 0.348 4.028 1.452 1.326 1.345 1.430 1.377 1.382 2.207 2.045 Leeaa 1.206 2.353 o.n0 1.351 0.449 0.936 0.293 0.979 4.509 B 0.426 -0.331 0.454 -0.332 0.419 0.450 -0.335 0.049 0.016 oan -0.454 -0.406 0.804 0.856 1,005 0.832 -0.992 0.922 -1.007 0.064 1.008 of sus on 0.76 0.93 0.83 0.68 0.89 on 0.76 on 0.87 0.66 0.67 0.90 0.90 0.99 0.88 0.94 0.86 0-95 0.85 0.93 0-98 9 sana) amaneas 2 ue eas (vn of ME ro or ae Me Io He In He ow aw HN ea a) Te pew wu os FL ata 1 ma “ sa = "et a ws ‘aes ra anmerune 41 a 2a aa mon To Beal seis tela ieieiwiniaie iets telat isle ia iz iain ee 1 teolelalelelslel«l el al ol sl al al alal st al ale 21 tolaleTal sl ol ele! ols! xf efel al»! wl xl ol at ffl Talelelals!slalol «a «l «lel st ttt (ol otalalslalslals' sl «lol eal aelee | Tetulal slat elolelo el ols! « «Ti Tt Telelel slat stale! ol elel@ >t tT elolelalsly »| «le ett alelele al | sla] el wt I (iw Tale t otto el eel al ol es ai tT (Tiel ot Tle l fe ol lal wi tT ee eee eee vi ttf rit (Pe ee al | ry [1 Tels Tol st lal 2 | I TI Tt Tue] ol ntl lal uw | Tt ! Ti Jessie [22] 2 aw I | ima Ty | | | Ld | » | i a lealese] I = I Cr | a ti | jt J J al iii tT I al | uy { I «IT I Ti Ti NODE REDUCTION ACTORS (2) FR INERTDG FONT ADL TO AU RAE ASE AEEIETLON HERES (9) FER GWENT FORT LL nO ME, ANE, aaa = cy (ea IS a a ee ee 299 Moe luo 19 2f0 180 190 100 300 199 300 190 0 380 190 190 100 100 ge 100 iGO aw a0 co 100 HsS0 6.25 6.00 89. 90.69 1.00 91.54 92.08 92.62 B17 9.7 94.35 9.50 $8.75 95.00 95.25 95.50 98.7 $6.00 96.25 96.50 96.78 97.00 97.28 09 150 41.00 £2.75 64.50 05.67 86.83 88.00 8,67 89.21 90.09 $0.67 9.33 92.00 $2.30 92.67 $3.00 93.38 99.67 94.00 96.3 94.67 95.20 98.33 98.67 96.02 180 3076.25 90.00 1.75 62. 4.42 85.75 86.20 87.25 98.00 £8.75 09.50 90.2 90.62 51.00 91.37 91.75 92.2 92.50 92.67 9.25 91.42 94,00 96.37 94.78 ako 250° 16.00 77.08 18.75 Moh 42.42 95.75 8.54 05.9 96.2 06.92 07.71 88.30 8.94 9,30 89.01 90.25 90.89 9.22 91.56 92.00 92.04 22-87 92.3 38078 aka 300 74.50 16.25 7.00 79.42 0.83 $2.25 83.08 83.69 4.62 05.42 36.21 87.00 $7.48 87.96 88.44 88.92 89.40 89.87 90.25 80.49 61.31 91.79 92.27 92.78 300 sso 76:50 78.0) 79.80 81.0 81.79 62,53 09.37 96.17 04.95 85.75 86.28 86.75 67.25 87.75 88.25 86.95 89,26 69.75 9.28 90.78 91.25 91.75 350 «© 75.00 96.67 78.33 $0.00 80,75 91.59 02.25 09.09 82.75 84.30 85.08 85.55 96.12 96.67 87.21 87.75 88.29 68.49 89.37 89.92 90.08 91.00 ean «9 72.50 5.28 17.27 78.00 79,75 60.50 61.28 02.00-82.75 83.50 84.05 54.62 85.19 95.75 86.31 86.87 87.44 88.60 9.56 69.12 59.69 30.25 ata 0 72.50 14.59 76.80 78.30 79.17 79.09 00.60 OL.37 81.83 82.59 3.08 89.67 86.25 94.93 85.42 86.00 86.80 67.17 87.75 88.23 58.92 36.50 Sen oon 92.00 1.60 82.21 82.8 85.42 84.02 84.62 85.29 £5.69 84.44 87.04 87.65 96.25 500 70 79.50 90.12 80.75 61.37 82.00 $2.62 83.25 83.07 84.50 65.12 88.78 96,37 87.00 00 veo 177.00 77.67 78.33 79.00 79.67 80.53 81.00 61.67 82.39 83,00 83.67 84.19 85.09 900 200 76.00 76.69 77.37 70.06 18.75 79.44 80.12 80.61 61.50 62.19 82.67 8.96 26.25 1000 00 78.00 5.71 16.42 7.32 17.83 78.54 79.25 79.96 GE.67 1.27 8.08 42.79 62.59 1100 1460 ae 100 100 0.80 sto a 70.00 2000 suBZONF 3.) ANWERURE 4.3, statistics of heaviest daily rainfall & annual normal rainfall (Recorded at 5% ORG stations) state/ station Hewiest Rainfall uate of — Amwal normal 335 an

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