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Scientific Writing
Writing High Impact Papers
Module 2
Module 2
Abstract
General
Introduction
Methodology
Specific
Results
Discussion
Conclusions
General
References
Adapted from: Hill et al., Teaching ESL students to read and write
experimental papers, TESOL Quarterly, 16: 333, 1982:
Prof. Dr. Valtencir Zucolotto
zuco@ifsc.usp.br
www.zucoescrita.com
Abstract
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Contextualization
Gap
Purpose
Methodology
Results
Conclusions
“International trade law under WTO is a mature field of international economic law
(IEL). In contrast, international monetary and financial law is still emerging as a
discipline within IEL. With the exception of the International Monetary Fund (IMF),
international monetary and financial law is still characterized by the predominance
of soft law, soft obligations, and an informal institutional structure. Financial markets
have become much more international in recent decades, while their regulation,
supervision and—if necessary—resolution remain constrained by the domain of
domestic jurisdictions. The global financial crisis has taught us several lessons. One
of them is that banking crises often lead to sovereign debt crises because of the
vicious link between bank debt and sovereign debt (the so-called ‘doom loop’, the
catalyst for the adoption of banking union in the EU). Another lesson is that financial
institutions retrench to national frontiers when things turn sour (they live globally, but
die nationally). This state of affairs has to change if financial institutions and
markets can remain credibly global. It is urgent and important to devise adequate
international structures and international norms to govern financial markets and to
control systemic risk in finance. The debate about the need for a World Financial
Organization ought to be understood in this context.”
“Policy makers are increasingly turning to regulation to reduce hidden or non salient
fees. Yet the overall consumer benefits from these policies are uncertain because
firms may increase other prices to offset lost fee revenue. We show that the extent
to which firms offset reduced hidden-fee revenue is determined by a simple
equation that combines two sufficient statistics, which can be estimated or
calibrated in a wide range of settings: a parameter that captures the degree of
market competitiveness and a parameter that captures the salience of the hidden
fee. We provide corroborating evidence for this approach by drawing upon evidence
on the effect of fee regulation under the 2009 Credit Card Accountability
Responsibility and Disclosure Act. We also illustrate the applicability of our
approach by using the framework to assess a hypothetical regulation of airline
baggage fees.”
“It is widely accepted that environmental change can influence human migration. In particular,
the environment plays a role in migration processes in drylands, in which environmental
change including increasing variability of rainfall, increasing frequency of droughts, chronic
water shortage, and land degradation-can heavily influence migration. However, systematic
large-scale studies of the relationship between environmental factors and human migration are
rare, and a global, consistent picture of environmental drivers of migration is lacking. In this
study, we sought to fill this gap by analysing spatial patterns of environmental drivers of
migration in drylands by performing a cluster analysis on spatially explicit global data. In this
analysis, we focused explicitly on precipitation, aridity, drought, land degradation, soil
constraints, and availability of cropland and pastures as potential environmental drivers of
migration in drylands. In addition, we linked the identified clusters to two observed hotspots of
out-migration-Burkina Faso and Northeast Brazil to gauge the cluster results. Our results show
that environmental drivers can be grouped into eight distinct clusters, and we identified the
most severe environmental constraints for each cluster. These results suggest that out-
migration-both in absolute and relative terms-occurs most frequently in a cluster that is
constrained primarily by land degradation rather than water availability.”
“Multi-disciplinary studies of consumption have proliferated in the last two decades. Heavily influenced
by notions of the consumer' and tenets of the cultural turn', explanations have relied preponderantly
upon models of voluntary action contextualised by webs of cultural meanings which constitute symbolic
resources for individual choice. Arguably, the cultural turn has run its course and is beginning to unwind,
a consequence of internal inconsistencies, misplaced emphases and the cycle of generational
succession in theory development in the social sciences. Theories of practice provide a competing
alternative approach which contests the colonisation of consumption by models of individual choice and
cultural expressivism. To that end, this article explores the use of theories of practice as a lens to
magnify aspects of common social processes which generate observable patterns of consumption. It is
suggested that theories of practice might provide a general analytic framework for understanding
consumption, one whose particular emphases capture important and relevant aspects overlooked by
previously dominant approaches to consumption as culture. This article reviews reasons for the
emergence of theories of practice and isolates some of their distinctive emphases. Strengths and
weaknesses of the theory of practice as an approach to consumption are discussed.”
“Songs that convey sorrowful emotions enjoy widespread popularity. The expressions and effects of
negative emotions vary considerably across cultures and musical forms. This study explores the
physiological responses to five popular heartbreak songs, focusing on the relationships between the
temporal dynamics of emotion and the verse-chorus form. Listeners' skin conductance and finger
temperature were used to infer levels of arousal and relaxation, and the analysis of these time-series
data was guided by a priori knowledge of the musical form. We found that two particular time periods in
these songs, the passage preceding the chorus and the entrance of the chorus, evoked significant skin
conductance responses. Given that the chorus is usually the most favorite element of a popular song,
these two responses may reflect the elevated arousal associated with the feelings of wanting and liking,
respectively. Moreover, the average finger temperature exhibited a U-shaped curve across each song.
The significant decreases of finger temperature within the first part of songs revealed an accumulation
of negative emotions in listeners, whereas the significant increases of finger temperature within the
second part may reflect a release, resolution, or regulation of negative emotions. Our findings shed new
light on the rewarding nature of the chorus and the cathartic effects associated with the verse-chorus
form of heartbreak songs.”
“The way a song sounds depends on, among other things, what instruments are audible to the listener.
We document the systematic relationship between instrumentation, or the particular combination of
instruments audible in a hit song, and its relative market appeal vis-a-vis its place on the charts. This is
accomplished using mixed analytical methods under ecologically valid conditions. The data come from
Billboard's Hot 100 weekly popularity rankings from the past 55 years. We compare number 1 singles
with songs that never climbed above number 90. First, using Qualitative Comparative Analysis (QCA),
we identify two configurations of core instruments that result in a song being more popular such that
these configurations are present far more consistently among the set of number 1 hit songs. We also
identify three configurations of core instruments that result in a song being less popular such that these
configurations are present far more consistently among songs that stagnate at the bottom of the charts.
What stands out is popular (less popular) configurations always include (exclude) background vocals.
Further, our qualitative results reveal number 1 songs tend to include a greater number of instruments.
Second, we utilize logit regression to document how the absolute number of distinct instrument types
perceptible in a song affects the chances it will be a number 1 hit as opposed to stay at or below
number 90. Our results suggest songs that do not follow conventional instrumentation and instead
include an atypically low or high number of instruments are more likely to stand out, becoming number 1
hits. Looking across time, a greater number of instruments increased the chances of being a number1
song during mid-1970s, the 1980s and the 1990s, while fewer instruments increased the chances during
the 1960s and in the late 2000s.”
“SINGING REQUIRES EFFORTLESS AND EFFICIENT USE of auditory and motor systems that
center around the perception and production of the human voice. Although perception and
production are usually tightly coupled functions, occasional mismatches between the two
systems inform us of dissociable pathways in the brain systems that enable singing. Here I
review the literature on perception and production in the auditory modality, and propose a dual-
stream neuroanatomical model that subserves singing. I will discuss studies surrounding the
neural functions of feedforward, feedback, and efference systems that control vocal monitoring,
as well as the white matter pathways that connect frontal and temporal regions that are involved
in perception and production. I will also consider disruptions of the perception-production
network that are evident in tone-deaf individuals and poor pitch singers. Finally, by comparing
expert singers against other musicians and nonmusicians, I will evaluate the possibility that
singing training might offer rehabilitation from these disruptions through neuroplasticity of the
perception-production network. Taken together, the best available evidence supports a model of
dorsal and ventral pathways in auditory-motor integration that enables singing and is shared with
language, music, speech, and human interactions in the auditory environment.”
“The term biochar refers to materials with diverse chemical, physical and physicochemical
characteristics that have potential as a soil amendment. The purpose of this study was to
investigate the P sorption/desorption properties of various slow biochars and one fast
pyrolysis biochar and to determine how a fast pyrolysis biochar influences these properties
in a degraded tropical soil. The fast pyrolysis biochar was a mixture of three separate
biochars: sawdust, elephant grass and sugar cane leaves. Three other biochars were
made by slow pyrolysis from three Amazonian tree species (Lacre, Inga and Embauba) at
three temperatures of formation (400 °C, 500 °C, 600 °C). Inorganic P was added to
develop sorption curves and then desorbed to develop desorption curves for all biochar
situations. For the slow pyrolysis, the 600 ºC biochar had a reduced capacity to sorb P (4–
10 times less) relative to those biochars formed at 400 °C and 500 °C. Conversely, biochar
from Inga desorbed the most P. The fast pyrolysis biochar, when mixed with degraded
tropical mineral soil, decreased the soil’s P sorption capacity by 55% presumably because
of the high soluble, inorganic P prevalent in this biochar (909 mg P/kg of biochar).
Phosphorus desorption from the fast pyrolysis biochar/soil mixture not only exhibited a
common desorption curve but also buffered the soil solution at a value of ca. 0.2 mg/L.
This study shows the diversity in P chemistry that can be expected when biochar is a soil
amendment and suggests the potential to develop biochars with properties to meet specific
objectives.”
Hill et al., Teaching ESL students to read and write experimental papers, TESOL Quarterly, 16: 333, 1982:
Aluísio, S.M. (1995). Ferramentas para Auxiliar a Escrita de Artigos Científicos em Inglês como Língua Estrangeira. Tese
de Doutorado, IFSC-USP, 228 p.
Borges et al., International Journal of Information Technology & Decision Making, 9, 2010, 547.
Valtencir Zucolotto
zuco@ifsc.usp.br
www.zucoescrita.com
www.nanomedicina.com.br
www.twitter.com/Nanomedicina
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