Fluid Mechanics Hydraulic Machines

Fluid
Mechanics & Hydraulic Machines

Solutions for Volume – I _ Classroom Practice Questions
Common data Q. 04 & 05

Chapter- 1
Properties of Fluids 04. Ans: (c)
Sol: D1 = 100 mm, D2 = 106 mm
01. Ans: (c) D 2  D1
Radial clearance, h 
Sol: For Newtonian fluid whose velocity profile 2
is linear, the shear stress is constant. This 106  100
  3 mm
behavior is shown in option (c). 2
L=2m
02. Ans: 100  = 0.2 pa.s
V 0.2  1.5 N = 240 rpm
Sol:    3
= 100 N/m2
h 3  10
2N 2  240
 =
60 60
03. Ans: 1
 = 8
Sol:
r 0.2  8  50  10 3
 
h 3  10 3
WSin30
= 83.77 N/m2
30o
05. Ans: (b)
W
22 Lr 3
Sol: Power, P 
F   A h
W sin 30 
AV 2  82  0.2  2  0.053

h 3  10 3
100 1  0.1  V = 66 Watt

2 2  10 3
V = 1 m/s
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:2: CIVIL - Postal Coaching Solutions
06. Ans: (c)  Non-Newtonian fluid  Shear stress

Sol: does not vary linearly with the rate of

30 strain.
 Bingham plastic  Fluid behaves like a
18
Slope = constant solid until a minimum yield stress
6 beyond which it exhibits a linear
1
relationship between shear stress and
the rate of strain.
0 1 3 5 du/dy
 Newtonian fluid 09. Ans: (b)

Sol: V = 0.01 m3
07. Ans: (a)  = 0.75  10–9 m2/N
du dP = 2107 N/m2
Sol: 
dy
1 1 4
K    109
u = 3 sin(5y)  0.75  10 9
3
du
 3 cos5y   5 = 15cos(5y) K
 dP
dy dV / V
du  2  10 7  10 2  3
 y0.05   dV  = –1.510–4
dy y 0.05 4  10 9
= 0.5  15 cos5  0.05

10. Ans: 320 Pa

= 0.5  15  cos  8 8  0.04
4 Sol: P  
D 1  10 3
1
 0.5  15  32  102
2 
10 3
= 7.53.140.707  16.6 N/m2
P = 320 N/m2
08. Ans: (d)

Sol:
 Ideal fluid  Shear stress is zero.
 Newtonian fluid  Shear stress varies
linearly with the rate of strain.

:3: Fluid Mechanics & Hydraulic Machines
 The manometer shown in Fig. 3 is for

Chapter- 2 measuring pressure in liquids or gases.
Pressure Measurement & Fluid Statics  The manometer shown in Fig. 4 is an open
ended manometer for positive pressure
measurement.
01. Ans: (a)
Sol: 1 millibar = 10-3105 = 100 N/m2 05. Ans: 2.2
One mm of Hg = 13.61039.81110-3 Sol: hp in terms of oil
2
= 133.416 N/m so ho = smhm
2 6 2
1 N/mm = 110 N/m
0.85h0 = 13.60.1
1 kgf/cm2 = 9.81104 N/m2
h0 = 1.6m
hp = 0.6+1.6
02. Ans: (b)
Sol:  hp = 2.2m of oil
(or) Pp – oil  0.6 – Hg  0.1 = Patm
Local atm.pressure
710 mm
Pp  Patm   Hg 
(350 mm of vaccum)    0.1  0.6 
 oil   oil 
360 mm
13.6
Absolute pressure   0.1  0.6 = 2.2 m of oil
0.85
Gauge pressure of P in terms of m of oil
03. Ans: (c) = 2.2 m of oil
Sol: Pressure does not depend upon the volume
of liquid in the tank. Since both tanks have 06. Ans: (b)
the same height, the pressure PA and PB are sw s w h w2
Sol: h M  h w1  h N   h0
same. s0 s0
9 18
04. Ans: (b) hM  hN   3
0.83 0.83
Sol:
h M  h N  13.843 cm of oil
 The manometer shown in Fig.1 is an open
ended manometer for negative pressure
measurement.
 The manometer shown in Fig. 2 is for
measuring pressure in liquids only.
07. Ans: 2.125 FV = x

Sol:
 FV = Gv
I
hP  h  1m   22
Ah  1000  10 
4
D 4  4
 2 FV = 10 kN
64  D 2  2  
 x = 10
22  4
 2  2.125m
64  2
11. Ans: (d)
08. Ans: 10 Sol: Fnet = FH1 – FH2
Sol: F  ghA D D 2
FH1     D 1 
2 2
 9810  1.625 

4

1.2 2  0.8 2  D D D 2
FH 2     1 
F = 10 kN 4 2 8
1  3D 2
2 1
= D    =
09. Ans: 1  2 8 8
Sol:
12. Ans: 2
Sol: Let P be the absolute pressure of fluid f3 at
2x
mid-height level of the tank. Starting from
2x the open limb of the manometer (where
x pressure = Patm) we write:
Fbottom = g  2x  2x  x  h
Patm +   1.2 – 2   0.2 – 0.5    0.6   = P
FV = gx  2x  2x  2
FB or P – Patm = Pgauge
1
FV h
= (1.2 - 20.2 – 0.5 0.6 – 0.5  )
2
For Pgauge to be zero, we have,
10. Ans: 10
Sol: (1.2 – 0.4 – 0.3 – 0.25 h) = 0
0.5
or h 2
2m 0.25

4 r 3 6
 
Chapter- 3 3  2 2 3  
  r 
Buoyancy and Metacentric Height  3 3 

03. Ans: 4.76

01. Ans: (d)
Sol: FB = FB,Hg + FB,W
Sol:
WB = FB

2m x water
d
1.25m (10–x) Hg
4m
FB = weight of body bgVb= HggHg+wgw
bgVb = fgVfd bVb = HgHg+ww
640421.25 = 1025(41.25d) SVb = SHgHg+Sww
d = 1.248m 7.6103 = 13.6102(10–x)+102x
Vfd = 1.24841.25 –6000 = –1260x
Vfd = 6.24m3 x = 4.76 cm
02. Ans: (c) 04. Ans: 11

2
Sol: Surface area of cube = 6a Sol: 
2 FB
Surface area of sphere = 4r
1.6m
4r2 = 6a2
2
2  a 
  T
3 r
Fb,s  Vs FB = W + T
4 3 W = FB – T
r
3 4 r 3 = fgVfd – T
 3 
a 3  2  3
r



4
= 10 3  9.81  0.8  10  10 3
3
3
 
 3 
= 21 – 10
W = 11 kN
05. Ans: 1.375 07. Ans: (b)

Sol: Wwater = 5N Sol: W = FB
Woil = 7N bgVb = fgVfd
S = 0.85 bVb = fVfd
W – Weight in air  
0.6  d 2  2d  1  d 2  x
4 4
FB1 = W – 5
x = 1.2d
FB2 = W – 7
GM = BM – BG
W – 5 = 1gVfd…..(1)
I d 4 d
W – 7 = 2gVfd…..(2) BM    = 0.052d
V  2 19.2
64  d  1.2d
Vfd = Vb 4
W  5  1gVb BG = d – 0.6d = 0.4d
W  7   2 gVb Thus, GM = 0.052d – 0.4d = –0.348 d
2  1   2 gVb GM < 0
 Hence, the cylinder is in unstable condition.
2
Vb 
1000  8509.81
08. Ans: 122.475
Vb = 1.359110-3m3
Sol: V=0.1m/s
-3
W = 5+(98101.359110 )
F
W = 18.33N
W = b g Vb
18.33 Fs Fs
 b
9.81  1.3591  10 3
b = 1375.05 kg/m3
Sb = 1.375
W
06. Ans: (d)

The thickness of the oil layer is same on
Sol: For a floating body to be stable, metacentre
either side of plate
should be above its center of gravity.
y = thickness of oil layer
Mathematically GM > 0.
23.5  1.5
  11mm
2

Shear stress on one side of the plate Common Data for Questions 02 & 03
dU 02. Ans: 0.94

dy V
Sol: aLocal =
Fs = total shear force (considering both sides t
of the plate)    x 
2

= 2 t 1   
2AV t   2L  
 2A    
y
2
2  1.5  1.5  2.5  0.1  x 
 = 1   2
11 10 3  2L 
2
= 102.2727 N  0.5 
(aLocal)at x = 0.5, L = 0.8 = 2 1  
Weight of plate, W = 50 N  2  0.8 
Upward force on submerged plate, = 2(1  0.3125)2
Fv = gV = 900  9.81  1.5 1.5  10–3 = 0.945 m/sec2
= 29.7978 N
03. Ans: –13.68
Total force required to lift the plate
Sol: a convective  v. v  2t 1  x    2t1  x  
2 2
= Fs + W – FV
x   2L   x   2L  
= 102.2727 + 50 – 29.7978
= 122.4749 N   x    
2
x  1 
 2t 1    2t 21    
  2L     2L  2L 
Chapter- 4 At t = 3 sec; x = 0.5 m; L = 0.8 m
Fluid Kinematics 2
 0.5   0.5  1 
a convective 2 31   2 321  
 2 0.8   2  0.8  2 0.8
01. Ans: (b)
aconvective = – 14.62 m/sec2
Sol:
atotal = alocal + aconvective = 0.94 – 14.62
 Constant flow rate signifies that the flow is
= –13.68 m/sec2
steady.
 For conically tapered pipe, the fluid velocity
at different sections will be different. This 04. Ans: (d)
corresponds to non-uniform flow. Sol: u = 6xy – 2x2
Continuity equation for 2D flow
u v
 0
x y
u 07. Ans: 0.3

 6y  4x
x Sol: Q = Au
6 y  4x   v  0 aLocal =
u  Q
=  
y t t  A 
v 1 Q
 4x  6 y   0 a local 
y A t
v = (4x–6y) dy  1  Q
aLocal =  
v =  4xdy   6 ydy  0.4  0.1x  t
1 Q
= 4xy –3y2 + c (aLocal)at x = 0 =  0.12 ( = 0.12)
0.4 t
= 4xy  3y2 + f(x)
= 0.3 m/sec2
05. Ans: 2 = 1.414
V 1 08. Ans: (b)
Sol:  m / sec/ m 
x 3 V= 3 m/sec Sol:  = x2 y2
at
aTotal = (ax) î +(ay) ĵ
 
  x 2  y 2  = 2y
R=9 m
u= 
y y
V2   2
ar=
R v= 
x x

x  y 2 = 2x 
u u
ax = u v
V 2 3 9
2 x y
ar =   = 1 m/s2
R 9 9 = (2y)(0) + (2x)(2)
V 1 ax = 4x
at = V  3  = 1 m/s2
x 3 v v
ay = u v
a = a r 2  a t 2  12  12 = 2 m/sec2 x y
= (2y)( 2) + (2x)(0)
06. Ans: 13.75 ay = 4y
Sol: a t (conv)  Vavg 

dV a = (4x) î + (4y) ĵ
dx
 2.5  3  3  2.5 
a t ( conv ) =   = 2.75  5 09. Ans: (b)
 2  0.1 
Sol: Given, The stream function for a potential
at (conv) = 13.75 m/s2
flow field is  = x2 – y2
=?  u v  
 xy        3x  

Cy 
u
 

  y x   y x 
x y =  (0 + 0) = 0
  x  y 2 2

u 
y y
u = 2y Chapter- 5
Energy Equation and its Applications

u=   2y
x
     2 yx 01. Ans: (c)

Sol: Applying Bernoulli’s equation for ideal
 = –2 xy + c1
fluid
Given,  is zero at (0,0)
P1 V2 P V2
 c1 = 0  Z1  1  2  Z 2  2
g 2g g 2g
  = –2xy
P1 (2) 2 P (1) 2
 = 2 
g 2g g 2g
10. Ans: 4
Sol: Given, 2D – flow field P2 P1 4 1
  
g g 2g 2g
Velocity, V = 3xi + 4xyj
u = 3x, v = 4xy P2  P1 3 1.5
 
g 2g g
1  dv du 
z    
2  dx dy 
02. Ans: (c)
1
z  4 y  0 Sol:
2 ① ①
S1
Z at 2,2   1  42 = 4 rad/sec 2m
2
S2②
②
11. Ans: 0
Sol: Given, u = 3x, V12 P1
 1.27 m ,  2.5m
v = Cy, 2g g
w=2 V22 P2
 0.203m ,  5.407m
The shear stress, xy is given by 2g g
Z1 = 2 m , Z2 = 0 m
Total head at (1) – (1)
: 10 : CIVIL - Postal Coaching Solutions
V12 P1 P1
=   Z1  121.53
2g  g  air .g
= 1.27 + 2.5 + 2 = 5.77 m P1  121.53   air  g
Total head at (2) – (2) = 1.51 kPa
2
V P
= 2
 2  Z2
2g  g 04. Ans: 395
= 0.203 + 5.407 + 0 = 5.61 m Sol: Q = 100 litre/sec = 0.1 m3/sec
Loss of head = 5.77 – 5.61 = 0.16 m V1 = 100 m/sec; P1 = 3  105 N/m2
 Energy at (1) – (1) > Energy at (2) – (2) V2 = 50 m/sec; P2 = 1  105 N/m2
 Flow takes from higher energy to lower Power (P) = ?
energy Bernoulli’s equation
i.e. from (S1) to (S2) P1 V12 P V2
  Z1  2  2  Z 2  h L
Flow takes place from top to bottom. g 2g g 2g
5 2 5 2
3  10 100 1  10 50
03. Ans: 1.5  0   0  hL
1000  10 2  10 1000  10 2  10
 2 
d1  0.1  7.85  10 3 mm2  hL = 395 m
2
Sol: A1 =
4 4
P = gQ.hL
 
A 2  d 22  0.05  1.96  10 3 mm2
2
P = 1000  10  0.10  395
4 4
P = 395 kW
P1 V12 P V2
  Z1  2  2  Z 2  h L
g 2g g 2g
05. Ans: 35
Z1 = Z2, it is in horizontal position Sol:
Since, at outlet, pressure is atmospheric fluid, S = 0.85
P2 = 0 d1
3 d2 B
Q = 100 lit/sec = 0.1 m /sec A
Q 0.1
V1    12.73 m / sec Pressure difference
A1 7.85  10 3 Between A & B = 4 kPa
Q 0.1
V2    51.02 m / sec
A 2 1.96  10 3 d1 = 300 mm, d2 = 120 mm
P1gauge

12.73
2
0
51.02 
2
Q Th 
A1 A 2
2gh
 air  g 2  10 2  10 A12  A 22

: 11 : Fluid Mechanics & Hydraulic Machines
A1A 2  P   13600 
 2g   h D  30  10 3   1
A12  A 22  w   1.23 
hD = 331.67 m
 
A1 = d12  0.30  0.07 m 2
2
4 4 V  1 2  10  331.67 = 81.5 m/sec

 2 
d 2  0.12  0.011m 2
2
A2 
4 4 08. Ans: 140
P = 4 kPa, A1 A 2
Sol: Q a  C d 2gh
P P A12  A 22
h 
w  f .g 1
Cd 
P 4  103 h
 
s f  w g 0.85  1000  9.81 C d venturi 0.95 h orifice
 
0.07  0.011 2  9.81 4  10 3 C d orifice 0.65 h venturi
Q Th 
0.07 2  0.0112 0.85  1000  9.81 hventuri = 140 mm
= 0.035 m3/sec = 35.15 ltr/sec
Chapter- 6
Momentum equation and its Applications
06. Ans: 65
Sol: hstag = 0.30 m
hstat = 0.24 m 01. Ans: 1600
V = c 2gh dyna Sol: S = 0.80
A = 0.02 m2
V  1 2g h stag  h stat 
V = 10 m/sec
 29.810.30  0.24 = 1.085 m/s F = .A.V2
= 1.085  60 = 65.1 m/min F = 0.80  1000  0.02  102
F = 1600 N
07. Ans: 81.5
02. Ans: 6000
Sol: x = 30 mm, g = 10 m/s2
3 3 Sol: A = 0.015 m2
air = 1.23 kg/m ; Hg = 13600 kg/m
V = 15 m/sec (Jet velocity)
C=1
U = 5 m/sec (Plate velocity)
V  2gh D
F = A (V + U)2
S  F = 1000  0.015 (15 + 5)2
h D  x m  1
 S  F = 6000 N
03. Ans: 19.6 Vu u

 1
Sol: V = 100 m/sec (Jet velocity) V V
U = 50 m/sec (Plate velocity) 5

1  = 0.75
20
d = 0.1 m
F = A (V – U)2
06. Ans: 2035

F  1000   0.12  100  50 Sol: Given,  = 30, m
 = 14 kg/s
2
4
(Pi)g = 200 kPa,
F = 19.6 kN (Pe)g = 0
Ai = 11310–4 m2 ,
04. Ans: (a)
Ae = 710–4 m2
Sol:
V  = 103 kg/m3,
g = 10 m/s2
From the continuity equation :
V Ai Vi = 14
14
Fx = aV( V1x – V2x) or Vi   1.24 m / s
10  113  10 4
3
= aV( V – (–V))
14
= 2 a V2 Similarly, Ve   20 m / s
10  7  10 4
3
= 2 1000  10–4  52 = 5 N Let Fx be the force exerted by elbow on

water in the +ve x-direction. Applying the
05. Ans: (d) linear momentum equation to the C.V.
Sol: Given, V = 20 m/s, enclosing the elbow, we write :
u = 5 m/s Pi g Ai  Fx  m Ve cos 30o  Vi 
2
F1 = A(V  u)
2
 Ve cos 30o  Vi   Pi g A i
Fx  m
Power (P1) = F1 u = A(V  u) u
F2 = .A.V  Vr = 14 (20cos30 – 1.24) – 20010311310–4
= .A(V).(Vu) = 225.13 – 2260

= – 2034.87 N  – 2035 N
Power (P2) = F2 u = AV(Vu)u
The x-component of water force on elbow is
P1 AV  u 2  u
 –Fx (as per Newton’s third law),
P2 AV(V  u )  u
i.e.,  2035 N

2
(e)   40  1.5
Q=   
4  1000  2
y 
 0.04   0.75
(Pe)g = 0 2
x =
4
30
 4 4 3 3
=    = m3/sec
4 100 100 4 10000
F(x)on water
(i)
04. Ans: 1.92
Sol:  = 1000 kg/m3
Chapter- 7 Q = 800 mm3/sec = 800  (10–3)3 m3/sec
Laminar Flow L=2m
D = 0.5 mm
01. Ans: (d) P = 2 MPa = 2  106Pa
Sol: In a pipe, the flow changes from laminar
=?
flow to transition flow at Re = 2000. Let V 128.QL
P =
be the average velocity of flow. Then D 4
2000 
V  8  102
 V  1m / s 2  10 6 
128    800  10 3  2 
3
0.4  10 4 
 0.5  10 3 
4
In laminar flow through a pipe,  = 1.917 milli Pa – sec

Vmax = 2  V = 2 m/s
05. Ans: 0.75
02. Ans: (d)   r 2 
Sol: Ur = Umax 1    
 P  r   R 
Sol: The equation       is valid for  
 x  2 
 U r 
2
laminar as well as turbulent flow through a   
1   
circular tube.  U max  R  
  50  2 
= 1 1   
03. Ans: (d)   200  
 
Sol: Q = A.Vavg
 1 3
V = 1 1   = = 0.75 m/s
Q = A. max ( Vmax = 2 Vavg)  4 4
2

06. Ans: 0.08 D 

4
h f1  D  h f 2   1 
4
Sol: Given, 1
 2 
 = 0.8  1000 = 800 kg/m3 h f 2  16 h f1
–1
 = 1 Poise = 10 N-s/m
 Head loss, increase by 16 times if diameter
d = 50 mm = 0.05 m
halved.
Velocity = 2 m/s
VD
Reynold’s Number, Re  08. Ans: 5.2

Sol: Oil viscosity,  = 10 poise = 100.1
800  2  0.05
  800 = 1 N-s/m2
10 1
y = 50  10–3m
( Re < 2000)
L = 120 cm = 1.20 m
 Flow is laminar,
P = 3  103Pa
For laminar, Darcy friction factor
64 Width of plate = 0.2 m
64
f   0.08 Q=?
Re 800
Q = A.Vavg = (width of platey)V
07. Ans: 16 12VL
P 
Sol: For fully developed laminar flow, B2
32VL 12  1 V  1.20
3  103 
hf 
gD 2
(  Q = AV)
50 10  3 2
Q V = 0.52 m/sec

32 L
 A   32QL Q = AVavg = (0.2  50  10–3) (0.52)
hf 
gD 2 AD2  g = 5.2 lit/sec
32QL
hf 
 2 09. Ans: (a)
D  D 2  g
4 Sol: Wall shear stress for flow in a pipe is given
1 by,
hf 
D4 P R P D
o     
h f 1 D  h f2 D
4
1
4
2 x 2 L 4
D1 P D
Given, D2  
2 4L

10. Ans: 72
Sol: Given,  = 800 kg/m3 , Chapter- 8
Flow Through Pipes
 = 0.1 Pa.s
Flow is through an inclined pipe.
d = 1  10–2 m, 01. Ans: (d)
Vav = 0.1 m/s, Sol:
 = 30  The Darcy-Weisbash equation for head
loss is written as:
Vavd 800  0.1  1  102
Re   8
 0 .1 f L V2
hf 
2g d
 flow is laminar.
Applying energy equation for the two where V is the average velocity, f is
sections of the inclined pipe separated by 10 friction factor, L is the length of pipe
m along the pipe, and d is the diameter of the pipe.
P1 V12 P V2  This equation is used for laminar as well

  Z1  2  2  Z 2  h f as turbulent flow through the pipe.
 2g  2g
But V1 = V2 ,  The friction factor depends on the type
(Z2 – Z1) = 10 sin30 = 5 m of flow (laminar or turbulent) as well as

the nature of pipe surface (smooth or
32Vav L
and hf  rough)
gd 2
 For laminar flow, friction factor is a
P1  P2   Z 32Vav L
2  Z1   function of Reynolds number.
 gd 2
P1  P2   gZ2  Z1   32V2 av L 02. Ans: 481

d
32  0.1  0.1  10 Sol: Given data,
 800  10  5 
1 10  2 2  =  kg/s,
m d = 510–2 m,
 = 0.001 Pa.s ,  = 1000 kg/m3
= 40  103 + 32103 = 72 kPa
m 4m
 4  4
Vav     2
A d 2
d 2
d
Vavd 4 d 4
Re    2  
 d  d
4
 2
 8  104
0.001  5  10

 Flow is turbulent 05. Ans: (c)

0.316 0.316 Sol:
f   0.0188
Re 0.25

8  10 4
0.25
 V1 V2
2
f L Vav2  4  1
P  g  f  L   2   d1
2gd  d  2d d2
P 16 1 8 f 8  0.0188 Given d2 = 2d1
f 5   5  3
L d 2  d 10  5  10  2  5 Losses due to sudden expansion,
= 481.28 Pa/m V1  V2 2

hL =
2g
2
03. Ans: (a) V2  V2 
= 1 1  
Sol: In pipes Net work, series arrangement 2g  V1 
f .lV 2 f .lQ 2 By continuity equation,
 hf = 
2gd 12.1  d 5 Q = A1V1 = A2V2
2 2
h fA f A .l A .Q a2 12.1  d 5B V2 A 1  d 1   1 
       
h fB 12.1  d A2 f B .l B .Q 2B V1 A 2  d 2   2 
2
Given lA = lB, fA = fB, QA = QB V12  1 
hL = 1  
5 5 2g  4 
h fA d   dB 
  B    
h fB 9 V12
 dA   1 .2 d B  hL = 
16 2g
5
 1  hL 9
=   = 0.4018  0.402 
 1.2  V12 16
2g
04. Ans: (a)
Sol: Given, d1 = 10 cm; d2 = 20 cm 06. Ans: (b)
f1 = f2 ; Sol: Pipes are in parallel
l1 = l2 = l Qe = QA + QB ------- (i)
le = l1 + l2 = 2l hLe = h L A  h L B
l e l1 l 2l l l
5
 5 + 25  5  5  5 Le = 175 m
d e d1 d2 d e 10 20
fe = 0.015
 de = 11.4 cm

f e L e Q e2 f A .L A Q 2A f B L B Q 2B V2 V2 V2 f L V2
  Z1  Z2  0.5  5 .5  1 
12.1D 5e 12.1D 5A 12.1D 5B 2g 2g 2g 2gd
0.020  150  Q 2A = 0.015  200  Q B
2
V2 f L V2 V2  f L
7   7  
12.1 0.1 12.1  0.08
5 
2g 2gd 2g  d 
QA = 1.747 QB -------(ii) V2 0.03  930  V2

or 20  7   100
From (i) Qe = 1.747 QB + QB 2g 0.3  2g
Qe = 2.747 QB -------(iii) 20  2g 20  2  10
or V 2  
0.015  1752.747Q B 
2
0.015  200  Q 2
100 100
 B
12.1 D e 12.1 0.08

5 5
 V = 2 m/s
De = 116.6 mm ≃ 117 mm 
Thus, discharge, Q   0.32  2
4
07. Ans: 0.141 = 0.1414 m3/s
Sol:
08. Ans: (c)
(1)
Sol: Given data :
20 m Fanning friction factor, f = m Re–0.2
(2)
For turbulent flow through a smooth pipe.
L = 930 m
 f Darcy L V 2  4f  L V 2
P  
Valve 2d 2d
Given data, 2 m Re 0.2 L V 2

L = 930 m , kvalve = 5.5 d
kentry = 0.5, d = 0.3 m or P  V 0.2 V 2  V1.8 (as all other parameters
f = 0.03, g = 10 m/s2 remain constant)
Applying energy equation for points (1) and We may thus write :
(2), we write: P2  V2 
1.8 1.8
2
     3.4822
P1 V12 P V2 P1  V1  1
  Z1  2  2  Z 2  h L ,entry
 w 2g  w 2g
or P2 = 3.4822  10 = 34.82 kPa
 h L , valve  h L ,exit  h f ,pipe
But P1 = P2 = Patm = 0
V1 = 0 = V2
Z1 – Z2 = 20 m , kexit = 1

09. Ans: (b) The pressure drop in the duct is,

Sol: Given data :  f L V2
P 
Rectangular duct, L = 10 m, 2D h
X-section of duct = 15 cm  20 cm
1.145  0.02  10  7 2
Material of duct - Commercial steel,  = 32.73 Pa
2  0.1714
 = 0.045 mm
The required pumping power will be
Fluid is air ( = 1.145 kg/m3,
Ppumping = Q P = A Vav  P
 = 1.65510–5 m2/s)
= (0.15  0.2)  7  (32.73)
Vav = 7 m/s
Vav  D h = 6.87 W ~ 7 W
Re 

where, Dh = Hydraulic diameter 10. Ans: 26.5
4  Cross sec tional area Sol:

Perimeter
4  0.15  0.2
  0.1714 m
20.15  0.2
7  0.1714
Re   72495.5
1.655  10 5
Case I: Without additional pipe,
 Flow is turbulent.
Let Q be the discharge through the pipe.
Using Haaland equation to find friction Then
factor, PP VP2 P V2 f L Q2
  ZP  S  S  ZS 
 2g  2g 12.1 d 5
1  6.9   / D h 1.11 
~  1.8 log     But VP = VS and ZP = ZS
f  Re  3.7  
PP and PS are the pressures at sections P and
 6 .9  0.045  10  3  
1.11
1 S, respectively.
 1.8 log     
f  72495.5  0.1714  3.7   Thus,
= –1.8 log[9.51810–5 + 2.4810–5] PP PS f L Q 2
  -------(1)
= –1.8 log(11.998 10–5)   12.1d 5
1
 7.058
f
f = 0.02

Case II: When a pipe (L/2) is connected in 11. Ans: 20%

parallel. Sol: Since, discharge decrease is associated with
In this case, let Q be the total discharge. increase in friction.
Q df dQ  dQ 
QQ  R  and QR-S = Q  2   2  
2 f Q  Q
Then,  2 10  20%
PP VP 2
P V f L / 4Q
2 2
  ZP  S  S  ZS 
 2g  2g 12.1 d 5
f L / 2Q / 2  f L / 4Q 2 Chapter- 9
2
  Elementary Turbulent Flow
12.1 d 5 12.1 d 5
PP and PS are the pressures at sections P
and S in the second case. 01. Ans: (b)
Sol: The velocity distribution in laminar
But VP = VS ; ZP = ZS
sublayer of the turbulent boundary layer for
P P f L Q2  1 1 1  flow through a pipe is linear and is given by
So, P  S   
  12.1d 5  4 8 4 
u yV *

5 f L Q 2
V* 
  -------(2)
8 12.1d 5 where V* is the shear velocity.
Given that end conditions remain same.
PP PS PP PS 02. Ans: (d)
i.e.,   
    Sol: P   g h f
Hence, equation (2) becomes,  f L V 2 g f L Q 2
 
f L Q 2 5 f L Q2 2D 12.1D5
 from eq.(1)
12.1d 5 8 12.1d 5 For Q = constant
2
 Q  8 P 
1
or   
Q 5 D5
5
Q P2 D15  D1  1
or  1.265 or  5    
Q P1 D 2  2D1  32
Hence, percentage increase in discharge is
Q  Q
  100 = (1.265 – 1)  100
Q
= 26.5 %
03. Ans: 2.4 11.6  0.3

=
Sol: Given: V = 2 m/s 0.025
10 6 
f = 0.02 8
Vmax = ? = 6.22 105 m = 0.0622 mm
Vmax = V(1 + 1.43 f )

= 2 1  1.43 0.02  05. Ans: 25
Sol: Given:
= 2  1.2 = 2.4 m/s
L = 100 m
D = 0.1 m
04. Ans: (c)
hL= 10 m
Sol: Given data:
=?
D = 30 cm = 0.3 m
For any type of flow, the shear stress at
Re = 106
 dP R
f = 0.025 wall/surface  = 
dx 2
Thickness of laminar sub layer,  = ?
gh L R
11.6 = 
 = L 2
V*
gh L D
= 
* f L 4
Where V = shear velocity = V
8 1000  9.81  10 0.1
= 
 = Kinematic viscosity 100 4
V.D = 24.525 N/m2 = 25 Pa
Re =

V.D 06. Ans: 0.905
 =
Re Sol: k = 0.15 mm
VD  = 4.9 N/m2
11.6 
 = Re
 = 1 centi-stoke
f
V
8 o 4 .9
V*  = = 0.07 m/sec
11.6  D  1000
 =
f  = 1 centi-stoke
Re
8
1 10 4
 stoke   10 6 m 2 / sec
100 100

k 0.15  10 3 Thus,

'  11.6    2  1.5  50 
 *   5.75 log   2.288
 V  V*  20 
0.15  103 0.5
  0.905 or V*   0.2185 m / s
11.6  10 6 2.288
0.07 Using the relation,
07. Ans: (a) w

V*  or w =  (V*)2

Sol: The velocity profile in the laminar sublayer
is given as w = 103  (0.2185)2 = 47.74 N/m2
u yV *

V* 
Chapter- 10
yV *
2
or   Boundary Layer Theory
u
where, V* is the shear velocity.
0.5  103  0.05
2 01. Ans: (c)
Thus,   U  x critical
1.25 Sol: Re Critical 
= 110–6 m2/s 
Assume water properties
= 110–2 cm2/s
6  x critical
5  10 5 
1 10 6
08. Ans: 47.74 N/m2
xcritical = 0.08333 m = 83.33 mm
Sol: Given data:
d = 100 mm = 0.1 m
02. Ans: 1.6
ur=0 = umax = 2 m/s
1
Velocity at r = 30 mm = 1.5 m/s Sol:   (At given distance ‘x’)
Re
Flow is turbulent.
The velocity profile in turbulent flow is 1 Re 2

2 Re1
u max  u R
 5.75 log 
V* y 1 256 16
  = 1.6
where u is the velocity at y and V* is the 2 100 10
shear velocity.
For pipe, y = R – r
= (50 – 30) mm = 20 mm
03. Ans: 80 05. Ans: 3

Sol: U y
Sol: 
U 
A = 2 cm B = 3 cm
A B *
 Shape factor = ?

x1 1m
 u 
(x1 + 1) *   1   dy
0
 u 
  y
 x =  1  8  dy
0
A x1
 
B x 1  1 = y
y2
2 0
2 x1
x=   
3 x1  1 =  
2 2
4 x
 1  u  u 
9 x1  1   1   dy
0 u  u  
5x1 = 4  x1 = 80 cm
 y y
 1   dy
0 8 
04. Ans: 2 
1 y 2 y3
Sol:    
 2 3 0
1   
  x   
x 2 3 6
* /2
1 x2 Shape factor =  3
  /6
2 x1
1 06. Ans: 22.6

 42
2 Sol: Drag force,
1
FD = CD..AProj. U 2
2
B = 1.5 m,  = 1.2 kg/m3
L = 3.0 m,  = 0.15 stokes

U = 2 m/sec  U 

UL 23 2
Re    4  105
 0.15  10 4
3
1.2  30  1.5  10

1.328 1.328 2
CD    2.09  10 3
Re 4  10 5
= 2710–3 kg/s
Drag force, = 2710–360 kg/min
1 = 1.62 kg/min
FD =  2.09  10 3  1.2  1.5  3  2 2
2
= 22.57 milli-Newton 08. Ans: (b)
Sol: For 2-D, steady, fully developed laminar
07. Ans: 1.62 boundary layer over a flat plate, there is
Sol: Given data, u
velocity gradient in y-direction, only.
U = 30 m/s, y
 = 1.2 kg/m3 The correct option is (b).

Velocity profile at a distance x from leading
edge, 09. Ans: 28.5
u y Sol: Given data,

U  Flow is over a flat plate.
L = 1 m,
 = 1.5 mm
U = 6 m/s
Mass flow rate of air entering section ab,
m in ab  U    1  U  kg / s  = 0.15 stoke = 0.1510–4 m2/s
 = 1.226 kg/m3
Mass flow rate of air leaving section cd,
3.46 x
 
y x  
m out cd   u dy  1    U    dy Re x
0 0 
Velocity profile is linear.

 U  y 
2
 U  Using von-Karman momentum integral
   
  2 0 2 equation for flat plate.
From the law of conservation of mass : d 
 w2 --------(1)
m in ab  m out cd  m out bc dx U 
Hence, m out bc  m in ab  m out cd we can find out w .
 U
  U 
2
u y
From linear velocity profile,  , we
U  Chapter- 11
Forces on Submerged Bodies
evaluate first , momentum thickness as

u  u 
 1  dy 01. Ans: 8
0
U  U  
 
Sol: Drag power = Drag Force  Velocity
y y  y y2 
  1  dy     2  dy P = FD  V
0
  0
  
AV 2
 P = CD  V
 y 2 y3     2
   2    
 2 3 0 2 3 6 P  V3
3
 1 3.46 x P1  V1 
     
6 6 Re x P2  V2 
3.46 x1 / 2 P1  V 
3
  
6  U  1 / 2 P2  2V 
 
   P2 = 8P1
Differentiating  w.r.t x, we get : Comparing the above relation with XP,
d 3.46 x 1 / 2 1 We get, X = 8
  0.2883
dx 6  2  U  1/ 2
U x
 
    02. Ans: 4.56 m
d 1 0.2883 AV 2
 0.2883   Sol: FD = CD.
dx x  0.5 m 6  0 .5 447.2 2
4
0.15  10 
( D) 2  V 2
-----(2) W = 0.8 1.2  4
From equation (1) 2
(Note: A = Normal (or)
d
 w x  0.5 m    U 2  2
dx x  0.5 m projected Area = D )
4
0.2883
  1.226  62  10 2
447.2 784.8 = 0.81.2 (D) 2 
4 2
= 0.02845 N/m2
 D = 4.56 m
~ 28.5 mN/m2

03. Ans: 4  13.4   5

2
1.2   500  0.0125100  

Sol: Given data:  9.81   18 
=
l = 0.5 km = 500 m 2
d = 1.25 cm = 3952.4 N
VWind = 100 km/hr = 4 kN
3
Air = 1.369.81 = 13.4 N/m
 = 1.4105 m2/s 04. Ans: 0.144 & 0.126
CD = 1.2 for R e > 10000 Sol: Given data:
WKite = 2.5 N
CD = 1.3 for R e < 10000
A = 1 m2
 = 45o
L
Cable T = 25 N
d VWind = 54 km/hr
5
VWind = 54  = 15 m/s
18
WKite
Towers A=1m2
Effective
ACE
VWind INDIA F
 100  5 
 500
V.L  18 
Re  
 1.4  10 5 = 45 F
Note: The characteristic dimension for electric
T=25 N
power transmission tower wire is “L”
T=25N
45 WKite=2.5(N)
Re = 992 106 > 10,000
 CD = 1.2
AV 2 Resolving forces horizontally
FD = CD
2
FD = Tcos45o
 13.4 
L  d V AV 2
2

9.81  CD = 25  cos45o
= 1.2  2
2

 12.2  06. Ans: (c)

115
2
CD  
 9.81  1 Sol: When a solid sphere falls under gravity at
 25 
2 2 its terminal velocity in a fluid, the following
 CD = 0.126 relation is valid :
Resolving forces vertically
Weight of sphere = Buoyant force + Drag force
FL = WKite + Tsin45o
C L AV 2
= 2.5 + 25sin45o 07. Ans: 0.62
2
Sol: Given data,
 12.2 
115
2
CL  Diameter of dust particle, d = 0.1 mm
 9.81  25
= 2.5 +
2 2 Density of dust particle,
CL = 0.144  = 2.1 g/cm3 = 2100 kg/m3
air = 1.84910–5 Pa.s,
05. Ans: (a) At suspended position of the dust particle,
Sol: Given data: Wparticle = FD + FB
C D 2 = 0.75 C D1 (25% reduced)
where FD is the drag force on the particle
Drag power = Drag force  Velocity and FB is the buoyancy force.
C D AV 2
From Stokes law:
P = FD V = V
2
FD = 3 V d
AV 3
P = CD Thus,
2
4 4
Keeping , A and power constant  r 3    g  3Vd  r 3air g
3 3
CDV3 = constant = C
4 3
C D1 V 
3
or, r g  air   3air V2r 
  2  3
C D2  V1 
2 2    air 
or V  r g 
9   air 
1
 C D1  3
V2
  
 0.75C D 
 1  V1

2
 0.05  10 3   9.81 
2 2100  1.2
V2 = 1.10064V1 9 1.849  10 5
% Increase in speed = 10.064% = 0.619 m/s  0.62 m/s

08. Ans: (b)

Sol: Since the two models M1 and M2 have equal
Chapter- 12
Open channel Flow
volumes and are made of the same material,
their weights will be equal and the
buoyancy forces acting on them will also be 02. Ans: (b)
equal. However, the drag forces acting on Sol: Q1 = 15m3/sec, y = 1.5 m
them will be different. 1 1
S1  , if S 2 
From their shapes, we can say that M2 1690 1000
reaches the bottom earlier than M1. Then Q2 = ?
Q S
09. Ans: (a)
Q2 S2
Sol: 
Q1 S1
 Drag of object A1 will be less than that on
1
A2. There are chances of flow separation on
Q2
A2 due to which drag will increase as  1000
Q1 1
compared to that on A1. 1690
 Drag of object B1 will be more than that of Q2 = 1.315 = 19.5 m3/s
object B2. Because of rough surface of B2,
the boundary layer becomes turbulent, the 03. Ans: (d)
separation of boundary layer will be delayed Sol: Q  AV
that results in reduction in drag. 1 2 / 3 1/ 2
 Both the objects are streamlined but C2 is  B y R S
n
rough as well. There will be no pressure 1 2 / 3 1/ 2
 B y y S
drag on both the objects. However, the skin n
friction drag on C2 will be more than that on  R  y  For wide rectangular
C1 because of flow becoming turbulent due
channel Q  y5/3
to roughness. Hence, drag of object C2 will 5
be more than that of object C1. Q2  y2  3

 
 Thus, the correct answer is option (a). Q1  y1 
5
Q 2  1.25y1  3
 
Q1  y1 

Q2
 1.45
Q1 P = 2 (Inclined portion)
Q2 = 1.45 Q1 P  2I  2h 1  m 2  I  h 1 m2 
It is increased by 45%
= 2h 1  12
05. Ans: 24.33 = 2h 2

Sol: P
 2 2 =2.83
h
2m 4m 2m
2m
Trapezoidal: Efficient trapezoidal section
4m is half of the Hexagon for which all sides
avg = wRS are equal
A
R
P 60
1  Trapezoidal
A  2    2  2  4  2
2 
 2  2  4  2 = 12 m2 I  h 1 m2
P  4  2 22  22  1 
2
P  I  h 1    = h(1.15)
= 9.66 m  3
12 P
R  1.24 m  1.15  3 = 3.46 (3 sides are equal)
9.66 h
avg = 9810  1.24 0.002 Rectangular:
= 24.33 N/m2 P  b  2h  2h  2h  4h ( b  2 y )
P
4
h
06. Ans: (d)
Sol: Triangular: 07. Ans: 0.37
Sol: A = y (b + my)
h Q
A  4 m2
y
Triangle  y   1 
4   b   y …….(I)  m  
 3  3
But b = I ( Efficient trapezoidal section) 09. Ans: (b)

Sol: Depth = 1.6 m
b  y 1 m2
Specific energy = 2.8 m
2y
b ……………(II)  v2  V2
3 E 1   y 1    2 .8  1 .6 
 2g  2  9.81
From (I) & (II)
y= 1.519 m V = 4.85 m/s
(b  my) y V
 D  1.14 m Fr 
b  2my gy
V 4.85
 Fr  Fr   1.22  1 (Supercritical)
gD 9.81  1.6
Fr  0.37
10. Ans: (c)
08. Ans: (a) Sol: Fr = 5.2 (uniform flow)
Sol: Alternate depths The ratio of critical depth to normal
y1 = 0.4 m yc
depth ?
y2 = 1.6 m yn
Specific energy at section =? Note: The given two depths yc & yn are not
q2 q2 alternate depths as they will have different
y1   y 2 
2gy 12 2g y 22 specific energies.
q2 q2
0.4   1.6 
2  9.81  0.4 2 2  9.81  1.6 2 V V2 q2  q
Fr   Fr2   3  v  
 1 1  gy gy gy  y
q2    1.6  0.4
 3.1392 50.22  Frn 2 q 2 gy3c y3c
   3
q 2 0.298  1.2 Frc 2 gy3n q 2 yn
q2 = 4.02 y 3c Frn  y
2
F  2/3
q = 2 m /s/m3   c  rn 2 / 3
y n Frc 
3 2
y n Frc 
q2
E 1  y1  yc
 5.2 = 3
2/3
2gy12
yn
22
E1  0.4  =1.68 m
2  9.81 0.4 2

11. Ans: (c) 13. Ans: 0.47

Sol: Rectangular channel Sol: E1 = E2 + (z)
Alternate depths y1= 0.2, y2 = 4m Q 12
V1    2.5 m / sec
V A1 2.4  2
E1 = E2 (∵ alternate depths), Fr 
gD A2 = (b2 + my2)y2 = (1.8 + 1 1.6) 1.6
V2 V2 = 5.44 m2
y1  1  y 2  2
2g 2g Q 12
V2 =   2.2m / sec
A 2 5.44
 Fr 2   Fr 2 
y1 1  1   y 2 1  2 
 2   2  E1  y1 
V12
 2
2.52  2.318 m
2g 2  9.81
 Fr22 
1 V22 2 .2 2
y1  2

E2  y2   1 .6   1.846 m
  2g 2  9.81
y 2  Fr12 
1  2  2.318 = 1.846 + Z  Z = 0.47 m
 42 
1
y1  2
 14. Ans: (c)
 
y 2  0.2 2  Sol: Fr >1
1
 2 
B2 < B1 B1 B2
y1  2  16  q2 > q1
  = 8.8
y 2  2  0.04 
12. Ans: (d)

Supercritical
Sol: Triangular channel
y2 q2
y2
Fr>1 y1 q1
H:V = 1.5:1 y1
Specific energy = 2.5 m 1
5 1.5
As Potential energy (y) increases then
EC  yc
4 kinetic energy () decreases
4
EC  yc
5  ‘y’ increases and ‘’ decreases.
yc = 2m
1/ 5 1/ 5
 2Q 2   2  Q2 
y c   2

  2   2


 gm   9.81  1.5 
Q = 18.79 m3/sec
15. Ans: (a) 16. Ans: (d)

3
Sol: Q = 3m /s B1 Sol: Rectangular Channel
B2
B1 = 2m, D = 1.2 m y1 = 1.2m
V1 = 2.4m/s
Width reduce d to 1.5 m (B2) Z = 0.6m
Assume channel bottom as horizontal
E 1  y1 
V12
 1.2 
2.4 
2
 1.49m
E1 = E2 2g 2  9.81
V12 V22
y1   y2 
2g 2g Z = 0.6m
Q 3
V1    1.25 m / sec
B1 y1 2  1.2 Q = 2.4 × 1.2 = 2.88 m3/s/m
Q 3 2 Assuming channel width as constant, the
V2   
B 2 y 2 1.5  y 2 y 2 critical depth
1
 2 
2
 Q2  3
  y c   2  = 0.94m
1.2 
1.25
2
y
 y2   2 
 gB 
2  9.81 2  9.81 Critical specific energy for rectangular
3
4 channel EC = y c
1.27  y 2  2
y  19.62
2
2
3
E c  0.94  1.41
0.2 2
1.27 = y 2 
y 22 We know for critical flow in the hump
portion E1 = E2 + (Z) = EC + (Z)C
y 22 1.27   y 32  0.2
 1.49 = 1.41 + (Z)C
y  1.27 y  0.2  0
3
2
2
2  (Z)C = 0.08m
y2 = 1.12 m If the hump provided is more than the
1.25  V  critical hump height the u/s flow gets

Fr1    1  0.364  1 affected.
9.81  1.2  gD 
(or)
v1 2.4
Approaching flow is sub critical. If Fr1    0.69 1
gy1 9.811.2
approaching flow is sub critical the level at
 Hence sub-critical.
water falls in the throat portion.

If the approaching flow is sub-critical the 17. Ans: (c)

level of water will fall in the hump portion. Sol: B1 = 4 m
Option (b) is correct if the hump height B2 = 3 m
provided is less than critical hump height. (U/S) y1 = 0.9 m
E1 = E2+Z
As the hump height provided is more than
critical, the u/s flow gets affected with the
increase of the specific energy from E1 to
4m 3m
E 11 .
In the sub-critical region as the specific
energy increases, the level of water rises 0.9 m y2
1
from y1 to y in the form of a surge.
1
V12 V2
y1   y 2  2  Z
2g 2g
y1' E1'
Sub-critical V1 = V2
y1 E1
Super critical
According to continuity equation
Q1 = Q2
11
v A1V1 = A2 V2
E11  y11 
2g A1 = A2
q 2
B2y1 = B2 y2
E 11  y11  2
… (1)
2gy11 40.9 = 3y2
y2 = 1.2 m
Also E 11  Ec + (Z) provided.
y1 = y2+Z
= 1.41 + 0.6
0.9 = 1.2+Z
= 2.01m
Z = 0.3 m
2
2.88
 2.01  y11 
2  9.81  y12 Negative indicates that the hump assumed
Solve by trial & error is wrong infact it is a drop.
for y11  1.2m

18. Ans: (a)  2Q 2 

1/ 5
Sol: Given : critical depth y c    

2y  g 
Top width = 2y y y (for triangle)
1
Area =  b  h y 1/ 5
2  2  0.2 2 
I 1
m =1 yc     0.382 m
1  9.81 
  2y  y
2 yn > yc (0.54>0.38)
y
A = y2
 mild slope
I
y If (actual) depth at flow = 0.4m = y
Wetted perimeter
Yn > y > yc [0.54 > 0.4 > 0.38]
I2  y2  y2 = y 2
 Profile is M2
(Both sides) total wetted perimeter
(P) = 2 .y  2 .y =2 2 .y
19. Ans: 4.36  10–5
Sol:
Hydraulic mean depth
2 3m
R   A  y  y
P 2 2y 2 2
15 m
y = yn(say)
Using Mannings formula  Discharge, Q = 29 m3/sec
1
Q  A. .R  .S Area of rectangular channel, A = 15  3 =
2/3 1/ 2
n 45 m2
2/3
1  yn  Perimeter, P = 15 + 2  3 = 21 m
0.2  y 2
0.0011 / 2
0.015  2 2 
n
A 45
Hydraulic radius, R    2.142 m
1 1  1 
2/3 P 21
  0.0011/ 2
8/ 3
yn 0.015  0.2  2 2   The basic differential equation
governing the gradually varied flow is
 
1/ 2
2/3  1 
y 8/3
n  0.2  0.015  2 2  0.001 dy So  Sf

dx Q 2T
1
y n 8 / 3  0.189 gA 3
y n  0.189
3/8
dy
= Slope of free water surface w.r.t to
yn = 0.54 m dx
channel bottom
Q 29 20. Ans: (a)

Velocity of flow V  
A 45 Sol:
= 0.644 m/sec M2
 By Chezy’s equation
NDL
CDL M1
Velocity, V  C RS f
A
NDL
0.644  65 2.142  Sf Mild B M2
NDL Jump
–5 Steeper mild
Sf = 4.589  10 M3 CDL
C
D E
1 Milder mild
So   2  10 4 Drop
5000
22. Ans: 0.74
Q 2 T 29 2  15
  0.0141 Sol: Free fall 2nd profile
gA 3 9.81 4 3
1
4
dy 2  10  4.589  10 5  q2 3
  Critical depth, y c   
dx 1  0.0141  g 
= 1.5631  10–4
1
 22  3
y c    = 0.74 m
dy  9.81 
 So  S w 
dx
q
Sw water surface slope with respect to V
yn
horizontal
2 1 2 / 3 1/ 2
dy  yn S
S w  So  yn n
dx
2 1
 y 2n / 3 0.0004
1/ 2
= 2  10–4 – 1.563  10–4 
y n 0.012
Sw = 4.36  10–5
yn = 1.11 m
Sw yn > yc
So Hence the water surface will have a depth
dy/dx
equal to yc
yc = 0.74 m

23. Ans: (d) As it is not a rectangular channel, let us

2
Sol: q= 2 m /sec work out from fundamentals by equating
yA = 1.5 m; yB = 1.6 m specific force at the two sections.
E = 0.09 Q2  Q2 
  A z    A z
1  gA  1  gA 2
So =
2000
12 y1 12 y
Sf  0.003  y 2
1    y 22  2
9.81  y1
2 2
3 9.81 y 2 3
E 0.09
x    36 m 1 y 32
So  Sf 1 0.449 = 
 0.003 9.81y 22 3
2000
y2 = 1.02 m
24. Ans: (d)
Sol: Given q1 = Q/B = 10 m3/s 26. Ans: (b)
v1 = 20 m/s Sol: Given:
q1 10 Head = 5 m = (E)
 y1 =   0.5 m
v1 20 Froud number = 8.5
We know that relation between y1and y2 for Approximate sequent depths =?
hydraulic jump is y2 1

  1  1  8Fr21 
 
y1 2
y2 1
  1  1  8Fr12
y1 2 1
 1  1  88.5 
2

V1 2  
20
Fr1 =   9.03 = 11.5 m
gy1 9.81 0.5
y2 = 11.5 y1
y 1
 2   1  1  8  9.03 
2

0.5 2  
(a) y 2 = 11.5(0.3 ) = 3.45 
y2 = 6.14 m from options
(b) y 2 = 11.5 (0.2) = 2.3 m 
25. Ans: (c) y1 y1 = 0.2, y2 = 2.3 m

3
Sol: Q = 1 m /s 3 (or)
y1 = 0.5 m E = 5 m
90 1 y1
y2 = ?
1 y 2  y1 3
E 
4y1 y 2

11.5y1  y1 3 5
411.5y1 y1 Chapter- 13
Dimensional Analysis
10.5y1 3  230 y12
1157.625 y1  230
y1= 0.2 m 01. Ans: (c)
y2 = 11.5(0.2) Sol: Total number of variables,
y2 = 2.3 m n = 8 and m = 3 (M, L & T)

Therefore, number of ’s are = 8 – 3 = 5
27. Ans: 1.43

02. Ans: (b)
Sol: y1= 1.2 m
Sol:
Vw  V1  gy1
T MLT 2
VW
1.  1.
D 2 V 2 ML 3  L2  L2  T  2
 It is a non-dimensional parameter.
V1 VD LT 1  L
2.   1.
U/s D/s  ML1T 1
 It is a dimensional parameter.
V1  9.81 1.2  2 D
3.  1.
V
V1 = 1.43 m/s
In this problem if the wave moves
downstream the velocity of wave is VD
4.  Re .
Vw  V1  gy1 
Vw  gy1  V1
 9.81  1.2  2 03. Ans: (b)

= 5.43 m/s Sol: T = f (l, g)
Total number of variable,
n = 3, m = 2 (L & T only)
Hence, no. of  terms = 3 – 2 = 1

04. Ans: (c) 07. Ans: (d)

Sol: Sol: Froude number = Reynolds number.
 Mach Number  Launching of rockets r = 0.0894
 Thomas Number  Cavitation flow in soil If both gravity & viscous forces are
 Reynolds Number Motion of a submarine important then
 r  L r 
3/ 2
 Weber Number  Capillary flow in soil
2/3
 m 
05. Ans: (b)    Lr
 
 p
Sol: According to Froude’s law
Lr = 1:5
Tr  L r
tm 08. Ans: (c)
 Lr
tp
Sol: For distorted model according to Froude’s
tm 10 law
tp  
Lr 1 / 25 Q r  L H L3V/ 2
tp = 50 min LH = 1:1000 ,
LV = 1:100
06. Ans: (a) Qm = 0.1 m3/s
Sol: L = 100 m 3/ 2
1  1  0.1
VP  10 m / s , Qr    
1000  100  Qp
1
Lr  QP = 105 m3/s
25
As viscous parameters are not discussed
09. Ans: (c)
follow Froude’s law
Sol: For dynamic similarity, Reynolds number
Acc to Froude
should be same for model testing in water
Vr  L r
and the prototype testing in air. Thus,
Vm 1  w  Vw  d w a  Va  d a
 
Vp 25 w a
1 a d a  w
Vm   10 = 2 m/s or Vw     Va
5 w d w a
(where suffixes w and a stand for water and
air respectively)
Substituting the values given, we get 11. Refer previous GATE solutions Book
1.2 4 103 8 (Cha-8, One marks 5th Question -pg: 575)
Vw    5
1  m / s
10 0.1 1.8  10
3
3
To calculate the drag force on prototype, we 12. Refer previous ESE-Obj-(Vol-2) solutions
equate the drag coefficient of model to that Book (Cha-14, 5th Question -pg: 205)
of prototype.
 F   F  13. Ans: (a)
i.e,  D 2    D 2 
 AV  P  AV  m Sol: VP = 10 m/s dia = 3m
2 Vm = 5 m/s, Fm = 50 N, Fp = ?
 A V 
Hence, FD p  FD m  a  a   a  Acc to Froude’s law:- Fr  L3r
 w A w  Vw 
2 2
(But Lr is not given)
1.2  4   1  F
 4 3    
10  0.1   8 / 3  P  V 2 
A
= 1.08 N AV2 =F Reynolds law
10. Ans: 47.9 Now scale ratio:

Sol: Given data,
Fm Vm2 A m  m
Sea water Fresh water   
FP VP2 A p  p
(Prototype testing) (model testing)
2 2
V 0.5 ? 50  1   5 
      A  L2r
FP  10   10 
  (∵same fluid)
3 3 3
 1025 kg/m 10 kg/m
 1.07  10–3 Pa.s 110–3 Pa.s FP = 20000 N
14. Refer previous ESE-Obj-(Vol-2) solutions

For dynamic similarity, Re should be same
Book (Cha-14, 4th Question -pg: 205)
in both testing.
m Vm d m  p Vp d p
i.e.,  15. Repeated (Same as 13th Question)
m p
p dp m
Vm  VP    16. Refer previous ESE-Obj-(Vol-2) solutions
m dm p
Book (Cha-14, 21st Question -pg: 208)
1025 103
 0.5   100 
103 1.07  10 3
= 47.9 m/s
17. Ans: (a)

1 Chapter - 14
Sol: L r  Hydraulic Machines
100
am = 0.013
am 1
01. Ans: 1000
 L r  6
ap Sol: T = Moment of momentum of water in a
am 0.013 turbine = Torque developed = 15915 N-m
ap  1
 1/ 6
L r  6  1 
 
Speed (N) = 600 rpm
 100  2NT
Power developed =
ap = 0.028 60
2    600  15915
=
18. Ans: (a) 60
1 = 1000  103 W = 1000 kW
Sol: L r 
9
yp1 = 0.5 m , yp2 = 1.5 m 02. Ans: 4000
qm = ? , qp = ? Sol: Q = 50 m3/sec
2q 2P H = 7.5 m
 y1p .y 2 p y1p  y 2 p 
g Turbine = 0.8
Pshaft Pshaft
2q 2P Turbine = 
 0.5  1.5  0.5  1.5 Pwater gQ(H  h f )
9.81
Pshaft
2q 2P 0.8 =
 0.51.52 1000  9.81  50(7.5  0)
9.81
Pshaft = 2943103 W = 2943 kW
q p  2.71
2943
q = HP = 4000 HP
q r  m  L3r / 2 0.736
qp
3/ 2 03. Ans: 1
1
qm     q p = 0.1 m3/s/m Sol: We know that
9
DN
U  k u . 2gH
60
19. Refer previous ESE-Obj-(Vol-2) solutions
Where D = diameter of wheel
Book (Cha-14, 03rd Question -pg: 205)
N = speed of turbine = 600 rpm

H = Head available of pelton wheel turbine 07. Ans: (b)

= 300 m Sol:
 Only the tangential component of absolute
  D  600 velocity is considered into the estimation of
  0.41 2  9.81 300
60
theoretical head of a turbo machine. Hence,
D = 1.0 m
statement (a) is correct.
 A high head turbine has a low value of
04. Ans: (b)
specific speed. Hence, statement (b) is
Sol: Specific speed of turbine is expressed as :
wrong.
1 1
N P T FLT  For the same power, a turbo machine
Ns  
H5 / 4 L5 / 4 running at high specific speed will be small
1 1 5 1
F L 2

2 4
T
1
2 in size. Hence, statement (c) is correct.
 Pelton wheel is the tangential flow turbine
 F1 / 2 L3 / 4 T 3 / 2
whereas the Propeller and Kaplan turbines
are axial flow units. Hence, statement (d) is
05. Ans: (b)
correct.
Sol: P = 8.1 MW = 8100 kW
H = 81 m
08. Ans: (a)
N = 540 rpm
DN
Sol: u ,
N P 60
Specific speed NS = 5
(H) 4
But u  H
540  8100 Hence, for a given scale ratio.
=
81 4 N  H1/2
5
540  90
= = 200 09. Ans: (d)
243
60 < NS < 300 (Francis Turbine) Sol: Cavitation in any flow passage will occur, if
the local pressure at any point in the flow
06. Ans: (a) pressure falls below the vapour pressure
Sol: The specific speed is lowest for Pelton corresponding the operating temperature.
wheel and highest for Kaplan turbine. Ns for
Francis turbine lies between those of Pelton
wheel and Kaplan turbine.

10. Ans: (d) 13. Ans: (b)

Sol: Cavitation in a reaction turbine may occur Sol: Given data :
at inlet to draft tube. It is expected that the Druner = Dtip = 3 m ,
pressure at inlet to draft tube may fall below 1
Dhub =  D runner = 1 m,
the vapour pressure. 3
Velocity of flow, Vf = 5 m/s,
11. Ans: 1000 u = 40 m/s
Sol: Given Np = 500 rpm Discharge through the runner is,
 2
Dm 1
 Q
4
 
D tip  D 2hub  Vf
Dp 2
 2 2
We know that 
4

3 1  5 
 ND   ND 
    = 31.4 m3/s
 H m  H P
Given H is constant
N m Dp
 
Np Dm
Nm
 2
500
 Nm = 1000 rpm
12. Ans: 73
Sol: Given P1 = 100 kW
H1 = 100 m and H2 = 81 m
We know that
 P   P 
   
3/ 2 

3/ 2 
 H  1  H  2
100 P2
 
1003/ 2
813 / 2
P2 = 72.9 kW ≃ 73 kW
 New power developed by same turbine
= 73 kW

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Fluid

Mechanics & Hydraulic Machines

Common data Q. 04 & 05

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06. Ans: (c)  Non-Newtonian fluid  Shear stress

 Newtonian fluid 09. Ans: (b)

= 0.5  15 cos5  0.05

08. Ans: (d)

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 The manometer shown in Fig. 3 is for

07. Ans: 2.125 FV = x

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03. Ans: 4.76

FB = weight of body bgVb= HggHg+wgw

bgVb = fgVfd bVb = HgHg+ww

640421.25 = 1025(41.25d) SVb = SHgHg+Sww

d = 1.248m 7.6103 = 13.6102(10–x)+102x

Vfd = 1.24841.25 –6000 = –1260x

Vfd = 6.24m3 x = 4.76 cm

02. Ans: (c) 04. Ans: 11

05. Ans: 1.375 07. Ans: (b)

06. Ans: (d)

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u 07. Ans: 0.3

Sol: a t (conv)  Vavg 

     2 yx 01. Ans: (c)

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4 4 V  1 2  10  331.67 = 81.5 m/sec

03. Ans: 19.6 Vu u

U = 50 m/sec (Plate velocity) 5

= 2 1000  10–4  52 = 5 N Let Fx be the force exerted by elbow on

= .A(V).(Vu) = 225.13 – 2260

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In laminar flow through a pipe,  = 1.917 milli Pa – sec

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06. Ans: 0.08 D 

Q V = 0.52 m/sec

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P1 V12 P V2  This equation is used for laminar as well

(Z2 – Z1) = 10 sin30 = 5 m of flow (laminar or turbulent) as well as

P1  P2   gZ2  Z1   32V2 av L 02. Ans: 481

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 Flow is turbulent 05. Ans: (c)

= 481.28 Pa/m V1  V2 2

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12.1 D e 12.1 0.08

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09. Ans: (b) The pressure drop in the duct is,

Using Haaland equation to find friction Then

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Case II: When a pipe (L/2) is connected in 11. Ans: 20%

03. Ans: 2.4 11.6  0.3

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07. Ans: (a) w

03. Ans: 80 05. Ans: 3

1 06. Ans: 22.6

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 = 1.2 kg/m3 The correct option is (b).

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03. Ans: 4  13.4   5

1.2   500  0.0125100  

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 12.2  06. Ans: (c)

% Increase in speed = 10.064% = 0.619 m/s  0.62 m/s