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Linear Algebra PDF
Linear Algebra PDF
A gentle introduction
A
A+B = C
(use the head-to-tail method
B to combine vectors)
C
B
av a( x1 , x2 ) (ax1 , ax2 )
av
v
w v.w ( x1 , x2 ).( y1 , y2 ) x1 y1 x2 . y2
v.w 0 v w
If vectors v, w are “columns”, then dot product is wTv
v
w v.w ( x1 , x2 ).( y1 , y2 ) x1 y1 x2 . y2
v.w 0 v w
If vectors v, w are “columns”, then dot product is wTv
vs
[Sneak peek: y 0 1 0 x z 0
T
a b
c d
columns
MA8352/Linear Algebra and PDE/1.1
Introduction to Linear Algebra
Basic Matrix Operations
• Addition, Subtraction, Multiplication: creating new matrices (or functions)
a b e f a e b f
c d g
h c g d h
Just add elements
a b e f a e b f
c d g
h c g d h
Just subtract elements
a b e f ae bg af bh
c d g Multiply each row
h ce dg cf dh by each column
a b x x'
=
• x’ = ax + by
• y’ = cx + dy
c d y y'
ax bx cx d x vx
a by cy d y v y
v M v y
az bz cz d z vz
0 0 0 1 1
vx vx ax v y bx vz cx
vy vx a y v y by vz c y v v x a v y b v z c
vz vx az v y bz vz cz
MA8352/Linear Algebra and PDE/1.1 Introduction to Linear Algebra
•
Matrices: Scaling, Rotation, Identity
Pure scaling, no rotation => “diagonal matrix” (note: x-, y-axes could be scaled differently!)
• Pure rotation, no stretching => “orthogonal matrix” O
• Identity (“do nothing”) matrix = unit scaling, no rotation!
r1 0
0 r2
[0,1]T [0,r2]T
scaling
[1,0]T [r1,0]T
cos -sin
sin cos
[-sin, cos]T
[0,1]T
rotation [cos, sin]T
[1,0]T
A×B A B A B sin( )