Scilab Manual for

Digital Signal Processing

by Mr P. Kalaiselvan
Electronics Engineering
Paavai Group of Institutions1

Solutions provided by
Mr. Prarthan Mehta
Electronics Engineering
Dharmsinh Desai University

July 30, 2019

1 Funded by a grant from the National Mission on Education through ICT,

http://spoken-tutorial.org/NMEICT-Intro. This Scilab Manual and Scilab codes
written in it can be downloaded from the ”Migrated Labs” section at the website
http://scilab.in
1
Contents

List of Scilab Solutions 3

1 Genaration of signals 4

2 Linear Convolution 7

3 Implementation of FIR filter 9

4 Implementation of IIR filter 11

5 Calculation of FFT 14

6 Generation of Discrete time Signals 17

7 Verification of Sampling Theorem 20

8 FFT and IFFt 22

9 Time and Frequency response of LTI systems 24

10 Linear and circular Convolution through FFT 26

11 Design of FIR filters(window design) 29

12 Design of IIR filters (Butterworth & Chebychev) 31

2
List of Experiments

Solution 1.1 Unit Sample Signal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

Solution 1.2 Unit Step Signal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Solution 1.3 Ramp Signal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Solution 1.4 Exponential Signal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Solution 2.1 Linear Convolution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Solution 3.1 FIR Low Pass Filter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Solution 4.1 Butterworth LPF . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Solution 4.2 Chebyshev HPF . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
Solution 5.1 FFT DIT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
Solution 6.1 Unit Sample Signal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
Solution 6.2 Unit Step Signal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
Solution 6.3 Ramp Signal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
Solution 6.4 Exponential Signal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
Solution 7.1 Verification of the Sampling Theorem . . . . . . 20
Solution 8.1 FFT IFFT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
Solution 9.1 Time and Frequency response of LTI system . . . 24
Solution 10.1 Linear Convolution using FFT IFFT . . . . . . . 26
Solution 10.2 Circular Convolution using FFT . . . . . . . . . . 27
Solution 11.1 FIR Low Pass Filter Rectangular Window . . . . 29
Solution 12.1 IIR Butterworth LPF . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
Solution 12.2 IIR Chebyshev Filter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32

3
 Experiment: 1

Genaration of signals

Scilab code Solution 1.1 Unit Sample Signal

1 // U n i t Sample S e q u e n c e
2 clear ;
3 clc ;
4 close ;
5 l = 9; // L i m i t s
6 n = -l : l ;
7 x = [ zeros (1 , l ) ,1 , zeros (1 , l ) ];
8 b = gca () ;
9 b . y_location = ” m i d d l e ”
10 plot2d3 ( ’ gnn ’ ,n , x )
11 a = gce () ;
12 a . children (1) . thickness =5;
13 xtitle ( ’ U n i t Sample S e q u e n c e ’ , ’ n ’ , ’ x [ n ] ’ ) ;

Scilab code Solution 1.2 Unit Step Signal

1 // U n i t S t e p S e q u e n c e
2 clear ;

4
 3 clc ;
4 close ;
5 l = 9; // U p p e r l i m i t
6 n = -l : l ;
7 x = [ zeros (1 , l ) , ones (1 , l +1) ];
8 a = gca () ;
9 a . y_location = ” m i d d l e ” ;
10 plot2d3 ( ’ gnn ’ ,n , x )
11 title ( ’ U n i t S t e p S i g n a l ’ )
12 xlabel ( ’ n’
);
13 ylabel ( ’ x
[ n ] ’ );

Scilab code Solution 1.3 Ramp Signal

1 //Ramp S i g n a l
2 clear ;
3 clc ;
4 close ;
5 l = 9; // U p p e r l i m i t
6 n = -l : l ;
7 x = [ zeros (1 , l ) ,0: l ];
8 b = gca () ;
9 b . y_location = ’ m i d d l e ’ ;
10 plot2d3 ( ’ gnn ’ ,n , x )
11 a = gce () ;
12 a . children (1) . thickness =2;
13 xtitle ( ’Ramp S i g n a l ’ , ’ n ’ , ’ x [ n ] ’ ) ;

Scilab code Solution 1.4 Exponential Signal

1 // E x p o n e n t i a l S i g n a l

5
 2 clear ;
3 clc ;
4 close ;
5 a =1.5;
6 n = 0:10;
7 x = (a)^n;
8 a = gca () ;
9 a . x_location = ” o r i g i n ” ;
10 a . y_location = ” o r i g i n ” ;
11 plot2d3 ( ’ gnn ’ ,n , x )
12 xtitle ( ’ E x p o n e n t i a l S i g n a l ’ , ’ n ’ , ’ x [ n ] ’ ) ;

6
 Experiment: 2

Linear Convolution

Scilab code Solution 2.1 Linear Convolution

1 // L i n e a r C o n v o l u t i o n
2 clc ;
3 clear all ;
4 close ;
5 x = input ( ’ E n t e r t h e s e q u e n c e x [ n ] : ’ ) ; // i n p u t −−>
Vector
6 h = input ( ’ E n t e r t h e S e q u e n c e h [ n ] : ’ ) ; // i n p u t −−>
Vector
7 m = length ( x ) ;
8 n = length ( h ) ;
9 for i = 1: n +m -1
10 conv_sum = 0;
11 for j = 1: i
12 if ((( i - j +1) <= n ) &( j <= m ) )
13 conv_sum = conv_sum + x ( j ) * h (i - j +1) ;
14 end ;
15 y ( i ) = conv_sum ;
16 end ;
17 end ;
18 disp (y ’ , ’ The L i n e a r C o n v o l u t i o n : ’ )
19 subplot (3 ,1 ,1) ;

7
20 plot2d3 ( ’ gnn ’ ,x )
21 xtitle ( ’ I n p u t S i g n a l ’ ) ;
22 subplot (3 ,1 ,2) ;
23 plot2d3 ( ’ gnn ’ ,h )
24 xtitle ( ’ System I m p u l s e R e s p o n s e ’ ) ;
25 subplot (3 ,1 ,3) ;
26 plot2d3 ( ’ gnn ’ ,y )
27 xtitle ( ’ C o n v o l v e d S i g n a l ’ ) ;
28 // x =[1 1 1 1 ] ;
29 // h =[1 − 1 ] ;
30 // y=x ∗h =[1 0 0 0 − 1 ] ;

8
 Experiment: 3

Implementation of FIR filter

Scilab code Solution 3.1 FIR Low Pass Filter

1 clc ;
2 clear all ;
3
4 t =0:0.01:1; // s a m p l i n g f r e q . i s 100 Hz
5
6
7 x1 = sin (2* %pi *10* t ) ;
8 x4 = sin (2* %pi *20* t ) ;
9 x2 = sin (2* %pi *30* t ) ;
10 x3 = sin (2* %pi *50* t ) ;
11
12 x = x1 + x2 + x3 + x4 ; // i n p u t s i g n a l c o n s i s t s o f h a r m o n i c s
13
14 subplot (1 ,2 ,1)
15 plot (t , x ) ;
16 xlabel ( ’ t i m e ( s ) ’ )
17 ylabel ( ’ x ( n ) ’ )
18 title ( ’ i n p u t s i g n a l ’ )
19 // c o e f f i t i e n t s f o r t h e FIR low p a s s f i l t e r f o r Wn
=0.5 & n=10
20 b =[0.00506031712484485 -3.25061549073449 e -18

9
 -0.0419428794313447 1.32104344910468 e -17
0.288484826302638 0.496795472007725
0.288484826302638 1.32104344910468 e -17
-0.0419428794313447 -3.25061549073449 e -18
0.00506031712484485];
21
22 a =[1];
23
24 y = filter (b ,a , x ) ; // F i l t e r e d signal
25
26 subplot (1 ,2 ,2)
27 plot (t , y ) ;
28 xlabel ( ’ t i m e ( s ) ’ )
29 ylabel ( ’ y ( n ) ’ )
30 title ( ’ f i l t e r e d s i g n a l ’ )

10
 Experiment: 4

Implementation of IIR filter

Scilab code Solution 4.1 Butterworth LPF

1 clc ;
2 clear all ;
3
4 t =0:0.01:1; // s a m p l i n g f r e q . i s 100 Hz
5
6
7 x1 = sin (2* %pi *10* t ) ;
8 x4 = sin (2* %pi *20* t ) ;
9 x2 = sin (2* %pi *30* t ) ;
10 x3 = sin (2* %pi *50* t ) ;
11
12 x = x1 + x2 + x3 + x4 ; // i n p u t s i g n a l c o n s i s t s o f h a r m o n i c s
13
14 subplot (1 ,2 ,1)
15 plot (t , x ) ;
16 xlabel ( ’ t i m e ( s ) ’ )
17 ylabel ( ’ x ( n ) ’ )
18 title ( ’ i n p u t s i g n a l ’ )
19 // c o e f f i t i e n t s f o r t h e b u t t e r w o r t h low p a s s f i l t e r
f o r Wn=0.2 & n=10
20 b =[1.68358140723024 e -06 1.68358140723024 e -05

11
 7.57611633253608 e -05 0.000202029768867629
0.000353552095518350 0.000424262514622020
0.000353552095518350 0.000202029768867629
7.57611633253608 e -05 1.68358140723024 e -05
1.68358140723024 e -06];
21
22 a =[1 -5.98758962981667 16.6721933230027
-28.2587879002005 32.1597564876946
-25.6017495970533 14.4056874262078
-5.64707434413247 1.47372793697391
-0.230919345862028 0.0164796305471308];
23
24 y = filter (b ,a , x ) ; // F i l t e r e d signal
25
26 subplot (1 ,2 ,2)
27 plot (t , y ) ;
28 xlabel ( ’ t i m e ( s ) ’ )
29 ylabel ( ’ y ( n ) ’ )
30 title ( ’ f i l t e r e d s i g n a l ’ )

Scilab code Solution 4.2 Chebyshev HPF

1 clc ;
2 clear all ;
3
4 t =0:0.01:1; // s a m p l i n g f r e q . i s 100 Hz
5
6
7 x1 = sin (2* %pi *10* t ) ;
8 x4 = sin (2* %pi *20* t ) ;
9 x2 = sin (2* %pi *30* t ) ;
10 x3 = sin (2* %pi *50* t ) ;
11
12 x = x1 + x2 + x3 + x4 ; // i n p u t s i g n a l c o n s i s t s o f h a r m o n i c s
13

12
14 subplot (1 ,2 ,1)
15 plot (t , x ) ;
16 xlabel ( ’ t i m e ( s ) ’ )
17 ylabel ( ’ x ( n ) ’ )
18 title ( ’ i n p u t s i g n a l ’ )
19 // c o e f f i t i e n t s f o r t h e Chebyshev h i g h p a s s f i l t e r
f o r Wn=0.3 & n =10 , Rp=0.5
20 b =[0.000400240193253256 -0.00400240193253256
0.0180108086963965 -0.0480288231903907
0.0840504405831837 -0.100860528699820
0.0840504405831837 -0.0480288231903907
0.0180108086963965 -0.00400240193253256
0.000400240193253256];
21
22 a =[1 2.85034451888448 6.11927077375458
9.17660129143362 10.9469114886769
10.3652047898718 7.89215238334179
4.75063718947987 2.18322035006721
0.704092699059353 0.129574325745057];
23
24 y = filter (b ,a , x ) ; // F i l t e r e d signal
25
26 subplot (1 ,2 ,2)
27 plot (t , y ) ;
28 xlabel ( ’ t i m e ( s ) ’ )
29 ylabel ( ’ y ( n ) ’ )
30 title ( ’ f i l t e r e d s i g n a l ’ )

13
 Experiment: 5

Calculation of FFT

Scilab code Solution 5.1 FFT DIT

1 clc
2
3 clear all
4
5
6 x =[1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0] // I n p u t signal vector
7 N = length ( x ) ;

// c o m p u t i n g t h e a r r a y s i z e
8 S = log2 ( N ) ;

// c o m p u t i n g t h e number o f c o n v e r s i o n s t a g e s
9 Half =1;

// S e t i n g t h e i n i t i a l ” H a l f ” v a l u e
10 x =[ x (1) x (5) x (3) x (7) x (2) x (6) x (4) x (8) ] ;

// P l a c i n g t h e d a t a s a m p l e s i n b i t −r e v e r s e d o r d e r
11 for stage =1: S ;

// s t a g e s o f t r a n s f o r m a t i o n

14
12 for index =0:(2^ stage ) :( N -1) ;
//
s e r i e s o f ” b u t t e r f l i e s ” f o r each s t a g e
13 for n =0:( Half -1) ;

// c r e a t i n g ” b u t t e r f l y ” and s a v i n g t h e
results
14 pos = n + index +1;

// i n d e x o f t h e d a t a s a m p l e
15 pow =(2^( S - stage ) ) * n ;

// p a r t o f power o f t h e c o m p l e x
multiplier
16 w = exp (( -1* %i ) *(2* %pi ) * pow / N ) ;

// c o m p l e x m u l t i p l i e r
17 a = x ( pos ) + x ( pos + Half ) .* w ;

// 1− s t p a r t o f t h e ” b u t t e r f l y ”
creating operation
18 b = x ( pos ) -x ( pos + Half ) .* w ;

// 2−nd p a r t o f t h e ” b u t t e r f l y ”
creating operation
19 x ( pos ) = a ;

// s a v i n g c o m p u t a t i o n o f t h e 1− s t
part
20 x ( pos + Half ) = b ;

// s a v i n g c o m p u t a t i o n o f t h e 2−nd
part
21 end ;
22 end ;
23 Half =2* Half ;

// c o m p u t i n g t h e n e x t ” H a l f ” v a l u e

15
24 end ;
25 y = x ;
26 disp ( ” The FFT o f t h e g i v e n i n p u t s e q u e n c e i s ”);
27 disp ( y )

16
 Experiment: 6

Generation of Discrete time

Signals

Scilab code Solution 6.1 Unit Sample Signal

1 // U n i t Sample S e q u e n c e
2 clear ;
3 clc ;
4 close ;
5 l = 9; // L i m i t s
6 n = -l : l ;
7 x = [ zeros (1 , l ) ,1 , zeros (1 , l ) ];
8 b = gca () ;
9 b . y_location = ” m i d d l e ”
10 plot2d3 ( ’ gnn ’ ,n , x )
11 a = gce () ;
12 a . children (1) . thickness =5;
13 xtitle ( ’ U n i t Sample S e q u e n c e ’ , ’ n ’ , ’ x [ n ] ’ ) ;

Scilab code Solution 6.2 Unit Step Signal

17
 1 // U n i t S t e p S e q u e n c e
2 clear ;
3 clc ;
4 close ;
5 l = 9; // U p p e r l i m i t
6 n = -l : l ;
7 x = [ zeros (1 , l ) , ones (1 , l +1) ];
8 a = gca () ;
9 a . y_location = ” m i d d l e ” ;
10 plot2d3 ( ’ gnn ’ ,n , x )
11 title ( ’ U n i t S t e p S i g n a l ’ )
12 xlabel ( ’ n’
);
13 ylabel ( ’ x
[ n ] ’ );

Scilab code Solution 6.3 Ramp Signal

1 //Ramp S i g n a l
2 clear ;
3 clc ;
4 close ;
5 l = 9; // U p p e r l i m i t
6 n = -l : l ;
7 x = [ zeros (1 , l ) ,0: l ];
8 b = gca () ;
9 b . y_location = ’ m i d d l e ’ ;
10 plot2d3 ( ’ gnn ’ ,n , x )
11 a = gce () ;
12 a . children (1) . thickness =2;
13 xtitle ( ’Ramp S i g n a l ’ , ’ n ’ , ’ x [ n ] ’ ) ;

Scilab code Solution 6.4 Exponential Signal

18
 1 // E x p o n e n t i a l S i g n a l
2 clear ;
3 clc ;
4 close ;
5 a =1.5;
6 n = 0:10;
7 x = (a)^n;
8 a = gca () ;
9 a . x_location = ” o r i g i n ” ;
10 a . y_location = ” o r i g i n ” ;
11 plot2d3 ( ’ gnn ’ ,n , x )
12 xtitle ( ’ E x p o n e n t i a l S i g n a l ’ , ’ n ’ , ’ x [ n ] ’ ) ;

19
 Experiment: 7

Verification of Sampling
Theorem

Scilab code Solution 7.1 Verification of the Sampling Theorem

1 // S a m p l i n g and R e c o n s t r u c t i o n o f a S i g n a l x ( t ) = exp
( −| t | )
2 // D i s c r e t e Time Sampled S i g n a l x ( nT )= exp ( −|nT | )
3 clear ;
4 clc ;
5 close ;
6 stacksize ( ’ max ’ )
7 A =1;
8 t1 = 0.005;
9 t = -5: t1 :5;
10 xa = exp ( - A * abs ( t ) ) ;
11 Fs = input ( ’ E n t e r t h e S a m p l i n g F r e q u e n c y i n H e r t z : ’ ) ;
// I n p u t −−> S c a l a r ( e . g . : 1 , 2 , 4 , 2 0 , 1 0 0 )
12 Ts = 1/ Fs ;
13 nTs = -5: Ts :5;
14 x = exp ( - A * abs ( nTs ) ) ;
15 Xa = x * sinc ( Fs *( ones ( length ( nTs ) ,1) *t - nTs ’* ones (1 ,
length ( t ) ) ) ) ;
16

20
17 subplot (2 ,1 ,1) ;
18 a = gca () ;
19 a . x_location = ” o r i g i n ” ;
20 a . y_location = ” o r i g i n ” ;
21 plot (t , xa ) ;
22 xlabel ( ’ t i m e ( s ) ’ ) ;
23 ylabel ( ’ xa ( t ) ’ )
24 title ( ’ O r i g i n a l Analog S i g n a l ’ )
25 subplot (2 ,1 ,2) ;
26 a = gca () ;
27 a . x_location = ” o r i g i n ” ;
28 a . y_location = ” o r i g i n ” ;
29 xlabel ( ’ t i m e ( s ) . ’ ) ;
30 ylabel ( ’ xa ( t ) ’ )
31 title ( ’ R e c o n s t r u c t e d S i g n a l ’ ) ;
32 plot (t , Xa ) ;

21
 Experiment: 8

FFT and IFFt

Scilab code Solution 8.1 FFT IFFT

1 //FFT and IFFT o f a D i g i t a l S i g n a l

2 clear ;
3 clc ;
4 close ;
5 x = input ( ’ E n t e r t h e D i g i t a l S i g n a l x [ n ] ’ ) ; // I n p u t
−−> V e c t o r
6 l = length ( x ) ;
7 X = fft ( x ) ;
8 disp (X , ’FFT o f x [ n ] i s X( k )= ’ )
9 x = abs ( fft (X ,1) )
10 disp (x , ’ IFFT o f X( k ) i s x [ n ]= ’ )
11 subplot (2 ,1 ,1)
12 a = gca () ;
13 a . data_bounds =[0 ,0;5 ,10];
14 plot2d3 ( ’ gnn ’ ,0: length ( x ) -1 , x )
15 b = gce () ;
16 b . children (1) . thickness =5;
17 xtitle ( ’ D i g i t a l S i g n a l ’ , ’ n ’ , ’ x [ n ] ’ ) ;
18 subplot (2 ,1 ,2)
19 a = gce () ;
20 a . data_bounds =[0 ,0;5 ,10];

22
21 plot2d3 ( ’ gnn ’ ,0: length ( X ) -1 , abs ( X ) )
22 b = gce () ;
23 b . children (1) . thickness =5;
24 xtitle ( ’ D i g i t a l Spectrum ’ , ’ k ’ , ’X( k ) ’ ) ;
25 // x [ n ] = [ 1 0 1 0 1 0 ]
26 //X [ k ] = [ 3 0 0 3 0 0 ]
27 //

23
 Experiment: 9

Time and Frequency response

of LTI systems

Scilab code Solution 9.1 Time and Frequency response of LTI system

1
2 // I m p u l s e r e s p o n s e h ( t )= exp (−∗ t ) u ( t )
3 // F r e q u e n c y r e s p o n s e H( jw ) = 1 / ( jw +1)
4 clear ;
5 clc ;
6 close ;
7 t = 0:0.005:10;
8 ht = exp ( - t ) ;
9 figure (1)
10 a = gca () ;
11 // a . y l o c a t i o n = ” o r i g i n ” ;
12 plot (t , ht ) ;
13 xlabel ( ’ t i m e ( s ) ’ ) ;
14 ylabel ( ’ h ( t ) ’ )
15 title ( ’ I m p u l s e R e p s o n s e o f 1 s t Order L i n e a r
D i f f e r e n t i a l Equation ’ )
16
17 Wmax = 2* %pi *1;
18 K = 4;

24
19 k = 0:( K /1000) : K ;
20 W = k * Wmax / K ;
21 HW = ht * exp ( - sqrt ( -1) *t ’* W ) * 0.005;
22 HW_Mag = abs ( HW ) ;
23 W = [ - mtlb_fliplr ( W ) , W (2:1001) ];
24 HW_Mag = [ mtlb_fliplr ( HW_Mag ) , HW_Mag (2:1001) ];
25 [ HW_Phase , db ] = phasemag ( HW ) ;
26 HW_Phase = [ - mtlb_fliplr ( HW_Phase ) , HW_Phase (2:1001)
];
27 figure (2)
28 // P l o t t i n g Magnitude R e s p o n s e
29 subplot (2 ,1 ,1) ;
30 a = gca () ;
31 a . y_location = ” o r i g i n ” ;
32 plot (W , HW_Mag , ’ g ’ ) ;
33 xlabel ( ’ F r e q u e n c y i n R a d i a n s / S e c o n d s (W) ’ ) ;
34 ylabel ( ’H(jW) ) ’ )
35 title ( ’ Magnitude R e s p o n s e ’ )
36 // P l o t t i n g Phase Reponse
37 subplot (2 ,1 ,2) ;
38 a = gca () ;
39 a . y_location = ” o r i g i n ” ;
40 a . x_location = ” o r i g i n ” ;
41 plot (W , HW_Phase * %pi /180 , ’ r ’ ) ;
42 xlabel ( ’ Frequency in
R a d i a n s / S e c o n d s (W) ’ ) ;
43 ylabel ( ’
H(
jW) ’ )
44 title ( ’ Phase R e s p o n s e ’ )

25
 Experiment: 10

Linear and circular Convolution

through FFT

Scilab code Solution 10.1 Linear Convolution using FFT IFFT

1 // L i n e a r C o n v o l u t i o n u s i n g FFT−IFFT
2 clc ;
3 clear all ;
4 close ;
5 x = input ( ’ E n t e r t h e I n p u t S i g n a l x [ n ] ’ ) ; // I n p u t −−>
Vector
6 h = input ( ’ E n t e r t h e System I m p u l s e R e s p o n s e h [ n ] ’ ) ;
// I n p u t −−> V e c t o r
7 m = length ( x ) ;
8 n = length ( h ) ;
9 N = n +m -1;
10 x = [ x zeros (1 ,N - m ) ];
11 h = [ h zeros (1 ,N - n ) ];
12 f1 = fft ( x )
13 f2 = fft ( h )
14 f3 = f1 .* f2 ; // f r e q domain m u l t i p l i c a t i o n
15 f4 = ifft ( f3 )
16 disp ( f4 , ’ C o n v o l v e d S i g n a l ’ )
17

26
18 subplot (3 ,1 ,1) ;
19 plot2d3 ( ’ gnn ’ ,x )
20 xtitle ( ’ I n p u t S i g n a l ’ ) ;
21 subplot (3 ,1 ,2) ;
22 plot2d3 ( ’ gnn ’ ,h )
23 xtitle ( ’ System I m p u l s e R e s p o n s e ’ ) ;
24 subplot (3 ,1 ,3) ;
25 plot2d3 ( ’ gnn ’ , f4 )
26 xtitle ( ’ C o n v o l v e d S i g n a l ’ ) ;
27 // x [ n ] = [ 1 1 1 1 ] ;
28 // y [ n ] = [ 1 − 1 ] ;
29 // x ∗h = [ 1 . − 5 . 5 5 1D−17 1 . 1 1 0D−16 5 . 5 5 1D−17 −
1. ]

Scilab code Solution 10.2 Circular Convolution using FFT

1 // C i r c u l a r C o n v o l u t i o n U s i n g FFT−IFFT
2 clear all ;
3 clc ;
4 close ;
5 l = input ( ’ E n t e r t h e Length o f t h e s i g n a l s : ’ ) ; // I n p u t
−−> S c a l a r
6 x1 = input ( ’ E n t e r t h e I n p u t S i g n a l x1 [ n ] ’ ) ; // I n p u t −−>
Vector
7 x2 = input ( ’ E n t e r t h e I n p u t S i g n a l x2 [ n ] ’ ) ; // I n p u t −−>
Vector
8 X1 = fft ( x1 ) ;
9 X2 = fft ( x2 ) ;
10 disp ( X1 , ’DFT o f x1 [ n ] i s X1 ( k )= ’ )
11 disp ( X2 , ’DFT o f x1 [ n ] i s X2 ( k )= ’ )
12 X3 = X1 .* X2 ;
13 disp ( X3 , ’DFT o f x3 [ n ] i s X3 ( k )= ’ )
14 x3 = abs ( fft ( X3 ,1) )
15 disp ( x3 , ’ C i r c u l a r C o n v o l u t i o n R e s u l t x3 [ n ]= ’ )
16

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17 // l =3;
18 // x1 =[1 1 1 ]
19 // x2 =[2 2 2 ]
20 //X1 [ k ] = [ 3 0 0 ]
21 //X2 [ k ] = [ 6 0 0 ]
22 //X3 [ k ] = [ 1 8 0 0 ]
23 // x3 =[6 6 6 ]

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 Experiment: 11

Design of FIR filters(window

design)

Scilab code Solution 11.1 FIR Low Pass Filter Rectangular Window

1 // FIR Low P a s s F i l t e r
2 clc ;
3 close ;
4 M = input ( ’ E n t e r t h e Odd F i l t e r Length = ’ ) ; // I n p u t
−−>S c a l a r
5 Wc = input ( ’ E n t e r t h e D i g i t a l C u t o f f f r e q u e n c y = ’ ) ;
// I n p u t −−>S c a l a r ( e . g .−−>0.3∗ %pi )
6 Tuo = (M -1) /2
7 for n = 1: M
8 if ( n == Tuo +1)
9 hd ( n ) = Wc / %pi ;
10 else
11 hd ( n ) = sin ( Wc *(( n -1) - Tuo ) ) /((( n -1) - Tuo ) * %pi )
;
12 end
13 end
14 // R e c t a n g u l a r Window
15 for n = 1: M
16 W ( n ) = 1;

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17 end
18 // Windowing F i t l e r C o e f f i c i e n t s
19 h = hd .* W ;
20 disp (h , ’ F i l t e r C o e f f i c i e n t s a r e ’ )
21
22 [ hzm , fr ]= frmag (h ,256) ;
23 hzm_dB = 20* log10 ( hzm ) ./ max ( hzm ) ;
24 subplot (2 ,1 ,1)
25 plot (2* fr , hzm )
26 xlabel ( ’ N o r m a l i z e d D i g i t a l F r e q u e n c y W’ ) ;
27 ylabel ( ’ Magnitude ’ ) ;
28 title ( ’ F r e q u e n c y R e s p o n s e 0 f FIR LPF u s i n g
R e c t a n g u l a r window ’ )
29 xgrid (1)
30 subplot (2 ,1 ,2)
31 plot (2* fr , hzm_dB )
32 xlabel ( ’ N o r m a l i z e d D i g i t a l F r e q u e n c y W’ ) ;
33 ylabel ( ’ Magnitude i n dB ’ ) ;
34 title ( ’ F r e q u e n c y R e s p o n s e 0 f FIR LPF u s i n g
R e c t a n g u l a r window ’ )
35 xgrid (1)
36 //M=3;
37 //Wc=0.3∗ %pi ;
38 // h = 0 . 2 5 7 5 1 8 1
39 // 0.3
40 // 0.2575181

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 Experiment: 12

Design of IIR filters

(Butterworth & Chebychev)

Scilab code Solution 12.1 IIR Butterworth LPF

1 // I I R F i r s t Order B u t t e r w o r t h LPF U s i n g B i l i n e a r
Transformation
2 clear all ;
3 clc ;
4 close ;
5 s = poly (0 , ’ s ’ ) ;
6 Omegac = 0.2* %pi ; // I n p u t −>S c a l a r // C u t o f f
frequency
7 H = Omegac /( s + Omegac ) ; // Analog f i r s t o r d e r
Butterworth f i l t e r t r a n f e r f u n c t i o n
8 T =1; // S a m p l i n g p e r i o d T = 1 S e c o n d
9 z = poly (0 , ’ z ’ ) ;
10 Hz = horner (H ,(2/ T ) *(( z -1) /( z +1) ) ) // B i l i n e a r
Transformation
11 HW = frmag ( Hz (2) , Hz (3) ,512) ; // F r e q u e n c y r e s p o n s e
f o r 512 p o i n t s
12 W = 0: %pi /511: %pi ;
13 a = gca () ;
14 a . thickness = 1;

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15 plot ( W / %pi , HW )
16 a . foreground = 1;
17 a . font_style = 9;
18 xgrid (1)
19 xtitle ( ’ Magnitude R e s p o n s e o f S i n g l e p o l e LPF ’ , ’
N o r m a l i z e d D i g i t a l F re q u e n c y −−−> ’ , ’ Magnitude ’ ) ;

Scilab code Solution 12.2 IIR Chebyshev Filter

1 // Chebyshev I I R F i l t e r
2 clear ;
3 clc ;
4 close ;
5 Wp = input ( ’ E n t e r t h e D i g i t a l P a s s Band Edge
F r e q u e n c y : ’ ) ; // I n p u t −−>S c a l a r
6 Ws = input ( ’ E n t e r t h e D i g i t a l S t o p Band Edge
F r e q u e n c y : ’ ) ; // I n p u t −−>S c a l a r
7 T = input ( ’ S a m p l i n g I n t e r v a l ’ ) // I n p u t −−>S c a l a r
8 OmegaP = (2/ T ) * tan ( Wp /2)
9 OmegaS = (2/ T ) * tan ( Ws /2)
10 Delta1 = input ( ’ E n t e r t h e P a s s Band R i p p l e : ’ ) ; //
I n p u t −−> s c a l a r
11 Delta2 = input ( ’ E n t e r t h e S t o p Band R i p p l e : ’ ) ; //
I n p u t −−> s c a l a r
12 Delta = sqrt (((1/ Delta2 ) ^2) -1)
13 Epsilon = sqrt (((1/ Delta1 ) ^2) -1)
14 N = ( acosh ( Delta / Epsilon ) ) /( acosh ( OmegaS / OmegaP ) )
15 N = ceil ( N )
16 OmegaC = OmegaP /((((1/ Delta1 ) ^2) -1) ^(1/(2* N ) ) )
17 [ pols , gn ] = zpch1 (N , Epsilon , OmegaP )
18 Hs = poly ( gn , ’ s ’ , ’ c o e f f ’ ) / real ( poly ( pols , ’ s ’ ) )
19 z = poly (0 , ’ z ’ ) ;
20 Hz = horner ( Hs ,((2/ T ) *(( z -1) /( z +1) ) ) )
21 HW = frmag ( Hz (2) , Hz (3) ,512) ; // F r e q u e n c y r e s p o n s e
f o r 512 p o i n t s

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22 W = 0: %pi /511: %pi ;
23 a = gca () ;
24 a . thickness = 1;
25 plot ( W / %pi , abs ( HW ) )
26 a . foreground = 1;
27 a . font_style = 9;
28 xgrid (1)
29 xtitle ( ’ Magnitude R e s p o n s e o f Chebyshev LPF F i l t e r ’ ,
’ N o r m a l i z e d D i g i t a l F re q u e n c y −−−> ’ , ’ Magnitude i n
dB ’ ) ;
30 //Wp=0.3∗ %pi
31 //Ws=0.5∗ %pi
32 //T=0.01
33 // D e l t a 1 =0.8
34 // D e l t a 2 =0.2

33